Recent observations suggest that polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are increasingly using land habitats in some parts of their range, where they have minimal access to their preferred prey, likely in response to loss of their sea ice habitat associated with climatic warming. We used location data from female polar bears fit with satellite radio collars to compare land use patterns in the Chukchi Sea between two periods (1986–1995 and 2008–2013) when substantial summer sea-ice loss occurred. In both time periods, polar bears predominantly occupied sea-ice, although land was used during the summer sea-ice retreat and during the winter for maternal denning. However, the proportion of bears on land for > 7 days between August and October increased between the two periods from 20.0% to 38.9%, and the average duration on land increased by 30 days. The majority of bears that used land in the summer and for denning came to Wrangel and Herald Islands (Russia), highlighting the importance of these northernmost land habitats to Chukchi Sea polar bears. Where bears summered and denned, and how long they spent there, was related to the timing and duration of sea ice retreat. Our results are consistent with other studies supporting increased land use as a common response of polar bears to sea-ice loss. Implications of increased land use for Chukchi Sea polar bears are unclear, because a recent study observed no change in body condition or reproductive indices between the two periods considered here. This result suggests that the ecology of this region may provide a degree of resilience to sea ice loss. However, projections of continued sea ice loss suggest that polar bears in the Chukchi Sea and other parts of the Arctic may increasingly use land habitats in the future, which has the potential to increase nutritional stress and human-polar bear interactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0142213","usgsCitation":"Rode, K.D., Wilson, R.H., Regehr, E.V., St. Martin, M., Douglas, D., and Olson, J., 2015, Increased land use by Chukchi Sea polar bears in relation to changing sea ice conditions: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 11, e0142213; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142213.","productDescription":"e0142213; 18 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064932","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142213","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7BZ643N","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Chukchi Sea Polar Bear Locations, 1985-1996"},{"id":311761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chukchi Sea","volume":"10","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565ec4b0e4b071e7ea544411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rode, Karyn D. 0000-0002-3328-8202 krode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202","contributorId":5053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rode","given":"Karyn","email":"krode@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Ryan H. 0000-0001-7740-7771","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7740-7771","contributorId":130989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"St. Martin, Michelle","contributorId":150114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"St. Martin","given":"Michelle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olson, Jay","contributorId":150116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olson","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":6681,"text":"Brigham Young University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160278,"text":"70160278 - 2015 - Validation of mercury tip-switch and accelerometer activity sensors for identifying resting and active behavior in bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-17T17:35:23","indexId":"70160278","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of mercury tip-switch and accelerometer activity sensors for identifying resting and active behavior in bears","docAbstract":"Activity sensors are often included in wildlife transmitters and can provide information on the behavior and activity patterns of animals remotely. However, interpreting activity-sensor data relative to animal behavior can be difficult if animals cannot be continuously observed. In this study, we examined the performance of a mercury tip-switch and a tri-axial accelerometer housed in collars to determine whether sensor data can be accurately classified as resting and active behaviors and whether data are comparable for the 2 sensor types. Five captive bears (3 polar [Ursus maritimus] and 2 brown [U. arctos horribilis]) were fitted with a collar specially designed to internally house the sensors. The bears’ behaviors were recorded, classified, and then compared with sensor readings. A separate tri-axial accelerometer that sampled continuously at a higher frequency and provided raw acceleration values from 3 axes was also mounted on the collar to compare with the lower resolution sensors. Both accelerometers more accurately identified resting and active behaviors at time intervals ranging from 1 minute to 1 hour (≥91.1% accuracy) compared with the mercury tip-switch (range = 75.5–86.3%). However, mercury tip-switch accuracy improved when sampled at longer intervals (e.g., 30–60 min). Data from the lower resolution accelerometer, but not the mercury tip-switch, accurately predicted the percentage of time spent resting during an hour. Although the number of bears available for this study was small, our results suggest that these activity sensors can remotely identify resting versus active behaviors across most time intervals. We recommend that investigators consider both study objectives and the variation in accuracy of classifying resting and active behaviors reported here when determining sampling interval.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-14-00031.1","usgsCitation":"Jasmine Ware, Rode, K.D., Pagano, A.M., Bromaghin, J.F., Robbins, C.T., Erlenbach, J., Jensen, S., Amy Cutting, Nicassio-Hiskey, N., Amy Hash, Owen, M.A., and Heiko Jansen, 2015, Validation of mercury tip-switch and accelerometer activity sensors for identifying resting and active behavior in bears: Ursus, v. 26, no. 2, p. 8-18, https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-14-00031.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059830","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5672994ae4b01a7f82451dc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jasmine Ware","contributorId":150612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jasmine Ware","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rode, Karyn D. 0000-0002-3328-8202 krode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202","contributorId":5053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rode","given":"Karyn","email":"krode@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pagano, Anthony M. 0000-0003-2176-0909 apagano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-0909","contributorId":3884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagano","given":"Anthony","email":"apagano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bromaghin, Jeffrey F. 0000-0002-7209-9500 jbromaghin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-9500","contributorId":139899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromaghin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbromaghin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robbins, Charles T.","contributorId":32436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robbins","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5132,"text":"Washington State University, Pullman","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Erlenbach, Joy","contributorId":150614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erlenbach","given":"Joy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jensen, Shannon","contributorId":150619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18051,"text":"Alaska Zoo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Amy Cutting","contributorId":150615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amy Cutting","affiliations":[{"id":18050,"text":"Oregon Zoo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nicassio-Hiskey, Nicole","contributorId":150616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicassio-Hiskey","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18050,"text":"Oregon Zoo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Amy Hash","contributorId":150617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amy Hash","affiliations":[{"id":18050,"text":"Oregon Zoo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Owen, Megan A.","contributorId":138918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Heiko Jansen","contributorId":150618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heiko Jansen","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70158953,"text":"70158953 - 2015 - Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve: Geologic resources inventory report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-13T10:56:23","indexId":"70158953","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":273,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1033","title":"Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve: Geologic resources inventory report","docAbstract":"This GRI report is a companion document to previously completed GRI digital geologic map data. It was written for resource managers to support science-informed decision making. It may also be useful for interpretation. The report was prepared using available geologic information, and the NPS Geologic Resources Division conducted no new fieldwork in association with its preparation. Sections of the report discuss distinctive geologic features and processes within the park, highlight geologic issues facing resource managers, describe the geologic history leading to the present-day landscape, and provide information about the GRI geologic map data. A poster illustrates these data. The Map Unit Properties Table summarizes report content for each geologic map unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hults, C.P., and Neal, C.A., 2015, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve: Geologic resources inventory report: Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1033, xii, 82 p.","productDescription":"xii, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"109","ipdsId":"IP-063183","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339674,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":309785,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/publications/s_summaries/ALAG-ANIA-KATM-KEFJ-LACL_scoping_summary_20051031.