Streamflow and concentrations of sodium and chloride estimated from records of specific conductance were used to calculate loads of sodium and chloride during water year (WY) 2012 (October 1, 2011, through September 30, 2012), for tributaries to the Scituate Reservoir, Rhode Island. Streamflow and water-quality data used in the study were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) or the Providence Water Supply Board (PWSB). Streamflow was measured or estimated by the USGS following standard methods at 23 streamgages; 14 of these streamgages were equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring water level, specific conductance, and water temperature. Water-quality samples were collected at 37 sampling stations by the PWSB and at 14 continuous-record streamgages by the USGS during WY 2012 as part of a long-term sampling program; all stations were in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area. Water-quality data collected by the PWSB were summarized by using values of central tendency and used, in combination with measured (or estimated) streamflows, to calculate loads and yields (loads per unit area) of selected water-quality constituents for WY 2012.
\nThe largest tributary to the reservoir (the Ponaganset River, which was monitored by the USGS) contributed a mean streamflow of about 26 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) to the reservoir during WY 2012. For the same time period, annual mean1 streamflows measured (or estimated) for the other monitoring stations in this study ranged from about 0.40 to about 17 ft3/s. Together, tributaries (equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring specific conductance) transported about 1,100,000 kilograms (kg) of sodium and 1,900,000 kg of chloride to the Scituate Reservoir during WY 2012; sodium and chloride yields for the tributaries ranged from 8,700 to 51,000 kilograms per square mile (kg/mi2) and from 14,000 to 87,000 kg/mi2, respectively.
\nAt the stations where water-quality samples were collected by the PWSB, the median of the median chloride concentrations was 19 milligrams per liter (mg/L), median nitrite concentration was 0.002 mg/L as nitrogen (N), median nitrate concentration was less than 0.01 mg/L as N, median orthophosphate concentration was 0.06 mg/L as phosphorus, and median concentrations of total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were 43 and 16 colony forming units per 100 milliliters (CFU/100mL), respectively. The medians of the median daily loads (and yields) of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, and total coliform and E. coli bacteria were 200 kilograms per day (kg/d) (71 kilograms per day per square mile (kg/d/mi2)); 15 grams per day (g/d) (5.4 grams per day per square mile (g/d/mi2)); 100 g/d (38 g/d/mi2); 500 g/d (260 g/d/mi2); 4,300 million colony forming units per day (CFUx106/d) (1,500 CFUx106/d/mi2); and 1,000 CFUx106/d (360 CFUx106/d/mi2), respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131274","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Providence Water Supply Board","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.P., 2014, Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2012 (First posted January 14, 2014; Revised and reposted July 14, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1274, v, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131274.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-10-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-045370","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131274.jpg"},{"id":280968,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1274/pdf/ofr2013-1274.pdf"},{"id":280967,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1274/"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Scituate Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.8,41.7 ], [ -71.8,41.9 ], [ -71.5,41.9 ], [ -71.5,41.7 ], [ -71.8,41.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted January 14, 2014; Revised and reposted July 14, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d65d7be4b0b566e996b363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70068459,"text":"ofr20131305 - 2014 - Global surface displacement data for assessing variability of displacement at a point on a fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-10T15:18:00","indexId":"ofr20131305","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-10T15:01:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1305","title":"Global surface displacement data for assessing variability of displacement at a point on a fault","docAbstract":"This report presents a global dataset of site-specific surface-displacement data on faults. We have compiled estimates of successive displacements attributed to individual earthquakes, mainly paleoearthquakes, at sites where two or more events have been documented, as a basis for analyzing inter-event variability in surface displacement on continental faults.
