Nitrate (NO3−) concentrations and dual isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) were measured during various seasons and tidal conditions in Elkhorn Slough to evaluate mixing of sources of NO3− within this California estuary. We found the isotopic composition of NO3− was influenced most heavily by mixing of two primary sources with unique isotopic signatures, a marine (Monterey Bay) and terrestrial agricultural runoff source (Old Salinas River). However, our attempt to use a simple two end‐member mixing model to calculate the relative contribution of these two NO3− sources to the Slough was complicated by periods of nonconservative behavior and/or the presence of additional sources, particularly during the dry season when NO3− concentrations were low. Although multiple linear regression generally yielded good fits to the observed data, deviations from conservative mixing were still evident. After consideration of potential alternative sources, we concluded that deviations from two end‐member mixing were most likely derived from interactions with marsh sediments in regions of the Slough where high rates of NO3− uptake and nitrification result in NO3− with low δ15N and high δ18O values. A simple steady state dual isotope model is used to illustrate the impact of cycling processes in an estuarine setting which may play a primary role in controlling NO3− isotopic composition when and where cycling rates and water residence times are high. This work expands our understanding of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes as biogeochemical tools for investigating NO3− sources and cycling in estuaries, emphasizing the role that cycling processes may play in altering isotopic composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008JG000729","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wankel, S.D., Kendall, C., and Paytan, A., 2009, Using nitrate dual isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) as a tool for exploring sources and cycling of nitrate in an estuarine system: Elkhorn Slough, California: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 114, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000729.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000729"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Elkhorn Slough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.83151245117186,\n 36.79279036766672\n ],\n [\n -121.83151245117186,\n 36.88071909009633\n ],\n [\n -121.67907714843751,\n 36.88071909009633\n ],\n [\n -121.67907714843751,\n 36.79279036766672\n ],\n [\n -121.83151245117186,\n 36.79279036766672\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc07fe4b08c986b32a168","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wankel, Scott D.","contributorId":98076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wankel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paytan, Adina","contributorId":75242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paytan","given":"Adina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035133,"text":"70035133 - 2009 - Quality assurance and quality control in light stable isotope laboratories: A case study of Rio Grande, Texas, water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:07:59","indexId":"70035133","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2114,"text":"Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quality assurance and quality control in light stable isotope laboratories: A case study of Rio Grande, Texas, water samples","docAbstract":"New isotope laboratories can achieve the goal of reporting the same isotopic composition within analytical uncertainty for the same material analysed decades apart by (1) writing their own acceptance testing procedures and putting them into their mass spectrometric or laser-based isotope-ratio equipment procurement contract, (2) requiring a manufacturer to demonstrate acceptable performance using all sample ports provided with the instrumentation, (3) for each medium to be analysed, prepare two local reference materials substantially different in isotopic composition to encompass the range in isotopic composition expected in the laboratory and calibrated them with isotopic reference materials available from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) or the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (4) using the optimum storage containers (for water samples, sealing in glass ampoules that are sterilised after sealing is satisfactory), (5) interspersing among sample unknowns local laboratory isotopic reference materials daily (internationally distributed isotopic reference materials can be ordered at three-year intervals, and can be used for elemental analyser analyses and other analyses that consume less than 1 mg of material) – this process applies to H, C, N, O, and S isotope ratios, (6) calculating isotopic compositions of unknowns by normalising isotopic data to that of local reference materials, which have been calibrated to internationally distributed isotopic reference materials, (7) reporting results on scales normalised to internationally distributed isotopic reference materials (where they are available) and providing to sample submitters the isotopic compositions of internationally distributed isotopic reference materials of the same substance had they been analysed with unknowns, (8) providing an audit trail in the laboratory for analytical results – this trail commonly will be in electronic format and might include a laboratory information management system, (9) making at regular intervals a complete backup of laboratory analytical data (both of samples logged into the laboratory and of mass spectrometric analyses), being sure to store one copy of this backup offsite, and (10) participating in interlaboratory comparison exercises sponsored by the IAEA and other agencies at regular intervals.
Using multi-temporal European Remote-sensing Satellites (ERS-1/-2) and Canadian Radar Satellite (RADARSAT-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over the Louisiana coastal zone, we characterize seasonal variations of radar backscat-tering according to vegetation type. Our main findings are as follows. First, ERS-1/-2 and RADARSAT-1 require careful radiometric calibration to perform multi-temporal backscattering analysis for wetland mapping. We use SAR backscattering signals from cities for the relative calibration. Second, using seasonally averaged backscattering coefficients from ERS-1/-2 and RADARSAT-1, we can differentiate most forests (bottomland and swamp forests) and marshes (freshwater, intermediate, brackish, and saline marshes) in coastal wetlands. The student t-test results support the usefulness of season-averaged backscatter data for classification. Third, combining SAR backscattering coefficients and an optical-sensor-based normalized difference vegetation index can provide further insight into vegetation type and enhance the separation between forests and marshes. Our study demonstrates that SAR can provide necessary information to characterize coastal wetlands and monitor their changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ingenta","doi":"10.14358/PERS.75.5.607","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Kwoun, O., and Lu, Z., 2009, Multi-temporal RADARSAT-1 and ERS backscattering signatures of coastal wetlands in southeastern Louisiana: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 75, no. 5, p. 607-617, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.75.5.607.