Kamehameha Schools, in conjunction with several federal, state, and private organizations, has proposed to conduct conservation management on approximately 5,340 ha (~13,200 acres) of land they own in the vicinity of Kīpukalupea in the North Kona District on the island of Hawai'i. The goal of this program is to restore and enhance the habitat to benefit native plant and animal populations that are currently, or were formerly, found in this site. The initial phase of this project has been focused on various activities including conducting baseline surveys for bird and plant species so Kamehameha Schools could develop a Safe Harbor Agreement (SHA) for the proposed project lands relative to the habitat management and species reintroduction efforts they would like to conduct in the Lupea Project area. This report summarizes methods that were used to collect field data on plant species and communities within the project area, and the results of that initial survey. The information was used to calculate baseline values for all listed threatened or endangered plant species found, or expected to be found, within the project area, and to design a monitoring program to assess changes in plant communities and rare plant species relative to management activities over the duration of the SHA.
\nThe Lupea Project area contains excellent examples of several high elevation native plant communities including montane dry forest and woodland, native subalpine shrubland, and native grassland. Between November 2003 and January 2004 we sampled plant communities and species along seven transects established through the project area. A total of 109 plant species were found during this survey, within the transect grid and in nearby areas. Forty-four of these plants are endemic species, 21 are indigenous species, 43 are introduced, and one species is believed to have been introduced to Hawai„i by early Polynesian settlers. Only one federally listed Endangered plant, Asplenium peruvianum var. insulare, was found within the survey area. Additionally, we found one immature plant that may be Sicyos macrophyllus, a candidate species for listing. However, we were not able to make a definite determination of this species‟ identity since it did not have fruits or flowers. Finally, we documented four plant species within the survey area that have no official status designation but are considered to be rare and informally recognized as “species of concern” (SOC) as they appear to be declining in distribution and abundance statewide. These included Chamaesyce olowaluana, Eragrostis deflexa, Sisyrinchium acre, and Tetramolopium consanguineum. In addition to conducting field surveys, we performed a query on a spatial database developed by Dr. Jonathan Price of the University of Hawai„i at Hilo which models the potential range of all native Hawaiian plant species based on historic observations and a set of environmental parameters. The potential species list for the Lupea Project area includes 47 taxa that we did not find during our surveys, as well as three other listed species that were not modeled by Price, but known from historic records in adjacent habitats. Some of these species are extremely rare or, in some cases have been locally extirpated. However, most of the plants that were predicted but not found during our surveys are expected to be located with additional searching, or may potentially recolonize the area following the elimination of ungulates and initiation of other restoration efforts. Forty-four introduced plant species were found within the survey area, seven of which are considered to be highly invasive. These include the grasses Pennisetum clandestinum and Pennisetum setaceum, vines Delairea odorata and Passiflora tarminiana, herbs Senecio madagascariensis and Verbascum thapsus, and the shrub Rubus niveus.
\nNon-zero baseline values are proposed for the one listed plant species found within the Lupea Project area, one species that is a candidate for listing, and the four other rare species we found that may be considered for listing in the future. Additionally, a zero baseline is proposed for 23 other species that were predicted, but not found within the project area. These include 14 Endangered species, one Threatened species, two candidates for listing, and six species of concern. Subsequent monitoring of the site will be necessary to determine if the populations of these species have increased or decreased relative to their baseline values. It is presumed that the management activities Kamehameha Schools has proposed for this area, particularly removal of the ungulates and weed control, will provide a benefit to the habitat as a whole and allow for natural regeneration and maintenance of the all elements of the plant communities found there.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Jacobi, J., Warshauer, F., and Price, J., 2010, Baseline survey for rare plant species and native plant communities within the Kamehameha Schools 'Lupea Safe Harbor Planning Project Area, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i: Technical Report HCSU-020, viii, 63 p.","productDescription":"viii, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025137","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a5b8b5e4b0ebae89b7885e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobi, James","contributorId":21073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobi","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warshauer, F. R.","contributorId":119206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warshauer","given":"F. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Jonathan","contributorId":118441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98962,"text":"pp1781 - 2010 - Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T21:36:48.896495","indexId":"pp1781","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1781","title":"Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey has been conducting a regional analysis of water quality in the principal aquifer systems in the southwestern United States (hereinafter, “Southwest”) since 2005. Part of the NAWQA Program, the objective of the Southwest Principal Aquifers (SWPA) study is to develop a better understanding of water quality in basin-fill aquifers in the region by synthesizing information from case studies of 15 basins into a common set of important natural and human-related factors found to affect groundwater quality.
The synthesis consists of three major components:
1. Summary of current knowledge about the groundwater systems, and the status of, changes in, and influential factors affecting quality of groundwater in basin-fill aquifers in 15 basins previously studied by NAWQA (this report).
2. Development of a conceptual model of the primary natural and human-related factors commonly affecting groundwater quality, thereby building a regional understanding of the susceptibility and vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers to contaminants.
3. Development of statistical models that relate the concentration or occurrence of specific chemical constituents in groundwater to natural and human-related factors linked to the susceptibility and vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers to contamination.
Basin-fill aquifers occur in about 200,000 mi2 of the 410,000 mi2 SWPA study area and are the primary source of groundwater supply for cities and agricultural communities. Four of the principal aquifers or aquifer systems of the United States are included in the basin-fill aquifers of the study area: (1) the Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers in California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona; (2) the Rio Grande aquifer system in New Mexico and Colorado; (3) the California Coastal Basin aquifers; and (4) the Central Valley aquifer system in California. Because of the generally limited availability of surface-water supplies in the arid to semiarid climate, cultural and economic activities in the Southwest are particularly dependent on supplies of good-quality groundwater. Irrigation and public-supply withdrawals from basin-fill aquifers in the study area account for about one quarter of the total withdrawals from all aquifers in the United States.
Many factors influence the quality of groundwater in the 15 case-study basins, but some common factors emerge from the basin summaries presented in this report. These factors include the chemical composition of the recharge water, consolidated rock geology and composition of aquifer materials derived from consolidated rock, and land and water use. The major water-quality issues in many of the developed case-study basins are increased concentrations of dissolved solids, nitrate, and VOCs in groundwater as a result of human activities.
