We report the identification of compounds on Titan's surface by spatially resolved imaging spectroscopy methods through Titan's atmosphere, and set upper limits to other organic compounds. We present evidence for surface deposits of solid benzene (C6H6), solid and/or liquid ethane (C2H6), or methane (CH4), and clouds of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) aerosols using diagnostic spectral features in data from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). Cyanoacetylene (2-propynenitrile, IUPAC nomenclature, HC3N) is indicated in spectra of some bright regions, but the spectral resolution of VIMS is insufficient to make a unique identification although it is a closer match to the feature previously attributed to CO2. We identify benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon, in larger abundances than expected by some models. Acetylene (C2H2), expected to be more abundant on Titan according to some models than benzene, is not detected. Solid acetonitrile (CH3CN) or other nitriles might be candidates for matching other spectral features in some Titan spectra. An as yet unidentified absorption at 5.01-μm indicates that yet another compound exists on Titan's surface. We place upper limits for liquid methane and ethane in some locations on Titan and find local areas consistent with millimeter path lengths. Except for potential lakes in the southern and northern polar regions, most of Titan appears “dry.” Finally, we find there is little evidence for exposed water ice on the surface. Water ice, if present, must be covered with organic compounds to the depth probed by 1–5-μm photons: a few millimeters to centimeters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009JE003369","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., Curchin, J.M., Barnes, J.W., Jaumann, R., Soderblom, L.A., Cruikshank, D.P., Brown, R.H., Rodriguez, S., Lunine, J., Stephan, K., Hoefen, T.M., Le Mouelic, S., Sotin, C., Baines, K.H., Buratti, B.J., and Nicholson, P.D., 2010, Detection and mapping of hydrocarbon deposits on Titan: Journal of Geophysical Research - Planets, v. 115, E10005, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003369.","productDescription":"E10005, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009je003369","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":394112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Titan","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curchin, J. M.","contributorId":37145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curchin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Jason W.","contributorId":147251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaumann, Ralf","contributorId":147249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cruikshank, Dale P.","contributorId":211073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":33257,"text":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brown, Robert H.","contributorId":147246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rodriguez, Sebastien","contributorId":211192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Sebastien","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lunine, Jonathan","contributorId":29560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunine","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stephan, Katrin","contributorId":147248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stephan","given":"Katrin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Le Mouelic, Stephane","contributorId":147254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le Mouelic","given":"Stephane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Baines, Kevin H.","contributorId":193922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Buratti, Bonnie J.","contributorId":152192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":18876,"text":"California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Nicholson, Philip D.","contributorId":193925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":98805,"text":"sir20105109 - 2010 - Regional groundwater-flow model of the Lake Michigan Basin in support of Great Lakes Basin water availability and use studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T21:05:34.176595","indexId":"sir20105109","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5109","title":"Regional groundwater-flow model of the Lake Michigan Basin in support of Great Lakes Basin water availability and use studies","docAbstract":"A regional groundwater-flow model of the Lake Michigan Basin and surrounding areas has been developed in support of the Great Lakes Basin Pilot project under the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Availability and Use Program. The transient 2-million-cell model incorporates multiple aquifers and pumping centers that create water-level drawdown that extends into deep saline waters. The 20-layer model simulates the exchange between a dense surface-water network and heterogeneous glacial deposits overlying stratified bedrock of the Wisconsin/Kankakee Arches and Michigan Basin in the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of Michigan; eastern Wisconsin; northern Indiana; and northeastern Illinois. The model is used to quantify changes in the groundwater system in response to pumping and variations in recharge from 1864 to 2005. Model results quantify the sources of water to major pumping centers, illustrate the dynamics of the groundwater system, and yield measures of water availability useful for water-resources management in the region.\r\n\r\nThis report is a complete description of the methods and datasets used to develop the regional model, the underlying conceptual model, and model inputs, including specified values of material properties and the assignment of external and internal boundary conditions. The report also documents the application of the SEAWAT-2000 program for variable-density flow; it details the approach, advanced methods, and results associated with calibration through nonlinear regression using the PEST program; presents the water-level, drawdown, and groundwater flows for various geographic subregions and aquifer systems; and provides analyses of the effects of pumping from shallow and deep wells on sources of water to wells, the migration of groundwater divides, and direct and indirect groundwater discharge to Lake Michigan. The report considers the role of unconfined conditions at the regional scale as well as the influence of salinity on groundwater flow. Lastly, it describes several categories of limitations and discusses ways of extending the regional model to address issues at the local scale.\r\n\r\nResults of the simulations portray a regional groundwater-flow system that, over time, has largely maintained its natural predevelopment configuration but that locally has been strongly affected by well withdrawals. The quantity of rainfall in the Lake Michigan Basin and adjacent areas supports a dense surface-water network and recharge rates consistent with generally shallow water tables and predominantly shallow groundwater flow. At the regional scale, pumping has not caused major modifications of the shallow flow system, but it has resulted in decreases in base flow to streams and in direct discharge to Lake Michigan (about 2 percent of the groundwater discharged and about 0.5 cubic foot per second per mile of shoreline).\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, well withdrawals have caused major reversals in regional flow patterns around pumping centers in deep, confined aquifers - most noticeably in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system on the west side of Lake Michigan near the cities of Green Bay and Milwaukee in eastern Wisconsin, and around Chicago in northeastern Illinois, as well as in some shallow bedrock aquifers (for example, in the Marshall aquifer near Lansing, Mich.). The reversals in flow have been accompanied by large drawdowns with consequent local decrease in storage. On the west side of Lake Michigan, groundwater withdrawals have caused appreciable migration of the deep groundwater divides. Before the advent of pumping, the deep Lake Michigan groundwater-basin boundaries extended west of the Lake Michigan surface-water basin boundary, in some places by tens of miles. Over time, the pumping centers have replaced Lake Michigan as the regional sink for the deep flow system.\r\n\r\nThe regional model is intended to support the framework pilot study of water availability and use for the Great Lakes Basin (Reeves, in press).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105109","collaboration":"National Water Availability and Use Pilot Program","usgsCitation":"Feinstein, D.T., Hunt, R.J., and Reeves, H.W., 2010, Regional groundwater-flow model of the Lake Michigan Basin in support of Great Lakes Basin water availability and use studies: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5109, Report: xix, 379 p.; 9 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105109.","productDescription":"Report: xix, 379 p.; 9 Appendices","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":448,"text":"National Water Availability and Use Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5109.jpg"},{"id":14217,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5109/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":408437,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94378.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 46.6167\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 46.6167\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 41.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, H. W.","contributorId":53739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98807,"text":"pp1780 - 2010 - Mercury in Indiana watersheds: Retrospective for 2001–2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T20:50:54.103232","indexId":"pp1780","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1780","title":"Mercury in Indiana watersheds: Retrospective for 2001–2006","docAbstract":"Information about total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in water samples and mercury concentrations in fish-tissue samples was summarized for 26 watersheds in Indiana that drain most of the land area of the State. Mercury levels were interpreted with information on streamflow, atmospheric mercury deposition, mercury emissions to the atmosphere, mercury in wastewater, and landscape characteristics.