\nAn earlier version of this composite dataset was used in a recent study relating the variability of surface displacement at a point to the magnitude-frequency distribution of earthquakes on faults, and to hazard from fault rupture (Hecker and others, 2013). The purpose of this follow-on report is to provide potential data users with an updated comprehensive dataset, largely complete through 2010 for studies in English-language publications, as well as in some unpublished reports and abstract volumes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131305","usgsCitation":"Hecker, S., Sickler, R., Feigelson, L., Abrahamson, N., Hassett, W., Rosa, C., and Sanquini, A., 2014, Global surface displacement data for assessing variability of displacement at a point on a fault: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1305, Report: iv, 28 p.; Table 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131305.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 28 p.; Table 1","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049003","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131305.PNG"},{"id":280822,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1305/pdf/ofr2013-1305.pdf"},{"id":280823,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1305/downloads/ofr2013-1305_Table1.xlsx"},{"id":280821,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1305/"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d11766e4b072eb3e0c4b7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hecker, Suzanne 0000-0002-5054-372X shecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-372X","contributorId":3553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hecker","given":"Suzanne","email":"shecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sickler, Robert","contributorId":89653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickler","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feigelson, Leah","contributorId":105636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feigelson","given":"Leah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abrahamson, Norman","contributorId":66990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"Norman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hassett, Will","contributorId":100279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hassett","given":"Will","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosa, Carla","contributorId":27780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosa","given":"Carla","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanquini, Ann","contributorId":65374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanquini","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70068633,"text":"ofr20131289 - 2014 - Three-dimensional ground-motion simulations of earthquakes for the Hanford area, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:12:36","indexId":"ofr20131289","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-10T14:51:03","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1289","title":"Three-dimensional ground-motion simulations of earthquakes for the Hanford area, Washington","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of ground-motion simulations of earthquakes using three-dimensional (3D) and one-dimensional (1D) crustal models conducted for the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) of the Hanford facility, Washington, under the Senior Seismic Hazard Analysis Committee (SSHAC) guidelines. The first portion of this report demonstrates that the 3D seismic velocity model for the area produces synthetic seismograms with characteristics (spectral response values, duration) that better match those of the observed recordings of local earthquakes, compared to a 1D model with horizontal layers. The second part of the report compares the response spectra of synthetics from 3D and 1D models for moment magnitude (M) 6.6–6.8 earthquakes on three nearby faults and for a dipping plane wave source meant to approximate regional S-waves from a Cascadia great earthquake. The 1D models are specific to each site used for the PSHA. The use of the 3D model produces spectral response accelerations at periods of 0.5–2.0 seconds as much as a factor of 4.5 greater than those from the 1D models for the crustal fault sources. The spectral accelerations of the 3D synthetics for the Cascadia plane-wave source are as much as a factor of 9 greater than those from the 1D models. The differences between the spectral accelerations for the 3D and 1D models are most pronounced for sites with thicker supra-basalt sediments and for stations with earthquakes on the Rattlesnake Hills fault and for the Cascadia plane-wave source.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131289","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Thorne, P., and Rohay, A., 2014, Three-dimensional ground-motion simulations of earthquakes for the Hanford area, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1289, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131289.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052201","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131289.PNG"},{"id":280819,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1289/pdf/ofr2013-1289.pdf"},{"id":280818,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1289/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hanford Facility","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.4078,46.5637 ], [ -119.4078,46.6037 ], [ -119.3677,46.6037 ], [ -119.3677,46.5637 ], [ -119.4078,46.5637 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d1176ae4b072eb3e0c4b88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorne, Paul","contributorId":13131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rohay, Alan","contributorId":58934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohay","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70059781,"text":"ofr20131308 - 2014 - Response of Global Navigation Satellite System receivers to known shaking between 0.2 and 20 Hertz","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:22:23","indexId":"ofr20131308","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-10T08:12:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1308","title":"Response of Global Navigation Satellite System receivers to known shaking between 0.2 and 20 Hertz","docAbstract":"Over the past decade, several technological advances have allowed Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers to have the capability to record displacements at high frequencies, with sampling rates approaching 100 samples per second (sps). In addition, communication and computer hardware and software have allowed various institutions, including the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), to retrieve, process, and display position changes recorded by a network of GNSS sites with small, less than 1-s delays between the time that the GNSS receiver records signals from a constellation of satellites and the time that the position is estimated (a method known as “real-time”). These improvements in hardware and software have allowed the USGS to process GNSS (or a subset of the GNSS, the Global Positioning System, GPS) data in real-time at 1 sps with the goal of determining displacements from earthquakes and volcanoes in real-time. However, the current set of GNSS equipment can record at rates of 100 sps, which allows the possibility of using this equipment to record earthquake displacements over the full range of frequencies that typically are recorded by acceleration and velocity transducers. The advantage of using GNSS to record earthquakes is that the displacement, rather than acceleration or velocity, is recorded, and for large earthquakes, the GNSS sensor stays on scale and will not distort the observations due to clipping of the signal at its highest amplitude. The direct observation of displacement is advantageous in estimating the size and spatial extent of the earthquake rupture. Otherwise, when using velocity or acceleration sensors, the displacements are determined by numerical integration of the observations, which can introduce significant uncertainty in the estimated displacements. However, GNSS technology can, at best, resolve displacements of a few millimeters, and for most earthquakes, their displacements are less than 1 mm. Consequently, to be useful, GNSS data are only relevant for the large earthquakes with magnitudes (M) exceeding M5.5 at best.
\nWith the capability to record GNSS data at high-rate, at sampling rates typical for seismological applications, experiments are needed to quantify the response of GNSS to shaking from earthquakes. There have been a few studies that examine the response of GNSS to strong shaking. One of the first was Elosegui and others (2006), where they simulated surface waves from a distant earthquake and mechanically applied the shaking to a GPS antenna. They processed the 1 sps observations and compared the estimated displacements with the simulated displacements. They determined that the GPS could accurately track the simulated surface wave whose primary frequency spans from 0.01 to 0.1 Hertz (Hz), which spanned the frequency band of the simulation.