The information presented and the citations listed in this report serve as a resource for those interested in the groundwater-flow systems in the NAWQA case-study basins. The summaries of water-development history, hydrogeology, conceptual understanding of the groundwater system under both predevelopment and modern conditions, and effects of natural and human-related factors on groundwater quality presented in the sections on each basin also serve as a foundation for the synthesis and modeling phases of the SWPA regional study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1781","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., Bexfield, L.M., Anning, D.W., and Huntington, J.M., 2010, Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1781, viii, 288 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1781.","productDescription":"viii, 288 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science 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dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huntington, Jena M. 0000-0002-9291-1404 jmhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9291-1404","contributorId":2294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Jena","email":"jmhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98947,"text":"pp176918 - 2010 - Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98947,"text":"pp176918 - 2010 - Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176918","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"18","title":"Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T16:09:36.365347","indexId":"pp176918","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"18","title":"Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Augustine Volcano is an active stratovolcano located in southwestern Cook Inlet, about 280 kilometers southwest of Anchorage, Alaska. The volcano produced six significant explosive eruptions between 1812 and 1986. Augustine eruptions typically have an explosive onset followed by dome building. The most recent eruption began on January 11, 2006. We applied the small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to measure ground surface deformation during 1992-2005 with the use of European Remote Sensing Satellites 1 and 2 (ERS-1 and ERS-2) radar imagery. Through a multiple-interferogram approach, atmospheric delay artifacts, which hinder conventional InSAR measurements, are significantly reduced by spatial and temporal filtering. This allows us to retrieve time-series deformation over coherent points at millimeter-scale accuracy. The deformation results from two independent satellite tracks agree with each other, suggesting 2 to 8 cm wholesale uplift of Augustine Volcano from 1992 to 2005. Global Positioning System (GPS) data acquired in September 2004 and October 2005 confirm the SBAS InSAR results. A preliminary model consisting of a contracting source at 2 to 4 km depth and an inflating source at 7 to 12 km depth fits the observed deformation reasonably well. We interpret the deeper source as a long-term magma storage zone and the shallower source as a subsidiary reservoir that was tapped during the 2006 eruption. The shallow source corresponds approximately to the location of the volcano-tectonic earthquakes that preceded and followed the 1976 and 2006 eruptions, respectively.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176918","usgsCitation":"Lee, C., Lu, Z., Jung, H., Won, J., and Dzurisin, D., 2010, Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176918.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"453","endPage":"465","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176918.gif"},{"id":14371,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c28","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647221,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647222,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647223,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Chang-Wook","contributorId":15748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Chang-Wook","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jung, Hyung-Sup","contributorId":58382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Hyung-Sup","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Won, Joong-Sun","contributorId":16966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Won","given":"Joong-Sun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98943,"text":"pp176914 - 2010 - Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98943,"text":"pp176914 - 2010 - Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176914","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"14","title":"Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:03:32","indexId":"pp176914","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"14","title":"Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Augustine Volcano has been a prolific producer of large debris avalanches during the Holocene. Originating as landslides from the steep upper edifice, these avalanches typically slide into the surrounding ocean. At least one debris avalanche that occurred in 1883 during an eruption initiated a far-traveled tsunami. The possible occurrence of another edifice collapse and ensuing tsunami was a concern during the 2006 eruption of Augustine. To aid in hazard assessments, we have evaluated the slope stability of Augustine's edifice, using a quasi-three-dimensional, geotechnically based slope-stability model implemented in the computer program SCOOPS. We analyzed the effects of topography, variations in rock strength, and earthquake-induced strong ground motion on the relative stability of millions of potential large (>0.1 km3 volume) slope failures throughout the edifice. Preliminary results from pre-2006 topography provide three insights. First, the predicted stability of all parts of the upper edifice is approximately the same, suggesting an equal likelihood of slope failure, in agreement with geologic observations that debris avalanches have swept all sectors of the volcano. Second, the least stable (by a small amount) sector is on the east flank where a debris avalanche would flow into deeper ocean water and a resulting tsunami would be directed toward the southwestern part of the Kenai Peninsula. Third, most model scenarios predict stable edifice slopes, and only scenarios assuming extensive weak rocks and moderate to strong ground shaking predict potential large collapses. Because other transient triggering mechanisms, such as shallow magma intrusion, may be needed to instigate slope instability, monitoring ground deformation and seismicity could
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2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98953,"text":"pp176924 - 2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176924","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:57:46","indexId":"pp176924","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Long-exposure visible-light images of Augustine Volcano were obtained using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera during several nights of the 2006 eruption. The camera was located 105 km away, at Homer, Alaska, yet showed persistent bright emissions from the north flank of the volcano corresponding to steam releases, pyroclastic flows, and rockfalls originating near the summit. The apparent brightness of the emissions substantially exceeded that of the background nighttime scene. The bright signatures in the images are shown to probably be thermal emissions detected near the long-wavelength limit (~1 µm) of the CCD. Modeling of the emissions as a black-body brightness yields an apparent temperature of 400 to 450°C that likely reflects an unresolved combination of emissions from hot ejecta and cooler material.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176924","usgsCitation":"Sentman, D.D., McNutt, S.R., Stenbaek-Nielsen, H.C., Tytgat, G., and DeRoin, N., 2010, Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176924.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"577","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176924.gif"},{"id":14377,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa961","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647243,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647244,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647245,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Sentman, Davis D.","contributorId":76440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sentman","given":"Davis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNutt, Stephen R.","contributorId":38133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stenbaek-Nielsen, Hans C.","contributorId":106620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenbaek-Nielsen","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tytgat, Guy","contributorId":71152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tytgat","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeRoin, Nicole","contributorId":59541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeRoin","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98946,"text":"pp176917 - 2010 - Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98946,"text":"pp176917 - 2010 - Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176917","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"17","title":"Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:01:56","indexId":"pp176917","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"17","title":"Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"For the first time in the United States, a modern geodetic network of continuously recording Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers has measured a complete eruption cycle at a stratovolcano, Augustine Volcano in Alaska, from the earliest precursory unrest through the return to background quiescence. The on-island network consisted of five continuously recording, telemetered GPS stations, four continuously recording, nontelemetered stations, and about 10 campaign bench marks. The continuous network recorded several distinct and conspicuous signals over the course of the unrest and eruption, starting with a months-long precursory inflation centered beneath the volcano at around sea level. Nearly coincident with the highest volumetric eruption rates, this inflation gave way to a more deep seated deflation that we interpret as a major withdrawal (approx. 25 million m3 of compressed magma) from a nearly cylindrical magma reservoir centered about 5 km below sea level. Detailed analysis of the geodetic time series reveals additional nuance, including the probable upward propagation of a small dike into the edifice in the 60 days or so before the onset of large-scale explosive activity. Comparisons of the geodetic data and their resulting interpretations with other data, such as earthquake hypocenters and petrologically inferred magma-pressure histories, reveal a kinematic, if not mechanical, account of the 2006 eruption that details the shape and location of the magma source region, the means and velocity of magma transport, and the establishment of a short lived volume- (or pressure-) buffering capability held within the magma reservoir. The cumulative deformation over the course of the eruption shows a large signal close in and high on the edifice that decays rapidly with distance. This pattern indicates a small permanent increase in the edifice volume (beyond that added by the surficial lava dome) but also shows that without close-in (<2.5 km from the summit) stations, the eruption might have been invisible to campaign GPS stations alone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176917","usgsCitation":"Cervelli, P.F., Fournier, T.J., Freymueller, J.T., Power, J.A., Lisowski, M., and Pauk, B., 2010, Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176917.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"452","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14370,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176916","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"16","title":"Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, 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analyses of whole-rock samples, phenocrysts, silicate melt inclusions, and matrix glasses to constrain processes of magma evolution, eruption, and degassing. Particular attention was directed toward the concentrations and geochemical relationships involving the magmatic volatile components H2O, CO2, S, and Cl. The analytical results for 2006 samples have been integrated with data for samples of Pleistocene basalt, prehistoric andesites, and 1986 andesites from Augustine to provide a broad view of volatile behavior in Augustine magmas. The observation of generally similar geochemical features for this range of eruptions indicates that magmatic and volatile degassing processes have been relatively consistent during the past 2,100 years.
\nAugustine andesites range from low-silica to high-silica compositions and contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene, with lesser olivine, amphiboles, iron-titanium oxides, and apatite. The groundmass varies from strongly crystallized and/or oxidized to comparatively clear, microlite-poor vesicular glass. Coexisting iron-titanium oxides of 2006 rock samples, which are generally consistent with those of prior eruptive materials, indicate ƒO2 values of approximately NNO+1.5 to NNO+2.5 and oxide crystallization temperatures of 835 to 1,052°C.
\nThe compositions of matrix and melt-inclusion glasses range from rhyodacite to rhyolite and show relationships that reflect magma evolution involving fractional crystallization and multiple stages of mingling and/or mixing. In particular, melt inclusions of low-silica andesites express mixing of magmas with more widely varying compositions, than do melt inclusions of high-silica andesites and dacites. The melt inclusions of 2006, 1986, and prehistoric andesites contain moderate to high concentrations of H2O and Cl and lesser CO2 and SO2. Comparing the abundances of H2O, CO2, and Cl in these melt inclusions with experimentally established volatile solubilities for felsic melts indicates that the 2006 and prehistoric samples are most consistent with the ascent of fluid-saturated magmas containing 1 weight percent of H2O-enriched vapor under closed-system conditions and that pressures of volatile phase exsolution range from 150 to less than 20 MPa. This closed-system behavior was maintained to quite shallow depths prior to eruption, and this pressure range is consistent with constraints derived from 2006 geodetic measurements indicating magma storage and crystallization at 4 to 6 km and upwards to near-surface depths. The magmatic fluids were relatively oxidizing and included H2O-enriched and HCl-, H2S-, S2-, and SO2 ± CO2-bearing vapors; hydrosaline aqueous liquids largely enriched in Cl-, SO42-, alkalis, and H2O; and moderately saline, H2O-poor liquids containing Cl-, SO42-, and alkali elements.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176916","usgsCitation":"Webster, J., Mandeville, C., Goldoff, B., Coombs, M.L., and Tappen, C., 2010, Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176916.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"423","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176916.gif"},{"id":14369,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6680a4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647322,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647323,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Webster, James D.","contributorId":100859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"James D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldoff, Beth","contributorId":94423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldoff","given":"Beth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tappen, Christine","contributorId":67203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappen","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98950,"text":"pp176921 - 2010 - Volcanic-ash dispersion modeling of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano using the Puff model: Chapter 21 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98950,"text":"pp176921 - 2010 - Volcanic-ash dispersion modeling of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano using the Puff model: Chapter 21 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176921","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"21","title":"Volcanic-ash dispersion modeling of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano using the Puff model: Chapter 21 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:00:13","indexId":"pp176921","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"21","title":"Volcanic-ash dispersion modeling of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano using the Puff model: Chapter 21 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Volcanic ash is one of the major potential hazards from volcanic eruptions. It can have both short-range effects from proximal ashfall and long range impacts from volcanic ash clouds. The timely tracking and understanding of recently emitted volcanic ash clouds is important, because they can cause severe damage to jet aircraft engines and shut down major airports. Dispersion models play an important role in forecasting the movement of volcanic ash clouds by being the only means to predict a clouds' trajectory. Where available, comparisons are possible to both remote-sensing data and observations from the ground and aircraft. This was demonstrated in January 2006, when Augustine Volcano erupted after about a 20-year hiatus. From January 11 to 28, 2006, there were 13 explosive events, with some lasting as long as 11 minutes and producing ash clouds as high as 10-12 km (33,000-39,000 ft) above mean sea level (a.m.s.l). From January 28 to February 4, 2006, there was a more continuous phase, with ash clouds reaching 4-5 km a.m.s.l (13,000-16,000 ft). During the eruption, the Puff dispersion model was used by the Alaska Volcano Observatory for trajectory forecasting of the associated volcanic ash eruption clouds. The six explosive events on January 13 and 14, 2006, were the first time the 'multiple eruptions' capability of the Puff model was used during an eruption response. Here we show the Puff model predictions made during the 2006 Augustine eruption and compare these predictions to satellite remote-sensing data, Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) radar, and ashfall measurements. In addition, we discuss how automated predictions for volcanoes at elevated alert status provide a quicker assessment of the risk from the potential ash clouds.
