Metallic sulfides, fluorite, barite, and celestite are widespread in the sedimentary rocks of the central United States. Many occurrences are epigenetic concentrations either in known major mineral districts or in clusters of deposits that warrant further exploration for potential ore. Evaluation of trace-element composition, of fluid inclusions, of depositional temperature, and of isotopic composition of sulfur may help discriminate potentially economic deposits from even more widespread, probably noneconomic, syngeneic occurrences. Known major mineral districts and many promising sulfide occurrences are located along complex major fault systems and particularly over structural domes at intersections of fault systems. Economically promising sulfide deposits occur along a west-trending fault system crossing Kentucky and Missouri near the 38th parallel, particularly at associated cryptoexplosion structures along it, at the intersection of the fault system with the Cincinnati arch. Elsewhere in the central United States, promising sulfide occurrences are located along the crest of the Findlay arch, near Serpent Mound, Ohio, along the northwest-trending Mount Carmel fault in southwestern Indiana, and buried at depth in oil fields of west-central Kansas.Other types of deposits that are productive or may have some future economic interest are locally economic and possibly syngenetic red-bed copper occurrences in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Pennsylvania. Most widespread are the black shale and pyritic sandstone beds, some of which have been a source of pyrite for sulfur and sulfuric acid in conjunction with coal mining. Bedded barite deposits of possibly diagenetic origin have been mined in Arkansas. Diagenetic siderite concretions containing sulfides and barite were widespread sources of iron in the 19th century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.585","usgsCitation":"Heyl, A.V., 1968, Minor epigenetic, diagenetic, and syngenetic sulfide, fluorite, and barite occurrences in the central United States: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.585.","productDescription":"10p.","endPage":"585","numberOfPages":"594","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heyl, A. V.","contributorId":70032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221427,"text":"70221427 - 1968 - Exploration possibilities in the Western Chagai District, West Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-15T16:16:48.387127","indexId":"70221427","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T11:12:16","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploration possibilities in the Western Chagai District, West Pakistan","docAbstract":"A northerly-trending group of quartz diorite stocks that cut Cretaceous, Eocene, 01igocene(?) and Pleistocene( ?) sedimentary rocks near Saindak, West Pakistan, contain oxidized disseminated copper minerals which may occur in commercial concentrations at depth. The stocks are enclosed by an aureole of albite-epidote hornfels about 4 miles wide that locally is cut by veins containing sparse lead and copper minerals. Within the contact aureole the few thin beds of limestone and lenticular limestone reefs have been metasomatically replaced by iron sulfide or iron oxide. The sulfide is largely oxidized near the surface. The areas of metamorphosed rocks to which the veins are mostly restricted can be recognized on panchromatic aerial photographs and from a considerable distance on the ground by their rugged topography, dark color, and by the local abundance of dikes, thus greatly reducing the area requiring field examination during a prospecting program. The red and yellow soils mantling the sulfide-rich rocks are easily recognized from short distances on the ground, but cannot be differentiated from the unmetamorphosed rocks on conventional aerial photographs. Color photography or limited-spectral photo techniques probably can be used to reveal these distinctive soils and thus define the areas of sulfide mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.1.51","usgsCitation":"Tobisch, O., 1968, Exploration possibilities in the Western Chagai District, West Pakistan: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 1, p. 51-60, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.1.51.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386495,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Pakistan","otherGeospatial":"west Pakistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 60.88623046875001,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n 68.5107421875,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n 68.5107421875,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n 60.88623046875001,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n 60.88623046875001,\n 25.005972656239187\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tobisch, O. T.","contributorId":74756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobisch","given":"O. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81365,"text":"81365 - 1968 - Water quality of streams tributary to Lakes Superior and Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"81365","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":84,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Fisheries","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"559","title":"Water quality of streams tributary to Lakes Superior and Michigan","docAbstract":"Water quality of streams tributary to Lakes Superior and Michigan was analyzed for 142 stations on 99 streams tributary to Lake Superior and 83 stations on 56 streams tributary to Lake Michigan during 1962-65. Concentrations of aluminum, copper, and iron were not affected greatly by flow or season. Magnesium, calcium, chlorides, total alkalinity, total hardness, and conductivity varied with the flow, temperature, and season; the lowest values were during the spring runoff and heavy rains, and the highest were during low water in late summer and the colder periods of winter. Concentrations of nitrate, silica, and sulfates were lowest in the spring and summer. Concentrations of tanninlike and ligninlike compounds were highest during the spring runoff and other high-water periods, and were lowest during freezeup when surface runoff was minimal. The pH values were highest from June to September and lowest during the spring runoff. Phenolphthalein alkalinity was detected primarily in the summer and coincided occasionally with low flows just before the spring thaw. Total hardness usually was lower in streams tributary to Lake Superior than in streams tributary to Lake Michigan. The total hardness was higher in the streams in Wisconsin than in the streams in Michigan along the west shore of Lake Michigan. It was lowest in the northernmost streams. The water quality of the streams in an area was related to the geological characteristics of the land.