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"617","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.75.5.607","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fcce4b0c8380cd71143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwoun, Oh-Ig","contributorId":41945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwoun","given":"Oh-Ig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035138,"text":"70035138 - 2009 - Internal tidal currents in the Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035138","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2381,"text":"Journal of Marine Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Internal tidal currents in the Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon","docAbstract":"Data from five separate field experiments during 2000-2006 were used to study the internal tidal flow patterns in the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) Submarine Canyon. The internal tides are large with maximum interface displacements of about 200??m and maximum velocities of over 100cm/s. They are characterized by a first-mode velocity and density structure with zero crossing at about 100??m depth. In the lower layer, the currents increase with increasing depth. The density interface and the along-channel velocity are approximately 90?? out-of-phase, suggesting a predominant standing wave pattern. However, partial reflection is indicated as there is a consistent phase advance between sea level and density interface along the canyon axis. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Marine Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.011","issn":"09247963","usgsCitation":"Lee, I., Wang, Y.#., Liu, J., Chuang, W., and Xu, J., 2009, Internal tidal currents in the Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon: Journal of Marine Systems, v. 76, no. 4, p. 397-404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.011.","startPage":"397","endPage":"404","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215242,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.12.011"},{"id":243031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d30e4b0c8380cd6338e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, I.-H.","contributorId":47601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"I.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Y. #NAME?","contributorId":68475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, J.T.","contributorId":6682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chuang, W.-S.","contributorId":21364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chuang","given":"W.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Xu, J.","contributorId":25324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035142,"text":"70035142 - 2009 - Interpretation of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008, M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the Beichuan area, Sichuan Province, China using satellite imagery and Google Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035142","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008, M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the Beichuan area, Sichuan Province, China using satellite imagery and Google Earth","docAbstract":"The 12 May 2008 M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the People's Republic of China represented a unique opportunity for the international community to use commonly available GIS (Geographic Information System) tools, like Google Earth (GE), to rapidly evaluate and assess landslide hazards triggered by the destructive earthquake and its aftershocks. In order to map earthquake-triggered landslides, we provide details on the applicability and limitations of publicly available 3-day-post- and pre-earthquake imagery provided by GE from the FORMOSAT-2 (formerly ROCSAT-2; Republic of China Satellite 2). We interpreted landslides on the 8-m-resolution FORMOSAT-2 image by GE; as a result, 257 large landslides were mapped with the highest concentration along the Beichuan fault. An estimated density of 0.3 landslides/km2 represents a minimum bound on density given the resolution of available imagery; higher resolution data would have identified more landslides. This is a preliminary study, and further study is needed to understand the landslide characteristics in detail. Although it is best to obtain landslide locations and measurements from satellite imagery having high resolution, it was found that GE is an effective and rapid reconnaissance tool. ?? 2009 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10346-009-0147-6","issn":"1612510X","usgsCitation":"Sato, H., and Harp, E.L., 2009, Interpretation of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the 12 May 2008, M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in the Beichuan area, Sichuan Province, China using satellite imagery and Google Earth: Landslides, v. 6, no. 2, p. 153-159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0147-6.","startPage":"153","endPage":"159","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215299,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0147-6"},{"id":243094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d71e4b0c8380cd63593","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sato, H.P.","contributorId":29235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036842,"text":"70036842 - 2009 - Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036842","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments","docAbstract":"Concentration-discharge relationships have been widely used as clues to the hydrochemical processes that control runoff chemistry. Here we examine concentration-discharge relationships for solutes produced primarily by mineral weathering in 59 geochemically diverse US catchments. We show that these catchments exhibit nearly chemostatic behaviour; their stream concentrations of weathering products such as Ca, Mg, Na, and Si typically vary by factors of only 3 to 20 while discharge varies by several orders of magnitude. Similar patterns are observed at the inter-annual time scale. This behaviour implies that solute concentrations in stream water are not determined by simple dilution of a fixed solute flux by a variable flux of water, and that rates of solute production and/or mobilization must be nearly proportional to water fluxes, both on storm and inter-annual timescales. We compared these catchments' concentration-discharge relationships to the predictions of several simple hydrological and geochemical models. Most of these models can be forced to approximately fit the observed concentration-discharge relationships, but often only by assuming unrealistic or internally inconsistent parameter values. We propose a new model that also fits the data and may be more robust. We suggest possible tests of the new model for future studies. The relative stability of concentration under widely varying discharge may help make aquatic environments habitable. It also implies that fluxes of weathering solutes in streams, and thus fluxes of alkalinity to the oceans, are determined primarily by water fluxes. Thus, hydrology may be a major driver of the ocean-alkalinity feedback regulating