An abundance of exposed bedrock, sparse soil and vegetation, and fast hydrologic flushing rates make aquatic ecosystems in Yosemite National Park susceptible to nutrient enrichment and episodic acidification due to atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). In this study, multiple linear regression (MLR) models were created to estimate fall‐season nitrate and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in surface water in Yosemite wilderness. Input data included estimated winter N deposition, fall‐season surface‐water chemistry measurements at 52 sites, and basin characteristics derived from geographic information system layers of topography, geology, and vegetation. The MLR models accounted for 84% and 70% of the variance in surface‐water nitrate and ANC, respectively. Explanatory variables (and the sign of their coefficients) for nitrate included elevation (positive) and the abundance of neoglacial and talus deposits (positive), unvegetated terrain (positive), alluvium (negative), and riparian (negative) areas in the basins. Explanatory variables for ANC included basin area (positive) and the abundance of metamorphic rocks (positive), unvegetated terrain (negative), water (negative), and winter N deposition (negative) in the basins. The MLR equations were applied to 1407 stream reaches delineated in the National Hydrography Data Set for Yosemite, and maps of predicted surface‐water nitrate and ANC concentrations were created. Predicted surface‐water nitrate concentrations were highest in small, high‐elevation cirques, and concentrations declined downstream. Predicted ANC concentrations showed the opposite pattern, except in high‐elevation areas underlain by metamorphic rocks along the Sierran Crest, which had relatively high predicted ANC (>200 μeq L−1). Maps were created to show where basin characteristics predispose aquatic resources to nutrient enrichment and acidification effects from N and S deposition. The maps can be used to help guide development of water‐quality programs designed to monitor and protect natural resources in national parks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009WR008316","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., Nanus, L., and Huggett, B., 2010, Use of regression‐based models to map sensitivity of aquatic resources to atmospheric deposition in Yosemite National Park, USA: Water Resources Research, v. 46, no. 9, Article W09529; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008316.","productDescription":"Article W09529; 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008316","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":257918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Yosemite Nataional Park","volume":"46","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf6be4b08c986b329b52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nanus, Leora","contributorId":27930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanus","given":"Leora","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huggett, Brian","contributorId":33164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggett","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006050,"text":"70006050 - 2010 - Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-09T01:01:37","indexId":"70006050","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:13:04","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade","docAbstract":"Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades (BMTCs) occur when the fear of predation among herbivores enhances plant productivity. Based primarily on systems involving small-bodied predators, BMTCs have been proposed as both strong and ubiquitous in natural ecosystems. Recently, however, synthetic work has suggested that the existence of BMTCs may be mediated by predator hunting mode, whereby passive (sit-and-wait) predators have much stronger effects than active (coursing) predators. One BMTC that has been proposed for a wide-ranging active predator system involves the reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park, USA, which is thought to be leading to a recovery of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) by causing elk (Cervus elaphus) to avoid foraging in risky areas. Although this BMTC has been generally accepted and highly popularized, it has never been adequately tested. We assessed whether wolves influence aspen by obtaining detailed demographic data on aspen stands using tree rings and by monitoring browsing levels in experimental elk exclosures arrayed across a gradient of predation risk for three years. Our study demonstrates that the historical failure of aspen to regenerate varied widely among stands (last recruitment year ranged from 1892 to 1956), and our data do not indicate an abrupt cessation of recruitment. This pattern of recruitment failure appears more consistent with a gradual increase in elk numbers rather than a rapid behavioral shift in elk foraging following wolf extirpation. In addition, our estimates of relative survivorship of young browsable aspen indicate that aspen are not currently recovering in Yellowstone, even in the presence of a large wolf population. Finally, in an experimental test of the BMTC hypothesis we found that the impacts of elk browsing on aspen demography are not diminished in sites where elk are at higher risk of predation by wolves. These findings suggest the need to further evaluate how trophic cascades are mediated by predator–prey life history and ecological context.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/09-1949.1","usgsCitation":"Kauffman, M., Brodie, J.F., and Jules, E.S., 2010, Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade: Ecology, v. 91, no. 9, p. 2742-2755, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1949.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2742","endPage":"2755","costCenters":[{"id":683,"text":"Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257365,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-1949.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone","volume":"91","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed64e4b0c8380cd497b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauffman, Matthew J. 0000-0003-0127-3900 mkauffman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-3900","contributorId":2963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Matthew J.","email":"mkauffman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brodie, Jedediah F.","contributorId":9110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodie","given":"Jedediah","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jules, Erik S.","contributorId":13854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jules","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041930,"text":"70041930 - 2010 - Analysis of nonvolcanic tremor on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA using U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-11T15:41:50","indexId":"70041930","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of nonvolcanic tremor on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA using U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array","docAbstract":"Reports by Nadeau and Dolenc (2005) that tremor had been detected near Cholame Valley spawned an effort to use UPSAR (U. S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array) to study characteristics of tremor. UPSAR was modified to record three channels of velocity at 40–50 sps continuously in January 2005 and ran for about 1 month, during which time we recorded numerous episodes of tremor. One tremor, on 21 January at 0728, was recorded with particularly high signal levels as well as another episode 3 days later. Both events were very emergent, had a frequency content between 2 and 8 Hz, and had numerous high-amplitude, short-duration arrivals within the tremor signal. Here using the first episode as an example, we discuss an analysis procedure, which yields azimuth and apparent velocity of the tremor at UPSAR. We then provide locations for both tremor episodes. The emphasis here is how the tremor episode evolves. Twelve stations were operating at the time of recording. Slowness of arrivals was determined using cross correlation of pairs of stations; the same method used in analyzing the main shock data from 28 September 2004. A feature of this analysis is that 20 s of the time series were used at a time to calculate correlation; the longer windows resulted in more consistent estimates of slowness, but lower peak correlations. These values of correlation (peaks of about 0.25), however, are similar to that obtained for the S wave of a microearthquake. Observed peaks in slowness were traced back to source locations assumed to lie on the San Andreas fault. Our inferred locations for the two tremor events cluster near the locations of previously observed tremor, south of the Cholame Valley. Tremor source depths are in the 14–24 km range, which is below the seismogenic brittle zone, but above the Moho. Estimates of error do not preclude locations below the Moho, however. The tremor signal is very emergent but contains packets that are several times larger than the background tremor signal and lasts about 5 s. These impulsive wavelets are similar to low-frequency earthquakes signals seen in Japan but appear to be broader band rather than just higher in low-frequency energy. They may be more appropriately called high-energy tremor (HET). HET signals at UPSAR correlate well with the record of this event from station GHIB of the HRSN borehole array at Parkfield and HETs typically have a higher cross-correlation coefficient than the rest of the tremor event. The amplitudes of a large HET are consistent with a magnitude of 0.1 when compared with a M2.3 event that had about the same epicenter. Polarizations of the tremor episode at UPSAR are mostly just north of east. Both linearity and azimuth evolve over time suggesting a change in tremor source location over time and linearity is typically higher at the HETs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2010JB007511","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., and Baker, L.M., 2010, Analysis of nonvolcanic tremor on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, CA using U.S. Geological Survey Parkfield Seismic Array: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B10, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007511.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"21","ipdsId":"IP-013762","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jb007511","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264635,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007511"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.442655,35.889685 ], [ -120.442655,35.909689 ], [ -120.422648,35.909689 ], [ -120.422648,35.889685 ], [ -120.442655,35.889685 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d7d974e4b0c5576aef6fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Jon B.","contributorId":65614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Lawrence M. 0000-0001-8563-2362 baker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-2362","contributorId":3337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Lawrence","email":"baker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042012,"text":"70042012 - 2010 - Sexual difference in PCB concentrations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T19:21:01","indexId":"70042012","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sexual difference in PCB concentrations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"We determined polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in 61 female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and 71 male lake trout from Lake Ontario (Ontario, Canada and New York, United States). To estimate the expected change in PCB concentration due to spawning, PCB concentrations in gonads and in somatic tissue of lake trout were also determined. In addition, bioenergetics modeling was applied to investigate whether gross growth efficiency (GGE) differed between the sexes. Results showed that, on average, males were 22% higher in PCB concentration than females in Lake Ontario. Results from the PCB determinations of the gonads and somatic tissues revealed that shedding of the gametes led to 3% and 14% increases in PCB concentration for males and females, respectively. Therefore, shedding of the gametes could not explain the higher PCB concentration in male lake trout. According to the bioenergetics modeling results, GGE of males was about 2% higher than adult female GGE, on average. Thus, bioenergetics modeling could not explain the higher PCB concentrations exhibited by the males. Nevertheless, a sexual difference in GGE remained a plausible explanation for the sexual difference in PCB concentrations of the lake trout.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.024","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Keir, M.J., Whittle, D.M., and Noguchi, G.E., 2010, Sexual difference in PCB concentrations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario: Science of the Total Environment, v. 408, no. 7, p. 1725-1730, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.024.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1725","endPage":"1730","ipdsId":"IP-014727","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264997,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.024"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.9363,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,43.1696 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"408","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4c256e4b0e8fec6ce062b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keir, Michael J.","contributorId":86668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keir","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whittle, D. Michael","contributorId":71121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittle","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noguchi, George E.","contributorId":42552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noguchi","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041938,"text":"70041938 - 2010 - Quasi-periodic recurrence of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-26T15:26:42","indexId":"70041938","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quasi-periodic recurrence of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"It has been 153 yr since the last large earthquake on the southern San Andreas fault (California, United States), but the average interseismic