Unfiltered total mercury concentrations in 411 water samples from streams in the 26 watersheds had a median of 2.32 nanograms per liter (ng/L) and a maximum of 28.2 ng/L. When these concentrations were compared to Indiana water-quality criteria for mercury, 5.4 percent exceeded the 12-ng/L chronic-aquatic criterion, 59 percent exceeded the 1.8-ng/L Great Lakes human-health criterion, and 72.5 percent exceeded the 1.3-ng/L Great Lakes wildlife criterion. Mercury concentrations in water were related to streamflow, and the highest mercury concentrations were associated with the highest streamflows. On average, 67 percent of total mercury in streams was in a particulate form, and particulate mercury concentrations were significantly lower downstream from dams than at monitoring stations not affected by dams.
Methylmercury is the organic fraction of total mercury and is the form of mercury that accumulates and magnifies in food chains. It is made from inorganic mercury by natural processes under specific conditions. Unfiltered methylmercury concentrations in 411 water samples had a median of 0.10 ng/L and a maximum of 0.66 ng/L. Methylmercury was a median 3.7 percent and maximum 64.8 percent of the total mercury in 252 samples for which methylmercury was reported. The percentages of methylmercury in water samples were significantly higher downstream from dams than at other monitoring stations. Nearly all of the total mercury detected in fish tissue was assumed to be methylmercury.
Fish-tissue samples from the 26 watersheds had wet-weight mercury concentrations that exceeded the 0.3 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methylmercury criterion in 12.4 percent of the 1,731 samples. The median wet-weight concentration in the fish-tissue samples was 0.13 mg/kg, and the maximum was 1.07 mg/kg. A coarse-scale analysis of all fish-tissue data in each watershed and a fine-scale analysis of data within 5 kilometers (km) of the downstream end of each watershed showed similar results overall. Mercury concentrations in fish-tissue samples were highest in the White River watershed in southern Indiana and the Fall Creek watershed in central Indiana. In fish-tissue samples within 5 km of the downstream end of a watershed, the USEPA methylmercury criterion was exceeded by 45 percent of mercury concentrations from the White River watershed and 40 percent of the mercury concentration from the Fall Creek watershed. A clear relation between mercury concentrations in fish-tissue samples and methylmercury concentrations in water was not observed in the data from watersheds in Indiana.
Average annual atmospheric mercury wet-deposition rates were mapped with data at 156 locations in Indiana and four surrounding states for 2001–2006. These maps revealed an area in southeastern Indiana with high mercury wet-deposition rates—from 15 to 19 micrograms per square meter per year (µg/m2/yr). Annual atmospheric mercury dry-deposition rates were estimated with an inferential method by using concentrations of mercury species in air samples at three locations in Indiana. Mercury dry deposition-rates were 5.6 to 13.6 µg/m2/yr and were 0.49 to 1.4 times mercury wet-deposition rates.
Total mercury concentrations were detected in 96 percent of 402 samples of wastewater effluent from 50 publicly owned treatment works in the watersheds; the median concentration was 3.0 ng/L, and the maximum was 88 ng/L. When these concentrations were compared to Indiana water-quality criteria for mercury, 12 percent exceeded the 12-ng/L chronic-aquatic criterion, 68 percent exceeded the 1.8-ng/L Great Lakes human-health criterion, and 81 percent exceeded the 1.3-ng/L Great Lakes wildlife criterion.
Annual stream mercury yields were calculated with a model by using the mercury concentrations in water samples and daily average streamflows for 2002–2006, normalized to the watershed drainage areas. The average annual total mercury stream yields ranged from 0.73 to 45.2 µg/m2/yr and were highest in two White River watersheds in central Indiana. Median methylmercury stream yield was 1.9 percent of the median total mercury stream yield.
In most watersheds, average annual stream yields of total mercury were a fraction of the combined average annual atmospheric mercury wet-deposition and estimated annual dry-deposition loading rates, indicating that much of the stream mercury was attributable to atmospheric deposition. In two watersheds, average annual stream yields of total mercury were approximately twice the atmospheric mercury loading, indicating that some of the stream mercury apparently was not attributable to atmospheric deposition. Rather, some of the stream mercury yield potentially was contributed by mercury in wastewater discharges.
Land-cover type corresponded with the mercury levels in three watersheds: (1) A watershed of the White River in central Indiana with a high percentage of urban land cover had some of the highest total mercury concentrations and stream mercury yields. The urban land cover and numerous permitted wastewater outfalls with mercury in treated effluent potentially contributed mercury to this watershed. (2) A monitoring station on the Maumee River in northeastern Indiana, downstream from a large area of urban land cover, recorded the highest stream mercury concentrations. The urban land cover and mercury detected in treated effluent potentially contributed to the high mercury concentrations at this station. (3) A watershed of the Patoka River in southern Indiana with a high percentage of forest land cover had the highest atmospheric mercury dry-deposition rate. The high dry-deposition rate from the forest land cover potentially contributed to the high mercury concentrations in this watershed.