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, J.W., 1968, Water quality of streams tributary to Lakes Superior and Michigan: Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 559, 41 p.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":101757,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924071938512?urlappend=%3Bseq=735"},{"id":192815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Jerome W.","contributorId":18073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221273,"text":"5221273 - 1967 - Histopathology of mallards dosed with lead and selected substitute shot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:38","indexId":"5221273","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:36","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1140,"text":"Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Histopathology of mallards dosed with lead and selected substitute shot","docAbstract":"The histopathological response of male game farm mallards fed lead, three types of plastic-coated lead, two lead-magnesium alloys, iron, copper, zinc-coated iron, and molybdenum-coated iron shot was studied. Mallards fed lead, plastic-coated lead, or lead-magnesium alloy shot developed a similar pathological response, including the formation of acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies in the kidneys. Birds fed iron or molybdenum-coated iron shot developed hemosiderosis of the liver. Two of four mallards fed zinc-coated iron shot also developed hemosiderosis of the liver. No lesions were found in mallards fed copper shot.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Locke, L.N., Irby, H., and Bagley, G.E., 1967, Histopathology of mallards dosed with lead and selected substitute shot: Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association, v. 3, no. 4, p. 143-147.","productDescription":"143-147","startPage":"143","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15829,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/3/4/143","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":193993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688603","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irby, H.D.","contributorId":106996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irby","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bagley, George E.","contributorId":46589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38820,"text":"pp544D - 1967 - Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:43:32.459277","indexId":"pp544D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"544","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on glaciers","docAbstract":"The 1964 Alaska earthquake occurred in a region where there are many hundreds of glaciers, large and small. Aerial photographic investigations indicate that no snow and ice avalanches of large size occurred on glaciers despite the violent shaking. Rockslide avalanches extended onto the glaciers in many localities, seven very large ones occurring in the Copper River region 160 kilometers east of the epicenter. Some of these avalanches traveled several kilometers at low gradients; compressed air may have provided a lubricating layer. If long-term changes in glaciers due to tectonic changes in altitude and slope occur, they will probably be very small. No evidence of large-scale dynamic response of any glacier to earthquake shaking or avalanche loading was found in either the Chugach or Kenai Mountains 16 months after the 1964 earthquake, nor was there any evidence of surges (rapid advances) as postulated by the Earthquake-Advance Theory of Tarr and Martin.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544D","usgsCitation":"Post, A., 1967, Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on glaciers: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544D.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396002,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99035.htm"},{"id":277813,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544d/index.html"},{"id":65743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544d/pp544d_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.1279296875,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -140.73486328125,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -140.73486328125,\n 61.762728830472696\n ],\n [\n -151.1279296875,\n 61.762728830472696\n ],\n [\n -151.1279296875,\n 59.265880628258095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db61055d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Post, Austin","contributorId":90709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"Austin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34336,"text":"b1241F - 1967 - Geology and petrology of the Greenville quadrangle, Piscataquis and Somerset Counties, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T13:08:31","indexId":"b1241F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1241","chapter":"F","title":"Geology and petrology of the Greenville quadrangle, Piscataquis and Somerset Counties, Maine","docAbstract":"In the Greenville quadrangle, west-central Maine, slate, siltstone, and sandstone (calcareous and noncalcareous) of probable Silurian to Early Devonian age are intruded by a large mafic pluton and two granitic stocks of probable Early Devonian age. Ages of the sedimentary rocks are based upon tentative correlations with fossiliferous beds in adjacent quadrangles because the few fossils in the Greenville quadrangle are nondiagnostic; ages of the intrusive rocks are based upon radiometric age determinations. The sedimentary rocks are tightly folded about northeast-trending axes and have strong slaty cleavage. Widespread graded bedding is very useful in determining the tops of beds and thus the location of fold axes. The sedimentary rocks are in the chlorite zone of metamorphism except in the contact aureoles where the metamorphism ranges from the biotite zone, through the andalusiite-amphibole zone, to the sillimanite-cordierite zone adjacent to the intrusions; retrograde metamorphism is a minor local feature.