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2010 - Re-analysis of Alaskan benchmark glacier mass-balance data using the index method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-16T21:37:31","indexId":"sir20105247","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5247","title":"Re-analysis of Alaskan benchmark glacier mass-balance data using the index method","docAbstract":"At Gulkana and Wolverine Glaciers, designated the Alaskan benchmark glaciers, we re-analyzed and re-computed the mass balance time series from 1966 to 2009 to accomplish our goal of making more robust time series. Each glacier's data record was analyzed with the same methods. For surface processes, we estimated missing information with an improved degree-day model. Degree-day models predict ablation from the sum of daily mean temperatures and an empirical degree-day factor. We modernized the traditional degree-day model and derived new degree-day factors in an effort to match the balance time series more closely. We estimated missing yearly-site data with a new balance gradient method. These efforts showed that an additional step needed to be taken at Wolverine Glacier to adjust for non-representative index sites. As with the previously calculated mass balances, the re-analyzed balances showed a continuing trend of mass loss. We noted that the time series, and thus our estimate of the cumulative mass loss over the period of record, was very sensitive to the data input, and suggest the need to add data-collection sites and modernize our weather stations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105247","usgsCitation":"Van Beusekom, A., O’Nell, S.R., March, R.S., Sass, L., and Cox, L.H., 2010, Re-analysis of Alaskan benchmark glacier mass-balance data using the index method: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5247, vi, 14 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105247.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438836,"rank":201,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7HD7SRF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Glacier-Wide Mass Balance and Compiled Data Inputs"},{"id":203339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19177,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Beusekom, Ashely E.","contributorId":63923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Beusekom","given":"Ashely E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Nell, Shad R.","contributorId":73726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Nell","given":"Shad","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"March, Rod S. rsmarch@usgs.gov","contributorId":416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","email":"rsmarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sass, Louis C. 0000-0003-4677-029X lsass@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4677-029X","contributorId":3555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"Louis C.","email":"lsass@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cox, Leif H.","contributorId":17740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Leif","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98928,"text":"ofr20101259 - 2010 - Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic geophysical survey data, portions of the North Platte and South Platte Natural Resources Districts, western Nebraska, May 2009","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98031,"text":"ofr20091110 - 2009 - Helicopter Electromagnetic and Magnetic Geophysical Survey Data for Portions of the North Platte River and Lodgepole Creek, Nebraska, June 2008","indexId":"ofr20091110","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Helicopter Electromagnetic and Magnetic Geophysical Survey Data for Portions of the North Platte River and Lodgepole Creek, Nebraska, June 2008"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98928,"text":"ofr20101259 - 2010 - Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic geophysical survey data, portions of the North Platte and South Platte Natural Resources Districts, western Nebraska, May 2009","indexId":"ofr20101259","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic geophysical survey data, portions of the North Platte and South Platte Natural Resources Districts, western Nebraska, May 2009"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T10:58:20","indexId":"ofr20101259","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1259","title":"Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic geophysical survey data, portions of the North Platte and South Platte Natural Resources Districts, western Nebraska, May 2009","docAbstract":"This report is a release of digital data from a helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey that was conducted during June 2009 in areas of western Nebraska as part of a joint hydrologic study by the North Platte Natural Resource District (NRD), South Platte NRD, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Flight lines for the survey totaled 937 line kilometers (582 line miles). The objective of the contracted survey, conducted by Fugro Airborne, Ltd., is to improve the understanding of the relation between surface-water and groundwater systems critical to developing groundwater models used in management programs for water resources. A unique aspect of the survey is the flight line layout. One set of flight lines was flown in a zig-zag pattern extending along the length of the previously collected airborne data. The success of this survey design depended on a well-understood regional hydrogeologic framework and model developed by the Cooperative Hydrologic Study of the Platte River Basin and the airborne geophysical data collected in 2008. Resistivity variations along lines could be related to this framework. In addition to these lines, more traditional surveys consisting of parallel flight lines, separated by about 400 meters were carried out for three blocks in the North Platte NRD, the South Platte NRD and in the area of Crescent Lakes. These surveys helped to establish the spatial variations of the resistivity of hydrostratigraphic units. An additional survey was flown over the Crescent Lake area. The objective of this survey, funded by the USGS Office of Groundwater, was to map shallow hydrogeologic features of the southwestern part of the Sand Hills that contain a mix of fresh to saline lakes.\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101259","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Platte and South Platte Natural Resource Districts\r\n","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Abraham, J., Cannia, J.C., Minsley, B., Deszcz-Pan, M., and Ball, L., 2010, Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic geophysical survey data, portions of the North Platte and South Platte Natural Resources Districts, western Nebraska, May 2009 (Version 1.1: December 10, 2010; Revised May 15, 2017): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1259, Report: 33 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101259.","productDescription":"Report: 33 p.; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-05-01","temporalEnd":"2009-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1259.bmp"},{"id":341526,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1259/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"Contains: associated data files. 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D.","contributorId":71123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannia, J. C.","contributorId":105258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Minsley, B. J.","contributorId":52107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"B. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deszcz-Pan, M.","contributorId":102422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deszcz-Pan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ball, L.B.","contributorId":37683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98936,"text":"pp17697 - 2010 - A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98936,"text":"pp17697 - 2010 - A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17697","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"7","title":"A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:26:57","indexId":"pp17697","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"7","title":"A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"This chapter describes a two-step technique for determining earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano. The algorithm, which was originally developed in the mid-1970s, was designed both to overcome limitations in the standard earthquake-location programs available at the time and to take advantage of the detailed seismic-velocity information obtained at Augustine Volcano. Hypocenters are calculated on the basis of a two-dimensional (2D) ray-tracing procedure that accounts for in plane lateral discontinuities within the seismic velocity structure. This algorithm calculates the minimum P- and S-wave travel time between theoretical grid points embedded in the velocity structure to each station in the seismic network. Station corrections that account for the differences between the model and actual velocity structure are derived from a time-term analysis of the 1975 active-source seismic experiment. Each relocated hypocenter is assigned to the grid point with the lowest rms residual between observed and calculated arrival times. Statistical techniques are used to assess the effect of random errors in P-wave-arrival determination on hypocentral location. These tests suggest that the 2D ray-tracing procedure presented here is able to resolve earthquake hypocenter depths to within 0.25 km between the volcano's summit and sea level and within 0.5 km from sea level to depths of 2 km below sea level.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp17697","usgsCitation":"Lalla, D.J., and Power, J.A., 2010, A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, Report: 13 p.; Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17697.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; Appendix 1","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1769_7.bmp"},{"id":14359,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5388","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647376,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647377,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647378,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lalla, Douglas J.","contributorId":12008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lalla","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9000510,"text":"ofr20101229 - 2010 - Unintended consequences of biofuels production?The effects of large-scale crop conversion on water quality and quantity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:40","indexId":"ofr20101229","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1229","title":"Unintended consequences of biofuels production?The effects of large-scale crop conversion on water quality and quantity","docAbstract":"In the search for renewable fuel alternatives, biofuels have gained strong political momentum. In the last decade, extensive mandates, policies, and subsidies have been adopted to foster the development of a biofuels industry in the United States. The Biofuels Initiative in the Mississippi Delta resulted in a 47-percent decrease in cotton acreage with a concurrent 288-percent increase in corn acreage in 2007. Because corn uses 80 percent more water for irrigation than cotton, and more nitrogen fertilizer is recommended for corn cultivation than for cotton, this widespread shift in crop type has implications for water quantity and water quality in the Delta. Increased water use for corn is accelerating water-level declines in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer at a time when conservation is being encouraged because of concerns about sustainability of the groundwater resource. Results from a mathematical model calibrated to existing conditions in the Delta indicate that increased fertilizer application on corn also likely will increase the extent of nitrate-nitrogen movement into the alluvial aquifer. Preliminary estimates based on surface-water modeling results indicate that higher application rates of nitrogen increase the nitrogen exported from the Yazoo River Basin to the Mississippi River by about 7 percent. Thus, the shift from cotton to corn may further contribute to hypoxic (low dissolved oxygen) conditions in the Gulf of Mexico.