climate change. Copyright ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7315","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Godsey, S., Kirchner, J., and Clow, D.W., 2009, Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 13, p. 1844-1864, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7315.","startPage":"1844","endPage":"1864","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476141,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.597.3342","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217886,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7315"},{"id":245859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f981e4b0c8380cd4d644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godsey, S.E.","contributorId":89384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsey","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirchner, J.W.","contributorId":45846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirchner","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036831,"text":"70036831 - 2009 - Atmospheric correction at AERONET locations: A new science and validation data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036831","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric correction at AERONET locations: A new science and validation data set","docAbstract":"This paper describes an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET)-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN) and its data set of spectral surface bidirectional reflectance and albedo based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) TERRA and AQUA data. The ASRVN is an operational data collection and processing system. It receives 50 ?? 50 km2; subsets of MODIS level 1B (L1B) data from MODIS adaptive processing system and AERONET aerosol and water-vapor information. Then, it performs an atmospheric correction (AC) for about 100 AERONET sites based on accurate radiative-transfer theory with complex quality control of the input data. The ASRVN processing software consists of an L1B data gridding algorithm, a new cloud-mask (CM) algorithm based on a time-series analysis, and an AC algorithm using ancillary AERONET aerosol and water-vapor data. The AC is achieved by fitting the MODIS top-of-atmosphere measurements, accumulated for a 16-day interval, with theoretical reflectance parameterized in terms of the coefficients of the Li SparseRoss Thick (LSRT) model of the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF). The ASRVN takes several steps to ensure high quality of results: 1) the filtering of opaque clouds by a CM algorithm; 2) the development of an aerosol filter to filter residual semitransparent and subpixel clouds, as well as cases with high inhomogeneity of aerosols in the processing area; 3) imposing the requirement of the consistency of the new solution with previously retrieved BRF and albedo; 4) rapid adjustment of the 16-day retrieval to the surface changes using the last day of measurements; and 5) development of a seasonal backup spectral BRF database to increase data coverage. The ASRVN provides a gapless or near-gapless coverage for the processing area. The gaps, caused by clouds, are filled most naturally with the latest solution for a given pixel. The ASRVN products include three parameters of the LSRT model (kL, kG, and kV), surface albedo, normalized BRF (computed for a standard viewing geometry, VZA = 0, SZA = 45??), and instantaneous BRF (or one-angle BRF value derived from the last day of MODIS measurement for specific viewing geometry) for the MODIS 500-m bands 17. The results are produced daily at a resolution of 1 km in gridded format. We also provide a cloud mask, a quality flag, and a browse bitmap image. The ASRVN data set, including 6 years of MODIS TERRA and 1.5 years of MODIS AQUA data, is available now as a standard MODIS product (MODASRVN) which can be accessed through the Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System website ( http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data/search.html). It can be used for a wide range of applications including validation analysis and science research. ?? 2006 IEEE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2009.2016334","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., Lyapustin, A., Privette, J., Morisette, J., and Holben, B., 2009, Atmospheric correction at AERONET locations: A new science and validation data set: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 8, p. 2450-2466, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2016334.","startPage":"2450","endPage":"2466","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217685,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2016334"},{"id":245645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eebfe4b0c8380cd49f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Y.","contributorId":64213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyapustin, A.I.","contributorId":40452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyapustin","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Privette, J.L.","contributorId":67759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Privette","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morisette, J.T.","contributorId":57029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holben, B.","contributorId":75762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holben","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036823,"text":"70036823 - 2009 - Application of a rule-based model to estimate mercury exchange for three background biomes in the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036823","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a rule-based model to estimate mercury exchange for three background biomes in the continental United States","docAbstract":"Ecosystems that have low mercury (Hg) concentrations (i.e., not enriched or impactedbygeologic or anthropogenic processes) cover most of the terrestrial surface area of the earth yet their role as a net source or sink for atmospheric Hg is uncertain. Here we use empirical data to develop a rule-based model implemented within a geographic information system framework to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of Hg flux for semiarid deserts, grasslands, and deciduous forests representing 45% of the continental United States. This exercise provides an indication of whether these ecosystems are a net source or sink for atmospheric Hg as well as a basis for recommendation of data to collect in future field sampling campaigns. Results indicated that soil alone was a small net source of atmospheric Hg and that emitted Hg could be accounted for based on Hg input by wet deposition. When foliar assimilation and wet deposition are added to the area estimate of soil Hg flux these biomes are a sink for atmospheric Hg. ?? 