\nTo test GNSS equipment due to shaking from a large earthquake in the near-field, Wang and others (2012) used a mechanical simulator or shake table with 6 degrees of freedom and studied two different inputs to the simulator—(1) the accelerometer record from one station that was located near the 2010 M8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake, and (2) a 2-Hz sinusoid. Wang and others (2012) analyzed the 2-Hz data with spectral analysis and determined that the displacements observed by the GPS included higher harmonics along with the 2-Hz signal. In addition, the background spectral amplitude was greater during periods of 2-Hz shaking than when at rest. With the simulated M 8.8 earthquake, Wang and others (2012) observed decreased signal to noise for L1 and L2 carrier frequencies of the GPS signal, at times corresponding to high acceleration and jerk (first derivative of acceleration).
\nOne of the principal limitations of these experiments was that the displacements of the shake table itself could not be measured independently. Although with the 2-Hz sinusoidal measurements, the input displacements were purely translational, Wang and others (2012) analysis of the data showed that the shake table also included rotational motions which affect horizontal inertial sensors like accelerometers and seismometers at first order.
\nMore recently, Ebinuma and Kato (2012) used a GPS simulator to electronically test several GNSS receivers and obtain the receiver characteristics at three frequencies: 1, 2, and 5 Hz. The results showed that the amplitude of 5-Hz displacements recorded by the GPS was, depending on the receiver model, between 30 and 125 percent more than the displacement input to the simulator. At low frequencies, the GPS displacement was nearly equal to the input displacement. In addition, Ebinuma and Kato (2012) examined how each receiver model amplified an earthquake displacement record in the 2–8 Hz band. The simulated earthquake was the 2008 moment magnitude (Mw) 6.8 Iwate-Miyagi earthquake where, for the simulated record, acceleration peaked at 1 G.
\nThe study discussed here builds on the tests by Ebinuma and Kato (2012), but rather than using electronic simulation, the tests are setup outdoors and closer to actual field installations of GNSS equipment. We used a one-dimensional shake table capable of 400 mm of displacement and high acceleration; the shake table also is constrained by a precision linear slider to have very low tilt that would affect inertial sensors. In addition, the stage position can be accurately monitored independent of the GNSS hardware and, importantly, provides a reference to compare with the estimated displacements from the GNSS data. Our tests spanned a greater frequency range from 0.2 to 20 Hz and we used equipment from three different manufacturers covering five different combinations of receivers and antennas. In addition, we have been able to simulate the frequency response of the GNSS equipment using a simple, causal filter. The quality of the filter was tested using additional test data where a step function in displacement was applied to the shake table. The observed displacements from the GNSS data show an overshoot in displacement at the time of the step or transition of the stage. That overshoot was accurately predicted using the filter design derived from our sinusoidal displacement tests.
\nSimilar to Wang and others (2012), we also examined the GPS displacement records using standard spectral techniques. However, we extended their work by evaluating several models of GNSS receivers using a variety of input frequencies. Because our shake table was limited on acceleration and displacement, we did not attempt to duplicate the high shaking associated with high magnitude earthquakes. However, because our shake table could measure the table displacement, we could directly compare the measured GPS displacements with the true displacements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131308","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., Evans, J.R., Blume, F., and Johanson, I., 2014, Response of Global Navigation Satellite System receivers to known shaking between 0.2 and 20 Hertz: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1308, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131308.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049015","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131308.PNG"},{"id":280801,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1308/"},{"id":280803,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1308/pdf/ofr2013-1308.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d11769e4b072eb3e0c4b81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, John O.","contributorId":72438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, John R. jrevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jrevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blume, Fredrick","contributorId":100283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blume","given":"Fredrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johanson, Ingrid","contributorId":54880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"Ingrid","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70061359,"text":"ofr20131307 - 2014 - Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance results from the Sheep Creek 1 well, Susitna basin, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-09T14:28:48.942089","indexId":"ofr20131307","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-09T11:03:32","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1307","title":"Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance results from the Sheep Creek 1 well, Susitna basin, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"We used Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance to examine the petroleum source potential of rock samples from the Sheep Creek 1 well in the Susitna basin of south-central Alaska. The results show that Miocene nonmarine coal, carbonaceous shale, and mudstone are potential sources of hydrocarbons and are thermally immature with respect to the oil window. In the samples that we studied, coals are more organic-rich and more oil-prone than carbonaceous shales and silty mudstones, which appear to be potential sources of natural gas. Lithologically similar rocks may be present in the deeper parts of the subsurface Susitna basin located west of the Sheep Creek 1 well, where they may have been buried deeply enough to generate oil and (or) gas. The Susitna basin is sparsely drilled and mostly unexplored, and no commercial production of hydrocarbons has been obtained. However, the existence of potential source rocks of oil and gas, as shown by our Rock-Eval results, suggests that undiscovered petroleum accumulations may be present in the Susitna basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131307","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Alaska Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Stanley, R.G., Lillis, P.G., Pawlewicz, M.J., and Haeussler, P.J., 2014, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance results from the Sheep Creek 1 well, Susitna basin, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1307, Report: iv, 12 p.; 1 Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131307.