The mafic rocks are part of the Moxie pluton, which extends southwest and northeast of the Greenville quadrangle for a total distance of about 45 miles. Troctolite and norite are the principal rock types; gabbro is less common. Plagioclase is the dominant mineral; it usually makes up 50-75 percent of the rock. Olivine and orthopyroxene are widespread, clinopyroxene is uncommon and biotite and hornblende are generally present in small amounts. The rocks can be separated into magnesium-rich and iron-rich varieties; magnesium-rich olivine and orthopyroxene are usually accompanied by plagioclase containing from 57 to 77 percent anorthite, and iron-rich olivine and orthopyroxene are associated with plagioclase containing about 50-62 percent anorithite. Compositional layering is rare, but flow structure is very common. Flow structure generally dips northward to eastward, whereas geophysical data indicate that the contacts of the pluton dip southeastward. The granitic stocks are discordant pipelike bodies that range from granodiorite to quartz monzonite in composition. Both the mafic and the felsic intrusions are undeformed and unmetamorphosed.
Slate quarrying was once an important industry in the region, but in 1965 only one quarry was active at Monson just east of the report area. Slate is a potential source of raw material for lightweight concrete aggregate. There are several possible sites for stone quarries in the intrusive masses. Sand and gravel resources seem to be limited. Small amounts of sulfides that have low copper and nickel values are known at a few places in the mafic pluton.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to general geology, 1966","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1241F","usgsCitation":"Espenshade, G.H., and Boudette, E.L., 1967, Geology and petrology of the Greenville quadrangle, Piscataquis and Somerset Counties, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1241, Report: v, 60 p.; Plate: 16.83 x 21.42 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1241F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 60 p.; Plate: 16.83 x 21.42 inches","startPage":"F1","endPage":"F60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":96360,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1241f/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":96361,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1241f/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":165889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1241f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.5,\n 45.4\n ],\n [\n -69.75,\n 45.4\n ],\n [\n -69.75,\n 45.50\n ],\n [\n -69.5,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -69.5,\n 45.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Espenshade, Gilbert H.","contributorId":97474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espenshade","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boudette, Eugene L.","contributorId":65085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boudette","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14298,"text":"ofr67121 - 1967 - Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14298,"text":"ofr67121 - 1967 - Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand","indexId":"ofr67121","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6053,"text":"pp618 - 1969 - Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand","indexId":"pp618","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6053,"text":"pp618 - 1969 - Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand","indexId":"pp618","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:26:12.200232","indexId":"ofr67121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-121","title":"Mineral investigations in northeastern Thailand","docAbstract":"Fifty-eight mineral prospects of base metals (copper, lead, zinc), iron, manganese, gold, limestone (cement grade), barite, gypsum, and salt were investigated by geological, geophysical, and geochemical surveys, and by pitting, exploratory mining, and diamond drilling from January 1963 to May 1966. Fifty-six of the prospects are in the Loei-Chiengkarn area of northeast Thailand where regional geological, aeromagnetic, and geochemical studies were also performed; the other two prospects are on the Khorat Plateau.
The base-metal prospects are in volcanic or carbonate rocks. Four prospects have been tested by diamond drilling; disseminated copper deposits were found at two prospects and local lead-zinc mineralization at the other two.The two copper deposits have estimated proven and probable reserves of 16million tons containing about 1 percent copper, and possible reserves of 62 million tons.
The iron prospects are mostly metasomatic, at contacts of granodiorite with sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Four of the iron prospects were tested by diamond drilling; proven, probable, and possible reserves of about 27million tons containing 52 percent iron were developed predominantly in two deposits.
Twelve manganese and two gold prospects were investigated, but all are small or low grade.
Nonmetallic deposits of barite, gypsum, and limestone (cement grade) were examined in the Loei-Chiengkarn area, and salt was studied at Chaiyaphum. Reserves of approximately 5.5 million tons of barite, half a million tons of gypsum, 12 million tons of limestone (cement grade), and 2,000 million tons of salt were estimated to be present.
Economic development of these deposits must await recommended economic feasibility studies and additional geological work, including diamond drilling.