From a retrospective view, mercury concentrations in Indiana watersheds routinely exceeded criteria protective of humans and commonly exceeded criteria protective of wildlife. Atmospheric mercury wet deposition was a predominant factor, but not the single factor, affecting mercury in Indiana watersheds. Mercury in wastewater discharges and atmospheric mercury dry deposition apparently contributed a substantial part of the mercury yield from some watersheds. Dams and impoundments increased the percentage of methylmercury in downstream waters. Long-term monitoring of mercury in wet and dry atmospheric deposition, and in streams and reservoirs, coordinated with monitoring of mercury in fish, will be needed to detect whether mercury levels in Indiana watersheds change in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1780","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Risch, M.R., Baker, N.T., Fowler, K.K., Egler, A.L., and Lampe, D.C., 2010, Mercury in Indiana watersheds: Retrospective for 2001–2006: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1780, x, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1780.","productDescription":"x, 66 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396278,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94379.htm"},{"id":14219,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1780/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1780.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70007479,"text":"70007479 - 2010 - Extrapolating growth reductions in fish to changes in population extinction risks: Copper and Chinook salmon.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T20:58:30.320058","indexId":"70007479","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-11T14:50:16","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1913,"text":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extrapolating growth reductions in fish to changes in population extinction risks: Copper and Chinook salmon.","docAbstract":"Fish commonly respond to stress, including stress from chemical exposures, with reduced growth. However, the relevance to wild populations of subtle and sometimes transitory growth reductions may not be obvious. At low-level, sustained exposures, Cu is one substance that commonly causes reduced growth but little mortality in laboratory toxicity tests with fish. To explore the relevance of growth reductions under laboratory conditions to wild populations, we (1) estimated growth effects of low-level Cu exposures to juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), (2) related growth effects to reduced survival in downriver Chinook salmon migrations, (3) estimated population demographics, (4) constructed a demographically structured matrix population model, and (5) projected the influence of Cu-reduced growth on population size, extinction risks, and recovery chances. Reduced juvenile growth from Cu in the range of chronic criteria concentrations was projected to cause disproportionate reductions in survival of migrating juveniles, with a 7.5% length reduction predicting about a 23% to 52% reduction in survival from a headwaters trap to the next census point located 640 km downstream. Projecting reduced juvenile growth out through six generations (∼30 years) resulted in little increased extinction risk; however, population recovery times were delayed under scenarios where Cu-reduced growth was imposed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2010.512243","usgsCitation":"Mebane, C.A., and Arthaud, D.L., 2010, Extrapolating growth reductions in fish to changes in population extinction risks: Copper and Chinook salmon.: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, v. 16, no. 5, p. 1026-1065, https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2010.512243.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1026","endPage":"1065","numberOfPages":"39","ipdsId":"IP-007058","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork of the Salmon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.4171142578125,\n 45.13361760070825\n ],\n [\n -114.686279296875,\n 45.33090957287155\n ],\n [\n -115.17242431640624,\n 45.10260769705975\n ],\n [\n -115.62286376953124,\n 44.48866833139464\n ],\n [\n -115.66680908203125,\n 44.306161215277854\n ],\n [\n -115.37017822265625,\n 44.19795903948531\n ],\n [\n -114.99938964843749,\n 44.406316252661355\n ],\n [\n -114.62585449218749,\n 44.820812031724444\n ],\n [\n -114.4171142578125,\n 45.13361760070825\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mebane, Christopher A. 0000-0002-9089-0267 cmebane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-0267","contributorId":110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mebane","given":"Christopher","email":"cmebane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arthaud, David L.","contributorId":115849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arthaud","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174133,"text":"70174133 - 2010 - The effects of land cover and land use change on the contemporary carbon balance of the arctic and boreal terrestrial ecosystems of northern Eurasia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-15T12:08:22","indexId":"70174133","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The effects of land cover and land use change on the contemporary carbon balance of the arctic and boreal terrestrial ecosystems of northern Eurasia","docAbstract":"Recent changes in climate, disturbance regimes and land use and management systems in Northern Eurasia have the potential to disrupt the terrestrial sink of atmospheric CO2 in a way that accelerates global climate change. To determine the recent trends in the carbon balance of the arctic and boreal ecosystems of this region, we performed a retrospective analysis of terrestrial carbon dynamics across northern Eurasia over a recent 10-year period using a terrestrial biogeochemical process model. The results of the simulations suggest a shift in direction of the net flux from the terrestrial sink of earlier decades to a net source on the order of 45 Tg C year−1between 1997 and 2006. The simulation framework and subsequent analyses presented in this study attribute this shift to a large loss of carbon from boreal forest ecosystems, which experienced a trend of decreasing precipitation and a large area burned during this time period.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eurasian Arctic land cover and land use in a changing climate","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5_6","usgsCitation":"Hayes, D.J., McGuire, A.D., Kicklighter, D.W., Burnside, T.J., and Melillo, J.M., 2010, The effects of land cover and land use change on the contemporary carbon balance of the arctic and boreal terrestrial ecosystems of northern Eurasia, chap. of Eurasian Arctic land cover and land use in a changing climate, p. 109-136, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9118-5_6.","productDescription":"28 p. ","startPage":"109","endPage":"136","ipdsId":"IP-019577","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5853ba47e4b0e2663625f2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Daniel J.","contributorId":100237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, David W.","contributorId":48872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnside, Todd J.","contributorId":177500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnside","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melillo, Jerry M.","contributorId":87847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70208553,"text":"70208553 - 2010 - Modeling to evaluate the response of savanna-derived cropland to warming–drying stress and nitrogen fertilizers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:04:32","indexId":"70208553","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-10T14:35:54","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling to evaluate the response of savanna-derived cropland to warming–drying stress and nitrogen fertilizers","docAbstract":"Many savannas in West Africa have been converted to croplands and are among the world’s regions most vulnerable to climate change due to deteriorating soil quality. We focused on the savanna-derived cropland in northern Ghana to simulate its sensitivity to projected climate change and nitrogen fertilization scenarios. Here we show that progressive warming–drying stress over the twenty-first century will enhance soil carbon emissions from all kinds of lands of which the natural ecosystems will be more vulnerable to variation in climate variables, particularly in annual precipitation. The carbon emissions from all croplands, however, could be mitigated by applying nitrogen fertilizer at 30–60 kg N ha − 1 year − 1. The uncertainties of soil organic carbon budgets and crop yields depend mainly on the nitrogen fertilization rate during the first 40 years and then are dominated by climate drying stress. The replenishment of soil nutrients, especially of nitrogen through fertilization, could be one of the priority options for policy makers and farm managers as they evaluate mitigation and adaptation strategies of cropping systems and management practices to sustain agriculture and ensure food security under a changing climate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10584-009-9688-x","usgsCitation":"Tan, Z., Tieszen, L.L., Liu, S., and Tachie-Obeng, E., 2010, Modeling to evaluate the response of savanna-derived cropland to warming–drying stress and nitrogen fertilizers: Climatic Change, v. 100, no. 3-4, p. 702-715, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9688-x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"702","endPage":"715","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ghana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -2.8784179687499996,\n 8.928487062665504\n ],\n [\n 0.32958984375,\n 8.928487062665504\n ],\n [\n 0.32958984375,\n 10.919617760254697\n ],\n [\n -2.8784179687499996,\n 10.919617760254697\n ],\n [\n -2.8784179687499996,\n 8.928487062665504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tan, Zhengxi 0000-0002-4136-0921 