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.34457397460938,\n 56.66603819878973\n ],\n [\n -157.61260986328125,\n 56.66603819878973\n ],\n [\n -157.61260986328125,\n 57.10567321405914\n ],\n [\n -158.34457397460938,\n 57.10567321405914\n ],\n [\n -158.34457397460938,\n 56.66603819878973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e61e4b06911a29fa856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hults, Chad P. chults@usgs.gov","contributorId":1930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hults","given":"Chad","email":"chults@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825 tneal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":131135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina","email":"tneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189524,"text":"70189524 - 2015 - Long-term anoxia and release of ancient, labile carbon upon thaw of Pleistocene permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-14T12:19:21","indexId":"70189524","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term anoxia and release of ancient, labile carbon upon thaw of Pleistocene permafrost","docAbstract":"The fate of permafrost carbon upon thaw will drive feedbacks to climate warming. Here we consider the character and context of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in yedoma permafrost cores from up to 20 m depth in central Alaska. We observed high DOC concentrations (4 to 129 mM) and consistent low molecular weight organic acid concentrations in three cores. We estimate a DOC production rate of 12 µmol DOC m−2 yr−1 based on model ages of up to ~200 kyr derived from uranium isotopes. Acetate C accounted for 24 ± 1% of DOC in all samples. This proportion suggests long-term anaerobiosis and is likely to influence thaw outcomes due to biolability of acetate upon release in many environments. The combination of uranium isotopes, ammonium concentrations, and calcium concentrations explained 86% of the variation in thaw water DOC concentrations, suggesting that DOC production may be related to both reducing conditions and mineral dissolution over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/2015GL066296","usgsCitation":"Ewing, S.A., O’Donnell, J.A., Aiken, G.R., Butler, K.D., Butman, D., Windham-Myers, L., and Kanevskiy, M., 2015, Long-term anoxia and release of ancient, labile carbon upon thaw of Pleistocene permafrost: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 24, p. 10730-10738, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066296.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"10730","endPage":"10738","ipdsId":"IP-066085","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066296","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5969d82ce4b0d1f9f060a195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewing, Stephanie A.","contributorId":50065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Donnell, Jonathan A.","contributorId":84138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, Kenna D. 0000-0001-9604-4603 kebutler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-4603","contributorId":178885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Kenna","email":"kebutler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butman, David 0000-0003-3520-7426 dbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3520-7426","contributorId":174187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"David","email":"dbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Windham-Myers, Lisamarie lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","contributorId":167489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windham-Myers","given":"Lisamarie","email":"lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":705033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kanevskiy, Mikhail","contributorId":60511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanevskiy","given":"Mikhail","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70174840,"text":"70174840 - 2015 - Monitoring changes in seismic velocity related to an ongoing rapid inflation event at Okmok volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-02T14:52:07.249021","indexId":"70174840","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring changes in seismic velocity related to an ongoing rapid inflation event at Okmok volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Okmok is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc. In an effort to improve our ability to detect precursory activity leading to eruption at Okmok, we monitor a recent, and possibly ongoing, GPS-inferred rapid inflation event at the volcano using ambient noise interferometry (ANI). Applying this method, we identify changes in seismic velocity outside of Okmok’s caldera, which are related to the hydrologic cycle. Within the caldera, we observe decreases in seismic velocity that are associated with the GPS-inferred rapid inflation event. We also determine temporal changes in waveform decorrelation and show a continual increase in decorrelation rate over the time associated with the rapid inflation event. Themagnitude of relative velocity decreases and decorrelation rate increases are comparable to previous studies at Piton de la Fournaise that associate such changes with increased production of volatiles and/ormagmatic intrusion within the magma reservoir and associated opening of fractures and/or fissures. Notably, the largest decrease in relative velocity occurs along the intrastation path passing nearest to the center of the caldera. This observation, along with equal amplitude relative velocity decreases revealed via analysis of intracaldera autocorrelations, suggests that the inflation sourcemay be located approximately within the center of the caldera and represent recharge of shallow magma storage in this location. Importantly, there is a relative absence of seismicity associated with this and previous rapid inflation events at Okmok. Thus, these ANI results are the first seismic evidence of such rapid inflation at the volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015JB011939","usgsCitation":"Bennington, N., Haney, M.M., De Angelis, S., Thurber, C., and Freymueller, J., 2015, Monitoring changes in seismic velocity related to an ongoing rapid inflation event at Okmok volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 120, no. 8, p. 5664-5676, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB011939.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5664","endPage":"5676","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068858","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb011939","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okmok Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.25928811603328,\n 53.48606857460288\n ],\n [\n -168.25928811603328,\n 53.35666372572206\n ],\n [\n -168.0005045660394,\n 53.35666372572206\n ],\n [\n -168.0005045660394,\n 53.48606857460288\n ],\n [\n -168.25928811603328,\n 53.48606857460288\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdb4e4b0f1bea0e0f8a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennington, Ninfa","contributorId":49699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennington","given":"Ninfa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, Matthew M. 0000-0003-3317-7884 mhaney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884","contributorId":172948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","email":"mhaney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Angelis, Silvio","contributorId":172953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Angelis","given":"Silvio","affiliations":[{"id":27128,"text":"Univ. of Liverpool","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurber, Clifford","contributorId":44067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"Clifford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeff","contributorId":82190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70192724,"text":"70192724 - 2015 - Differences in ecosystem carbon distribution and nutrient cycling linked to forest tree species composition in a mid-successional boreal forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-08T13:41:24","indexId":"70192724","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in ecosystem carbon distribution and nutrient cycling linked to forest tree species composition in a mid-successional boreal forest","docAbstract":"In the boreal forest of Alaska, increased fire severity associated with climate change is expanding deciduous forest cover in areas previously dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana). Needle-leaf conifer and broad-leaf deciduous species are commonly associated with differences in tree growth, carbon (C) and nutrient cycling, and C accumulation in soils. Although this suggests that changes in tree species composition in Alaska could impact C and nutrient pools and fluxes, few studies have measured these linkages. We quantified C, nitrogen, phosphorus, and base cation pools and fluxes in three stands of black spruce and Alaska paper birch (Betula neoalaskana) that established following a single fire event in 1958. Paper birch consistently displayed characteristics of more rapid C and nutrient cycling, including greater aboveground net primary productivity, higher live foliage and litter nutrient concentrations, and larger ammonium and nitrate pools in the soil organic layer (SOL). Ecosystem C stocks (aboveground + SOL + 0–10 cm mineral soil) were similar for the two species; however, in black spruce, 78% of measured C was found in soil pools, primarily in the SOL, whereas aboveground biomass dominated ecosystem C pools in birch forest. Radiocarbon analysis indicated that approximately one-quarter of the black spruce SOL C accumulated prior to the 1958 fire, whereas no pre-fire C was observed in birch soils. Our findings suggest that tree species exert a strong influence over C and nutrient cycling in boreal forest and forest compositional shifts may have long-term implications for ecosystem C and nutrient dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-015-9912-7","usgsCitation":"Melvin, A.M., Mack, M., Johnstone, J.F., McGuire, A.D., Genet, H., and Schuur, E.A., 2015, Differences in ecosystem carbon distribution and nutrient cycling linked to forest tree species composition in a mid-successional boreal forest: Ecosystems, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1472-1488, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9912-7.