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; 1 Table","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-051756","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1307/downloads/ofr2013-1307_Table1.xls"},{"id":280794,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1307/pdf/ofr2013-1307.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":280793,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1307/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":417498,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99488.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280796,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131307.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Susitna Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.61692547325674,\n 62.539075707687175\n ],\n [\n -151.61692547325674,\n 61.300458966719304\n ],\n [\n -149.26001791496597,\n 61.300458966719304\n ],\n [\n -149.26001791496597,\n 62.539075707687175\n ],\n [\n -151.61692547325674,\n 62.539075707687175\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52cfc566e4b07de2a9490b64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pawlewicz, Mark J. pawlewicz@usgs.gov","contributorId":752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"Mark","email":"pawlewicz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70048979,"text":"ofr20131235 - 2014 - Lesser prairie-chicken nest site selection, microclimate, and nest survival in association with vegetation response to a grassland restoration program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-08T13:58:10","indexId":"ofr20131235","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-08T13:49:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1235","title":"Lesser prairie-chicken nest site selection, microclimate, and nest survival in association with vegetation response to a grassland restoration program","docAbstract":"Climate models predict that the region of the Great Plains Landscape Conservation Cooperative (GPLCC) will experience increased maximum and minimum temperatures, reduced frequency but greater intensity of precipitation events, and earlier springs. These climate changes along with different landscape management techniques may influence the persistence of the lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act and a priority species under the GPLCC, in positive or negative ways. The objectives of this study were to conduct (1) a literature review of lesser prairie-chicken nesting phenology and ecology, (2) an analysis of thermal aspects of lesser prairie-chicken nest microclimate data, and (3) an analysis of nest site selection, nest survival, and vegetation response to 10 years of tebuthiuron and/or grazing treatments.\n\nWe found few reports in the literature containing useful data on the nesting phenology of lesser prairie-chickens; therefore, managers must rely on short-term observations and measurements of parameters that provide some predictive insight into climate impacts on nesting ecology. Our field studies showed that prairie-chickens on nests were able to maintain relatively consistent average nest temperature of 31 °C and nest humidities of 56.8 percent whereas average external temperatures (20.3–35.0 °C) and humidities (35.2–74.9 percent) varied widely throughout the 24 hour (hr) cycle. Grazing and herbicide treatments within our experimental areas were designed to be less intensive than in common practice. We determined nest locations by radio-tagging hen lesser prairie-chickens captured at leks, which are display grounds at which male lesser prairie-chickens aggregate and attempt to attract a female for mating. Because nest locations selected by hen lesser prairie-chicken are strongly associated with the lek at which they were captured, we assessed nesting habitat use on the basis of hens captured at individual leks, and then for all leks pooled. There was no clear pattern of selection for treatment type for nest placement among hens associated with individual leks; however, when hens from all leks were pooled, we found nesting lesser prairie-chickens selected control plots for nesting over plots that were grazed, treated with tebuthiuron, or were both grazed and treated with tebuthiuron. Overall, the probability of a nest surviving the incubation period was 0.57 for this study and did not vary significantly among treatment types. In contrast to nesting preference for untreated habitats, lek use exhibited no noticeable selection of treatment type. Over the 10 years of the habitat management study, there was 91 percent less sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) in treated areas than untreated areas. The removal of sand shinnery oak made environmental soil moisture more available for grasses and forbs to germinate and grow. Grasses increased by 149 percent and forbs increased by 257 percent in treated areas as compared to untreated areas throughout the study period. Our combined results, including our habitat selection analysis at the individual lek level, indicated that reduced rates of herbicide and short-duration grazing treatments were not detrimental to nesting lesser prairie-chickens and that populations of lesser prairie-chickens in shrub-dominated ecosystems may benefit from reduced rates of herbicide application and short duration of grazing that results in increased habitat heterogeneity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131235","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New Mexico Game and Fish and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Grisham, B.A., Haukos, D.A., Zavaleta, J.C., and Dixon, C., 2014, Lesser prairie-chicken nest site selection, microclimate, and nest survival in association with vegetation response to a grassland restoration program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1235, x, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131235.","productDescription":"x, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042288","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131235.jpg"},{"id":280745,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1235/pdf/ofr2013-1235.pdf"},{"id":280744,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1235/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico;Texas","county":"Cochran County;Hockley County;Roosevelt County;Terry County;Yoakum County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.9475,32.5586 ], [ -103.9475,34.6068 ], [ -101.0989,34.6068 ], [ -101.0989,32.5586 ], [ -103.9475,32.5586 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52ce7482e4b073e0995b2de3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grisham, Blake A.","contributorId":75419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grisham","given":"Blake","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haukos, David A. 0000-0001-5372-9960 dhaukos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-9960","contributorId":3664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haukos","given":"David","email":"dhaukos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zavaleta, Jennifer C.","contributorId":102785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zavaleta","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dixon, Charles","contributorId":68203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048996,"text":"ofr20131266 - 2014 - Natural heat storage in a brine-filled solar pond in the Tully Valley of central