interval is only ~100 yr. If the recurrence of large earthquakes is periodic, rather than random or clustered, the length of this period is notable and would generally increase the risk estimated in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses. Unfortunately, robust characterization of a distribution describing earthquake recurrence on a single fault is limited by the brevity of most earthquake records. Here we use statistical tests on a 3000 yr combined record of 29 ground-rupturing earthquakes from Wrightwood, California. We show that earthquake recurrence there is more regular than expected from a Poisson distribution and is not clustered, leading us to conclude that recurrence is quasi-periodic. The observation of unimodal time dependence is persistent across an observationally based sensitivity analysis that critically examines alternative interpretations of the geologic record. The results support formal forecast efforts that use renewal models to estimate probabilities of future earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault. Only four intervals (15%) from the record are longer than the present open interval, highlighting the current hazard posed by this fault.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/G30746.1","usgsCitation":"Scharer, K.M., Biasi, G.P., Weldon, R.J., and Fumal, T.E., 2010, Quasi-periodic recurrence of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault: Geology, v. 38, no. 6, p. 555-558, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30746.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"558","ipdsId":"IP-015061","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264798,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G30746.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e49876e4b0e8fec6cd9ca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scharer, Katherine M. 0000-0003-2811-2496 kscharer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-2496","contributorId":3385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharer","given":"Katherine","email":"kscharer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biasi, Glenn P.","contributorId":20436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biasi","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fumal, Tom E.","contributorId":73090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041350,"text":"70041350 - 2010 - Origins of large-volume, compositionally zoned volcanic eruptions: New constraints from U-series isotopes and numerical thermal modeling for the 1912 Katmai-Novarupta eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T12:34:53","indexId":"70041350","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origins of large-volume, compositionally zoned volcanic eruptions: New constraints from U-series isotopes and numerical thermal modeling for the 1912 Katmai-Novarupta eruption","docAbstract":"We present the results of a combined U-series isotope and numerical modeling study of the 1912 Katmai-Novarupta eruption in Alaska. A stratigraphically constrained set of samples have compositions that range from basalt through basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite. The major and trace element range can be modeled by 80–90% closed-system crystal fractionation over a temperature interval from 1279°C to 719°C at 100 MPa, with an implied volume of parental basalt of ∼65 km3. Numerical models suggest, for wall rock temperatures appropriate to this depth, that 90% of this volume of magma would cool and crystallize over this temperature interval within a few tens of kiloyears. However, the range in 87Sr/86Sr, (230Th/238U), and (226Ra/230Th) requires open-system processes. Assimilation of the host sediments can replicate the range of Sr isotopes. The variation of (226Ra/230Th) ratios in the basalt to andesite compositional range requires that these were generated less than several thousand years before eruption. Residence times for dacites are close to 8000 years, whereas the rhyolites appear to be 50–200 kyr old. Thus, the magmas that erupted within only 60 h had a wide range of crustal residence times. Nevertheless, they were emplaced in the same thermal regime and evolved along similar liquid lines of descent from parental magmas with similar compositions. The system was built progressively with multiple inputs providing both mass and heat, some of which led to thawing of older silicic material that provided much of the rhyolite.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JB007195","usgsCitation":"Turner, S., Sandiford, M., Reagan, M., Hawkesworth, C., and Hildreth, W., 2010, Origins of large-volume, compositionally zoned volcanic eruptions: New constraints from U-series isotopes and numerical thermal modeling for the 1912 Katmai-Novarupta eruption: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007195.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"B12201","ipdsId":"IP-022795","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb007195","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263658,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263656,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007195"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.53,58.09 ], [ -156.53,59.27 ], [ -153.64,59.27 ], [ -153.64,58.09 ], [ -156.53,58.09 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbdb0e4b01744973f781b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, Simon","contributorId":67783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Simon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandiford, Mike","contributorId":12350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandiford","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reagan, Mark","contributorId":92948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagan","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hawkesworth, Chris","contributorId":34797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkesworth","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hildreth, Wes","contributorId":15996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041765,"text":"70041765 - 2010 - Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T22:33:39","indexId":"70041765","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations","docAbstract":"We study how heterogeneous rupture propagation affects the coherence of shear and Rayleigh Mach wavefronts radiated by supershear earthquakes. We address this question using numerical simulations of ruptures on a planar, vertical strike-slip fault embedded in a three-dimensional, homogeneous, linear elastic half-space. Ruptures propagate spontaneously in accordance with a linear slip-weakening friction law through both homogeneous and heterogeneous initial shear stress fields. In the 3-D homogeneous case, rupture fronts are curved owing to interactions with the free surface and the finite fault width; however, this curvature does not greatly diminish the coherence of Mach fronts relative to cases in which the rupture front is constrained to be straight, as studied by Dunham and Bhat (2008a). Introducing heterogeneity in the initial shear stress distribution causes ruptures to propagate at speeds that locally fluctuate above and below the shear wave speed. Calculations of the Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) of ground