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1472","endPage":"1488","ipdsId":"IP-063589","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348463,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0425c2e4b0dc0b45b453fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melvin, April M.","contributorId":200151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melvin","given":"April","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mack, Michelle C.","contributorId":140367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mack","given":"Michelle C.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnstone, Jill F.","contributorId":179336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnstone","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Genet, Helene","contributorId":95370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genet","given":"Helene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schuur, Edward A.G.","contributorId":50026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuur","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70168478,"text":"70168478 - 2015 - A broader definition of occupancy: A reply to Hayes and Monofils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T14:09:30","indexId":"70168478","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A broader definition of occupancy: A reply to Hayes and Monofils","docAbstract":"Occupancy models are widely used to analyze presence–absence data for a variety of taxa while accounting for observation error (MacKenzie et al. 2002, 2006; Tyre et al. 2003; Royle and Dorazio 2008). Hayes and Monfils (2015) question their use for analyzing avian point count data based on purported violations of model assumptions incurred by avian mobility. Animal mobility is an important consideration, not just for occupancy models, but for a variety of population and habitat models (Boyce 2006, Royle et al. 2009, Manning and Goldberg 2010, Dormann et al. 2013, Renner et al. 2015). Nevertheless, we believe the ultimate conclusions of Hayes and Monfils are shortsighted mainly due to a narrow interpretation of occupancy. Rather than turn away from the use of occupancy models, we believe they remain an appropriate method for analyzing many data sets collected from avian point count surveys. Further, we suggest that there is value in having a broader and more nuanced interpretation of occupancy that incorporates the potential for animal movement.
\nStreambed scour potential was evaluated at 18 river- and stream-spanning bridges in Alaska that have unknown foundation details or a lack of existing scour analysis. All sites were evaluated for stream stability and long-term scour potential. Contraction scour and abutment scour were calculated for 17 bridges, and pier scour was calculated for 7 bridges that had piers. Vertical contraction (pressure flow) scour was calculated for sites with overtopping floods (where the modeled water surface was higher than the superstructure of the bridge). In most cases, hydraulic models of the 1- and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability floods (also known as the 100- and 500-year floods, respectively) were used to derive hydraulic variables for the scour calculations. Alternate flood values were used in scour calculations for sites where smaller floods overtopped a bridge or where standard flood-frequency estimation techniques did not apply. Scour was also calculated for large recorded floods at several sites. Equations for scour in cohesive soils were used for sites where streambed sediment was silt-sized or smaller.
\nChannel instability at four sites was related to human activities (in-channel mining, dredging, and channel relocation). Three of the dredged sites are located on active unstable alluvial fans and were graded to inhibit aggradation. The trend toward aggradation during major floods at these sites greatly reduces confidence in scour estimates.
\nVertical contraction and pressure flow occurred during 1 percent or smaller annual exceedance probability floods at five sites, including three aggradation sites. Contraction scour exceeded 5 feet at two sites, and total scour at piers (pier scour plus contraction scour) exceeded 5 feet at two sites. Debris accumulation increased calculated pier scour at six sites by an average of 1.2 feet. Total scour at abutments including contraction scour exceeded 5 feet at seven sites. Scour estimates seemed excessive at aggradation sites where upstream sediment supply controls scour and deposition processes, at cohesive soil sites where conservative assumptions were made for soil strength and flood duration, and for abutment scour at sites where failure of the embankment and attendant channel widening would reduce scour.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transporation and Public Facilities","usgsCitation":"Beebee, R.A., and Schauer, P.V., 2015, Streambed scour evaluations and conditions at selected bridge sites in Alaska, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5154, 45 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155154.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 45 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064803","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311582,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5154/sir20155154_appendixa.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"105 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5154 Appendix A"},{"id":311546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5154/sir20155154.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5154 PDF"},{"id":311545,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5154/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -131.748046875,\n 54.265224078605655\n ],\n [\n -129.7265625,\n 55.37911044801047\n ],\n [\n -131.044921875,\n 56.70450561416937\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -137.63671875,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -139.658203125,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -140.888671875,\n 60.413852350464914\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 67.57571741708057\n ],\n [\n -145.546875,\n 67.60922060496382\n ],\n [\n -149.677734375,\n 66.65297740055279\n ],\n [\n -154.16015625,\n 64.20637724320852\n ],\n [\n -154.16015625,\n 61.98026726504402\n ],\n [\n -152.666015625,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -151.962890625,\n 59.085738569819505\n ],\n [\n -148.359375,\n 59.80063426102869\n ],\n [\n -146.162109375,\n 60.45721779774397\n ],\n [\n -142.91015625,\n 59.84481485969105\n ],\n [\n -140.44921875,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n -136.845703125,\n 58.03137242177637\n ],\n [\n -133.41796874999997,\n 54.316523240258284\n ],\n [\n -131.748046875,\n 54.265224078605655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.86328125,\n 57.37393841871411\n ],\n [\n -152.578125,\n 58.53959476664049\n ],\n [\n -151.78710937499997,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -152.490234375,\n 57.18390185831188\n ],\n [\n -154.423828125,\n 56.559482483762245\n ],\n [\n -154.86328125,\n 57.37393841871411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
http://alaska.usgs.gov
Piscine reovirus (PRV) is a double stranded non-enveloped RNA virus detected in farmed and wild salmonids. This study examined the phylogenetic relationships among different PRV sequence types present in samples from salmonids in Western Canada and the US, including Alaska (US), British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (US). Tissues testing positive for PRV were partially sequenced for segment S1, producing 71 sequences that grouped into 10 unique sequence types. Sequence analysis revealed no identifiable geographical or temporal variation among the sequence types. Identical sequence types were found in fish sampled in 2001, 2005 and 2014. In addition, PRV positive samples from fish derived from Alaska, British Columbia and Washington State share identical sequence types. Comparative analysis of the phylogenetic tree indicated that Canada/US Pacific Northwest sequences formed a subgroup with some Norwegian sequence types (group II), distinct from other Norwegian and Chilean sequences (groups I, III and IV). Representative PRV positive samples from farmed and wild fish in British Columbia and Washington State were subjected to genome sequencing using next generation sequencing methods. Individual analysis of each of the 10 partial segments indicated that the Canadian and US PRV sequence types clustered separately from available whole genome sequences of some Norwegian and Chilean sequences for all segments except the segment S4. In summary, PRV was genetically homogenous over a large geographic distance (Alaska to Washington State), and the sequence types were relatively stable over a 13 year period.