New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T14:27:58","indexId":"ofr20131266","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-07T14:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1266","title":"Natural heat storage in a brine-filled solar pond in the Tully Valley of central New York","docAbstract":"The Tully Valley, located in southern Onondaga County, New York, has a long history of unusual natural hydrogeologic phenomena including mudboils (Kappel, 2009), landslides (Tamulonis and others, 2009; Pair and others, 2000), landsurface subsidence (Hackett and others, 2009; Kappel, 2009), and a brine-filled sinkhole or “Solar pond” (fig. 1), which is documented in this report. A solar pond is a pool of salty water (brine) which stores the sun’s energy in the form of heat. The saltwater naturally forms distinct layers with increasing density between transitional zones (haloclines) of rapidly changing specific conductance with depth. In a typical solar pond, the top layer has a low salt content and is often times referred to as the upper convective zone (Lu and others, 2002). The bottom layer is a concentrated brine that is either convective or temperature stratified dependent on the surrounding environment. Solar insolation is absorbed and stored in the lower, denser brine while the overlying halocline acts as an insulating layer and prevents heat from moving upwards from the lower zone (Lu and others, 2002). In the case of the Tully Valley solar pond, water within the pond can be over 90 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) in late summer and early fall. The purpose of this report is to summarize observations at the Tully Valley brine-filled sinkhole and provide supplemental climate data which might affect the pond salinity gradients insolation (solar energy).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131266","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Hayhurst, B., and Kappel, W.M., 2014, Natural heat storage in a brine-filled solar pond in the Tully Valley of central New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1266, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131266.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044705","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131266.jpg"},{"id":280664,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1266/pdf/ofr2013-1266.pdf"},{"id":280665,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1266/"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Onondaga County","otherGeospatial":"Tully Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.166667,42.816667 ], [ -76.166667,42.9 ], [ -76.125,42.9 ], [ -76.125,42.816667 ], [ -76.166667,42.816667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52cd21fee4b0c3f95143ed05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayhurst, Brett 0000-0002-1717-2015","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-2015","contributorId":96995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayhurst","given":"Brett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kappel, William M. 0000-0002-2382-9757 wkappel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-9757","contributorId":1074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","email":"wkappel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129332,"text":"ofr20131125 - 2014 - Bathymetric Terrain Model of the Puerto Rico Trench and the Northeastern Caribbean Region for Marine Geological Investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T11:33:36","indexId":"ofr20131125","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1125","title":"Bathymetric Terrain Model of the Puerto Rico Trench and the Northeastern Caribbean Region for Marine Geological Investigations","docAbstract":"Multibeam bathymetry data collected in the Puerto Rico Trench and Northeast Caribbean region are compiled into a seamless bathymetric terrain model for broad-scale geological investigations of the trench system. These data, collected during eight separate surveys between 2002 and 2013, covering almost 180,000 square kilometers are published here in large format map sheet and digital spatial data. This report describes the common multibeam data collection, and processing methods used to produce the bathymetric terrain model and corresponding data source polygon. Details documenting the complete provenance of the data are also provided in the metadata in the Data Catalog section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131125","usgsCitation":"Andrews, B., ten Brink, U., Danforth, W.W., Chaytor, J.D., Granja-Bruna, J., and Carbo-Gorosabel, A., 2014, Bathymetric Terrain Model of the Puerto Rico Trench and the Northeastern Caribbean Region for Marine Geological Investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1125, online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131125.","productDescription":"online only","startPage":"1-10","ipdsId":"IP-046051","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296255,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1125/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f032e4b0bc0bec09f5fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, Brian D. bandrews@usgs.gov","contributorId":2132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Brian D.","email":"bandrews@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chaytor, Jason D. jchaytor@usgs.gov","contributorId":127559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"Jason","email":"jchaytor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Granja-Bruna, J","contributorId":127563,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Granja-Bruna","given":"J","affiliations":[{"id":7051,"text":"Technophysics Group, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carbo-Gorosabel, A","contributorId":118472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbo-Gorosabel","given":"A","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70174077,"text":"70174077 - 2014 - Potentiometric surface and water-level difference maps of selected confined aquifers in Southern Maryland and Maryland’s Eastern Shore, 1975-2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-13T10:06:55","indexId":"70174077","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":128,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"14-02-02","title":"Potentiometric surface and water-level difference maps of selected confined aquifers in Southern Maryland and Maryland’s Eastern Shore, 1975-2013","docAbstract":"Groundwater is the principal source of freshwater supply in most of Southern Maryland and Maryland’s Eastern Shore. It is also the source of freshwater supply used in the operation of the Calvert Cliffs, Chalk Point, and Morgantown power plants. Increased groundwater withdrawals over the last several decades have caused groundwater levels to decline. This report presents potentiometric-surface maps of the Aquia and Magothy aquifers and the Upper Patapsco, Lower Patapsco, and Patuxent aquifer systems using water levels measured during September 2013. Water-level difference maps are also presented for four of these aquifers. The water-level differences in the Aquia aquifer are shown using groundwater-level data from 1982 and 2013, while the water-level differences are presented for the Magothy aquifer using data from 1975 and 2013. Water-level difference maps for both the Upper Patapsco and Lower Patapsco aquifer systems are presented using data from 1990 and 2013.