ztan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-0921","contributorId":2945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tan","given":"Zhengxi","email":"ztan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":782448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tachie-Obeng, E.","contributorId":82550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tachie-Obeng","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70173758,"text":"70173758 - 2010 - Modeling the impacts of hunting on the population dynamics of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T15:54:11","indexId":"70173758","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the impacts of hunting on the population dynamics of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)","docAbstract":"Overexploitation of wildlife populations occurs across the humid tropics and is a significant threat to the long-term survival of large-bodied primates. To investigate the impacts of hunting on primates and ways to mitigate them, we developed a spatially explicit, individual-based model for a landscape that included hunted and un-hunted areas. We used the large-bodied neotropical red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) as our case study species because its life history characteristics make it vulnerable to hunting. We modeled the influence of different rates of harvest and proportions of landscape dedicated to un-hunted reserves on population persistence, population size, social dynamics, and hunting yields of red howler monkeys. In most scenarios, the un-hunted populations maintained a constant density regardless of hunting pressure elsewhere, and allowed the overall population to persist. Therefore, the overall population was quite resilient to extinction; only in scenarios without any un-hunted areas did the population go extinct. However, the total and hunted populations did experience large declines over 100 years under moderate and high hunting pressure. In addition, when reserve area decreased, population losses and losses per unit area increased disproportionately. Furthermore, hunting disrupted the social structure of troops. The number of male turnovers and infanticides increased in hunted populations, while birth rates decreased and exacerbated population losses due to hunting. Finally, our results indicated that when more than 55% of the landscape was harvested at high (30%) rates, hunting yields, as measured by kilograms of biomass, were less than those obtained from moderate harvest rates. Additionally, hunting yields, expressed as the number of individuals hunted/year/km2, increased in proximity to un-hunted areas, and suggested that dispersal from un-hunted areas may have contributed to hunting sustainability. These results indicate that un-hunted areas serve to enhance hunting yields, population size, and population persistence in hunted landscapes. Therefore, spatial regulation of hunting via a reserve system may be an effective management strategy for sustainable hunting, and we recommend it because it may also be more feasible to implement than harvest quotas or restrictions on season length.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Pub. Co.","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.06.026","usgsCitation":"Wiederholt, R., Fernandez-Duque, E., Diefenbach, D.R., and Rudran, R., 2010, Modeling the impacts of hunting on the population dynamics of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus): Ecological Modelling, v. 221, no. 10, p. 2482-2490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.06.026.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2482","endPage":"2490","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021572","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","state":"Guárico","otherGeospatial":"Hato Masaguaral","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.5,\n 8.5\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 8.6\n ],\n [\n -67.6,\n 8.6\n ],\n [\n -67.6,\n 8.5\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 8.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"221","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57594213e4b04f417c2568fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiederholt, Ruscena","contributorId":149125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiederholt","given":"Ruscena","affiliations":[{"id":17653,"text":"School of Natural Resources & the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo","contributorId":171620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez-Duque","given":"Eduardo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16979,"text":"University of Pennsylvania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147 drd11@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":5235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane","email":"drd11@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":638070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rudran, Rasanayagam","contributorId":112332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudran","given":"Rasanayagam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160861,"text":"70160861 - 2010 - Map correlation method: Selection of a reference streamgage to estimate daily streamflow at ungaged catchments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T16:45:04","indexId":"70160861","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-09T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Map correlation method: Selection of a reference streamgage to estimate daily streamflow at ungaged catchments","docAbstract":"Daily streamflow time series are critical to a very broad range of hydrologic problems. Whereas daily streamflow time series are readily obtained from gaged catchments, streamflow information is commonly needed at catchments for which no measured streamflow information exists. At ungaged catchments, methods to estimate daily streamflow time series typically require the use of a reference streamgage, which transfers properties of the streamflow time series at a reference streamgage to the ungaged catchment. Therefore, the selection of a reference streamgage is one of the central challenges associated with estimation of daily streamflow at ungaged basins. The reference streamgage is typically selected by choosing the nearest streamgage; however, this paper shows that selection of the nearest streamgage does not provide a consistent selection criterion. We introduce a new method, termed the map‐correlation method, which selects the reference streamgage whose daily streamflows are most correlated with an ungaged catchment. When applied to the estimation of daily streamflow at 28 streamgages across southern New England, daily streamflows estimated by a reference streamgage selected using the map‐correlation method generally provides improved estimates of daily streamflow time series over streamflows estimated by the selection and use of the nearest streamgage. The map correlation method could have potential for many other applications including identifying redundancy and uniqueness in a streamgage network, calibration of rainfall runoff models at ungaged sites, as well as for use in catchment classification.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009WR008481","usgsCitation":"Archfield, S.A., and Vogel, R.M., 2010, Map correlation method: Selection of a reference streamgage to estimate daily streamflow at ungaged catchments: Water Resources Research, v. 46, no. 10, Article W10513; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008481.","productDescription":"Article W10513; 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010477","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008481","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":313203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.4930419921875,\n 41.21585377825921\n ],\n [\n -72.9217529296875,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -72.2021484375,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -71.8560791015625,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -71.4825439453125,\n 41.38505194970683\n ],\n [\n -71.290283203125,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -71.1090087890625,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -70.96618652343749,\n 41.50446357504803\n ],\n [\n -70.960693359375,\n 41.57847058443442\n ],\n [\n -70.718994140625,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -70.6256103515625,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -70.66955566406249,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -70.916748046875,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -70.6365966796875,\n 41.529141988723104\n ],\n [\n -70.3948974609375,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -69.9554443359375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 41.80407814427237\n ],\n [\n -69.9884033203125,\n 41.93088998442502\n ],\n [\n -70.048828125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -70.1531982421875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -70.24658203125,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -70.20263671875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -70.1202392578125,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -70.0653076171875,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -70.02685546875,\n 41.89818843043047\n ],\n [\n -70.02685546875,\n 41.81636125072051\n ],\n [\n -70.3179931640625,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 41.80817277478235\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -70.6036376953125,\n 41.939062754848564\n ],\n [\n -70.7025146484375,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -70.6585693359375,\n 42.07376224008719\n ],\n [\n -70.740966796875,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -70.7684326171875,\n 42.224449701009725\n ],\n [\n -70.8837890625,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 42.256983603767466\n ],\n [\n -71.05957031249999,\n 42.35042512243457\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 42.4112905190282\n ],\n [\n -70.90576171875,\n 42.4639928001706\n ],\n [\n -70.8343505859375,\n 42.500453028125584\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -70.587158203125,\n 42.64608143458068\n ],\n [\n -70.63110351562499,\n 42.68647341541784\n ],\n [\n -70.718994140625,\n 42.64608143458068\n ],\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 42.68647341541784\n ],\n [\n -70.8123779296875,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -70.72998046875,\n 