","language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0141475","usgsCitation":"Siah, A., Morrison, D.B., Fringuelli, E., Savage, P.S., Richmond, Z., Purcell, M., Johns, R., Johnson, S.C., and Sakasida, S.M., 2015, Piscine reovirus: Genomic and molecular phylogenetic analysis from farmed and wild salmonids collected on the Canada/US Pacific Coast: PLoS ONE, v. 10, no. 11, e0141475: 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141475.","productDescription":"e0141475: 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066359","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141475","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 63.31268278043484\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 63.31268278043484\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 44.213709909702054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564ef2bae4b064dd1d095560","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siah, Ahmed","contributorId":149983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siah","given":"Ahmed","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17874,"text":"British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, BC Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrison, Diane B.","contributorId":149984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrison","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17875,"text":"Marine Harvest Canada, Campbell River, BC, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fringuelli, Elena","contributorId":149985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fringuelli","given":"Elena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17876,"text":"Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savage, Paul S.","contributorId":102004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richmond, Zina","contributorId":149986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richmond","given":"Zina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17877,"text":"British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Purcell, Maureen K. mpurcell@usgs.gov","contributorId":138685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"Maureen K.","email":"mpurcell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":580244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johns, Robert","contributorId":22411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johns","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6984,"text":"UC Riverside","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnson, Stewart C.","contributorId":149987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Stewart","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":17878,"text":"Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sakasida, Sonja M.","contributorId":149988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sakasida","given":"Sonja","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17877,"text":"British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70159613,"text":"70159613 - 2015 - Ecotoxicoparasitology: Understanding mercury concentrations in gut contents, intestinal helminths and host tissues of Alaskan gray wolves (Canis lupus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-17T13:49:24","indexId":"70159613","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-17T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecotoxicoparasitology: Understanding mercury concentrations in gut contents, intestinal helminths and host tissues of Alaskan gray wolves (Canis lupus)","docAbstract":"Some gastrointestinal helminths acquire nutrients from the lumen contents in which they live; thus, they may be exposed to non-essential elements, such as mercury (Hg), during feeding. The objectives of this study were: 1) determine the total mercury concentrations ([THg]) in Gray wolves (Canis lupus) and their parasites, and 2) use stable isotopes to evaluate the trophic relationships within the host. [THg] and stable isotopes (C and N) were determined for helminths, host tissues, and lumen contents from 88 wolves. Sixty-three wolves contained grossly visible helminths (71.5%). The prevalence of taeniids and ascarids was 63.6% (56/88) and 20.5% (18/88), respectively. Nine of these 63 wolves contained both taeniids and ascarids (14.3%). All ascarids were determined to beToxascaris leonina. Taenia species present included T. krabbei and T. hydatigena. Within the GI tract, [THg] in the lumen contents of the proximal small intestine were significantly lower than in the distal small intestine. There was a significant positive association between hepatic and taeniid [THg]. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) ranged from < 1 to 22.9 in taeniids, and 1.1 to 12.3 in T. leonina. Taeniid and ascarid BAF were significantly higher than 1, suggesting that both groups are capable of THg accumulation in their wolf host. δ13C in taeniids was significantly lower than in host liver and skeletal muscle. [THg] in helminths and host tissues, in conjunction with stable isotope (C and N) values, provides insight into food-web dynamics of the host GI tract, and aids in elucidating ecotoxicoparasitologic relationships. Variation of [THg] throughout the GI tract, and between parasitic groups, underscores the need to further evaluate the effect(s) of feeding niche, and the nutritional needs of parasites, as they relate to toxicant exposure and distribution within the host.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.106","usgsCitation":"McGrew, A.K., O'Hara, T., Stricker, C.A., Castellini, M., Beckmen, K.B., Salman, M.D., and Ballweber, L.R., 2015, Ecotoxicoparasitology: Understanding mercury concentrations in gut contents, intestinal helminths and host tissues of Alaskan gray wolves (Canis lupus): Science of the Total Environment, v. 536, p. 866-871, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.106.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"866","endPage":"871","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065164","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.106","text":"External Repository"},{"id":311435,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"536","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564c4fb9e4b0ebfbef0d3453","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrew, Ashley K.","contributorId":64149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrew","given":"Ashley","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Hara, Todd M.","contributorId":34768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O'Hara","given":"Todd M.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricker, Craig A. 0000-0002-5031-9437 cstricker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-9437","contributorId":1097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Craig","email":"cstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Castellini, Margaret","contributorId":149833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castellini","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beckmen, Kimberlee B.","contributorId":12770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckmen","given":"Kimberlee","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Salman, Mo D.","contributorId":39283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salman","given":"Mo","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ballweber, Lora R.","contributorId":30537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballweber","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70168403,"text":"70168403 - 2015 - Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with passive seismology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T14:49:09","indexId":"70168403","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with passive seismology","docAbstract":"The seismic signatures of calving events, i.e., calving icequakes, offer an opportunity to examine calving variability with greater precision than is available with other methods. Here using observations from Yahtse Glacier, Alaska, we describe methods to detect, locate, and characterize calving icequakes. We combine these icequake records with a coincident, manually generated record of observed calving events to develop and validate a statistical model through which we can infer iceberg sizes from the properties of calving icequakes. We find that the icequake duration is the single most significant predictor of an iceberg's size. We then apply this model to 18 months of seismic recordings and find elevated iceberg calving flux during the summer and fall and a pronounced lull in calving during midwinter. Calving flux is sensitive to semidiurnal tidal stage. Large calving events are tens of percent more likely during falling and low tides than during rising and high tides, consistent with a view that deeper water has a stabilizing influence on glacier termini. Multiple factors affect the occurrence of mechanical fractures that ultimately lead to iceberg calving. At Yahtse Glacier, seismology allows us to demonstrate that variations in the rate of submarine melt are a dominant control on iceberg calving rates at seasonal timescales. On hourly to daily timescales, tidal modulation of the normal stress against the glacier terminus reveals the nonlinear glacier response to changes in the near-terminus stress field.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington","doi":"10.1002/2015JF003641","usgsCitation":"Bartholomaus, T., Larsen, C.F., West, M.E., O’Neel, S., Pettit, E.C., and Truffer, M., 2015, Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux observed with passive seismology: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 120, no. 11, p. 2318-2337, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003641.