velocity time histories corroborate the kinematic results of Bizzarri and Spudich (2008a): (1) The ground motion of a supershear rupture is richer in high frequency with respect to a subshear one. (2) When a Mach pulse is present, its high frequency content overwhelms that arising from stress heterogeneity. Present numerical experiments indicate that a Mach pulse causes approximately an ω−1.7 high frequency falloff in the FAS of ground displacement. Moreover, within the context of the employed representation of heterogeneities and over the range of parameter space that is accessible with current computational resources, our simulations suggest that while heterogeneities reduce peak ground velocity and diminish the coherence of the Mach fronts, ground motion at stations experiencing Mach pulses should be richer in high frequencies compared to stations without Mach pulses. In contrast to the foregoing theoretical results, we find no average elevation of 5%-damped absolute response spectral accelerations (SA) in the period band 0.05–0.4 s observed at stations that presumably experienced Mach pulses during the 1979 Imperial Valley, 1999 Kocaeli, and 2002 Denali Fault earthquakes compared to SA observed at non-Mach pulse stations in the same earthquakes. A 20% amplification of short period SA is seen only at a few of the Imperial Valley stations closest to the fault. This lack of elevated SA suggests that either Mach pulses in real earthquakes are even more incoherent that in our simulations or that Mach pulses are vulnerable to attenuation through nonlinear soil response. In any case, this result might imply that current engineering models of high frequency earthquake ground motions do not need to be modified by more than 20% close to the fault to account for Mach pulses, provided that the existing data are adequately representative of ground motions from supershear earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006819","usgsCitation":"Bizzarri, A., Dunham, E.M., and Spudich, P., 2010, Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006819.","productDescription":"22 p.;","startPage":"B08301","ipdsId":"IP-015708","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb006819","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264022,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006819"}],"volume":"115","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cb57e1e4b09e092d6f03ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bizzarri, A.","contributorId":68070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bizzarri","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Eric M.","contributorId":72273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042059,"text":"70042059 - 2010 - Vegetation monitoring for Guatemala: a comparison between simulated VIIRS and MODIS satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-27T11:43:44","indexId":"70042059","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation monitoring for Guatemala: a comparison between simulated VIIRS and MODIS satellite data","docAbstract":"The advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are being widely used for vegetation monitoring across the globe. However, sensors will discontinue collecting these data in the near future. National Aeronautics and Space Administration is planning to launch a new sensor, visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS), to continue to provide satellite data for vegetation monitoring. This article presents a case study of Guatemala and compares the simulated VIIRS-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with MODIS-NDVI for four different dates each in 2003 and 2005. The dissimilarity between VIIRS-NDVI and MODIS-NDVI was examined on the basis of the percent difference, the two-tailed student's t-test, and the coefficient of determination, R 2. The per cent difference was found to be within 3%, the p-value ranged between 0.52 and 0.99, and R 2 exceeded 0.88 for all major types of vegetation (basic grains, rubber, sugarcane, coffee and forests) found in Guatemala. It was therefore concluded that VIIRS will be almost equally capable of vegetation monitoring as MODIS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geocarto International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/10106049.2010.519786","usgsCitation":"Boken, V.K., Easson, G.L., and Rowland, J., 2010, Vegetation monitoring for Guatemala: a comparison between simulated VIIRS and MODIS satellite data: Geocarto International, v. 25, no. 8, p. 617-627, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2010.519786.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"627","ipdsId":"IP-020993","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264819,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2010.519786"}],"country":"Guatemala","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.23,13.74 ], [ -92.23,17.82 ], [ -88.23,17.82 ], [ -88.23,13.74 ], [ -92.23,13.74 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"25","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e56738e4b0a4aa5bb050db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boken, Vijendra K.","contributorId":27331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boken","given":"Vijendra","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Easson, Gregory L.","contributorId":50797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easson","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowland, James 0000-0003-4837-3511 rowland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-3511","contributorId":3108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"James","email":"rowland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041898,"text":"70041898 - 2010 - The bioeconomic impact of different management regulations on the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-26T11:27:13","indexId":"70041898","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The bioeconomic impact of different management regulations on the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery","docAbstract":"The harvest of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay declined 46% between 1993 and 2001 and remained low through 2008. Because the total market value of this fishery has declined by an average of US $ 3.3 million per year since 1993, the commercial fishery has been challenged to maintain profitability. We developed a bioeconomic simulation model of the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery to aid managers in determining which regulations will maximize revenues while ensuring a sustainable harvest. We compared 15 different management scenarios, including those implemented by Maryland and Virginia between 2007 and 2009, that sought to reduce female crab harvest and nine others that used seasonal closures, different size regulations, or the elimination of fishing for specific market categories. Six scenarios produced the highest revenues: the 2008 and 2009 Maryland regulations, spring and fall closures for female blue crabs, and 152- and 165-mm maximum size limits for females. Our most important finding was that for each state the 2008 and 2009 scenarios that implemented early closures of the female crab fishery produced higher revenues than the 2007 scenario, in which no early female closures were implemented. We conclude that the use of maximum size limits for female crabs would not be feasible despite their potentially high revenue, given the likelihood that the soft-shell and peeler fisheries cannot be expanded beyond their current capacity and the potentially high mortality rate for culled individuals that are the incorrect size. Our model results support the current use of seasonal closures for females, which permit relatively high exploitation of males and soft-shell and peeler blue crabs (which have high prices) while keeping the female crab harvest sustainable. Further, our bioeconomic model allows for the inclusion of an economic viewpoint along with biological data when target reference points are set by managers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/M09-182.1","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, D., Lipton, D., and Miller, T.J., 2010, The bioeconomic impact of different management regulations on the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1505-1521, https://doi.org/10.1577/M09-182.