2009 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es900075q","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Hartman, J., Weisberg, P., Pillai, R., Ericksen, J., Kuiken, T., Lindberg, S., Zhang, H., Rytuba, J.J., and Gustin, M., 2009, Application of a rule-based model to estimate mercury exchange for three background biomes in the continental United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 13, p. 4989-4994, https://doi.org/10.1021/es900075q.","startPage":"4989","endPage":"4994","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217571,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900075q"}],"volume":"43","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec92e4b0c8380cd49355","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, J.S.","contributorId":81348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weisberg, P.J.","contributorId":68555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weisberg","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pillai, R.","contributorId":45935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillai","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ericksen, J.A.","contributorId":28064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuiken, T.","contributorId":49214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiken","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lindberg, S.E.","contributorId":87354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindberg","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zhang, H.","contributorId":50311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gustin, M.S.","contributorId":101837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustin","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70035465,"text":"70035465 - 2009 - Petrology and geochronology of crustal xenoliths from the Bering Strait region: Linking deep and shallow processes in extending continental crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035465","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and geochronology of crustal xenoliths from the Bering Strait region: Linking deep and shallow processes in extending continental crust","docAbstract":"Petrologic, geochemical, and metamorphic data on gneissic xenoliths derived from the middle and lower crust in the Neogene Bering Sea basalt province, coupled with U-Pb geochronology of their zircons using sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe-reverse geometry (SHRIMP-RG), yield a detailed comparison between the P-T-t and magmatic history of the lower crust and magmatic, metamorphic, and deformational history of the upper crust. Our results provide unique insights into the nature of lithospheric processes that accompany the extension of continental crust. The gneissic, mostly maficxenoliths (constituting less than two percent of the total xenolith population) from lavas in the Enmelen, RU, St. Lawrence, Nunivak, and Seward Peninsula fields most likely originated through magmatic fractionation processes with continued residence at granulite-facies conditions. Zircon single-grain ages (n ??? 125) are interpreted as both magmatic and metamorphic and are entirely Cretaceous to Paleocene in age (ca. 138-60 Ma). Their age distributions correspond to the main ages of magmatism in two belts of supracrustal volcanic and plutonic rocks in the Bering Sea region. Oscillatory-zoned igneous zircons, Late Cretaceous to Paleocene metamorphic zircons and overgrowths, and lack of any older inheritance in zircons from the xenoliths provide strong evidence for juvenile addition of material to the crust at this time. Surface exposures of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks locally reached upper amphibolite-facies (sillimanite grade) to granulite-facies conditions within a series of extension-related metamorphic culminations or gneiss domes, which developed within the Cretaceous magmatic belt. Metamorphic gradients and inferred geotherms (??30-50 ??C/km) from both the gneiss domes and xenoliths aretoo high to be explained by crustal thickening alone. Magmatic heat input from the mantle is necessary to explain both the petrology of the magmas and elevated metamorphic temperatures. Deep-crustal seismic-reflection and refraction data reveal a 30-35-km-thick crust, a sharp Moho and refl ective lower and middle crust. Velocities do not support a largely mafic (underplated) lower crust, but together with xenolith data suggest that Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene maficintrusions are likely increasingly important with depth in the crust and that the elevated temperatures during granulite-facies metamorphism led to large-scale flow of crustal rocks to produce gneiss domes and the observed subhorizontal refl ectivity of the crust. This unique combined data set for the Bering Shelf region provides compelling evidence for the complete reconstitution/re-equilibration of continental crust from the bottom up during mantle-driven magmatic events associated with crustal extension. Thus, despite Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks at the surface and Alaska's accretionary tectonic history, it is likely that a significant portion of the Bering Sea region lower crust is much younger and related to post-accretionary tectonic and magmatic events. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2456(02)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Akinin, V., Miller, E.L., and Wooden, J.L., 2009, Petrology and geochronology of crustal xenoliths from the Bering Strait region: Linking deep and shallow processes in extending continental crust: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 456, p. 39-68, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2456(02).","startPage":"39","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215132,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2456(02)"},{"id":242910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"456","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a781fe4b0c8380cd7863e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Akinin, V.V.","contributorId":49583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akinin","given":"V.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, E. L.","contributorId":75583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036665,"text":"70036665 - 2009 - A survey of the occurrence of Bacillus anthracis in North American soils over two long-range transects and within post-Katrina New Orleans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70036665","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A survey of the occurrence of Bacillus anthracis in North American soils over two long-range transects and within post-Katrina New Orleans","docAbstract":"Soil samples were collected along a north-south transect extending from Manitoba, Canada, to the US-Mexico border near El Paso, Texas in 2004 (104 samples), a group of sites within New Orleans, Louisiana following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (19 samples), and a Gulf Coast transect extending from Sulphur, Louisiana, to DeFuniak Springs, Florida, in 2007 (38 samples). Samples were collected from the top 40 cm of soil and were screened for the presence of total Bacillus species and Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), specifically using multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using an assay with a sensitivity of ???170 equivalent colony-forming units (CFU) g-1 field moist soil, the prevalence rate of Bacillus sp./B. anthracis in the north-south transect and the 2005 New Orleans post-Katrina sample set were 20/5% and 26/26%, respectively. Prevalence in the 2007 Gulf Coast sample set using an assay with a sensitivity of ???4 CFU g-1 of soil was 63/0%. Individual transect-set data indicate a positive relation between occurrences of species and soil moisture or soil constituents (i.e., Zn and Cu content). The 2005 New Orleans post-Katrina data indicated that B. anthracis is readily detectable in Gulf Coast soils following flood events. The data also indicated that occurrence, as it relates to soil chemistry, may be confounded by flood-induced dissemination of germinated cells and the mixing of soil constituents for short temporal periods following an event.