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2318","endPage":"2337","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-068427","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003641","text":"Publisher Index 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C.","contributorId":139557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pettit","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Truffer, Martin","contributorId":48065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truffer","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70171003,"text":"70171003 - 2015 - Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:50:01","indexId":"70171003","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization","docAbstract":"Ground ice is abundant in the upper permafrost throughout the Arctic and fundamentally affects terrain responses to climate warming. Ice wedges, which form near the surface and are the dominant type of massive ice in the Arctic, are particularly vulnerable to warming. Yet processes controlling ice wedge degradation and stabilization are poorly understood. Here we quantified ice wedge volume and degradation rates, compared ground ice characteristics and thermal regimes across a sequence of five degradation and stabilization stages and evaluated biophysical feedbacks controlling permafrost stability near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Mean ice wedge volume in the top 3 m of permafrost was 21%. Imagery from 1949 to 2012 showed thermokarst extent (area of water-filled troughs) was relatively small from 1949 (0.9%) to 1988 (1.5%), abruptly increased by 2004 (6.3%) and increased slightly by 2012 (7.5%). Mean annual surface temperatures varied by 4.9°C among degradation and stabilization stages and by 9.9°C from polygon center to deep lake bottom. Mean thicknesses of the active layer, ice-poor transient layer, ice-rich intermediate layer, thermokarst cave ice, and wedge ice varied substantially among stages. In early stages, thaw settlement caused water to impound in thermokarst troughs, creating positive feedbacks that increased net radiation, soil heat flux, and soil temperatures. Plant growth and organic matter accumulation in the degraded troughs provided negative feedbacks that allowed ground ice to aggrade and heave the surface, thus reducing surface water depth and soil temperatures in later stages. The ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks greatly complicate efforts to assess permafrost responses to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1002/2015JF003602","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, M.T., Kanevskiy, M., Shur, Y., Moskalenko, N., Brown, D., Wickland, K.P., Striegl, R.G., and Koch, J.C., 2015, Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 120, no. 11, p. 2280-2297, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003602.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2280","endPage":"2297","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069489","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003602","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321288,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d6644e4b07e28b6684da7","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015jf003602","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003602","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Jorgenson M. T., Kanevskiy M., Shur Y., Moskalenko N., Brown D. R. N., Wickland K., Striegl R., Koch J.","journalName":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","publicationDate":"11/2015","auditedOn":"7/21/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, Mark Torre 0000-0002-9834-8851","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-8851","contributorId":169365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"Torre","affiliations":[{"id":13506,"text":"Alaska Ecoscience","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kanevskiy, Mikhail","contributorId":169366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kanevskiy","given":"Mikhail","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shur, Yuri","contributorId":169367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shur","given":"Yuri","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moskalenko, Natalia","contributorId":169368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moskalenko","given":"Natalia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16615,"text":"Moscow State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Dana","contributorId":169369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Dana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70193647,"text":"70193647 - 2015 - North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-02T16:54:03","indexId":"70193647","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming","docAbstract":"Marine sediments from the North Pacific document two episodes of expansion and strengthening of the subsurface oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) accompanied by seafloor hypoxia during the last deglacial transition1, 2, 3, 4. The mechanisms driving this hypoxia remain under debate1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. We present a new high-resolution alkenone palaeotemperature reconstruction from the Gulf of Alaska that reveals two abrupt warming events of 4–5 degrees Celsius at the onset of the Bølling and Holocene intervals that coincide with sudden shifts to hypoxia at intermediate depths. The presence of diatomaceous laminations and hypoxia-tolerant benthic foraminiferal species, peaks in redox-sensitive trace metals12, 13, and enhanced 15N/14N ratio of organic matter13, collectively suggest association with high export production. A decrease in 18O/16O values of benthic foraminifera accompanying the most severe deoxygenation event indicates subsurface warming of up to about 2 degrees Celsius. We infer that abrupt warming triggered expansion of the North Pacific OMZ through reduced oxygen solubility and increased marine productivity via physiological effects; following initiation of hypoxia, remobilization of iron from hypoxic sediments could have provided a positive feedback on ocean deoxygenation through increased nutrient utilization and carbon export. Such a biogeochemical amplification process implies high sensitivity of OMZ expansion to warming.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/nature15753","usgsCitation":"Praetorius, S.K., Mix, A.C., Davies, M.H., Wolhowe, M.D., Addison, J.A., and Prahl, F.G., 2015, North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming: Nature, v. 527, no. 7578, p. 362-366, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15753.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"366","ipdsId":"IP-065883","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348153,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"527","issue":"7578","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2ea7e4b0531197b27f91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Praetorius, Summer K","contributorId":199679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Praetorius","given":"Summer","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mix, Alan C.","contributorId":199680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mix","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davies, Maureen H.","contributorId":199681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davies","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolhowe, Matthew D","contributorId":199682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolhowe","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Addison, Jason A. 0000-0003-2416-9743 jaddison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-9743","contributorId":4192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addison","given":"Jason","email":"jaddison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Prahl, Frederick G","contributorId":199683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prahl","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"G","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70174542,"text":"70174542 - 2015 - Isolation of a complete circular virus genome sequence from an Alaskan black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) gastrointestinal tract sample.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-13T09:01:44","indexId":"70174542","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-29T22:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5099,"text":"Genome Announcements","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation of a complete circular virus genome sequence from an Alaskan black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) gastrointestinal tract sample.","docAbstract":"We report here the genome sequence of a circular virus isolated from samples of an Alaskan black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) gastrointestinal tract. The genome is 2,152 bp in length and is most similar (30 to 44.5% amino acid identity) to the genome sequences of other single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) circular viruses belonging to the gemycircularvirus group.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/genomeA.01081-15","usgsCitation":"Hanna, Z.R., Runckel, C., Fuchs, J., DeRisi, J.L., Mindell, D.P., Van Hemert, C.R., Handel, C.M., and Dumbacher, J.P., 2015, Isolation of a complete circular virus genome sequence from an Alaskan black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) gastrointestinal tract sample.: Genome Announcements, v. 3, no. 5, p. e01081-15-e01081-16, https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01081-15.