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1521","ipdsId":"IP-017131","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264781,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M09-182.1"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.4633,36.9078 ], [ -76.4633,37.9656 ], [ -75.6353,37.9656 ], [ -75.6353,36.9078 ], [ -76.4633,36.9078 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e50102e4b0e8fec6ce90bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, David B.","contributorId":14360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipton, Douglas W.","contributorId":67784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipton","given":"Douglas W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Thomas J.","contributorId":6353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042184,"text":"70042184 - 2010 - The bioenergetic consequences of invasive-induced food web disruption to Lake Ontario alewives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T14:33:39","indexId":"70042184","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The bioenergetic consequences of invasive-induced food web disruption to Lake Ontario alewives","docAbstract":"Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus are the dominant prey fish in Lake Ontario, and their response to ecological change can alter the structure and function of the Lake Ontario food web. Using stochastic population-based bioenergetic models of Lake Ontario alewives for 1987–1991 and 2001–2005, we evaluated changes to alewife production, consumption, and associated bioenergetic ratios after invasive-induced food web disruption. After the disruption, mean biomass of alewives declined from 28.0 to 14.6 g/m2, production declined from 40.8 to 13.6 g·m−2·year−1, and consumption declined from 342.1 to 137.2 g·m−2·year−1, but bootstrapping of error sources suggested that the changes were not statistically significant. Population-based bioenergetic ratios of production to biomass (P/B ratio), total consumption to biomass (Q/B ratio), and production efficiency did not change. Pathways of energy flow measured as prey-group-specific Q/B ratios changed significantly between the two time periods for invasive predatory cladocerans (from 0.6 to 1.3), Mysis diluviana (from 0.4 to 2.5), and other prey (from 0.8 to 0.1), but the observed decline in the zooplankton Q/B ratio (from 10.6 to 5.5) was not significant. Gross production efficiency did not change; values ranged from 8% to 15%. Age-group mean gross conversion efficiency (GCE) declined with age; GCE ranged from 7.5% to 11.0% for yearlings, was approximately 5% for age-2 alewives, and was less than 2% for age-3 and older alewives. The GCE increased significantly between the time periods for yearling alewives. Our analyses support the hypothesis that after 2003, alewives could not sustain their growth while feeding on zooplankton closer to shore. Modeling of observed spatial variation in diet and alternative occupied temperatures demonstrates the potential for reducing consumption by alewives. Our results suggest that Lake Ontario alewives can exploit spatial heterogeneity in resource patches and thermal habitat to partially mitigate the effects of food web disruption. Fish management implications are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/M10-023.1","usgsCitation":"Stewart, T.J., O’Gorman, R., Sprules, W., and Lantry, B., 2010, The bioenergetic consequences of invasive-induced food web disruption to Lake Ontario alewives: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1485-1504, https://doi.org/10.1577/M10-023.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1485","endPage":"1504","ipdsId":"IP-025042","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264953,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M10-023.1"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.9363,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,43.1696 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e50103e4b0e8fec6ce90c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Thomas J.","contributorId":107223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":470909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sprules, W. Gary","contributorId":17891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprules","given":"W. Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lantry, B.F.","contributorId":19105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041341,"text":"70041341 - 2010 - Anisotropy, repeating earthquakes, and seismicity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-03T20:16:04","indexId":"70041341","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anisotropy, repeating earthquakes, and seismicity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"We use shear wave splitting (SWS) analysis and double-difference relocation to examine temporal variations in seismic properties prior to and accompanying magmatic activity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska. Using bispectrum cross-correlation, a multiplet of 25 earthquakes is identified spanning five years leading up to the eruption, each event having first motions compatible with a normal fault striking NE–SW. Cross-correlation differential times are used to relocate earthquakes occurring between January 2003 and February 2009. The bulk of the seismicity prior to the onset of the eruption on 12 July 2008 occurred southwest of the caldera beneath a geothermal field. Earthquakes associated with the onset of the eruption occurred beneath the northern portion of the caldera and started as deep as 13 km. Subsequent earthquakes occurred predominantly at 3 km depth, coinciding with the depth at which the magma body has been modeled using geodetic data. Automated SWS analysis of the Okmok catalog reveals radial polarization outside the caldera and a northwest-southeast polarization within. We interpret these polarizations in terms of a magma reservoir near the center of the caldera, which we model with a Mogi point source. SWS analysis using the same input processing parameters for each event in the multiplet reveals no temporal changes in anisotropy over the duration of the multiplet, suggesting either a short-term or small increase in stress just before the eruption that was not detected by