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.016","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D., Petrosky, T., Morman, S., and Luna, V., 2009, A survey of the occurrence of Bacillus anthracis in North American soils over two long-range transects and within post-Katrina New Orleans: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1464-1471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.016.","startPage":"1464","endPage":"1471","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217504,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.016"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5e1e4b0c8380cd46ff6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petrosky, T.","contributorId":101913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrosky","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morman, S.A.","contributorId":74982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morman","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luna, V.A.","contributorId":63655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luna","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036658,"text":"70036658 - 2009 - Thermal characteristics of amphibian microhabitats in a fire-disturbed landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036658","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal characteristics of amphibian microhabitats in a fire-disturbed landscape","docAbstract":"Disturbance has long been a central issue in amphibian conservation, often regarding negative effects of logging or other forest management activities, but some amphibians seem to prefer disturbed habitats. After documenting increased use of recently burned forests by boreal toads (Bufo boreas), we hypothesized that burned habitats provided improved thermal opportunities in terrestrial habitats. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a radio telemetry study of habitat use (reported previously) and by using physical models that simulated the temperature of adult toads. We deployed 108 physical models in and adjacent to a 1-year old burn using a fully-replicated design with three burn severities (unburned, partial, high severity) and four microhabitats (open surface, under vegetation, under log, in burrow). Model temperatures were compared to a range of preferred temperatures in published studies. We found 70% more observations within the preferred temperature range of B. boreas in forests burned with high severity than in unburned areas. Burned forest was warmer than unburned forest across all microhabitats, but the largest relative difference was in burrows, which averaged 3 ??C warmer in high-severity burn areas and remained warmer though the night. More than twice as many observations were within the preferred temperature range in high-severity burrows than in unburned burrows. Areas burned with high severity were still warmer than unburned forest 3 years after the fire. Habitat use of toads during the concurrent radio telemetry study matched that predicted by the physical models. These results suggest there are fitness-linked benefits to toads using burned habitats, such as increased growth, fertility, and possibly disease resistance. However, increased soil temperatures that result from wildfire may be detrimental to other amphibian species that prefer cooler temperatures and stable environments. More broadly, our data illustrate the use of physical models to measure and interpret changes that amphibians may experience from disturbance, and highlight the need for research linking vital rates such as growth and survival to disturbance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.043","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Hossack, B., Eby, L., Guscio, C., and Corn, P., 2009, Thermal characteristics of amphibian microhabitats in a fire-disturbed landscape: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 258, no. 7, p. 1414-1421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.043.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1421","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217846,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.043"},{"id":245818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb213e4b08c986b3255a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hossack, B. R.","contributorId":10756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossack","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eby, L.A.","contributorId":57018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guscio, C.G.","contributorId":15339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guscio","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035478,"text":"70035478 - 2009 - Rapid middle Miocene collapse of the Mesozoic orogenic plateau in north-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-15T08:45:29","indexId":"70035478","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid middle Miocene collapse of the Mesozoic orogenic plateau in north-central Nevada","docAbstract":"The modern Sierra Nevada and Great Basin were likely the site of a high-elevation orogenic plateau well into Cenozoic time, supported by crust thickened during Mesozoic shortening. Although crustal thickening at this scale can lead to extension, the relationship between Mesozoic shortening and subsequent formation of the Basin and Range is difficult to unravel because it is unclear which of the many documented or interpreted extensional episodes was the most significant for net widening and crustal thinning. To address this problem, we integrate geologic and geochronologic data that bear on the timing and magnitude of Cenozoic extension along an ???200km east-west transect south of Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, and Elko, Nevada. Pre-Cenozoic rocks in this region record east-west Palaeozoic and Mesozoic compression that continued into the Cretaceous. Little to no tectonism and no deposition followed until intense magmatism began in the Eocene. Eocene and Oligocene ash-flow tuffs flowed as much as 200km down palaeovalleys cut as deeply as 1.5km into underlying Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks in a low-relief landscape. Eocene sedimentation was otherwise limited to shallow lacustrine basins in the Elko area; extensive, thick clastic deposits are absent. Minor surface extension related to magmatism locally accompanied intense Eocene magmatism, but external drainage and little or no surface deformation apparently persisted regionally until about 16-17Ma. Major upper crustal extension began across the region ca. 16-17Ma, as determined by cross-cutting relationships, low-temperature thermochronology, and widespread deposition of clastic basin fill. Middle Miocene extension was partitioned into high-strain (50-100%) domains separated by largely unextended crustal blocks, and ended by 10-12Ma. Bimodal volcanic rocks that erupted during middle Miocene extension are