\nThe potentiometric surface maps show water levels ranging from 165 feet above sea level to 199 feet below sea level. Water levels have declined by as much as 113 feet in the Aquia aquifer since 1982, 81 feet in the Magothy aquifer since 1975, and 61 and 95 feet in the Upper Patapsco and Lower Patapsco aquifer systems, respectively, since 1990.
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In FY2013, there were 25 ongoing and new projects conducted by the USGS. These projects fall into 8 major categories: (1) synthesizing and analyzing existing data to describe (model and map) current conditions on the landscape; (2) developing models for projecting past and future landscape conditions; (3) monitoring indicators of ecosystem conditions and the effectiveness of on-the-ground habitat projects; (4) conducting research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying wildlife and habitat responses to changing land uses; (5) managing and making accessible the large number of databases, maps, and other products being developed; (6) helping to integrate WLCI outcomes with future habitat enhancement and research projects; (7) coordinating efforts among WLCI partners; and (8) providing support to WLCI decision-makers and assisting with overall evaluation of the WLCI program. The two new projects initiated in FY2013 address (1) important agricultural lands in southwestern Wyoming, and (2) the influence of energy development on native fish communities. The remaining activities entailed our ongoing efforts to compile data, model landscape conditions, monitor trends in habitat conditions, conduct studies of wildlife responses to energy development, and upgrade Web-based products in support of both individual and overall WLCI efforts.\r\nMilestone FY2013 accomplishments included completing the development of a WLCI inventory and monitoring framework and the associated monitoring strategies, protocols, and analytics; and initial development of an Interagency Inventory and Monitoring Database, which will be accessible through the Monitoring page of the WLCI Web site at http://www.wlci.gov/monitoring. We also completed the initial phase of the mountain shrub-mapping project in the Big Piney-La Barge mule deer winter range. Finally, a 3-year survey of pygmy rabbits in four major gas-field areas was completed and used to validate the pygmy rabbit habitat model/map developed earlier in the project. Important products that became available for use by WLCI partners included publication of USGS Data Series report (http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/800/pdf/ds800.pdf) that compiles our WLCI land cover and land use data, which depict current and historical patterns of sage-grouse habitat in relation to energy development and will be used to pose “what-if” scenarios to evaluate possible outcomes of alternative land-use strategies and practices on habitat and wildlife. Another important FY2013 product was a journal article (http://aapgbull.geoscienceworld.org/content/97/6/899.full) that describes the Mowry Shale and Frontier formation, which harbors coalbed methane and shale gas resources in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, for use in future scenario-building work. We also produced maps and databases that depict the structure and condition of aspen stands in the Little Mountain Ecosystem, and then presented this information to the Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and other interested entities for supporting aspen-management objectives.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141213","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Aldridge, C.L., Anderson, P.J., Assal, T.J., Bern, C., Biewick, L.R., Boughton, G.K., Chalfoun, A.D., Chong, G.W., Dematatis, M.K., Fedy, B., Garman, S.L., Germaine, S., Hethcoat, M.G., Homer, C.G., Huber, C., Kauffman, M., Latysh, N., Manier, D.J., Melcher, C.P., Miller, K.A., Potter, C.J., Schell, S., Sweat, M.J., Walters, A.W., and Wilson, A.B., 2014, U.S. Geological Survey Science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative - 2013 Annual Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1213, 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This update was compiled using data primarily from the USGS National Coal Resource Assessment (NCRA) and information from other published maps. The five regions examined by NCRA (Eastern, Gulf Coast, Interior, Rocky Mountain, and Northern Great Plains) constituted 93 percent of U.S. coal production at the time of the assessments. The map sheet shows aerial extent, rank, province, name (region and field), and age information, which are also attributes of the GIS project. Due to changing technological and economic constraints for coal usage, along with the potential for geologic carbon dioxide sequestration, this map sheet and the GIS component of this report do not differentiate between potentially minable coal and uneconomic coal. Additional figures on the map sheet show coal formations, current production by State, coal rank definitions, and charts showing historical trends of coal production.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121205","usgsCitation":"East, J.A., 2013, Coal fields of the conterminous United States—National Coal Resource Assessment updated version: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1205, Map: 1 Sheet: 60 x 39 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121205.","productDescription":"Map: 1 Sheet: 60 x 39 inches; Downloads Directory","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121205.png"},{"id":391168,"rank":5,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1205/Coal_Fields_Simplified.pdf","text":"Simplified presentation format map","size":"26.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Coal Fields of the Conterminous United States—National Coal Resource Assessment Updated Version in Simplified Presentation Format (2021)"},{"id":270520,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1205/pdf/Coal_Fields_Map.pdf","text":"Report","size":"44.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2012-1205"},{"id":270519,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1205/index.html"},{"id":270521,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1205/Downloads"},{"id":391169,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1205/simplified-presentation-format.docx","text":"Simplified presentation format explanation","size":"12.5 KB"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -130.0,22.0 ], [ -130.0,53.0 ], [ -62.0,53.0 ], [ -62.0,22.0 ], [ -130.0,22.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","publicComments":"Scale: 1:5,000,000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515befd8e4b075500ee5c9fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Joseph A. 0000-0003-4226-9174 jeast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4226-9174","contributorId":2747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Joseph","email":"jeast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045244,"text":"ofr20121247 - 2013 - The Shoreline Management Tool—An ArcMap tool for analyzing water depth, inundated area, volume, and selected habitats, with an example for the lower Wood River Valley, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-13T06:18:45","indexId":"ofr20121247","displayToPublicDate":"2020-01-10T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1247","displayTitle":"The Shoreline Management Tool—An ArcMap Tool for Analyzing Water Depth, Inundated Area, Volume, and Selected Habitats, with an Example for the Lower Wood River Valley, Oregon","title":"The Shoreline Management Tool—An ArcMap tool for analyzing water depth, inundated area, volume, and selected habitats, with an example for the lower Wood River Valley, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Shoreline Management Tool is a geographic information system (GIS) based program developed to assist water- and land-resource managers in assessing the benefits and effects of changes in surface-water stage on water depth, inundated area, and water volume. Additionally, the Shoreline Management Tool can be used to identify aquatic or terrestrial habitat areas where conditions may be suitable for specific plants or animals as defined by user-specified criteria including water depth, land-surface slope, and land-surface aspect. The tool can also be used to delineate areas for use in determining a variety of hydrologic budget components such as surface-water storage, precipitation, runoff, or evapotranspiration.