GPS, or eruption triggering by a mechanism other than a change of stress in the system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006991","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., Prejean, S., Savage, M.K., and Townend, J., 2010, Anisotropy, repeating earthquakes, and seismicity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 115, B00B04; 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006991.","productDescription":"B00B04; 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-021090","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb006991","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263640,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006991"},{"id":263641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okmok Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ 130.0,71.4 ], [ 130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bdd7fae4b0f63017347684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Jessica H. jessjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jessica","email":"jessjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prejean, Stephanie","contributorId":61916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, Martha K.","contributorId":82199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Townend, John","contributorId":94568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townend","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041352,"text":"70041352 - 2010 - Field evaluation of a two-dimensinal hydrodynamic model near boulders for habitat calculation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T19:55:22","indexId":"70041352","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field evaluation of a two-dimensinal hydrodynamic model near boulders for habitat calculation","docAbstract":"Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models are now widely used in aquatic habitat studies. To test the sensitivity of calculated habitat outcomes to limitations of such a model and of typical field data, bathymetry, depth and velocity data were collected for three discharges in the vicinity of two large boulders in the South Platte River (Colorado) and used in the River2D model. Simulated depth and velocity were compared with observed values at 204 locations and the differences in habitat numbers produced by observed and simulated conditions were calculated. The bulk of the differences between simulated and observed depth and velocity values were found to lie within the likely error of measurement. However, the effect of flow simulation outliers on potential habitat outcomes must be considered when using 2D models for habitat simulation. Furthermore, the shape of the habitat suitability relation can influence the effects of simulation errors. Habitat relations with steep slopes in the velocity ranges found in similar study areas are expected to be sensitive to the magnitude of error found here. Comparison of habitat values derived from simulated and observed depth and velocity revealed a small tendency to under-predict habitat values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/rra.1278","usgsCitation":"Waddle, T., 2010, Field evaluation of a two-dimensinal hydrodynamic model near boulders for habitat calculation: River Research and Applications, v. 26, no. 6, p. 730-741, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1278.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"730","endPage":"741","ipdsId":"IP-008149","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1278","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263648,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1278"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbd85e4b01744973f77fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddle, Terry","contributorId":47848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041354,"text":"70041354 - 2010 - Röthlisberger channel theory: its origins and consequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-07T15:09:00","indexId":"70041354","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Röthlisberger channel theory: its origins and consequences","docAbstract":"The theory of channelized water flow through glaciers, most commonly associated with the names of Hans Röthlisberger and Ron Shreve and their 1972 papers in the Journal of Glaciology, was developed at a time when interest in glacier-bed processes was expanding, and the possible relationship between glacier sliding and water at the bed was becoming of keen interest. The R-channel theory provided for the first time a physically based conceptual model of water flow through glaciers. The theory also marks the emergence of glacier hydrology as a glaciological discipline with goals and methods distinct from those of surface-water hydrology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Glaciology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IngentaConnect","publisherLocation":"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/","doi":"10.3189/002214311796406031","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., 2010, Röthlisberger channel theory: its origins and consequences: Journal of Glaciology, v. 56, no. 200, p. 1079-1086, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406031.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1079","endPage":"1086","ipdsId":"IP-026300","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406031","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263846,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263845,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406031"}],"volume":"56","issue":"200","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e76e4b0b57f2415d20e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, Joseph S. jswalder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"Joseph","email":"jswalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042035,"text":"70042035 - 2010 - Sexual difference in PCB concentrations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T19:37:56","indexId":"70042035","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sexual difference in PCB concentrations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","docAbstract":"We determined polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in 35 female coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and 60 male coho salmon caught in Lake Michigan (Michigan and Wisconsin, United States) during the fall of 1994 and 1995. In addition, we determined PCB concentrations in the skin-on fillets of 26 female and 19 male Lake Michigan coho salmon caught during the fall of 2004 and 2006. All coho salmon were age-2 fish. These fish were caught prior to spawning, and therefore release of eggs could not account for sexual differences in PCB concentrations because female coho salmon spawn only once during their lifetime. To investigate whether gross growth efficiency (GGE) differed between the sexes, we applied bioenergetics modeling. Results showed that, on average, males were 19% higher in PCB concentration than females, based on the 1994–1995 dataset. Similarly, males averaged a 20% higher PCB concentration in their skin-on fillets compared with females. According to the bioenergetics modeling results, GGE of adult females was less than 1% higher than adult male GGE. Thus, bioenergetics modeling could not explain the 20% higher PCB concentration exhibited by the males. Nonetheless, a sexual difference in GGE remained a plausible explanation for the sexual difference in PCB concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.023","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Schrank, C.S., Begnoche, L.J., Elliott, R., and Quintal, R.T., 2010, Sexual difference in PCB concentrations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Science of the Total Environment, v. 408, no. 7, p. 1719-1724, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.023.