43.04480541304369\n ],\n [\n -70.59814453125,\n 43.22118973298753\n ],\n [\n -70.587158203125,\n 43.26920624914966\n ],\n [\n -71.4385986328125,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -72.1142578125,\n 43.193162620926095\n ],\n [\n -72.92724609375,\n 43.1450861841603\n ],\n [\n -73.267822265625,\n 43.141078106345844\n ],\n [\n -73.27880859375,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -73.5205078125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -73.4820556640625,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -73.564453125,\n 41.29018995588562\n ],\n [\n -73.4930419921875,\n 41.21585377825921\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5d6e4b0e7594ee776a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Archfield, Stacey A. 0000-0002-9011-3871 sarch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-3871","contributorId":1874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"Stacey","email":"sarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":584082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogel, Richard M.","contributorId":66811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70173483,"text":"70173483 - 2010 - Factors influencing wood mobilization in Minnesota streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T09:37:52","indexId":"70173483","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing wood mobilization in Minnesota streams","docAbstract":"Natural pieces of wood provide a variety of ecosystem functions in streams including habitat, organic matter retention, increased hyporheic exchange and transient storage, and enhanced hydraulic and geomorphic heterogeneity. Wood mobilization is a critical process in determining the residence time of wood. We documented the characteristics and locations of 865 natural wood pieces (>0.05 m in diameter for a portion >1 m in length) in nine streams along the north shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota. We determined the locations of the pieces again after an overbank stormflow event to determine the factors that influenced mobilization of stationary wood pieces in natural streams. Seven of 11 potential predictor variables were identified with multiple logistic regression as significant to mobilization: burial, effective depth, ratio of piece length to effective stream width (length ratio), bracing, rootwad presence, downstream force ratio, and draft ratio. The final model (P< 0.001, r2 = 0.39) indicated that wood mobilization under natural conditions is a complex function of both mechanical factors (burial, length ratio, bracing, rootwad presence, draft ratio) and hydraulic factors (effective depth, downstream force ratio). If stable pieces are a goal for stream management then features such as partial burial, low effective depth, high length relative to channel width, bracing against other objects (e.g., stream banks, trees, rocks, or larger wood pieces), and rootwads are desirable. Using the model equation from this study, stewards of natural resources can better manage in-stream wood for the benefit of stream ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2009WR008772","usgsCitation":"Merten, E., Finlay, J., Johnson, L., Newman, R., Stefan, H., and Vondracek, B.C., 2010, Factors influencing wood mobilization in Minnesota streams: Water Resources Research, v. 46, no. 10, Article W10514; 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008772.","productDescription":"Article W10514; 13 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-016563","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008772","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324159,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576a653ae4b07657d1a11d9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merten, Eric","contributorId":172045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merten","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finlay, Jacques","contributorId":172286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finlay","given":"Jacques","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Lucinda","contributorId":172287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Lucinda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newman, Raymond","contributorId":172288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stefan, Heinz","contributorId":172289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stefan","given":"Heinz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vondracek, Bruce C. bcv@usgs.gov","contributorId":904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"Bruce","email":"bcv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98802,"text":"sim3135 - 2010 - Flood-inundation maps for a 15-mile reach of the Kalamazoo River from Marshall to Battle Creek, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T22:05:13.768771","indexId":"sim3135","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3135","title":"Flood-inundation maps for a 15-mile reach of the Kalamazoo River from Marshall to Battle Creek, Michigan","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 15-mile reach of the Kalamazoo River from Marshall to Battle Creek, Michigan, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to help guide remediation efforts following a crude-oil spill on July 25, 2010. The spill happened on Talmadge Creek, a tributary of the Kalamazoo River near Marshall, during a flood. The floodwaters transported the spilled oil down the Kalamazoo River and deposited oil in impoundments and on the surfaces of islands and flood plains. Six flood-inundation maps were constructed corresponding to the flood stage (884.09 feet) coincident with the oil spill on July 25, 2010, as well as for floods with annual exceedance probabilities of 0.2, 1, 2, 4, and 10 percent. Streamflow at the USGS streamgage at Marshall, Michigan (USGS site ID 04103500), was used to calculate the flood probabilities. From August 13 to 18, 2010, 35 channel cross sections, 17 bridges and 1 dam were surveyed. These data were used to construct a water-surface profile for the July 25, 2010, flood by use of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The calibrated model was used to estimate water-surface profiles for other flood probabilities. The resulting six flood-inundation maps were created with a geographic information system by combining flood profiles with a 1.2-foot vertical and 10-foot horizontal resolution digital elevation model derived from Light Detection and Ranging data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V","usgsCitation":"Hoard, C.J., Fowler, K.K., Kim, M.H., Menke, C., Morlock, S.E., Peppler, M., Rachol, C., and Whitehead, M.T., 2010, Flood-inundation maps for a 15-mile reach of the Kalamazoo River from Marshall to Battle Creek, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3135, Pamphlet: iv, 6 p.; 6 Sheets: 22 x 17 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3135.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 6 p.; 6 Sheets: 22 x 17 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3135.jpg"},{"id":396056,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94375.htm"},{"id":14214,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Battle Creek, Marshall","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.21064758300781,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -85.21064758300781,\n 42.32961592295752\n ],\n [\n -84.95590209960938,\n 42.32961592295752\n ],\n [\n -84.95590209960938,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -85.21064758300781,\n 42.24478535602799\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoard, C. J.","contributorId":37436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoard","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fowler, K. K. 0000-0002-0107-3848","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-3848","contributorId":40633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"K.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kim, M. H.","contributorId":68868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Menke, C. D.","contributorId":70524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menke","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morlock, S. E.","contributorId":31437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morlock","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peppler, M. C.","contributorId":55565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peppler","given":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rachol, C. M. 0000-0001-9984-3435","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-3435","contributorId":59085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachol","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Whitehead, M. T.","contributorId":31092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":98797,"text":"ofr20101244 - 2010 - Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2010 Fourmile burn area, Boulder County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:08","indexId":"ofr20101244","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1244","title":"Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2010 Fourmile burn area, Boulder County, Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents a preliminary emergency assessment of the debris-flow hazards from drainage basins burned by the Fourmile Creek fire in Boulder County, Colorado, in 2010. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned basins throughout the intermountain western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence and volumes of debris flows for selected drainage basins. Data for the models include burn severity, rainfall total and intensity for a 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainstorm, and topographic and soil property characteristics. \r\n\r\nSeveral of the selected drainage basins in Fourmile Creek and Gold Run were identified as having probabilities of debris-flow occurrence greater than 60 percent, and many more with probabilities greater than 45 percent, in response to the 25-year recurrence, 1-hour rainfall. None of the Fourmile Canyon Creek drainage basins selected had probabilities greater than 45 percent. Throughout the Gold Run area and the Fourmile Creek area upstream from Gold Run, the higher probabilities tend to be in the basins with southerly aspects (southeast, south, and southwest slopes). Many basins along the perimeter of the fire area were identified as having low probability of occurrence of debris flow. Volume of debris flows predicted from drainage basins with probabilities of occurrence greater than 60 percent ranged from 1,200 to 9,400 m3. The predicted moderately high probabilities and some of the larger volumes responses predicted for the modeled storm indicate a potential for substantial debris-flow effects to buildings, roads, bridges, culverts, and reservoirs located both within these drainages and immediately downstream from the burned area. However, even small debris flows that affect structures at the basin outlets could cause considerable damage. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101244","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Arapahoe and Roosevelt National Forests and Boulder County","usgsCitation":"Ruddy, B.C., Stevens, M.R., and Verdin, K., 2010, Probability and volume of potential postwildfire debris flows in the 2010 Fourmile burn area, Boulder County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1244, iv, 5 p.; 2 Plate Downloads; Plate 1: 36 inches x 24 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101244.","productDescription":"iv, 5 p.; 2 Plate Downloads; Plate 1: 36 inches x 24 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 24 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1244.jpg"},{"id":14208,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1244/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6e15e4b0b290851058ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruddy, Barbara C. bcruddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"Barbara","email":"bcruddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine 0000-0002-6114-4660","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":22067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98795,"text":"ofr20101173 - 2010 - Caldera demonstration model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:49","indexId":"ofr20101173","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1173","title":"Caldera demonstration model","docAbstract":"A caldera is a large, usually circular volcanic depression formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir. It is often difficult to visualize how calderas form. This simple experiment using flour, a balloon, tubing, and a bicycle pump, provides a helpful visualization for caldera formation. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101173","usgsCitation":"Venezky, D., and Wessells, S., 2010, Caldera demonstration model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1173, Downloadable Video, 2:48 min; Sound File, 2:48 min; Transcript, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101173.","productDescription":"Downloadable Video, 2:48 min; Sound File, 2:48 min; Transcript","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":618,"text":"Volcano Science Center-Long Valley Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14205,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c8e4b07f02db4ab3a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Venezky, Dina","contributorId":19258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venezky","given":"Dina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wessells, Stephen","contributorId":87227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessells","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98794,"text":"sir20105157 - 2010 - Occurrence and attempted mitigation of carbon dioxide in a home constructed on reclaimed coal-mine spoil, Pike County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"sir20105157","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5157","title":"Occurrence and attempted mitigation of carbon dioxide in a home constructed on reclaimed coal-mine spoil, Pike County, Indiana","docAbstract":"In recent years carbon dioxide intrusion has become recognized as a potentially serious health threat where homes are constructed on or near reclaimed surface coal mines. When carbon dioxide invades the living space of a home, it can collect near the floor, displace the oxygen there, and produce an oxygen-deficient environment. In this investigation, several lines of inquiry were pursued to determine the environmental factors that most influence carbon dioxide intrusion at a Pike County, Ind., home where this phenomenon is known to occur. It was found that carbon dioxide intrusion events at the home are most closely tied to rapid drops in barometric pressure and rainfall. Other researchers have shown that windy conditions and periods of cold weather also can contribute to soil-gas intrusion to structures. From this, a conceptual model was developed to illustrate the influence of these four meteorological conditions. Additionally, three mitigation methods-block-wall depressurization, block-wall and sub-slab depressurization, and block-wall and sub-slab pressurization-were applied successively to the study-site home, and environmental data were collected to evaluate the effectiveness of each mitigation method. In each case, it was found that these methods did not ensure a safe environment when meteorological conditions were favorable for carbon dioxide intrusion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105157","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B.A., 2010, Occurrence and attempted mitigation of carbon dioxide in a home constructed on reclaimed coal-mine spoil, Pike County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5157, vi, 17 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105157.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5157.jpg"},{"id":14226,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5157/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.13388888888889,38.31777777777778 ], [ -87.13388888888889,38.31777777777778 ], [ -87.13388888888889,38.31777777777778 ], [ -87.13388888888889,38.31777777777778 ], [ -87.13388888888889,38.31777777777778 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Bret A. barobins@usgs.gov","contributorId":3897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Bret","email":"barobins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98796,"text":"ofr20101174 - 2010 - Carbon dioxide dangers demonstration model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:49","indexId":"ofr20101174","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1174","title":"Carbon dioxide dangers demonstration model","docAbstract":"Carbon dioxide is a dangerous volcanic gas. When carbon dioxide seeps from the ground, it normally mixes with the air and dissipates rapidly. However, because carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air, it can collect in snowbanks, depressions, and poorly ventilated enclosures posing a potential danger to people and other living things. In this experiment we show how carbon dioxide gas displaces oxygen as it collects in low-lying areas. When carbon dioxide, created by mixing vinegar and baking soda, is added to a bowl with candles of different heights, the flames are extinguished as if by magic.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101174","usgsCitation":"Venezky, D., and Wessells, S., 2010, Carbon dioxide dangers demonstration model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1174, Downloadable Video, 4:21 min; Sound File, 4:21 min; Transcript, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101174.","productDescription":"Downloadable Video, 4:21 min; Sound File, 4:21 min; Transcript","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":618,"text":"Volcano Science Center-Long Valley Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14206,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Venezky, Dina","contributorId":19258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venezky","given":"Dina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wessells, Stephen","contributorId":87227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessells","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98790,"text":"ofr20101236 - 2010 - The potential influence of changing climate on the persistence of salmonids of the inland west","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T16:19:38","indexId":"ofr20101236","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1236","title":"The potential influence of changing climate on the persistence of salmonids of the inland west","docAbstract":"The Earth's climate warmed steadily during the 20th century, and mean annual air temperatures are estimated to have increased by 0.6°C (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Although many cycles of warming and cooling have occurred in the past, the most recent warming period is unique in its rate and magnitude of change (Siegenthaler and others, 2005) and in its association with anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007). The climate in the western United States warmed in concert with the global trend but at an accelerated rate (+0.8°C during the 20th century; Saunders and others, 2008). The region could also prove especially sensitive to future changes because the relatively small human population is growing rapidly, as are demands on limited water supplies.
Regional hydrological patterns are dominated by seasonal snow accumulation at upper elevations. Most of the region is relatively dry, and both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are strongly constrained b y water availability (Barnett and others, 2008; Brown and others, 2008). Stream environments are dynamic and climatically extreme, and salmonid fishes are the dominant elements of the native biodiversity (McPhail and Lindsey, 1986; Waples and others, 2008). Salmonids have broad economic and ecologic importance, but a century of intensive water resource development, nonnative fish stocking, and land use has significantly reduced many populations and several taxa are now protected under the Endangered Species Act (Thurow and others, 1997; Trotter, 2008). Because salmonids require relatively pristine, cold water environments and are often isolated in headwater habitats, members of this group may be especially vulnerable to the effects of a warming climate (Keleher and Rahel, 1996; Rieman and others, 2007; Williams and others, 2009).