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Welch, H.L., Green, C.T., and Coupe, R.H., 2009. The fate and transport of nitrate through the unsaturated zone at a site in northwestern Mississippi in Geological Society of America 2009 Annual Meeting, Proceedings: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, volume 41, number 7, p. 29. Green, C.T., Welch, H., and Coupe, R., 2009. Multi-tracer analysis of vertical nitrate fluxes in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, in Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 90 (52), Fall meeting, Abstract H31C-0799.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101229","usgsCitation":"Welch, H.L., Green, C.T., Rebich, R.A., Barlow, J.R., and Hicks, M.B., 2010, Unintended consequences of biofuels production?The effects of large-scale crop conversion on water quality and quantity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1229, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101229.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1229.jpg"},{"id":19172,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.25,32.5 ], [ -91.25,35 ], [ -85.75,35 ], [ -85.75,32.5 ], [ -91.25,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ef17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Heather L. 0000-0001-8370-7711 hllott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8370-7711","contributorId":552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Heather","email":"hllott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, Christopher T. 0000-0002-6480-8194 ctgreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":1343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"ctgreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rebich, Richard A. 0000-0003-4256-7171 rarebich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-7171","contributorId":2315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebich","given":"Richard","email":"rarebich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barlow, Jeannie R.B.","contributorId":33965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Jeannie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hicks, Matthew B. 0000-0001-5516-0296 mhicks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-0296","contributorId":3778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"Matthew","email":"mhicks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":9000513,"text":"sir20105196 - 2010 - Hydrology, water quality, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of Minocqua and Kawaguesaga Lakes, Oneida County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on effects of urbanization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T20:50:51.982684","indexId":"sir20105196","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5196","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of Minocqua and Kawaguesaga Lakes, Oneida County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on effects of urbanization","docAbstract":"Minocqua and Kawaguesaga Lakes are 1,318- and 690-acre interconnected lakes in the popular recreation area of north-central Wisconsin. The lakes are the lower end of a complex chain of lakes in Oneida and Vilas Counties, Wis. There is concern that increased stormwater runoff from rapidly growing residential/commercial developments and impervious surfaces from the urbanized areas of the Town of Minocqua and Woodruff, as well as increased effluent from septic systems around their heavily developed shoreline has increased nutrient loading to the lakes. Maintaining the quality of the lakes to sustain the tourist-based economy of the towns and the area was a concern raised by the Minocqua/Kawaguesaga Lakes Protection Association. Following several small studies, a detailed study during 2006 and 2007 was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minocqua/Kawaguesaga Lakes Protection Association through the Town of Minocqua to describe the hydrology and water quality of the lakes, quantify the sources of phosphorus including those associated with urban development and to better understand the present and future effects of phosphorus loading on the water quality of the lakes.
The water quality of Minocqua and Kawaguesaga Lakes appears to have improved since 1963, when a new sewage-treatment plant was constructed and its discharge was bypassed around the lakes, resulting in a decrease in phosphorus loading to the lakes. Since the mid-1980s, the water quality of the lakes has changed little in response to fluctuations in phosphorus loading from the watershed. From 1986 to 2009, summer average concentrations of near-surface total phosphorus in the main East Basin of Minocqua Lake fluctuated from 0.009 mg/L to 0.027 mg/L but generally remained less than 0.022 mg/L, indicating that the lake is mesotrophic. Phosphorus concentrations from 1988 through 1996, however, were lower than the long-term average, possibly the result of an extended drought in the area. Water‑quality data for Kawaguesaga Lake had a similar pattern to that of Minocqua Lake. Summer average chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi depths also indicate that the lakes generally are mesotrophic but occasionally borderline eutrophic, with no long-term trends.
During the study, major water and phosphorus sources were measured directly, and minor sources were estimated to construct detailed water and phosphorus budgets for the lakes for monitoring years (MY) 2006 and 2007. During these years, the Minocqua Thoroughfare contributed about 38 percent of the total inflow to the lakes, and Tomahawk Thoroughfare contributed 34 percent; near-lake inflow, precipitation, and groundwater contributed about 1, 16, and 11 percent of the total inflow, respectively. Water leaves the lakes primarily through the Tomahawk River outlet (83 percent) or by evaporation (14 percent), with minor outflow to groundwater. Total input of phosphorus to both lakes was about 3,440 pounds in MY 2006 and 2,200 pounds in MY 2007. The largest sources of phosphorus entering the lakes were the Minocqua and Tomahawk Thoroughfares, which delivered about 39 and 26 percent of the total, respectively. The near-lake drainage area, containing most of the urban and residential developments, disproportionately accounted for about 12 percent of the total phosphorus input but only about 1 percent of the total water input (estimated with WinSLAMM). The next largest contributions were from septic systems and precipitation, each contributing about 10 percent, whereas groundwater delivered about 4 percent of the total phosphorus input.
Empirical lake water-quality models within BATHTUB were used to simulate the response of Minocqua and Kawaguesaga Lakes to 19 phosphorus-loading scenarios. These scenarios included the current base years (2006–07) for which lake water quality and loading were known, nine general increases or decreases in phosphorus loading from controllable external sources (inputs from the tributaries and nearshore areas around the lakes and input from septic systems), and nine scenarios corresponding to future changes in phosphorus loading from residential and urban development, referred to as “2030 buildout,” and removal of septic system inputs. The 2030 buildout scenario with existing stormwater controls resulted in a degradation in water quality: phosphorus concentrations increased by about 0.001 mg/L, chlorophyll a concentrations increased by 0.2–0.8 μg/L, and Secchi depths decreased slightly. The largest degradation in water quality was estimated to occur in Kawaguesaga Lake. If 2030 buildout occurred with implementation of best management practices to achieve a 50-percent reduction in loading from near-lake drainages, it is possible that water quality would change very little from existing conditions. Numerous noncontributing areas exist within the watershed that help minimize surface runoff and nutrient loading to the lakes; however, if future development included extending or connecting drainage from these areas into the lakes, loading to the lakes could greatly increase and cause a degradation in the water quality of the lakes. Simulations of removal of phosphorus loading from septic systems around Minocqua Lake improved the water quality of the lakes: in simulations for that scenario, phosphorus concentrations decreased by about 0.001 mg/L, chlorophyll a concentrations decreased by 0.5–0.7 μg/L, and Secchi depths increased by 0.3–0.7 ft. If all controllable external phosphorus loading could be reduced by 50 percent, the lakes would become oligotrophic with respect to phosphorus concentration but would still remain mesotrophic with respect to chlorophyll a concentration and Secchi depth. Improvements in the water quality of the lakes are likely only with a combination of management actions that decrease inputs from the developed near-lake drainage areas and from septic systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minocqua/Kawaguesaga Lakes Protection Association through the Town of Minocqua, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W., and Saad, D.A., 2010, Hydrology, water quality, and response to changes in phosphorus loading of Minocqua and Kawaguesaga Lakes, Oneida County, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on effects of urbanization: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5196, viii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105196.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430335,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94651.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5196/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126069,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5196.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Oneida County","otherGeospatial":"Minocqua and Kawaguesaga Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.7565226213236,\n 45.88642438539571\n ],\n [\n -89.7565226213236,\n 45.85592970552128\n ],\n [\n -89.66475756839306,\n 45.85592970552128\n ],\n [\n -89.66475756839306,\n 45.88642438539571\n ],\n [\n -89.7565226213236,\n 45.88642438539571\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garn, Herbert S. hsgarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garn","given":"Herbert","email":"hsgarn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207240,"text":"70207240 - 2010 - The ASTER data system: An overview of the data products in Japan and in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:03:15","indexId":"70207240","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-12T15:25:02","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"The ASTER data system: An overview of the data products in Japan and in the United States","docAbstract":"The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data system is a cooperative system, which is operated jointly by Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) through its Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC), and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) primarily through its Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and Land Processes (LP) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). ASTER is a moderate-resolution land remote sensing system onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra spacecraft. ASTER-acquired data are received at the White Sands, New Mexico, ground receiving station, and then transmitted via land network to the EOS Data and Operations System (EDOS) within the Goddard DAAC, located at the GSFC. EDOS pre-processes raw ASTER data to Level-0 (L0) data, and sends them via the high-speed Asia-Pacific Advanced Network (APAN) to the ASTER Ground Data System (GDS) in Japan. ASTER GDS processes the L0 data to level-1 (L1) datasets; they distribute these data to users, and also use them to generate higher-level products for their user community. ASTER GDS sends a copy of all L1A data they produce to NASA’s LP DAAC, located at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) near Sioux Falls, South Dakota. All L1 data received from Japan are ingested, archived, and available for users at LP DAAC. The LP DAAC also generates and distributes higher-level products from L1 data based on requests from users. To meet time-critical needs related to sensor health and performance, natural disasters, national emergencies, and certain field campaigns, the ASTER Expedited Data System (EDS) was developed, and is operated jointly by U.S. and Japanese partners.