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"e01081-15","endPage":"e01081-16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067219","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/genomea.01081-15","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325165,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662fe4b0d27deb36e18b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanna, Zachary R.","contributorId":172860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanna","given":"Zachary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12937,"text":"California Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runckel, Charles","contributorId":172861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Runckel","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27104,"text":"University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuchs, Jerome","contributorId":172862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuchs","given":"Jerome","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12937,"text":"California Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeRisi, Joseph L.","contributorId":172863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeRisi","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27105,"text":"University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mindell, David P.","contributorId":16762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mindell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Van Hemert, Caroline R. 0000-0002-6858-7165 cvanhemert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-7165","contributorId":3592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Hemert","given":"Caroline","email":"cvanhemert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dumbacher, John P.","contributorId":172864,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dumbacher","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12937,"text":"California Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70159657,"text":"70159657 - 2015 - Recent Arctic tundra fire initiates widespread thermokarst development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-17T16:31:36","indexId":"70159657","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3358,"text":"Scientific Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent Arctic tundra fire initiates widespread thermokarst development","docAbstract":"Fire-induced permafrost degradation is well documented in boreal forests, but the role of fires in initiating thermokarst development in Arctic tundra is less well understood. Here we show that Arctic tundra fires may induce widespread thaw subsidence of permafrost terrain in the first seven years following the disturbance. Quantitative analysis of airborne LiDAR data acquired two and seven years post-fire, detected permafrost thaw subsidence across 34% of the burned tundra area studied, compared to less than 1% in similar undisturbed, ice-rich tundra terrain units. The variability in thermokarst development appears to be influenced by the interaction of tundra fire burn severity and near-surface, ground-ice content. Subsidence was greatest in severely burned, ice-rich upland terrain (yedoma), accounting for ~50% of the detected subsidence, despite representing only 30% of the fire disturbed study area. Microtopography increased by 340% in this terrain unit as a result of ice wedge degradation. Increases in the frequency, magnitude, and severity of tundra fires will contribute to future thermokarst development and associated landscape change in Arctic tundra regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/srep15865","collaboration":"Guido Grosse, Christopher D. Arp, Eric Miller, Lin Liu, Daniel J. Hayes & Christopher F. Larsen","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., Grosse, G., Arp, C.D., Miller, E.K., Liu, L., Hayes, D.J., and Larsen, C., 2015, Recent Arctic tundra fire initiates widespread thermokarst development: Scientific Reports, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15865.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065470","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15865","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":311447,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/srep15865"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Anaktuvuk River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 69.58056349224898\n ],\n [\n -150.1611328125,\n 69.63415831720732\n ],\n [\n -149.6337890625,\n 68.71246485443845\n ],\n [\n -149.600830078125,\n 68.6245436634471\n ],\n [\n -151.336669921875,\n 68.48395536734631\n ],\n [\n -151.776123046875,\n 69.5690613327378\n ],\n [\n -151.6552734375,\n 69.58056349224898\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564c5de6e4b0ebfbef0d348d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":101475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","affiliations":[{"id":34291,"text":"University of Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Eric K.","contributorId":55244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Lingli","contributorId":9926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Lingli","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hayes, Daniel J.","contributorId":100237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Larsen, Christopher F.","contributorId":107178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Christopher F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70159398,"text":"70159398 - 2015 - Rapid maturation of the muscle biochemistry that supports diving in Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-16T17:49:42","indexId":"70159398","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-27T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid maturation of the muscle biochemistry that supports diving in Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)","docAbstract":"Physiological constraints dictate animals’ ability to exploit habitats. For marine mammals, it is important to quantify physiological limits that influence diving and their ability to alter foraging behaviors. We characterized age-specific dive limits of walruses by measuring anaerobic (acid-buffering capacity) and aerobic (myoglobin content) capacities of the muscles that power hind (longissimus dorsi) and fore (supraspinatus) flipper propulsion. Mean buffering capacities were similar across muscles and age classes (a fetus, five neonatal calves, a 3 month old and 20 adults), ranging from 41.31 to 54.14 slykes and 42.00 to 46.93 slykes in the longissimus and supraspinatus, respectively. Mean myoglobin in the fetus and neonatal calves fell within a narrow range (longissimus: 0.92–1.68 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass; supraspinatus: 0.88–1.64 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass). By 3 months post-partum, myoglobin in the longissimus increased by 79%, but levels in the supraspinatus remained unaltered. From 3 months post-partum to adulthood, myoglobin increased by an additional 26% in the longissimus and increased by 126% in the supraspinatus; myoglobin remained greater in the longissimus compared with the supraspinatus. Walruses are unique among marine mammals because they are born with a mature muscle acid-buffering capacity and attain mature myoglobin content early in life. Despite rapid physiological development, small body size limits the diving capacity of immature walruses and extreme sexual dimorphism reduces the diving capacity of adult females compared with adult males. Thus, free-ranging immature walruses likely exhibit the shortest foraging dives while adult males are capable of the longest foraging dives.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Company of Biologists","doi":"10.1242/jeb.125757","usgsCitation":"Norem, S.R., Jay, C.V., Burns, J.M., and Fischbach, A.S., 2015, Rapid maturation of the muscle biochemistry that supports diving in Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 218, p. 3319-3329, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.125757.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3319","endPage":"3329","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064440","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"218","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563092bce4b093cee78203d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norem, Shawn R.","contributorId":149449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norem","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jay, Chadwick V. 0000-0002-9559-2189 cjay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":192736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"Chadwick","email":"cjay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, Jennifer M.","contributorId":98569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burns","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischbach, Anthony S. 0000-0002-6555-865X afischbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X","contributorId":2865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischbach","given":"Anthony","email":"afischbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160101,"text":"70160101 - 2015 - Tremor-genic slow slip regions may be deeper and warmer and may slip slower than non-tremor-genic regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-14T11:33:19","indexId":"70160101","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tremor-genic slow slip regions may be deeper and warmer and may slip slower than non-tremor-genic regions","docAbstract":"Slow slip events (SSEs) are observed worldwide and often coincide with tectonic tremor. Notable examples of SSEs lacking observed tectonic tremor, however, occur beneath Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, the Boso Peninsula, Japan, near San Juan Bautista on the San Andreas Fault, California, and recently in Central Ecuador. These SSEs are similar to other worldwide SSEs in many ways (e.g., size or duration), but lack the concurrent tectonic tremor observed elsewhere; instead, they trigger swarms of regular earthquakes. We investigate the physical conditions that may distinguish these non-tremor-genic SSEs from those associated with tectonic tremor, including slip velocity, pressure, temperature, fluids, and fault asperities, although we cannot eliminate the possibility that tectonic tremor may be obscured in highly attenuating regions. Slip velocities of SSEs at Kīlauea Volcano (∼10−6 m/s) and Boso Peninsula (∼10−7 m/s) are among the fastest SSEs worldwide. Kīlauea Volcano, the Boso Peninsula, and Central Ecuador are also among the shallowest SSEs worldwide, and thus have lower confining pressures and cooler temperatures in their respective slow slip zones. Fluids also likely contribute to tremor generation, and no corresponding zone of high vp/vs has been noted at Kīlauea or Boso. We suggest that the relatively faster slip velocities at Kīlauea Volcano and the Boso Peninsula result from specific physical conditions that may also be responsible for triggering swarms of regular earthquakes adjacent to the slow slip, while different conditions produce slower SSE velocities elsewhere and trigger tectonic tremor.