Warming during the 20th century drove a series of environmental trends that have profound implications for many aspects of salmonid habitat, including disturbance regimes such as wildfire, and unfavorable changes to thermal and hydrologic properties of aquatic systems. Warmer air temperatures have been associated with decreased winter snow accumulations, have accelerated snowmelt, and have advanced the timing of peak runoff by several days to weeks across most of western North America (Stewart and others, 2005; Barnett and others, 2008). Less snow and earlier runoff decrease aquifer recharge, make less water available for groundwater inputs to streams, and are contributing to widespread decreases in summer low flows (Stewart and others, 2005; Rood and others, 2008; Luce and Holden 2009). Interannual variability in stream flow is increasing, as is the persistence of multi-year extreme conditions (McCabe and others, 2004; Pagano and Garen 2005). In many areas of western North America, flood risks have increased in association with warmer temperatures during the 20th century (Hamlet and Lettenmaier, 2005). Streams where midwinter temperatures are near freezing have proven especially sensitive to increased flooding because of associated transitional hydrological patterns (mixtures of rainfall and snowmelt) and propensity for occasional rain-on-snow events to rapidly melt winter snowpack and generate large floods (Hamlet and Lettenmaier, 2005).
Stream temperatures in many areas are increasing (Peterson and Kitchell, 2001; Morrison and others, 2002; Bartholow, 2005; Kaushal and others, 2010), due to both air temperature increases and reduced summer flows that make streams more sensitive to warmer air temperatures (Isaak and others, 2010). In recent decades, wildfires have become more common across much of the western United States during periods of more frequent droughts (Westerling and others, 2006; Hoerling and Eischeid, 2007), and local stream temperature can increase in postfire environments (Gresswell, 1999; Dunham and others, 2007). Fire-related temperature increase within streams is commonly a transient phenomenon, lasting only until riparian vegetation has recovered (Gresswell, 1999); however, ongoing climate change could preclude recovery to higher stature, prefire vegetation types in some areas (McKenzie and others, 2004; van Mantgem and Stephenson, 2007), resulting in a loss of critical riparian shading. Additionally, when wildfires occur in steep mountain topographies, the vegetation that stabilize s soils on hillslopes is often killed and landslides become more prevalent (Gresswell, 1999). Landslides int o stream channels form debris flows composed of sediment slurries and dead trees that can scour channels to bedrock and further exacerbate stream heating, delay recovery of riparian areas, or extirpate fish populations (Gresswell, 1999; May and Gresswell, 2003; Dunham and others, 2007).
Changes in stream environments will shift habitat distributions, sometimes unpredictably, in both time and space for many salmonid fishes. Water temperature fundamentally influences aquatic ecosystem health because distribution, reproduction, fitness, and survival of ectothermic organisms are inextricably linked to the thermal regime of the environment. Historically, research has focused on defining lethal thermal limits of salmonids (Eaton and others, 1995; Selong and others, 2001; Todd and others, 2008); however, water temperature is known to be important in biological processes at a variety of spatial scales and levels of biological organization (Rahel and Olden, 2008; McCullough and others, 2009). For instance, trout are affected directly by water temperature through feeding, metabolism, and growth rates, and indirectly by factors such as prey availability and species interactions (Wehrly and others, 2007; Rahel and Olden, 2008). Where cold water temperatures currently limit habitat suitability and distributions of some species (for example, at the highest and most northerly distributional extents; Nakano and others, 1996; Coleman and Fausch, 2007), a warming climate may gradually increase the quality and extent of suitable habitat. Over time, previously constrained populations are expected to expand into these new habitats and increase in number. Some evidence suggests this may already be happening in Alaska, where streams in recently deglaciated areas are being colonized by emigrants from nearby salmon and char populations (Milner and others, 2000).
Unfortunately, many of the sensitive salmonid species that are often the focus of western managers are unlikely to benefit from future water temperature increases. Warmer stream temperatures will facilitate invasion by nonnative species that are broadly established in downstream areas into upstream areas where they will compete with native species (Rieman and others, 2006; Rahel and Olden, 2008; Fausch and others, 2009). In other cases, warmer stream temperatures will render thermally suitable habitats unsuitable in downstream areas and effect net losses of habitat because upstream distributions are often constrained by streams that are too small or steep (Hari and others, 2006; Isaak and others, 2010). Both scenarios are realistic for fish species like bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) (Rieman and others, 2006; Rieman and others, 2007), the various subspecies of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) (Williams and others, 2009), Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae gilae) (Kennedy and others, 2008), and Apache trout (Oncorhynchus gilae apache) (Rinne and Minckley, 1985; Carmichael and others, 1993). As native species are increasingly confined to smaller and more isolated habitats by a gradually warming climate, the effects of wildfires (whether related to lethal changes in water quality during a fire, channel debris flows, or chronic postfire warming ) could have greater proportional effects on remaining habitats (for example, Brown and others, 2001; Rieman and others, 2007). If these changes were accompanied by additional hydrologic alterations associated with changes to the magnitude, frequency, duration, timing, and rate of change of discharge patterns (Jager and others, 1999; Henderson and others, 2000), populations may begin to lose some of their historic resilience and become ever more susceptible to local extirpations.
As dramatic and extensive as climatic and environmental trends are for salmonid habitats, global climate models (GCMs) project that many of these trends will continue and even accelerate until at least the middle of the 21st century (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Current projections suggest mean annual air temperatures will increase by an additional 1–3°C, and early indications are that climate trajectory is at the higher end of this range (Pittock, 2006; Raupach and others, 2007). Although predicted changes vary considerably, even the most conservative estimates suggest a warming rate that will be twice that observed during the 20th century. Projections for the midcentury are most certainly due to the effects of greenhouse gases already emitted or predicted in the short term, uncertainties of the effects of longer-term greenhouse gas emissions, short-term climate cycles, and process errors associated with climate models (Cox and Stephenson, 2007). Projections of changes in total precipitation are less certain than those for air temperatures, but most GCMs project relatively small changes in the Northwest, with the exception of slightly drier summer periods (Mote and others, 2008; Karl and others, 2009). In the Southwest, however, significant decreases (such as 15–30 percent ) are projected during most periods of the year, and this area is one of the few for which Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) precipitation projections have a high level of certainty (Hoerling and Eischeid, 2007; Karl and others, 2009). Clearly, managers of native salmonids in the wester n United States should consider adjusting management strategies to accommodate a warmer and possibly drier future (Williams and others, 2009). Tools are needed to forecast where important changes may occur and how conservation efforts should be prioritized. In this Open-File Report, we document our initial efforts in this regard for 10 species and subspecies of inland trout and Montana Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) across the western United States.
Time-of-travel, dispersion characteristics, and oxygen reaeration coefficients were determined by use of dye and gas tracing for a 2-mile reach of Tacony/Frankford Creek in Philadelphia, southeastern Pennsylvania. The reach frequently has concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) below the water-quality standard of 4 milligrams per liter during warm months. Several large combined sewer overflows (CSOs), including one of the largest in Philadelphia (former Wingohocking Creek), discharge to the study reach in this urbanized watershed, affecting water quality and the timing and magnitude of storm peaks. In addition, a dam that commonly results in backwater conditions and reduced natural reaeration is present a few hundred feet from the end of the study reach. Time-of-travel and reaeration data were collected under base-flow conditions in August and September 2009 for three sub-reaches from Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. Route 1) to Castor Avenue.