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land remote sensing and global environmental change: NASA's Earth Observing System and the science of ASTER and MODIS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_11","usgsCitation":"Bailey, B., Duda, K., Kannari, Y., Miura, A., and Ramachandran, B., 2010, The ASTER data system: An overview of the data products in Japan and in the United States, chap. 11 of Land remote sensing and global environmental change: NASA's Earth Observing System and the science of ASTER and MODIS, p. 233-244, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_11.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United State, Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -127.96875,\n 24.5271348225978\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 24.5271348225978\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 49.15296965617042\n ],\n [\n -127.96875,\n 49.15296965617042\n ],\n [\n -127.96875,\n 24.5271348225978\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 129.0234375,\n 27.994401411046148\n ],\n [\n 145.8984375,\n 27.994401411046148\n ],\n [\n 145.8984375,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n 129.0234375,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n 129.0234375,\n 27.994401411046148\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ramachandran, Bhaskar bhaskar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"Bhaskar","email":"bhaskar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Bryan","contributorId":11085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Bryan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duda, Kenneth A. duda@usgs.gov","contributorId":2915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Kenneth A.","email":"duda@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kannari, Yoshaki","contributorId":221217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kannari","given":"Yoshaki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miura, Akira","contributorId":221218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miura","given":"Akira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ramachandran, Bhaskar bhaskar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"Bhaskar","email":"bhaskar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207239,"text":"70207239 - 2010 - ASTER and MODIS land data management at the Land Processes, and National Snow and Ice Data Centers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:03:40","indexId":"70207239","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-12T15:01:11","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"ASTER and MODIS land data management at the Land Processes, and National Snow and Ice Data Centers","docAbstract":"Chapters 4 and 5 provide a variety of examples of how ASTER and MODIS land science applications are predicated on the availability of consistent and quality data. This chapter portrays a narrative of how those data come to exist at two different data centers, which manage them.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land remote sensing and global environmental change—NASA's Earth Observing System and the science of ASTER and MODIS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_8","usgsCitation":"Daucsavage, J., Kaminsky, N., Ramachandran, B., Jenkerson, C.B., Sprenger, K.K., Faust, R., and Rockvam, T., 2010, ASTER and MODIS land data management at the Land Processes, and National Snow and Ice Data Centers, chap. of Land remote sensing and global environmental change—NASA's Earth Observing System and the science of ASTER and MODIS, p. 167-182, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"182","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daucsavage, John jdaucs@usgs.gov","contributorId":5884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daucsavage","given":"John","email":"jdaucs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaminsky, Natalia nkaminsky@usgs.gov","contributorId":5981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"Natalia","email":"nkaminsky@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramachandran, Bhaskar bhaskar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"Bhaskar","email":"bhaskar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenkerson, Calli B. 0000-0002-3780-9175 jenkerson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-9175","contributorId":469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkerson","given":"Calli","email":"jenkerson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sprenger, Karla K.","contributorId":58942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprenger","given":"Karla","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Faust, Ron","contributorId":221214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faust","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rockvam, Tamara","contributorId":221215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockvam","given":"Tamara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":98923,"text":"sir20105227 - 2010 - Groundwater-flow model and effects of projected groundwater use in the Ozark Plateaus Aquifer System in the vicinity of Greene County, Missouri — 1907-2030","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T22:28:24.710479","indexId":"sir20105227","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5227","title":"Groundwater-flow model and effects of projected groundwater use in the Ozark Plateaus Aquifer System in the vicinity of Greene County, Missouri — 1907-2030","docAbstract":"Recent and historical periods of rapid growth have increased the stress on the groundwater resources in the Ozark aquifer in the Greene County, Missouri area. Historical pumpage from the Ozark aquifer has caused a cone of depression beneath Springfield, Missouri. In an effort to ease its dependence on groundwater for supply, the city of Springfield built a pipeline in 1996 to bring water from Stockton Lake to the city. Rapid population growth in the area coupled with the expanding cone of depression raised concern about the sustainability of groundwater as a resource for future use. A groundwater-flow model was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Greene County, Missouri, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources to assess the effect that increased groundwater demand is having on the long-term availability of groundwater in and around Greene County, Missouri.
Three hydrogeologic units were represented in the groundwater-flow model: the Springfield Plateau aquifer, the Ozark confining unit, and the Ozark aquifer. The Springfield Plateau aquifer is less than 350 feet thick in the model area and generally is a low yield aquifer suitable only for domestic use. The Ozark aquifer is composed of a more than 900-foot thick sequence of dolomite and sandstone in the model area and is the primary aquifer throughout most of southern Missouri. Wells open to the entire thickness of the Ozark aquifer typically yield 1,000 gallons per minute or more. Between the two aquifers is the Ozark confining unit composed of as much as 98 feet of shale and limestone. Karst features such as sinkholes, springs, caves, and losing streams are present in both aquifers, but the majority of these features occur in the Springfield Plateau aquifer. The solution-enlarged fracture and bedding plane conduits in the karst system, particularly in the Springfield Plateau aquifer, are capable of moving large quantities of groundwater through the aquifer in relatively short periods of time.
Pumpage rates in the model area increased from 1,093,268 cubic feet per day in 1962 to 2,693,423 cubic feet per day in 1987 to 4,330,177 cubic feet per day in 2006. Annual precipitation ranged from 25.21 inches in 1953 to 62.45 inches in 1927 from 1915 to 2006 in the model area. Recharge to the model was calculated as 2.53 percent of the annual precipitation and was varied annually. Recharge was distributed over the model area based on land slope and was adjusted in the city limits of Springfield to account for the impervious surface.
A groundwater model with annual stress periods from 1907 to 2030 was developed using a transient calibration period from 1987 to 2006 and a prediction period from 2007 to 2030 to simulate flow in the Springfield Plateau aquifer and the Ozark aquifer. For the model area of approximately 2,870 square miles, the model hydrogeologic units and hydraulic properties were discretized into 253 rows, 316 columns, and 3 layers with the layer boundaries crossing hydrogeologic unit boundaries in some areas. The horizontal cell spacing was 1,000 feet by 1,000 feet. The model was calibrated by minimizing the difference between simulated head and observed water levels and simulated and observed flows in rivers and springs.
Population and the associated groundwater use were estimated for 12 communities and the unincorporated area of Greene County based on past growth. Each was analyzed individually, and a low and high annual rate of growth relative to the 2006 population was computed for each community or group. Low growth rates ranged from 0.215 percent per year in Springfield to 6.997 percent per year in Rogersville. Total growth from 2006 to 2030 at the low growth rate ranged from 5.2 percent in Springfield to 167.9 percent in Rogersville. High growth rates ranged from 0.236 percent per year in Springfield to 7.345 percent per year in Rogersville. Total growth from 2006 to 2030 at the high growth rate ranged from 5.7 percent in Springfield to 176.3 percent in Rogersville.
Response of the flow system to selected hypothetical pumping stresses and recharge conditions was simulated using the calibrated model. Seven hypothetical scenarios were simulated from 2007 to 2030 to test the effects of various stresses on the head in the Ozark aquifer. Hypothetical scenario 1 continued the 2006 pumping rates without change to the end of 2030. Scenario 2 assumed a low population growth rate with a 4-year drought at the beginning of the prediction period. Scenario 3 assumed a low population growth rate with a 4-year drought at the end of the prediction period. Scenario 4 assumed a high population growth rate with a 4-year drought at the beginning of the prediction period. Scenario 5 assumed a high population growth rate with a 4-year drought at the end of the prediction period. Scenario 6 and 7 had one new industrial well installed within the city limits of Springfield and one new industrial well installed about 3.5 miles east of Rogersville. Scenario 6 assumed a low population growth rate and scenario 7 assumed a high population growth rate.