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1719","endPage":"1724","ipdsId":"IP-016793","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265000,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.023"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.91,41.61 ], [ -87.91,46.05 ], [ -84.95,46.05 ], [ -84.95,41.61 ], [ -87.91,41.61 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"408","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4c255e4b0e8fec6ce0627","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schrank, Candy S.","contributorId":24255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrank","given":"Candy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Begnoche, Linda J. lbegnoche@usgs.gov","contributorId":4236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Begnoche","given":"Linda","email":"lbegnoche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":470639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, Robert F.","contributorId":71917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Robert F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quintal, Richard T. rquintal@usgs.gov","contributorId":4237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quintal","given":"Richard","email":"rquintal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":470640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041347,"text":"70041347 - 2010 - The perfect debris flow? Aggregated results from 28 large-scale experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T22:10:25","indexId":"70041347","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The perfect debris flow? Aggregated results from 28 large-scale experiments","docAbstract":"Aggregation of data collected in 28 controlled experiments reveals reproducible debris-flow behavior that provides a clear target for model tests. In each experiment ∼10 m3 of unsorted, water-saturated sediment composed mostly of sand and gravel discharged from behind a gate, descended a steep, 95-m flume, and formed a deposit on a nearly horizontal runout surface. Experiment subsets were distinguished by differing basal boundary conditions (1 versus 16 mm roughness heights) and sediment mud contents (1 versus 7 percent dry weight). Sensor measurements of evolving flow thicknesses, basal normal stresses, and basal pore fluid pressures demonstrate that debris flows in all subsets developed dilated, coarse-grained, high-friction snouts, followed by bodies of nearly liquefied, finer-grained debris. Mud enhanced flow mobility by maintaining high pore pressures in flow bodies, and bed roughness reduced flow speeds but not distances of flow runout. Roughness had these effects because it promoted debris agitation and grain-size segregation, and thereby aided growth of lateral levees that channelized flow. Grain-size segregation also contributed to development of ubiquitous roll waves, which had diverse amplitudes exhibiting fractal number-size distributions. Despite the influence of these waves and other sources of dispersion, the aggregated data have well-defined patterns that help constrain individual terms in a depth-averaged debris-flow model. The patterns imply that local flow resistance evolved together with global flow dynamics, contradicting the hypothesis that any consistent rheology applied. We infer that new evolution equations, not new rheologies, are needed to explain how characteristic debris-flow behavior emerges from the interactions of debris constituents.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JF001514","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., Logan, M., LaHusen, R.G., and Berti, M., 2010, The perfect debris flow? Aggregated results from 28 large-scale experiments: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 115, no. F3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001514.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"F03005","ipdsId":"IP-015548","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263652,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001514"}],"volume":"115","issue":"F3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbdfde4b01744973f784e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Logan, Matthew 0000-0002-3558-2405 mlogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-2405","contributorId":638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Matthew","email":"mlogan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berti, Matteo","contributorId":44440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berti","given":"Matteo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042015,"text":"70042015 - 2010 - The North American upper mantle: Density, composition, and evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T16:07:19.457916","indexId":"70042015","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The North American upper mantle: Density, composition, and evolution","docAbstract":"The upper mantle of North America has been well studied using various seismic methods. Here we investigate the density structure of the North American (NA) upper mantle based on the integrative use of the gravity field and seismic data. The basis of our study is the removal of the gravitational effect of the crust to determine the mantle gravity anomalies. The effect of the crust is removed in three steps by subtracting the gravitational contributions of (1) topography and bathymetry, (2) low-density sedimentary accumulations, and (3) the three-dimensional density structure of the crystalline crust as determined by seismic observations. Information regarding sedimentary accumulations, including thickness and density, are taken from published maps and summaries of borehole measurements of densities; the seismic structure of the crust is based on a recent compilation, with layer densities estimated from P-wave velocities. The resultant mantle gravity anomaly map shows a pronounced negative anomaly (−50 to −400 mGal) beneath western North America and the adjacent oceanic region and positive anomalies (+50 to +350 mGal) east of the NA Cordillera. This pattern reflects the well-known division of North America into the stable eastern region and the tectonically active western region. The close correlation of large-scale features of the mantle anomaly map with those of the topographic map indicates that a significant amount of the topographic uplift in western NA is due to buoyancy in the hot upper mantle, a conclusion supported by previous investigations. To separate the contributions of mantle temperature anomalies from mantle compositional anomalies, we apply an additional correction to the mantle anomaly map for the thermal structure of the uppermost mantle. The thermal model is based on the conversion