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Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11-B7","title":"1-Meter Digital Elevation Model specification","docAbstract":"In January 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey National Geospatial Technical Operations Center began producing the 1-Meter Digital Elevation Model data product. This new product was developed to provide high resolution bare-earth digital elevation models from light detection and ranging (lidar) elevation data and other elevation data collected over the conterminous United States (lower 48 States), Hawaii, and potentially Alaska and the U.S. territories. The 1-Meter Digital Elevation Model consists of hydroflattened, topographic bare-earth raster digital elevation models, with a 1-meter x 1-meter cell size, and is available in 10,000-meter x 10,000-meter square blocks with a 6-meter overlap. This report details the specifications required for the production of the 1-Meter Digital Elevation Model.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section B: U.S. Geological Survey Standards in Book 11: Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm11B7","usgsCitation":"Arundel, S.T., Archuleta, C.M., Phillips, L.A., Roche, B.L., and Constance, E.W., 2015, 1-meter digital elevation model specification: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. B7, 25 p. with appendixes, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/tm11B7.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066922","costCenters":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310105,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11/b07/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":310106,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11/b07/tm11-b7.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"T&M 11–B7"}],"publicComments":"This report is Chapter 7 of Section B: U.S. Geological Survey Standards in Book 11: Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data","contact":"Director, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
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","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-10-21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5628a91ce4b0d158f5926bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arundel, Samantha T. sarundel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arundel","given":"Samantha","email":"sarundel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archuleta, Christy-Ann M. 0000-0002-4522-8573 carchule@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4522-8573","contributorId":2128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archuleta","given":"Christy-Ann","email":"carchule@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Lori A. 0000-0002-9299-5134 lphillips@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9299-5134","contributorId":5185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Lori","email":"lphillips@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roche, Brittany L. broche@usgs.gov","contributorId":148003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roche","given":"Brittany L.","email":"broche@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Constance, Eric W. 0000-0001-9687-7066 econstance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-7066","contributorId":2056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constance","given":"Eric","email":"econstance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70158634,"text":"ofr20151193 - 2015 - Hindcast storm events in the Bering Sea for the St. Lawrence Island and Unalakleet Regions, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-23T12:38:19","indexId":"ofr20151193","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-14T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1193","title":"Hindcast storm events in the Bering Sea for the St. Lawrence Island and Unalakleet Regions, Alaska","docAbstract":"
This study provides viable estimates of historical storm-induced water levels in the coastal communities of Gambell and Savoonga situated on St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, as well as Unalakleet located at the head of Norton Sound on the western coast of Alaska. Gambell, Savoonga, and Unalakleet are small Native Villages that are regularly impacted by coastal storms but where little quantitative information about these storms exists. The closest continuous water-level gauge is at Nome, located more than 200 kilometers from both St. Lawrence Island and Unalakleet. In this study, storms are identified and quantified using historical atmospheric and sea-ice data and then used as boundary conditions for a suite of numerical models. The work includes storm-surge (temporary rise in water levels due to persistent strong winds and low atmospheric pressures) modeling in the Bering Strait region, as well as modeling of wave runup along specified sections of the coast in Gambell and Unalakleet. Modeled historical water levels are used to develop return periods of storm surge and storm surge plus wave runup at key locations in each community. It is anticipated that the results will fill some of the data void regarding coastal flood data in western Alaska and be used for production of coastal vulnerability maps and community planning efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151193","usgsCitation":"Erikson, L., McCall, R.T., van Rooijen, A., and Norris, B., 2015, Hindcast storm events in the Bering Sea for the St. Lawrence Island and Unalakleet Regions, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1193, vii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151193.","productDescription":"vii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059633","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1193/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":309821,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1193/ofr20151193.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1192"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, St. Lawrence Island, Unalakleet Regions","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -171.87011718749997,\n 63.84066844285508\n ],\n [\n -171.36474609375,\n 63.75334975181205\n ],\n [\n -171.01318359374997,\n 63.6949869286095\n ],\n [\n -170.595703125,\n 63.80189351770543\n ],\n [\n -169.892578125,\n 63.66576033778838\n ],\n [\n -169.56298828124997,\n 63.470144746565445\n ],\n [\n -168.64013671875,\n 63.37183226679281\n ],\n [\n -168.55224609375,\n 63.05495931065107\n ],\n [\n -169.21142578125,\n 63.06491420208559\n ],\n [\n -169.56298828124997,\n 62.865168668923125\n ],\n [\n -170.22216796875,\n 62.94523066452288\n ],\n [\n -170.52978515624997,\n 63.22373025329546\n ],\n [\n -171.2109375,\n 63.28306240110864\n ],\n [\n -171.54052734375,\n 63.22373025329546\n ],\n [\n -172.06787109375,\n 63.361982464431236\n ],\n [\n -171.87011718749997,\n 63.84066844285508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 64.74601725111455\n ],\n [\n -161.38916015625,\n 64.830253743883\n ],\n [\n -160.7080078125,\n 64.830253743883\n ],\n [\n -160.55419921875,\n 64.67091929440798\n ],\n [\n -160.59814453125,\n 64.37794095121995\n ],\n [\n -160.75195312499997,\n 64.20637724320852\n ],\n [\n -161.25732421875,\n 64.07219957867284\n ],\n [\n -162.09228515625,\n 64.19681461100495\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 64.58618480339979\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 64.74601725111455\n ],\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 64.74601725111455\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
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We present new images and descriptions of the lithofacies and organic facies of the pebble shale unit and lower part of the Hue Shale (Lower Cretaceous) of Arctic Alaska at a high magnification that illustrates their textural characteristics. Our aims were to describe and determine the distribution of facies in these petroleum source rocks and to identify the processes that formed them. We sampled at high-resolution and applied new petrographic techniques combined with scanning electron microscopy and geochemical analyses to samples collected from three widely spaced sections—located in exposures along the Canning River and continuous core from the Mikkelsen Bay State 1 and Orion 1 wells.