The Shoreline Management Tool consists of two parts, a graphical user interface for use with Esri™ ArcMap™ GIS software to interact with the user to define scenarios and map results, and a spreadsheet in Microsoft® Excel® developed to display tables and graphs of the results. The graphical user interface allows the user to define a scenario consisting of an inundation level (stage), land areas (parcels), and habitats (areas meeting user-specified conditions) based on water depth, slope, and aspect criteria. The tool uses data consisting of land-surface elevation, tables of stage/volume and stage/area, and delineated parcel boundaries to produce maps (data layers) of inundated areas and areas that meet the habitat criteria. The tool can be run in a Single-Time Scenario mode or in a Time-Series Scenario mode, which uses an input file of dates and associated stages. The spreadsheet part of the tool uses a macro to process the results from the graphical user interface to create tables and graphs of inundated water volume, inundated area, dry area, and mean water depth for each land parcel based on the user-specified stage. The macro also creates tables and graphs of the area, perimeter, and number of polygons comprising the user-specified habitat areas within each parcel.
The Shoreline Management Tool is highly transferable, using easily generated or readily available data. The capabilities of the tool are demonstrated using data from the lower Wood River Valley adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes in southern Oregon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121247","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.T., Haluska, T.L., and Respini-Irwin, D., 2013, The Shoreline Management Tool—An ArcMap tool for analyzing water depth, inundated area, volume, and selected habitats, with an example for the lower Wood River Valley, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1247, 86 p. (Also available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1247/.)","productDescription":"Report: viii, 86 p.; 2 Videos: 3 minutes; Companion File","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121247.jpg","text":"Report"},{"id":371153,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1247/videos.zip","text":"Videos","size":"45.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":270531,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1247/ofr20121247.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.09 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2012-1247"},{"id":371154,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1247/faq.pdf","text":"Shoreline Management Tool—Frequently Asked Questions","size":"105 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":371166,"rank":5,"type":{"id":21,"text":"Referenced Work"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ShorelineManagementTool_OFR2012-1247_v20130410.zip","text":"Generic version","size":"39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - Intended for use in any area. Required input data must be prepared by the users as described in the report. Example Python scripts are provided to assist with the data preparation. Includes all ancillary files except those specific to the lower Wood River Valley example."},{"id":371167,"rank":6,"type":{"id":21,"text":"Referenced Work"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ShorelineManagementTool_NAVD88_OFR2012-1247_v20130410.zip","text":"Example version for the Lower Wood River Valley, Oregon - NAVD88","size":"1.9 GB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - Contains all required data for use in the lower Wood River Valley of southern Oregon. Ready to run. Utilizes the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) for elevation reference. Useful for training purposes or examination of input datasets and output results. Includes all ancillary files."},{"id":371168,"rank":7,"type":{"id":21,"text":"Referenced Work"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ShorelineManagementTool_NGVD29_OFR2012-1247_v20130410.zip","text":"Example version for the Lower Wood River Valley, Oregon - NGVD29/UKLVD","size":"2.0 GB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - Contains all required data for use in the lower Wood River Valley of southern Oregon. Ready to run. Utilizes the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29) for elevation reference. Also contains data for use with the Upper Klamath Lake Vertical Datum (UKLVD). Useful for training purposes or examination of input datasets and output results. Includes all ancillary files."}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Wood River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,42.0 ], [ -124.61,46.29 ], [ -116.46,46.29 ], [ -116.46,42.0 ], [ -124.61,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Oregon Water Science Center
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Portland, Oregon 97201
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This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. The map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.