Results were compared by examining differences in head at the end of the simulation period. All scenarios examined resulted in potentiometric-surface declines from 2006 levels. Results from scenario 1 indicated that even with no increase in pumping, the potentiometric surface in the Springfield area continued to decline. The maximum decline of approximately 62 feet from the 2006 potentiometric surface occurred in Springfield. The maximum decline from the 2006 potentiometric surface in scenarios 2 and 3 was approximately 203 feet and in scenarios 4 and 5 was approximately 207 feet. The drought occurring at the end of the simulation period tended to broaden the drawdown area relative to the drought at the beginning. Drought timing did not substantially affect the potentiometric surface in the Ozark aquifer except for where the Ozark aquifer was exposed. Although not a substantial difference, the high population growth rate scenarios tended to have larger declines than the low population growth rate scenarios. As in the previous scenarios, little difference was noted between the low and high growth rate in scenario 6 and 7. Scenarios 6 and 7 showed declines of more than 640 feet from the 2006 potentiometric surface at the new well located in Springfield. The drawdown at the new wells decreased relatively quickly with increased distance from the well. Simulated head in the nearby cities of Nixa, Ozark, and Republic was nearly the same for scenarios 2 through 7 and was lower than the head predicted for scenario 1. Results from scenarios 2 through 7 indicate that the potentiometric surface in 2030 near these cities could decline 100 feet or more from the 2006 levels. Because model layers 2 and 3, representing the Ozark confining unit and most of the thickness of the Ozark aquifer, were simulated as confined, drawdown in the wells in the area of the Ozark aquifer that is unconfined or becomes unconfined during the simulation period will likely be under predicted.
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","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009JG001229","usgsCitation":"Schwalm, C.R., Williams, C.A., Schaefer, K., Anderson, R., Arain, M.A., Baker, I., Barr, A., Black, T.A., Chen, G., Chen, J.M., Ciais, P., Davis, K.J., Gu, L., Hollinger, D., Izaurralde, R.C., Kucharik, C., Lafleur, P., Law, B.E., Li, L., Li, Z., Liu, S., Lokupitiya, E., Luo, Y., Ma, S., Margolis, H.A., Matamala, R., McCaughey, H., Monson, R.K., Oechel, W.C., Peng, C., Poulter, B., Price, D.T., Riciutto, D.M., Riley, W., Sahoo, A., Sprintsin, M., Sun, J., Tian, H., Tonitto, C., Verbeeck, H., and Verma, S.B., 2010, A model‐data intercomparison of CO2 exchange across North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 115, no. 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,{"id":98921,"text":"ofr20061260G - 2010 - Surficial geologic map of the Heath-Northfield-Southwick-Hampden 24-quadrangle area in the Connecticut Valley region, west-central Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"ofr20061260G","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1260","chapter":"G","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Heath-Northfield-Southwick-Hampden 24-quadrangle area in the Connecticut Valley region, west-central Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The surficial geologic map layer shows the distribution of nonlithified earth materials at land surface in an area of 24 7.5-minute quadrangles (1,238 mi2 total) in 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Across Massachusetts, these materials range from a few feet to more than 500 ft in thickness. They overlie bedrock, which crops out in upland hills and as resistant ledges in valley areas. The geologic map differentiates surficial materials of Quaternary age on the basis of their lithologic characteristics (such as grain size and sedimentary structures), constructional geomorphic features, stratigraphic relationships, and age. Surficial materials also are known in engineering classifications as unconsolidated soils, which include coarse-grained soils, fine-grained soils, and organic fine-grained soils. Surficial materials underlie and are the parent materials of modern pedogenic soils, which have developed in them at the land surface. Surficial earth materials significantly affect human use of the land, and an accurate description of their distribution is particularly important for assessing water resources, construction aggregate resources, and earth-surface hazards, and for making land-use decisions. This work is part of a comprehensive study to produce a statewide digital map of the surficial geology at a 1:24,000-scale level of accuracy. This report includes explanatory text, quadrangle maps at 1:24,000 scale (PDF files), GIS data layers (ArcGIS shapefiles), metadata for the GIS layers, scanned topographic base maps (TIF), and a readme.txt file. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061260G","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office of the State Geologist and Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs\r\n\r\n","usgsCitation":"Stone, J.R., and DiGiacomo-Cohen, M.L., 2010, Surficial geologic map of the Heath-Northfield-Southwick-Hampden 24-quadrangle area in the Connecticut Valley region, west-central Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1260, Text: iv, 14 p.; Appenix; Links to: Explanatory text; quadrangle maps; GIS data layers; metadata; scanned topographic base maps; readme.txt , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061260G.","productDescription":"Text: iv, 14 p.; Appenix; Links to: Explanatory text; quadrangle maps; GIS data layers; metadata; scanned topographic base maps; readme.txt ","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2006_1260_g.jpg"},{"id":14343,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1260/G/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DiGiacomo-Cohen, Mary L.","contributorId":45253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiGiacomo-Cohen","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98920,"text":"ds545 - 2010 - Encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds: A compilation of known incidents, 1953-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T19:39:23.429798","indexId":"ds545","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"545","title":"Encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds: A compilation of known incidents, 1953-2009","docAbstract":"Information about reported encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds from 1953 through 2009 has been compiled to document the nature and scope of risks to aviation from volcanic activity. The information, gleaned from a variety of published and other sources, is presented in database and spreadsheet formats; the compilation will be updated as additional encounters occur and as new data and corrections come to light. The effects observed by flight crews and extent of aircraft damage vary greatly among incidents, and each incident in the compilation is rated according to a severity index. Of the 129 reported incidents, 94 incidents are confirmed ash encounters, with 79 of those having various degrees of airframe or engine damage; 20 are low-severity events that involve suspected ash or gas clouds; and 15 have data that are insufficient to assess severity. Twenty-six of the damaging encounters involved significant to very severe damage to engines and (or) airframes, including nine encounters with engine shutdown during flight. The average annual rate of damaging encounters since 1976, when reporting picked up, has been approximately 2 per year. Most of the damaging encounters occurred within 24 hours of the onset of ash production or at distances less than 1,000 kilometers from the source volcanoes. The compilation covers only events of relatively short duration for which aircraft were checked for damage soon thereafter; documenting instances of long-term repeated exposure to ash (or sulfate aerosols) will require further investigation.\r\n\r\nOf 38 source volcanoes, 8 have caused 5 or more encounters, of which the majority were damaging: Augustine (United States), Chaiten (Chile), Mount St. Helens (United States), Pacaya (Guatemala), Pinatubo (Philippines), Redoubt (United States), Sakura-jima (Japan), and Soufriere Hills (Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, United Kingdom). Aircraft have been damaged by eruptions ranging from small, recurring episodes to very large, infrequent events. Moderate-size (Volcanic Explosivity Index 3) eruptions are responsible for nearly half of the damaging encounters. Vigilance is required during the early phases of eruptive activity when data about ash emission may be the most limited and warning capabilities the most strained, yet the risk the greatest. The risk-mitigation strategy for minimizing damaging encounters continues to rely on the combination of real-time volcano monitoring and rapid eruption reporting, detection and tracking of ash clouds in the atmosphere using satellite-based sensors, dispersion modeling to forecast expected ash-cloud movement, and global dissemination of specialized warning messages.\r\n\r\nTo obtain the entire Data Series 545 report, download the text file and appendixes 1-4, which are available as separate files. Click on the links at right.\r\n\r\nPlease Send Updates\r\nWe hope that publication of this compilation will encourage more reporting of encounters by the aviation industry and civil aviation authorities. We actively seek corrections and additions to the information presented here. Persons who have corrections or additional data pertaining to incidents already in the database or who have data about previously unreported incidents are urged to contact the authors.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds545","usgsCitation":"Guffanti, M., Casadevall, T.J., and Budding, K., 2010, Encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds: A compilation of known incidents, 1953-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 545, Report: iv, 11 p.; 4 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds545.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 11 p.; 4 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_545.gif"},{"id":409935,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94639.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14341,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/545/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6058c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guffanti, Marianne","contributorId":68257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"Marianne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, Thomas J. 0000-0002-9447-6864 tcasadevall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6864","contributorId":2734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"Thomas","email":"tcasadevall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budding, Karin","contributorId":98268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budding","given":"Karin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98917,"text":"fs20103118 - 2010 - Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES): using GIS to include social values information in ecosystem services assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-20T13:20:13","indexId":"fs20103118","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3118","title":"Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES): using GIS to include social values information in ecosystem services assessments","docAbstract":"Ecosystem services can be defined in various ways; simply put, they are the benefits provided by nature, which contribute to human well-being. These benefits can range from tangible products such as food and fresh water to cultural services such as recreation and esthetics. As the use of these benefits continues to increase, additional pressures are placed on the natural ecosystems providing them. This makes it all the more important when assessing possible tradeoffs among ecosystem services to consider the human attitudes and preferences that express underlying social values associated with their benefits. While some of these values can be accounted for through economic markets, other values can be more difficult to quantify, and attaching dollar amounts to them may not be very useful in all cases. Regardless of the processes or units used for quantifying such values, the ability to map them across the landscape and relate them to the ecosystem services to which they are attributed is necessary for effective assessments.