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\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63449d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irby, Harold D.","contributorId":140665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irby","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27442,"text":"Texas parks and Wildlife Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":333475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locke, Louis N.","contributorId":71233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bagley, George E.","contributorId":46589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210842,"text":"70210842 - 1967 - The porphyry copper deposit exposed in the Liberty open-pit mine near Ely, Nevada; Part 2, The formation of hydrothermal alteration zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-29T15:40:27.988544","indexId":"70210842","displayToPublicDate":"1967-03-01T10:37:05","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The porphyry copper deposit exposed in the Liberty open-pit mine near Ely, Nevada; Part 2, The formation of hydrothermal alteration zones","docAbstract":"In the southwest part of the Liberty pit a large porphyry body exhibits a zonal alteration pattern related to fissures and pyrite-bearing veins. The outermost zone contains unaltered K-feldspar, kaolinite after plagioclase, and black biotite after hornblende. An intermediate zone contains reconstituted K-feldspar, phlogopitic biotite, and muscovite or muscovite plus K-feldspar replacing only plagioclase. In the innermost zone the only silicates are quartz and muscovite. In some places an alteration band of K-feldspar after plagioclase separates kaolinite and muscovite.The widespread association of kaolinite and K-feldspar in hydrothermal alteration zones suggests that these two minerals were stable together at the time of formation. Experimental data show that, where quartz controls the activity of silica in solution, kaolinite and K-feldspar should react to form muscovite. However, calculations predict that, at 15,000 psi, solutions with silica activities compatible with amorphous or gelatinous silica could stabilize K-feldspar and kaolinite relative to muscovite at temperatures below about 250 degrees C. The rapid decomposition either of plagioclase feldspar or montmorillonite is considered a prime cause for the attainment of such high activities of silica in pore solutions of rock. The supersaturation of pore solutions with silica is a transient condition; quartz precipitates where kaolinite and K-feldspar react to give muscovite. Thus, the zonally distributed alteration at Ely is considered to have taken place after the rock had cooled to below 250 degrees C. In contrast, the diffusely distributed muscovite and montmorillonite found in another portion of the pit probably commenced at 600 degrees to 700 degrees C with only minor formation of alteration products below 250 degrees C.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.62.2.207","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R.O., 1967, The porphyry copper deposit exposed in the Liberty open-pit mine near Ely, Nevada; Part 2, The formation of hydrothermal alteration zones: Economic Geology, v. 62, no. 2, p. 207-227, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.62.2.207.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"227","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Ely","otherGeospatial":"Liberty open pit mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.39215087890624,\n 38.71766178810086\n ],\n [\n -114.15618896484375,\n 38.71766178810086\n ],\n [\n -114.15618896484375,\n 39.66702799810167\n ],\n [\n -115.39215087890624,\n 39.66702799810167\n ],\n [\n -115.39215087890624,\n 38.71766178810086\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1967-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190814,"text":"70190814 - 1967 - Hydrologic and climatologic data, 1966, Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-26T15:43:24","indexId":"70190814","displayToPublicDate":"1967-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"Hydrologic and climatologic data, 1966, Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"An investigation of the water resources of Salt Lake County, Utah, was undertaken by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey in July 1963. This investigation is a cooperative project financed equally by the State of Utah and the Federal Government in accordance with an agreement between the State Engineer and the Geological Survey. The Utah Water and Power Board, Utah Fish and Game Commission, Salt Lake County Water Conservancy District, Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Kennecott Copper Corporation, Utah Power and Light Company, Salt Lake City Chamber of Commerce, and the Central Utah Water Conservancy District contributed funds to the State Engineer's office toward support of the project.