present across most of the study area, but are volumetrically minor outside the northern Nevada rift. The modern physiographic basins and ranges formed during a distinctly different episode of extension that began after about 10Ma and has continued to the present. Late Miocene and younger faulting is characterized by widely spaced, high-angle normal faults that cut both older extended and unextended domains. Major widening of the Basin and Range at this latitude thus took place during a relatively brief interval in the middle Miocene, and the lack of major shortening west of the Sierra Nevada at this time suggests that the change in the plate margin from microplate subduction to lengthy transtensional strike-slip played an important role in allowing extension to occur when it did, as rapidly as it did. The onset of extension ca. 16-17Ma was coeval with both Columbia River flood-basalt volcanism and the hypothesized final delamination of the shallow Farallon slab that lay beneath the western USA in the early Tertiary. However, it is unclear if these events were necessary prerequisites for extension, simply coincidental, or themselves consequences of rapid extension and/or reorganization of the plate boundary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Geology Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/00206810903056731","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Colgan, J.P., and Henry, C., 2009, Rapid middle Miocene collapse of the Mesozoic orogenic plateau in north-central Nevada: International Geology Review, v. 51, no. 9-11, p. 920-961, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810903056731.","startPage":"920","endPage":"961","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215200,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810903056731"},{"id":242984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94f4e4b0c8380cd81706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colgan, Joseph P. 0000-0001-6671-1436 jcolgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6671-1436","contributorId":1649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"Joseph","email":"jcolgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, Christopher D.","contributorId":36556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Christopher D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035483,"text":"70035483 - 2009 - The moon as a radiometric reference source for on-orbit sensor stability calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035483","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The moon as a radiometric reference source for on-orbit sensor stability calibration","docAbstract":"The wealth of data generated by the world's Earth-observing satellites, now spanning decades, allows the construction of long-term climate records. A key consideration for detecting climate trends is precise quantification of temporal changes in sensor calibration on-orbit. For radiometer instruments in the solar reflectance wavelength range (near-UV to shortwave-IR), the Moon can be viewed as a solar diffuser with exceptional stability properties. A model for the lunar spectral irradiance that predicts the geometric variations in the Moon's brightness with ???1% precision has been developed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, AZ. Lunar model results corresponding to a series of Moon observations taken by an instrument can be used to stabilize sensor calibration with sub-percent per year precision, as demonstrated by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). The inherent stability of the Moon and the operational model to utilize the lunar irradiance quantity provide the Moon as a reference source for monitoring radiometric calibration in orbit. This represents an important capability for detecting terrestrial climate change from space-based radiometric measurements.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2009","conferenceDate":"12 July 2009 through 17 July 2009","conferenceLocation":"Cape Town","language":"English","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417690","isbn":"9781424433957","usgsCitation":"Stone, T., 2009, The moon as a radiometric reference source for on-orbit sensor stability calibration, in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 5, Cape Town, 12 July 2009 through 17 July 2009, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417690.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476198,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1272715","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215228,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417690"},{"id":243017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bade9e4b08c986b323e5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, T.C.","contributorId":74874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036653,"text":"70036653 - 2009 - The morphology and distribution of submerged reefs in the Maui-Nui Complex, Hawaii: New insights into their evolution since the Early Pleistocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-11T11:55:35","indexId":"70036653","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The morphology and distribution of submerged reefs in the Maui-Nui Complex, Hawaii: New insights into their evolution since the Early Pleistocene","docAbstract":"Reef drowning and backstepping have long been recognised as reef responses to sea-level rise on subsiding margins. During the Late Pleistocene (~500–14 ka) Hawaiian reefs grew in response to rapid subsidence and 120 m 100 kyr sea-level cycles, with recent work on the submerged drowned reefs around the big island of Hawaii, and in other locations from the last deglacial, providing insight into reef development under these conditions. In contrast, reefs of the Early Pleistocene (~1.8–0.8 Ma) remain largely unexplored despite developing in response to significantly different 60–70 m 41 kyr sea-level cycles. The Maui-Nui Complex (MNC — forming the islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe), provides a natural laboratory to study reef evolution throughout this time period as recent data indicate the reefs grew from 1.1 to 0.5 Ma. We use new high resolution bathymetric and backscatter data as well as sub-bottom profiling seismic data and field observations from ROV and submersible dives to make a detailed analysis of reef morphology and structure around the MNC. We focus specifically on the south-central region of the complex that provides the best reef exposure and find that the morphology of the reefs varies both regionally and temporally within this region. Barrier and pinnacle features dominate the steeper margins in the north of the study area whilst broad backstepping of the reefs is observed in the south. Within the Au'au channel in the central region between the islands, closely spaced reef and karst morphology indicates repeated subaerial exposure. We propose that this variation in the morphology and structure of the reefs within the MNC has been controlled by three main factors; the subsidence rate of the complex, the amplitude and period of eustatic sea-level cycles, and the slope and continuity of the basement substrate. We provide a model of reef development within the MNC over the last 1.2 Ma highlighting the effect that the interaction of these factors had on reef morphology.
\n\n