\n\nTo address some of the needs associated with quantifying and mapping social values for inclusion in ecosystem services assessments, scientists at the Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center (RMGSC), in collaboration with Colorado State University, have developed a public domain tool, Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES). SolVES is a geographic information system (GIS) application designed to use data from public attitude and preference surveys to assess, map, and quantify social values for ecosystem services. SolVES calculates and maps a 10-point Value Index representing the relative perceived social values of ecosystem services such as recreation and biodiversity for various groups of ecosystem stakeholders. SolVES output can also be used to identify and model relationships between social values and physical characteristics of the underlying landscape. These relationships can then be used to generate predicted Value Index maps for areas where survey data are not available. RMGSC will continue to develop more robust versions of SolVES by pursuing opportunities to work with land and resource managers as well as other researchers to apply SolVES to specific ecosystem management problems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103118","usgsCitation":"Sherrouse, B., and Semmens, D., 2010, Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES): using GIS to include social values information in ecosystem services assessments: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3118, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103118.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3118.png"},{"id":14338,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3118/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279256,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3118/pdf/FS10-3118.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edd78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrouse, B.C.","contributorId":94654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrouse","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Semmens, D.J.","contributorId":56628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semmens","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157540,"text":"70157540 - 2010 - Report of the IAU Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-01T20:56:50.587001","indexId":"70157540","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1201,"text":"Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of the IAU Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2009","docAbstract":"Every three years the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements revises tables giving the directions of the poles of rotation and the prime meridians of the planets, satellites, minor planets, and comets. This report takes into account the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) and the IAU Committee on Small Body Nomenclature (CSBN) definition of dwarf planets, introduces improved values for the pole and rotation rate of Mercury, returns the rotation rate of Jupiter to a previous value, introduces improved values for the rotation of five satellites of Saturn, and adds the equatorial radius of the Sun for comparison. It also adds or updates size and shape information for the Earth, Mars’ satellites Deimos and Phobos, the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter, and 22 satellites of Saturn. Pole, rotation, and size information has been added for the asteroids (21) Lutetia, (511) Davida, and (2867) Šteins. Pole and rotation information has been added for (2) Pallas and (21) Lutetia. Pole and rotation and mean radius information has been added for (1) Ceres. Pole information has been updated for (4) Vesta. The high precision realization for the pole and rotation rate of the Moon is updated. Alternative orientation models for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are noted. The Working Group also reaffirms that once an observable feature at a defined longitude is chosen, a longitude definition origin should not change except under unusual circumstances. It is also noted that alternative coordinate systems may exist for various (e.g. dynamical) purposes, but specific cartographic coordinate system information continues to be recommended for each body. The Working Group elaborates on its purpose, and also announces its plans to occasionally provide limited updates to its recommendations via its website, in order to address community needs for some updates more often than every 3 years. Brief recommendations are also made to the general planetary community regarding the need for controlled products, and improved or consensus rotation models for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4","usgsCitation":"Archinal, B.A., A’Hearn, M.F., Bowell, E., Conrad, A., Consolmagno, G.J., Courtin, R., Fukushima, T., Hestroffer, D., Hilton, J.L., Krasinsky, G.A., Neumann, G., Oberst, J., Seidelmann, P.K., Stooke, P., Tholen, D.J., Thomas, P.C., and Williams, I.P., 2010, Report of the IAU Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2009: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, v. 109, no. 2, p. 101-135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5606703be4b058f706e51956","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Archinal, Brent A. 0000-0002-6654-0742 barchinal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-0742","contributorId":2816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archinal","given":"Brent","email":"barchinal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"A’Hearn, Michael F.","contributorId":147973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"A’Hearn","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowell, Edward","contributorId":147974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowell","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Conrad, Al","contributorId":147975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conrad","given":"Al","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Consolmagno, Guy J.","contributorId":147976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Consolmagno","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Courtin, Regis","contributorId":147977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Courtin","given":"Regis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fukushima, Toshio","contributorId":147978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fukushima","given":"Toshio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hestroffer, Daniel","contributorId":147979,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hestroffer","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hilton, James L.","contributorId":147980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hilton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Krasinsky, Georgij A.","contributorId":147981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krasinsky","given":"Georgij","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Neumann, Gregory","contributorId":147982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neumann","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Oberst, Jurgen","contributorId":147983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oberst","given":"Jurgen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Seidelmann, P. Kenneth","contributorId":147984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seidelmann","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Stooke, Philip","contributorId":147985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stooke","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Tholen, David J.","contributorId":147986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tholen","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Thomas, Peter C.","contributorId":26567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Williams, Iwan P.","contributorId":147987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Iwan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":98913,"text":"fs20103104 - 2010 - Quantifying effects of climate change on the snowmelt-dominated groundwater resources of northern New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"fs20103104","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3104","title":"Quantifying effects of climate change on the snowmelt-dominated groundwater resources of northern New England","docAbstract":"Recent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) climate studies in New England have shown substantial evidence of hydrologic changes during the last 100 years, including trends toward earlier snowmelt runoff, decreasing occurrence of river ice, and decreasing winter snowpack. These studies are being expanded to include investigation of trends in groundwater levels and fluctuations. Groundwater is an important drinking-water source throughout northern New England (Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont). The USGS is currently investigating whether or not groundwater recharge from snowmelt and precipitation exhibits historical trends. In addition to trend-testing, groundwater resources also will be analyzed by relating groundwater-level changes to the large year-to-year variability in weather conditions.\r\n\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nThe USGS has documented many seasonal climate-related changes in the northeastern United States that have occurred during the last 30 to 150 years. These changes include earlier snowmelt runoff in the late winter and early spring, decreasing duration of ice on rivers and lakes, decreasing ratio of snowfall to total precipitation, and denser and thinner late-winter snowpack. All of these changes are consistent with warming winter and spring air temperatures (Dudley and Hodgkins, 2002; Hodgkins and others, 2002; Huntington and others, 2004; Hodgkins and others, 2005; Hodgkins and Dudley, 2006a; Hodgkins and Dudley, 2006b). Climate-model projections for the Northeast indicate air-temperature warming, earlier snowmelt runoff, increases in annual evaporation, and decreased low streamflows (Hayhoe and others, 2007).\r\n\r\nThe contribution and timing of spring snowmelt to groundwater recharge is particularly important to groundwater resources in the northeastern United States where aquifers typically consist of thin sediments overlying crystalline bedrock with relatively little storage capacity (Mack, 2009). Following spring recharge, groundwater slowly flows into streams throughout the summer. This groundwater flow is a source of cool water during the summer and accounts for a large proportion of the streamflow during summer low-flow periods.\r\n\r\nGroundwater is an important drinking-water source in northern New England. Approximately 32 percent of public water suppliers draw water from groundwater sources in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, and approximately 40 percent of the population derives its drinking water from private wells (Kenny and others, 2009). It is vital to understand changes that may be occurring to such an important resource for planning industrial and agricultural water uses and protecting drinking water. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103104","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., Hodgkins, G.A., Shanley, J.B., and Mack, T.J., 2010, Quantifying effects of climate change on the snowmelt-dominated groundwater resources of northern New England: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3104, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103104.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3104.bmp"},{"id":14334,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64dba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98912,"text":"sir20105210 - 2010 - Groundwater-flow assessment of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer of northeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:04","indexId":"sir20105210","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5210","title":"Groundwater-flow assessment of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer of northeastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer is a water-bearing assemblage of gravels and sands that underlies about 32,000 square miles of Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee. Pumping of groundwater from the alluvial aquifer for agriculture started in the early 1900s in the Grand Prairie area for the irrigation of rice and soybeans. From 1965 to 2005, water use in the alluvial aquifer increased 655 percent. In 2005, 6,242 million gallons per day of water were pumped from the aquifer, primarily for irrigation and fish farming. Water-level declines in the alluvial aquifer were documented as early as 1927. Long-term water-level measurements in the alluvial aquifer show an average annual decline of 1 foot per year in some areas.