The investigation encompasses the collection and interpretation of a large variety of climatologic, hydrologic, and geologic data in and near Salt Lake County. Utah Basic-Data Releases 11 and 12 contain data collected through 1965. This release contains climatologic and surface-water data for the 1966 water year (October 1965 to September 1966) and groundwater data collected during the 1966 calendar year. Similar annual releases will contain data collected during the remainder of the investigation, and interpretive reports will be prepared as the investigation proceeds. Organizations that furnished data are acknowledged in station descriptions and footnotes to tables.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The State of Utah and local organizations","usgsCitation":"Hely, A., Mower, R.W., and Horr, C.A., 1967, Hydrologic and climatologic data, 1966, Salt Lake County, Utah: Utah Basic-Data Release 13, iii, 85 p.","productDescription":"iii, 85 p.","numberOfPages":"93","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345787,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=21-1-250"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.6432,40.7953],[-111.6438,40.7926],[-111.6396,40.7872],[-111.6439,40.7849],[-111.6403,40.7795],[-111.647,40.7749],[-111.6427,40.7731],[-111.6397,40.7704],[-111.6379,40.7695],[-111.6343,40.7677],[-111.6312,40.7658],[-111.6258,40.7626],[-111.6246,40.7604],[-111.6234,40.759],[-111.6222,40.7554],[-111.621,40.7504],[-111.6204,40.7431],[-111.6199,40.7381],[-111.6193,40.7327],[-111.6163,40.7299],[-111.612,40.7272],[-111.6078,40.724],[-111.6066,40.7204],[-111.6048,40.7172],[-111.6018,40.7145],[-111.5976,40.7122],[-111.5927,40.7072],[-111.5897,40.704],[-111.5897,40.6995],[-111.597,40.6945],[-111.5989,40.6904],[-111.5959,40.6805],[-111.5966,40.6696],[-111.5954,40.6623],[-111.593,40.6541],[-111.5798,40.6459],[-111.5755,40.6405],[-111.5738,40.6346],[-111.5689,40.6332],[-111.5653,40.6273],[-111.5593,40.6218],[-111.5557,40.6173],[-111.5503,40.6159],[-111.5497,40.6118],[-111.5533,40.61],[-111.5552,40.6087],[-111.5588,40.6064],[-111.5588,40.6032],[-111.5583,40.5969],[-111.5583,40.5937],[-111.5638,40.5855],[-111.5716,40.5842],[-111.5789,40.5833],[-111.5971,40.5784],[-111.5983,40.5789],[-111.6038,40.5657],[-111.6129,40.5667],[-111.622,40.5667],[-111.6311,40.5672],[-111.6347,40.5699],[-111.6414,40.5608],[-111.6468,40.5568],[-111.6523,40.5554],[-111.6565,40.5532],[-111.6608,40.5432],[-111.6669,40.541],[-111.6796,40.5328],[-111.6869,40.5342],[-111.6935,40.5351],[-111.7038,40.5356],[-111.7129,40.532],[-111.7202,40.5266],[-111.7335,40.5307],[-111.7371,40.5262],[-111.7474,40.5253],[-111.7619,40.5276],[-111.771,40.5235],[-111.7819,40.5149],[-111.7873,40.509],[-111.7867,40.5072],[-111.791,40.4959],[-111.7928,40.4954],[-111.8013,40.495],[-111.811,40.4905],[-111.8261,40.4846],[-111.8328,40.4814],[-111.8394,40.4742],[-111.8424,40.4755],[-111.8461,40.4765],[-111.8515,40.4692],[-111.8551,40.4669],[-111.8594,40.4688],[-111.8654,40.4715],[-111.8696,40.4765],[-111.8811,40.4715],[-111.8878,40.4683],[-111.8926,40.4656],[-111.8969,40.4638],[-111.9035,40.4588],[-111.9222,40.4525],[-111.9126,40.4416],[-111.9192,40.438],[-111.9271,40.4348],[-111.9307,40.433],[-111.9434,40.4267],[-111.9513,40.4221],[-111.9531,40.4212],[-111.9561,40.4198],[-111.9627,40.4189],[-111.9663,40.4176],[-111.97,40.4158],[-111.9748,40.4149],[-111.9772,40.4158],[-111.9923,40.4235],[-112.0038,40.4262],[-112.0141,40.4344],[-112.0213,40.4398],[-112.0261,40.4493],[-112.0286,40.4575],[-112.0322,40.4643],[-112.0425,40.4602],[-112.0443,40.4561],[-112.0527,40.4543],[-112.0582,40.4516],[-112.0636,40.4484],[-112.069,40.4457],[-112.0751,40.447],[-112.0835,40.4466],[-112.092,40.447],[-112.0998,40.4448],[-112.1034,40.442],[-112.1113,40.4389],[-112.1131,40.4429],[-112.1125,40.4457],[-112.1125,