Since the establishment of the first national park (Yellowstone National Park in 1872) and the first wildlife refuge (Pelican Island in 1903), dramatic changes have occurred in both ecological and cultural landscapes across the U.S. The ability of these protected areas to maintain current levels of biodiversity depend, at least in part, on the integrity of the surrounding landscape. Our objective was to quantify and compare the extent and pattern of natural land cover, risk of conversion, and relationships with demographic and economic variables in counties near National Park Service units and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service refuges with those counties distant from either type of protected area in the coterminous United States. Our results indicate that landscapes in counties within 10 km of both parks and refuges and those within 10 km of just parks were more natural, more intact, and more protected than those in counties within 10 km of just refuges and counties greater than 10 km from either protected area system. However, they also had greater human population density and change in population, indicating potential conversion risk since the percent of landscape protected averaged < 5% in both groups and human population dynamics are primary drivers of change in many landscapes. Conversion outweighed protection by at least two times (Conservation Risk Index > 2) in 76% of counties near both parks and refuges, 81% of counties near just parks, 91% of counties near just refuges, and 93% of distant counties. Thirteen percent of counties in the coterminous U.S. had moderate to high amounts of natural land cover (> 60%), low protection (< 20%), and the greatest change in population (> 20%). Although these areas are not the most critically endangered, they represent the greatest conservation opportunity, need, and urgency. Our approach is based on national level metrics that are simple, general, informative, and can be understood by broad audiences and by policy makers and managers to assess the health of lands surrounding parks and refuges. Regular monitoring of these metrics with satellite data products in counties surrounding protected areas provides a consistent, national level assessment of management opportunities and potentially adverse changes on adjacent lands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2008.11.015","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Svancara, L.K., Scott, J.M., Loveland, T.R., and Pidgorna, A., 2009, Assessing the landscape context and conversion risk of protected areas using satellite data products: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 113, no. 7, p. 1357-1369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.11.015.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1357","endPage":"1369","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217648,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.11.015"}],"volume":"113","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edece4b0c8380cd49ae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Svancara, Leona K.","contributorId":20071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svancara","given":"Leona","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pidgorna, Anna","contributorId":171451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pidgorna","given":"Anna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036637,"text":"70036637 - 2009 - A revised burial dose estimation procedure for optical dating of youngand modern-age sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036637","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3216,"text":"Quaternary Geochronology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A revised burial dose estimation procedure for optical dating of youngand modern-age sediments","docAbstract":"The presence of genuinely zero-age or near-zero-age grains in modern-age and very young samples poses a problem for many existing burial dose estimation procedures used in optical (optically stimulated luminescence, OSL) dating. This difficulty currently necessitates consideration of relatively simplistic and statistically inferior age models. In this study, we investigate the potential for using modified versions of the statistical age models of Galbraith et??al. [Galbraith, R.F., Roberts, R.G., Laslett, G.M., Yoshida, H., Olley, J.M., 1999. Optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz from Jinmium rock shelter, northern Australia: Part I, experimental design and statistical models. Archaeometry 41, 339-364.] to provide reliable equivalent dose (De) estimates for young and modern-age samples that display negative, zero or near-zero De estimates. For this purpose, we have revised the original versions of the central and minimum age models, which are based on log-transformed De values, so that they can be applied to un-logged De estimates and their associated absolute standard errors. The suitability of these 'un-logged' age models is tested using a series of known-age fluvial samples deposited within two arroyo systems from the American Southwest. The un-logged age models provide accurate burial doses and final OSL ages for roughly three-quarters of the total number of samples considered in this study. Sensitivity tests reveal that the un-logged versions of the central and minimum age models are capable of producing accurate burial dose estimates for modern-age and very young (<350??yr) fluvial samples that contain (i) more than 20% of well-bleached grains in their De distributions, or (ii) smaller sub-populations of well-bleached grains for which the De values are known with high precision. Our results indicate that the original (log-transformed) versions of the central and minimum age models are still preferable for most routine dating applications, since these age models are better suited to the statistical properties of typical single-grain and multi-grain single-aliquot De datasets. However, the unique error properties of modern-age samples, combined with the problems of calculating natural logarithms of negative or zero-Gy De values, mean that the un-logged versions of the central and minimum age models currently offer the most suitable means of deriving accurate burial dose estimates for very young and modern-age samples. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Geochronology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quageo.2009.02.017","issn":"18711014","usgsCitation":"Arnold, L., Roberts, R., Galbraith, R., and DeLong, S., 2009, A revised burial dose estimation procedure for optical dating of youngand modern-age sediments: Quaternary Geochronology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 306-325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2009.02.017.","startPage":"306","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217527,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2009.02.017"},{"id":245480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e561e4b0c8380cd46d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnold, L.J.","contributorId":99381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, R.G.","contributorId":103905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galbraith, R.F.","contributorId":61272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galbraith","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeLong, S.B.","contributorId":29646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036632,"text":"70036632 - 2009 - Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:02:23","indexId":"70036632","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic margin","docAbstract":"Assessment of the probability for destructive landslide-generated tsunamis depends on the knowledge of the number, size, and frequency of large submarine landslides. This paper investigates the size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental slope and rise using the size of the landslide source regions (landslide failure scars). Landslide scars along the margin identified in a detailed bathymetric Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have areas that range between 0.89??km2 and 2410??km2 and volumes between 0.002??km3 and 179??km3. The area to volume relationship of these failure scars is almost linear (inverse power-law exponent close to 1), suggesting a fairly uniform failure thickness of a few 10s of meters in each event, with only rare, deep excavating landslides. The cumulative volume distribution of the failure scars is very well described by a log-normal distribution rather than by an inverse power-law, the most commonly used distribution for both subaerial and submarine landslides. A log-normal distribution centered on a volume of 0.86??km3 may indicate that landslides preferentially mobilize a moderate amount of material (on the order of 1??km3), rather than large landslides or very small ones. Alternatively, the log-normal distribution may reflect an inverse power law distribution modified by a size-dependent probability of observing landslide scars in the bathymetry data. If the latter is the case, an inverse power-law distribution with an exponent of 1.3 ?? 0.3, modified by a size-dependent conditional probability of identifying more failure scars with increasing landslide size, fits the observed size distribution. This exponent value is similar to the predicted exponent of 1.2 ?? 0.3 for subaerial landslides in unconsolidated material. Both the log-normal and modified inverse power-law distributions of the observed failure scar volumes suggest that large landslides, which have the greatest potential to generate damaging tsunamis, occur infrequently along the margin. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.007","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Chaytor, J., ten Brink, U., Solow, A., and Andrews, B., 2009, Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic margin: Marine Geology, v. 264, no. 1-2, p. 16-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.007.","startPage":"16","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217474,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.007"}],"volume":"264","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b911ae4b08c986b319769","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaytor, J.D.","contributorId":80936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solow, A.R.","contributorId":9404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solow","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrews, B.D.","contributorId":87737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035501,"text":"70035501 - 2009 - An evaluation of sex-age-kill (SAK) model performance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T10:40:38","indexId":"70035501","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of sex-age-kill (SAK) model performance","docAbstract":"The sex-age-kill (SAK) model is widely used to estimate abundance of harvested large mammals, including white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Despite a long history of use, few formal evaluations of SAK performance exist. We investigated how violations of the stable age distribution and stationary population assumption, changes to male or female harvest, stochastic effects (i.e., random fluctuations in recruitment and survival), and sampling efforts influenced SAK estimation. When the simulated population had a stable age distribution and λ > 1, the SAK model underestimated abundance. Conversely, when λ < 1, the SAK overestimated abundance. When changes to male harvest were introduced, SAK estimates were opposite the true population trend. In contrast, SAK estimates were robust to changes in female harvest rates. Stochastic effects caused SAK estimates to fluctuate about their equilibrium abundance, but the effect dampened as the size of the surveyed population increased. When we considered both stochastic effects and sampling error at a deer management unit scale the resultant abundance estimates were within ±121.9% of the true population level 95% of the time. These combined results demonstrate extreme sensitivity to model violations and scale of analysis. Without changes to model formulation, the SAK model will be biased when λ ≠ 1. Furthermore, any factor that alters the male harvest rate, such as changes to regulations or changes in hunter attitudes, will bias population estimates. Sex-age-kill estimates may be precise at large spatial scales, such as the state level, but less so at the individual management unit level. Alternative models, such as statistical age-at-harvest models, which require similar data types, might allow for more robust, broad-scale demographic assessments.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/2008-099","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Millspaugh, J., Skalski, J.R., Townsend, R.L., Diefenbach, D.R., Boyce, M.S., Hansen, L.P., and Kammermeyer, K., 2009, An evaluation of sex-age-kill (SAK) model performance: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 3, p. 442-451, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-099.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"451","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-007714","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216265,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-099"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea45e4b0c8380cd4874f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Millspaugh, Joshua J.","contributorId":11141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millspaugh","given":"Joshua J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skalski, John R.","contributorId":94131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skalski","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13190,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Townsend, Richard L.","contributorId":22603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Townsend","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13190,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147 drd11@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":5235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane","email":"drd11@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boyce, Mark S.","contributorId":113205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyce","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hansen, Lonnie P.","contributorId":99512,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Lonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kammermeyer, Kent","contributorId":84184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kammermeyer","given":"Kent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}