\nResults from these three locations indicate that this succession consists primarily of clay-rich mudstones that are variously silt- or sand-bearing and clay-dominated mudstones that exhibit mainly relict, 2–5 millimeter thick bedding and common but variable microbioturbation, rare macrobioturbation, and common fabrics of pelleted clay and silt. These mudstones contain rare, poorly sorted, silt-rich basal laminae that are often discontinuous and have wavy, sharp bases and crude upward fining. In addition, mud-supported, outsized clasts (dropstones) of fine sand to pebble size are present throughout the succession as isolated clasts or in clusters. We interpret these textures and much of this succession to result from intermittent deposition by suspension settling from melting seasonal sea ice—sometimes sediment-laden—and associated primary productivity. Overall, this mudstone succession fines and deepens upward from the pebble shale unit into the Hue Shale. In the Hue Shale of the Orion well, however, different processes intermittently deposited thin, discrete intervals of coarser sediment that probably represent deposition from density currents. Also in the Hue Shale of the Orion well, several thicker sandstone and silt-dominated mudstone units with discordant, scoured bases and cut and fill structures represent erosion during higher energy events such as major storms.
\nOther lithofacies within the succession are graded tuffs/bentonites and tuffaceous/bentonitic mudstones from episodic volcanic ash falls; these are abundant in the Hue Shale, and very rare in the pebble shale unit of the two wells. Organic-carbon rich strata associated with volcanic ash intervals of the pebble shale unit and Hue Shale in the Mikkelsen 1 well have some of the best petroleum source rock potential determined for this succession. Authigenic pyrite and carbonate-cement-dominated mudstone are also present in both units of all three sections. The carbonate-cemented units indicate breaks in sedimentation and are common in the Hue Shale and in sections of the pebble shale unit interpreted to be more distal, such as along the Canning River.
\nOur results document the variation in facies and textures of the Hauterivian and Barremian Lower Cretaceous mudstone succession of Arctic Alaska. Comparison of these characteristics to the products of modern processes on the North Slope of Alaska, in the Beaufort Sea, and elsewhere suggest that this succession formed primarily from depositional processes related to seasonal sea ice with intermittent fluvial-sourced sediment deposited by density currents and episodic erosion and reworking by storms and other currents.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, vol. 15 (Professional Paper 1814)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1814B","usgsCitation":"Keller, M.A., and Macquaker, J.H., 2015, Arctic Alaska’s Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian and Barremian) mudstone succession—Linking lithofacies, texture, and geochemistry to marine processes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1814, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1814B.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033831","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309740,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/b/pp1814b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1814-B"},{"id":309739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/b/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.609375,\n 67.64267630796037\n ],\n [\n -159.609375,\n 71.49703690095419\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 71.49703690095419\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 67.64267630796037\n ],\n [\n -159.609375,\n 67.64267630796037\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Alaska Science Center staff
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The Queen Charlotte fault (QCF) is a dextral transform system located offshore of southeastern Alaska and western Canada, accommodating ∼4.4 cm/yr of relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates. Oblique convergence along the fault increases southward, and how this convergence is accommodated is still debated. Using seismic reflection data, we interpret offshore basement structure, faulting, and stratigraphy to provide a geological context for two recent earthquakes, an Mw 7.5 strike‐slip event near Craig, Alaska, and an Mw 7.8 thrust event near Haida Gwaii, Canada. We map downwarped Pacific oceanic crust near 54° N, between the two rupture zones. Observed downwarping decreases north and south of 54° N, parallel to the strike of the QCF. Bending of the Pacific plate here may have initiated with increased convergence rates due to a plate motion change at ∼6 Ma. Tectonic reconstruction implies convergence‐driven Pacific plate flexure, beginning at 6 Ma south of a 10° bend the QCF (which is currently at 53.2° N) and lasting until the plate translated past the bend by ∼2 Ma. Normal‐faulted approximately late Miocene sediment above the deep flexural depression at 54° N, topped by relatively undeformed Pleistocene and younger sediment, supports this model. Aftershocks of the Haida Gwaii event indicate a normal‐faulting stress regime, suggesting present‐day plate flexure and underthrusting, which is also consistent with reconstruction of past conditions. We thus favor a Pacific plate underthrusting model to initiate flexure and accommodation space for sediment loading. In addition, mapped structures indicate two possible fault segment boundaries along the QCF at 53.2° N and at 56° N.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1814","usgsCitation":"2015, Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, Volume 15: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1814, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1814.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309742,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1814/images/coverphoto.jpg"},{"id":309745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/AK_studies/index.html","text":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska"}],"contact":"Alaska Science Center staff
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Alaska Mineral Resources
Alaska Science Center
Diet estimation is an important field within quantitative ecology, providing critical insights into many aspects of ecology and community dynamics. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) is a prominent method of diet estimation, particularly for marine mammal and bird species. Investigators using QFASA commonly use computer simulation to evaluate statistical characteristics of diet estimators for the populations they study. Similar computer simulations have been used to explore and compare the performance of different variations of the original QFASA diet estimator. In both cases, computer simulations involve bootstrap sampling prey signature data to construct pseudo-predator signatures with known properties. However, bootstrap sample sizes have been selected arbitrarily and pseudo-predator signatures therefore may not have realistic properties. I develop an algorithm to objectively establish bootstrap sample sizes that generates pseudo-predator signatures with realistic properties, thereby enhancing the utility of computer simulation for assessing QFASA estimator performance. The algorithm also appears to be computationally efficient, resulting in bootstrap sample sizes that are smaller than those commonly used. I illustrate the algorithm with an example using data from Chukchi Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and their marine mammal prey. The concepts underlying the approach may have value in other areas of quantitative ecology in which bootstrap samples are post-processed prior to their use.
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