40.4515],[-112.1174,40.4534],[-112.1198,40.4543],[-112.1252,40.4606],[-112.1283,40.4633],[-112.1343,40.4665],[-112.1428,40.471],[-112.1506,40.4687],[-112.1524,40.4669],[-112.1591,40.4624],[-112.1675,40.4642],[-112.173,40.4674],[-112.17,40.4719],[-112.1754,40.4814],[-112.1724,40.4846],[-112.1864,40.4964],[-112.1797,40.5018],[-112.1864,40.514],[-112.1779,40.5204],[-112.1774,40.5299],[-112.181,40.5399],[-112.1822,40.5431],[-112.1774,40.5544],[-112.1762,40.5562],[-112.1817,40.5617],[-112.1805,40.5676],[-112.1835,40.573],[-112.1793,40.5785],[-112.1745,40.5857],[-112.1781,40.5943],[-112.1769,40.6021],[-112.1739,40.6039],[-112.18,40.6088],[-112.18,40.6129],[-112.1879,40.6152],[-112.1927,40.6233],[-112.1933,40.6242],[-112.194,40.6261],[-112.1928,40.6383],[-112.1928,40.6397],[-112.197,40.6433],[-112.1976,40.6483],[-112.2025,40.6533],[-112.2007,40.6646],[-112.1995,40.6728],[-112.2032,40.6787],[-112.1996,40.6882],[-112.196,40.6927],[-112.1978,40.6995],[-112.2002,40.7045],[-112.2009,40.7077],[-112.2033,40.7113],[-112.2258,40.7262],[-112.2611,40.7706],[-112.2029,40.8075],[-112.2011,40.8079],[-112.1375,40.8457],[-112.0567,40.892],[-112.0069,40.9201],[-111.9558,40.9192],[-111.9558,40.897],[-111.9667,40.8843],[-111.968,40.8748],[-111.9601,40.8675],[-111.9613,40.8594],[-111.9625,40.8526],[-111.9576,40.8471],[-111.951,40.8466],[-111.9437,40.8421],[-111.9437,40.8371],[-111.9412,40.8326],[-111.9352,40.8262],[-111.9328,40.8208],[-111.9103,40.8226],[-111.8896,40.823],[-111.8811,40.8235],[-111.8684,40.8235],[-111.8526,40.8266],[-111.8374,40.8325],[-111.8259,40.8334],[-111.8186,40.8343],[-111.8082,40.8383],[-111.7985,40.8388],[-111.7851,40.8447],[-111.7778,40.8442],[-111.7645,40.8505],[-111.748,40.8546],[-111.7444,40.8609],[-111.7352,40.8627],[-111.7231,40.855],[-111.7176,40.8563],[-111.7079,40.8531],[-111.7012,40.8567],[-111.6982,40.8617],[-111.6818,40.8585],[-111.6745,40.8562],[-111.6684,40.8544],[-111.6624,40.8507],[-111.6575,40.8475],[-111.6563,40.8453],[-111.6655,40.8362],[-111.6564,40.8285],[-111.6497,40.8258],[-111.6437,40.8221],[-111.6401,40.8194],[-111.6432,40.7953]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Salt Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59bb9539e4b091459a578217","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hely, A. G.","contributorId":14401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hely","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":710534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mower, Reed W.","contributorId":32503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":710535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horr, C. A.","contributorId":63940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horr","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":710536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010595,"text":"70010595 - 1967 - U.S. Geological Survey silicate rock standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T22:23:28.228634","indexId":"70010595","displayToPublicDate":"1967-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey silicate rock standards","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has processed six silicate rocks to provide new reference samples to supplement G-1 and W-1. Complete conventional, rapid rock, and spectrochemical analyses by the U.S. Geological Survey are reported for a granite (replacement for G-1), a granodiorite, an andesite, a peridotite, a dunite, and a basalt. Analyses of variance for nickel, chromium, copper, and zirconium in each rock sample showed that for these elements, the rocks can be considered homogeneous. Spectrochemical estimates are given for the nickel, chromium, copper, and zirconium contents of the samples. The petrography of five of the six rocks is described and CIPW norms are presented.