\r\n\r\nIn this report, the utility of the updated 2009 MODFLOW groundwater-flow model of the alluvial aquifer in northeastern Arkansas was extended by performing groundwater-flow assessments of the alluvial aquifer at specific areas of interest using a variety of methods. One such area is along the western side of Crowleys Ridge, which includes western parts of Clay, Greene, Craighead, Poinsett, Cross, St. Francis, and Lee Counties. This area was designated as the Cache Critical Groundwater Area by the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission in 2009 for the alluvial and Sparta/Memphis aquifers, because of the rate of change in groundwater levels and groundwater levels have dropped below half the original saturated thickness of the alluvial aquifer.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105210","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Czarnecki, J.B., 2010, Groundwater-flow assessment of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer of northeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5210, v, 33 p.; Downloads: Scenario Information; Scenario 1; Scenario 2; Scenario 3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105210.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.; Downloads: Scenario Information; Scenario 1; Scenario 2; Scenario 3","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5210.bmp"},{"id":14333,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.25,33.75 ], [ -92.25,37 ], [ -89.75,37 ], [ -89.75,33.75 ], [ -92.25,33.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656cbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czarnecki, John B. jczarnec@usgs.gov","contributorId":2555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"John","email":"jczarnec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98910,"text":"sir20105192 - 2010 - Water quality (2000-08) and historical phosphorus concentrations from paleolimnological studies of Swamp and Speckled Trout Lakes, Grand Portage Reservation, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:12","indexId":"sir20105192","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5192","title":"Water quality (2000-08) and historical phosphorus concentrations from paleolimnological studies of Swamp and Speckled Trout Lakes, Grand Portage Reservation, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"A paleolimnological approach was taken to aid the Grand Portage Reservation, in northeastern Minnesota, in determining reference conditions for lakes on the reservation. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Indians and the Science Museum of Minnesota, conducted a study to describe water quality (2000-08) and historical total phosphorus concentrations (approximately 1781-2006) for Swamp and Speckled Trout Lakes. Results from this study may be used as a guide in establishing nutrient criteria in these and other lakes on the Grand Portage Reservation.\r\n\r\nHistorical phosphorus concentrations were inferred through paleolimnological reconstruction methods involving diatom analysis and lead-210 dating of lake-sediment cores. Historical diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations in Swamp Lake ranged from 0.017 to 0.025 milligrams per liter (mg/L) based on diatom assemblages in sediment samples dated 1781-2005. Historical diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations in Speckled Trout Lake ranged from 0.008 to 0.014 mg/L based on diatom assemblages in sediment samples dated 1825-2006. In both lakes, historical changes in diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations did not exceed model error estimates, indicating that there has been minimal change in total phosphorus concentrations in the two lakes over about two centuries.\r\n\r\nNutrient concentrations in monthly water samples collected May through October during 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 were compared to the diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations. Total phosphorus concentrations from water samples collected from Swamp Lake during 2000-08 ranged from less than 0.002 to 0.160 mg/L (median= 0.023 mg/L) compared to diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations of 0.018 to 0.020 mg/L for 2002 to 2005. Total phosphorus concentrations in water samples collected from Speckled Trout Lake during 2000-08 were similar to those of Swamp Lake, ranging from less than 0.002 to 0.147 mg/L (median=0.012 mg/L), whereas the diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations were smaller, ranging from 0.009 to 0.010 mg/L for 2003 to 2006. Differences in total phosphorus concentrations between the two lakes may be because of differences in watershed characteristics, particularly the number of wetlands in the two watersheds. Similarities between recent total phosphorus concentrations in water-quality samples and diatom-inferred total phosphorus indicate that diatom-inferred phosphorus reconstructions might be used to help establish reference conditions. Nutrient criteria for Grand Portage Reservation lakes may be established when a sampling program is designed to ensure representative phosphorus concentrations in water samples are comparable to diatom-inferred concentrations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Indians and the Science Museum of Minnesota","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V.G., Jones, P.M., Edlund, M.B., and Ramstack, J.M., 2010, Water quality (2000-08) and historical phosphorus concentrations from paleolimnological studies of Swamp and Speckled Trout Lakes, Grand Portage Reservation, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5192, viii, 17 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105192.","productDescription":"viii, 17 p.; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5192.bmp"},{"id":14330,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.86749999999999,47.86666666666667 ], [ -89.86749999999999,48.03333333333333 ], [ 89.5,48.03333333333333 ], [ 89.5,47.86666666666667 ], [ -89.86749999999999,47.86666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9cc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, Victoria G. 0000-0003-4166-7461 vglenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-7461","contributorId":2354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Victoria","email":"vglenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Perry M. 0000-0002-6569-5144 pmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5144","contributorId":2231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Perry","email":"pmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edlund, Mark B.","contributorId":104335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edlund","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramstack, Joy M.","contributorId":74238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramstack","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98909,"text":"sir20105240 - 2010 - Channel-conveyance capacity, channel change, and sediment transport in the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers, western Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"sir20105240","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5240","title":"Channel-conveyance capacity, channel change, and sediment transport in the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers, western Washington","docAbstract":"Draining the volcanic, glaciated terrain of Mount Rainier, Washington, the Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers convey copious volumes of water and sediment down to Commencement Bay in Puget Sound. Recent flooding in the lowland river system has renewed interest in understanding sediment transport and its effects on flow conveyance throughout the lower drainage basin. Bathymetric and topographic data for 156 cross sections were surveyed in the lower Puyallup River system by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and were compared with similar datasets collected in 1984. Regions of significant aggradation were measured along the Puyallup and White Rivers. Between 1984 and 2009, aggradation totals as measured by changes in average channel elevation were as much as 7.5, 6.5, and 2 feet on the Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers, respectively. These aggrading river sections correlated with decreasing slopes in riverbeds where the rivers exit relatively confined sections in the upper drainage and enter the relatively unconstricted valleys of the low-gradient Puget Lowland. Measured grain-size distributions from each riverbed showed a progressive fining downstream.\r\n\r\nAnalysis of stage-discharge relations at streamflow-gaging stations along rivers draining Mount Rainier demonstrated the dynamic nature of channel morphology on river courses influenced by glaciated, volcanic terrain. The greatest rates of aggradation since the 1980s were in the Nisqually River near National (5.0 inches per year) and the White River near Auburn (1.8 inches per year). Less pronounced aggradation was measured on the Puyallup River and the White River just downstream of Mud Mountain Dam. The largest measured rate of incision was measured in the Cowlitz River at Packwood (5.0 inches per year).\r\n\r\nChannel-conveyance capacity estimated using a one-dimensional hydraulic model decreased in some river reaches since 1984. The reach exhibiting the largest decrease (about 20-50 percent) in channel-conveyance capacity was the White River between R Street Bridge and the Lake Tapps return, a reach affected by recent flooding. Conveyance capacity also decreased in sections of the Puyallup River. Conveyance capacity was mostly unchanged along other study reaches. Bedload transport was simulated throughout the entire river network and consistent with other observations and analyses, the hydraulic model showed that the upper Puyallup and White Rivers tended to accumulate sediment. Accuracy of the bedload-transport modeling, however, was limited due to a scarcity of sediment-transport data sets from the Puyallup system, mantling of sand over cobbles in the lower Puyallup and White Rivers, and overall uncertainty in modeling sediment transport in gravel-bedded rivers. Consequently, the output results from the model were treated as more qualitative in value, useful in comparing geomorphic trends within different river reaches, but not accurate in producing precise predictions of mass of sediment moved or deposited.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic model and the bedload-transport component were useful for analyzing proposed river-management options, if surveyed cross sections adequately represented the river-management site and proposed management options. The hydraulic model showed that setback levees would provide greater flood protection than gravel-bar scalping after the initial project construction and for some time thereafter, although the model was not accurate enough to quantify the length of time of the flood protection. The greatest hydraulic benefit from setback levees would be a substantial increase in the effective channel-conveyance area. By widening the distance between levees, the new floodplain would accommodate larger increases in discharge with relatively small incremental increases in stage. Model simulation results indicate that the hydraulic benefit from a setback levee also would be long-lived and would effectively compensate for increased deposition within the setback reach","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pierce County Public Works and Utilities, Surface Water Managment","usgsCitation":"Czuba, J., Czuba, C.R., Magirl, C.S., and Voss, F.D., 2010, Channel-conveyance capacity, channel change, and sediment transport in the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers, western Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5240, xii, 85 p.; Appendices; Data Files: 2009 Bed Material Grain Size Distributions; 2009 USGS Cross Sections; 2010 USGS Additional Sumner Cross Sections, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105240.","productDescription":"xii, 85 p.; Appendices; Data Files: 2009 Bed Material Grain Size Distributions; 2009 USGS Cross Sections; 2010 USGS Additional Sumner Cross Sections","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5240.bmp"},{"id":14328,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5240/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,46.666666666666664 ], [ -122.5,47.333333333333336 ], [ -121.33333333333333,47.333333333333336 ], [ -121.33333333333333,46.666666666666664 ], [ -122.5,46.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e629a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czuba, Jonathan A.","contributorId":19917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":306915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":306914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Chistopher S.","contributorId":92213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Chistopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voss, Frank D. fdvoss@usgs.gov","contributorId":1651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Frank","email":"fdvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}