\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131199A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Giles, S.A., and Johnson, M., 2013, Hyperspectral Surface Materials Map of Quadrangle 3566, Sangcharak (501) and Sayghan-o-Kamard (502) Quadrangles, Afghanistan, Showing Carbonates, Phyllosilicates, Sulfates, Altered Minerals, and Other Materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1199, Report: 38 inches x 23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131199A.","productDescription":"Report: 38 inches x 23 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050464","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131199A.jpg"},{"id":283554,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1199/A/"},{"id":283555,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1199/A/pdf/ofr2013-1199a.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 42","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.00,35.00 ], [ 66.00,36.00 ], [ 68.00,36.00 ], [ 68.00,35.00 ], [ 66.00,35.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61d6e4b0b290850fdc52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70072002,"text":"ofr20131215A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3564, Jowand (405) and Gurziwan (406) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-03T15:41:24","indexId":"ofr20131215A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1215","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3564, Jowand (405) and Gurziwan (406) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. The map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.
Flown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
The reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131215A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R.F., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Johnson, M., and Giles, S.A., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3564, Jowand (405) and Gurziwan (406) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1215, 37.00 x 23.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131215A.","productDescription":"37.00 x 23.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050506","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":283568,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1215/A/"},{"id":283569,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1215/A/pdf/ofr2013-1215a.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"WGS 1984 Datum","country":"Afghanistan","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61dbe4b0b290850fdca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101 raymond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":150717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond","email":"raymond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":488419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70057435,"text":"ofr20131208B - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3466, La`l wa Sar Jangal (507) and Bamyan (508) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T10:25:56","indexId":"ofr20131208B","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1208","chapter":"B","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3466, La`l wa Sar Jangal (507) and Bamyan (508) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials","docAbstract":"This map shows the spatial distribution of selected iron-bearing minerals and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.
\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Goethite and jarosite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131208B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Kokaly, R., Livo, K.E., Giles, S.A., and Johnson, M., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3466, La`l wa Sar Jangal (507) and Bamyan (508) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing iron-bearing minerals and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1208, 37 x 23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131208B.","productDescription":"37 x 23 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050490","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131208B.jpg"},{"id":283621,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1208/B/"},{"id":283623,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1208/B/pdf/ofr2013-1208b.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 66.0,34.0 ], [ 66.0,35.0 ], [ 68.0,35.0 ], [ 68.0,34.0 ], [ 66.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61dae4b0b290850fdc92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70058540,"text":"ofr20131206A - 2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3470, Jalalabad (511) and Chaghasaray (512) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T10:21:09","indexId":"ofr20131206A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1206","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3470, Jalalabad (511) and Chaghasaray (512) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. The map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.
\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
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\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Goethite and jarosite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
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\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
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\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
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\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Goethite and jarosite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
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2013 - Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3268, Khayr Kot (521) and Urgun (522) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T09:53:36","indexId":"ofr20131197A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1197","chapter":"A","title":"Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3268, Khayr Kot (521) and Urgun (522) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials","docAbstract":"This map shows the spatial distribution of selected carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials derived from analysis of airborne HyMap™ imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data of Afghanistan collected in late 2007. The map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey/Afghanistan Geological Survey quadrangle maps covering Afghanistan.
\nFlown at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,240 meters (m)), the HyMap™ imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 128 channels, covering wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.5 μm. The data were georeferenced, atmospherically corrected and converted to apparent surface reflectance, empirically adjusted using ground-based reflectance measurements, and combined into a mosaic with 23-m pixel spacing. Variations in water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere, in solar angle, and in surface elevation complicated correction; therefore, some classification differences may be present between adjacent flight lines.
\nThe reflectance spectrum of each pixel of HyMap™ imaging spectrometer data was compared to the reference materials in a spectral library of minerals, vegetation, water, and other materials. Minerals occurring abundantly at the surface and those having unique spectral features were easily detected and discriminated, while minerals having slightly different compositions but similar spectral features were less easily discriminated; thus, some map classes consist of several minerals having similar spectra, such as “Epidote or chlorite.” A designation of “Not classified” was assigned to the pixel when there was no match with reference spectra.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131197A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., King, T., Hoefen, T.M., Livo, K.E., Giles, S.A., and Johnson, M., 2013, Hyperspectral surface materials map of quadrangle 3268, Khayr Kot (521) and Urgun (522) quadrangles, Afghanistan, showing carbonates, phyllosilicates, sulfates, altered minerals, and other materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1197, Report: 38 inches x 23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131197A.","productDescription":"Report: 38 inches x 23 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050460","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131197A.jpg"},{"id":283542,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1197/A/"},{"id":283543,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1197/A/pdf/ofr2013-1197a.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 42","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 68.00,32.00 ], [ 68.00,33.00 ], [ 70.00,33.00 ], [ 70.00,32.00 ], [ 68.00,32.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd61d9e4b0b290850fdc76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":81442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livo, Keith E. 0000-0001-7331-8130 elivo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":1750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"Keith","email":"elivo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}