Clinostomum marginatum (Trematoda: Clinostomatidae), the yellow grub parasite, was recorded in epizootic proportions from Lynch Lake, King County, Washington, in 1961 and 1962. The parasite larvae occurred principally in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri); cutthroat trout (S. clarki) were infected to a relatively minor degree. Fish and snail host populations were destroyed by rotenone and copper sulfate treatments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1966)95[35:CMISTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Uzmann, J., and Douglas, J., 1966, Clinostomum marginatum in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in a western Washington lake: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 95, no. 1, p. 35-38, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1966)95[35:CMISTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313912,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","otherGeospatial":"Lynch Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -120.30029296875,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 45.506346901083425\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -124.12353515624999,\n 46.27103747280261\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 47.68018294648414\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 48.004625021133904\n ],\n [\n -124.76074218749999,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 48.531157010976706\n ],\n [\n -123.70605468750001,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -123.53027343749999,\n 48.93693495409401\n ],\n [\n -123.37646484374999,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e48cbe4b0e7a44bc4181b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uzmann, J. R.","contributorId":38647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzmann","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, J.","contributorId":27811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38850,"text":"pp543E - 1966 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38850,"text":"pp543E - 1966 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska","indexId":"pp543E","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T20:57:58.244609","indexId":"pp543E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"543","chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Copper River Basin area is in south-central Alaska and covers 17,800 square miles. It includes most of the Copper River Basin and parts of the surrounding Alaska Range and the Talkeetna, Chugach, and Wrangell Mountains.\n\nOn March 27, 1964, shortly after 5:36 p.m. Alaska standard time, a great earthquake having a Richter magnitude of about 8.5 struck south-central Alaska. Computations by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey place the epicenter of the main shock at lat 61.1° N. and long 147.7° W., and the hypocenter, or actual point of origin, from 20 to 50 kilometers below the surface. The epicenter is near the western shore of Unakwik Inlet in northern Prince William Sound; it is 30 miles from the closest point within the area of study and 180 miles from the farthest point.\n\nReleveling data obtained in 1964 after the earthquake indicates that broad areas of south-central Alaska were warped by uplift and subsidence. The configuration of these areas generally parallels the trend of the major tectonic elements of the region. Presumably a large part of this change took place during and immediately after the 1964 earthquake.\n\nThe water level in several wells in the area lowered appreciably, and the water in many became turbid; generally, however, within a few days after the earthquake the water level returned to normal and the suspended sediment settled out. Newspaper reports that the Copper River was completely dammed and Tazlina Lake drained proved erroneous.\n\nThe ice on most lakes was cracked, especially around the margins of the lakes where floating ice broke free from the ice frozen to the shore. Ice on Tazlina, Klutina, and Tonsina Lakes was intensely fractured by waves generated by sublacustrine landslides off the fronts of deltas. These waves stranded large blocks of ice above water level along the shores. River ice was generally cracked in the southern half of the area and was locally cracked in the northern half.\n\nIn the area of study, the majority of the ground cracks occurred within a radius of 100 miles from the epicenter of the earthquake. Ground cracks formed in flood plains of rivers, in deltas, and along the toes of alluvial fans. They also occurred locally in low terraces adjacent to flood plains, in highway and other fill material, along the margins of lakes, along the faces of steep slopes of river bluffs and hillsides, and in areas cleared of vegetation for several years.\n\nThe ground cracks were restricted to areas underlain by unconsolidated deposits where one or more of the following conditions existed: (1) permafrost was absent or deep lying, (2) the ground-water table was near the surface, (3) bedrock was relatively deep lying, and (4) slopes were steep. Because the earthquake occurred in March, seasonal frost was present throughout the area.\n\nDespite the diversity of local conditions, the origin of most of the ground cracks can be explained by the following mechanisms: (1) lateral extension, caused by materials moving toward an unconfined face such as a lakeshore, river bluff, hillside, or terrace escarpment; (2) horizontal compaction, caused by repeated alternate compression and dilation (in the horizontal direction) of materials in flat-lying areas where there are no unconfined faces; (3) differential vertical compaction, caused by the shaking of materials that vary laterally in thickness or character; and (4) combinations of the above.\n\nSnowslides, avalanches, and rockslides were restricted to the mountainous areas surrounding the Copper River Basin. They were especially numerous in the Chugach Mountains which are closest to the epicenter of the earthquake. The large amount of snow and rock debris that has cascaded onto the icefield and glaciers of these mountains, and, probably even more important, the overall disturbance to the ice field will affect the regimen of the glaciers.\n\nMost of the damage to manmade structures occurred in the southern half of the area, and, primarily because of the sparsity of population and manmade structures, property damage was not great and no lives were lost.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects (Professional Paper 543)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp543E","usgsCitation":"Ferrians, O.J., 1966, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, in the Copper River Basin area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 543, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp543E.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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