of seismic shear-wave velocities to temperature and is consistent with mantle temperatures that are independently estimated from heat flow and heat production data. The thermally corrected mantle density map reveals density anomalies that are chiefly due to compositional variations. These compositional density anomalies cause gravitational anomalies that reach ~250 mGal. A pronounced negative anomaly (−50 to −200 mGal) is found over the Canadian shield, which is consistent with chemical depletion and a corresponding low density of the lithospheric mantle, also referred to as the mantle tectosphere. The strongest positive anomaly is coincident with the Gulf of Mexico and indicates a positive density anomaly in the upper mantle, possibly an eclogite layer that has caused subsidence in the Gulf. Two linear positive anomalies are also seen south of 40°N: one with a NE-SW trend in the eastern United States, roughly coincident with the Grenville-Appalachians, and a second with a NW-SE trend beneath the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. These anomalies are interpreted as being due to (1) the presence of remnants of an oceanic slab in the upper mantle beneath the Grenville-Appalachian suture and (2) mantle thickening caused by a period of shallow, flat subduction during the Laramie orogeny, respectively. Based on these geophysical results, the evolution of the NA upper mantle is depicted in a series of maps and cartoons that display the primary processes that have formed and modified the NA crust and lithospheric upper mantle.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1029/2010JB000866","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Kaban, M.K., 2010, The North American upper mantle: Density, composition, and evolution: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B12, B12424, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB000866.","productDescription":"B12424, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-024985","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jb000866","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 177.1,5.6 ], [ 177.1,85.4 ], [ -4.0,85.4 ], [ -4.0,5.6 ], [ 177.1,5.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4fd81e4b0e8fec6ce888a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaban, Mikhail K.","contributorId":53257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaban","given":"Mikhail","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156655,"text":"70156655 - 2010 - Comparison of sap flux, moisture flux tower and MODIS enhanced vegetation index methods for estimating riparian evapotranspiration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-26T16:23:30.923374","indexId":"70156655","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of sap flux, moisture flux tower and MODIS enhanced vegetation index methods for estimating riparian evapotranspiration","docAbstract":"Riparian evapotranspiration (ET) was measured on a salt cedar (Tamarix spp.) dominated river terrace on the Lower Colorado River from 2007 to 2009 using tissue-heat-balance sap flux sensors at six sites representing very dense, medium dense, and sparse stands of plants. Salt cedar ET varied markedly across sites, and sap flux sensors showed that plants were subject to various degrees of stress, detected as mid-day depression of transpiration and stomatal conductance. Sap flux results were scaled from the leaf level of measurement to the stand level by measuring plant-specific leaf area index and fractional ground cover at each site. Results were compared to Bowen ratio moisture tower data available for three of the sites. Sap flux sensors and flux tower results ranked the sites the same and had similar estimates of ET. A regression equation, relating measured ET of salt cedar and other riparian plants and crops on the Lower Colorado River to the Enhanced Vegetation Index from the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite and reference crop ET measured at meteorological stations, was able to predict actual ET with an accuracy or uncertainty of about 20%, despite between-site differences for salt cedar. Peak summer salt cedar ET averaged about 6 mm d-1 across sites and methods of measurement.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-010-9286-1","usgsCitation":"Stith, B., Reid, J.P., Langtimm, C.A., Swain, E.D., Doyle, T.J., Slone, D., Decker, J.D., and Soderqvist, L.E., 2010, Temperature inverted haloclines provide winter warm-water refugia for manatees in southwest Florida: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 34, no. 1, p. 106-119, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-010-9286-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-010-9286-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Ten Thousand Islands;Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 25.898761936567023\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 25.898761936567023\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 26.254009699865737\n ],\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 26.254009699865737\n ],\n [\n -81.990966796875,\n 25.898761936567023\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4c8e4b08c986b3205a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stith, Bradley bstith@usgs.gov","contributorId":3596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"Bradley","email":"bstith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, James P. 0000-0002-8497-1132 jreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":3460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"James","email":"jreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langtimm, Catherine A. 0000-0001-8499-5743 clangtimm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":3045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langtimm","given":"Catherine","email":"clangtimm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doyle, Terry J.","contributorId":85706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Slone, Daniel H. 0000-0002-9903-9727 dslone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-9727","contributorId":1749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slone","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dslone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Decker, Jeremy D. 0000-0002-0700-515X jdecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-515X","contributorId":514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Jeremy","email":"jdecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. 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If the marsh dries completely during these times (a drydown), the fish need refuge in permanent waterbodies. At least three new and general conclusions arise from the model: (1) there is an optimal rate at which fish should expand into a newly flooding area to maximize population production; (2) there is also a fluctuation amplitude of water level that maximizes fish production, and (3) there is an upper limit on the number of fish that can reach a permanent waterbody during a drydown, no matter how large the marsh surface area is that drains into the waterbody. Because water levels can be manipulated in many wetlands, it is useful to have an understanding of the role of these fluctuations.
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