Determination of traveltimes to the centroid of the dye cloud were needed for calculation of the reaeration coefficients. Results of the dye study in Tacony/Frankford Creek indicate that traveltimes were affected by the presence of man-made structures, such as the large scour hole and pool developed at the outfall of the T14 CSO and the dam, both of which reduce stream velocities. Mean stream velocities during the dye-tracer tests ranged from a maximum of 0.44 to 0.04 foot per second through a large pool. The dispersion efficiency of the stream was determined from relations between normalized unit concentrations to time to peak for use in water-quality modeling.
Oxygen reaeration coefficients determined by a constant rate-injection method using propane as the tracer gas were as low as 0.04 unit per hour in a long pool affected by backwater conditions behind a dam. The highest reaeration coefficient was 2.29 units per hour for a steep-gradient reach with multiple winding channels through gravel deposits, just downstream of a large scour pool developed at the outlet of the T14 CSO. Reaeration coefficients determined from the field tracer-gas method were compared to values calculated by two other methods, one that is based on theoretical equations using physical properties of the stream as variables and the other that is based on equations using the timing of measured daily maximum DO concentrations in the stream. Reaeration coefficients from the two alternate methods were most similar to values determined from the field tracer-gas method for the upstream portion of the study reach, characterized by free-flowing riffle and pools. Values of reaeration coefficients determined by the tracer-gas method were 2 to 10 times higher than values determined by 2 alternate methods for most subreaches hydraulically affected by man-made structures.
In addition to the tracer gas, propane, the gas analysis also included methane, ethane, and ethene, of which only methane was measured in concentrations above a few micrograms per liter. Methane, thought to occur naturally or because of ongoing processes in the stream, was measured in concentrations ranging from 6.6 to 78 micrograms per liter; the concentrations were greatest in sub-reaches dominated by pools.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105195","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Philadelphia, Water Department","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Gyves, M.C., 2010, Determination of time-of-travel, dispersion characteristics, and oxygen reaeration coefficients during low streamflows--Lower Tacony/Frankford Creek, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5195, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105195.","productDescription":"90 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428007,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94348.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":375078,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5195/images/coverthb.gif"},{"id":14201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":375075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5195/pdf/sir2010-5195.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.11666666666666,40.03333333333333 ], [ -75.11666666666666,40 ], [ -75.08416666666666,40 ], [ -75.08416666666666,40.03333333333333 ], [ -75.11666666666666,40.03333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gyves, Matthew C. 0000-0001-9361-6493 mgyves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9361-6493","contributorId":4029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gyves","given":"Matthew","email":"mgyves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98772,"text":"ds537 - 2010 - Bathymetric and streamflow data for the Quillayute, Dickey, and Bogachiel Rivers, Clallam County, Washington, April-May 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"ds537","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"537","title":"Bathymetric and streamflow data for the Quillayute, Dickey, and Bogachiel Rivers, Clallam County, Washington, April-May 2010","docAbstract":"To facilitate the development of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Quillayute River estuary, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a bathymetric survey of the Quillayute River and its tributaries, upstream of the La Push Harbor. Streamflow also was measured concurrent with the bathymetric survey. This report documents the bathymetric and streamflow data collected in the Quillayute (river mile 0.4-5.7), Dickey (river mile 0-0.4), and Bogachiel Rivers (river mile 0-0.8) on April 20-21 and May 4-6, 2010, including a longitudinal profile, about 7-miles long, of water-surface and riverbed elevations. In all, 173,800 bathymetric points were collected and streamflow measurements in the mainstem Quillayute River ranged from 3,630 to 7,800 cubic feet per second.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds537","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District","usgsCitation":"Czuba, J., Barnas, C.R., McKenna, T.E., Justin, G., and Payne, K.L., 2010, Bathymetric and streamflow data for the Quillayute, Dickey, and Bogachiel Rivers, Clallam County, Washington, April-May 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 537, iv, 12 p.; Bathymetry data; Longitudinal Profile data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds537.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.; Bathymetry data; Longitudinal Profile data","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-04-01","temporalEnd":"2010-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_537.jpg"},{"id":14182,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/537/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.65,47.88333333333333 ], [ -124.65,47.93333333333333 ], [ -124.53333333333333,47.93333333333333 ], [ -124.53333333333333,47.88333333333333 ], [ -124.65,47.88333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640a61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czuba, Jonathan A.","contributorId":19917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":306430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnas, Christiana R.","contributorId":80792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnas","given":"Christiana","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKenna, Thomas E.","contributorId":80793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Justin, Gregory","contributorId":14081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justin","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Payne, Karen L. klpayne@usgs.gov","contributorId":3839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Karen","email":"klpayne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98774,"text":"ofr20101172 - 2010 - Database of recent tsunami deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:44","indexId":"ofr20101172","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1172","title":"Database of recent tsunami deposits","docAbstract":"This report describes a database of sedimentary characteristics of tsunami deposits derived from published accounts of tsunami deposit investigations conducted shortly after the occurrence of a tsunami. The database contains 228 entries, each entry containing data from up to 71 categories. It includes data from 51 publications covering 15 tsunamis distributed between 16 countries. The database encompasses a wide range of depositional settings including tropical islands, beaches, coastal plains, river banks, agricultural fields, and urban environments. It includes data from both local tsunamis and teletsunamis. The data are valuable for interpreting prehistorical, historical, and modern tsunami deposits, and for the development of criteria to identify tsunami deposits in the geologic record. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101172","usgsCitation":"Peters, R., and Jaffe, B.E., 2010, Database of recent tsunami deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1172, iii, 12 p.; Metadata folder; Data folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101172.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p.; Metadata folder; Data folder","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1172.jpg"},{"id":14184,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8ce0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Robert","contributorId":32494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98786,"text":"ofr20101227 - 2010 - Monitoring and assessment of ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean-A scoping paper","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:44","indexId":"ofr20101227","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1227","title":"Monitoring and assessment of ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean-A scoping paper","docAbstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is absorbed at the ocean surface by reacting with seawater to form a weak, naturally occurring acid called carbonic acid. As atmospheric carbon dioxide increases, the concentration of carbonic acid in seawater also increases, causing a decrease in ocean pH and carbonate mineral saturation states, a process known as ocean acidification. The oceans have absorbed approximately 525 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, or about one-quarter to one-third of the anthropogenic carbon emissions released since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Global surveys of ocean chemistry have revealed that seawater pH has decreased by about 0.1 units (from a pH of 8.2 to 8.1) since the 1700s due to absorption of carbon dioxide (Raven and others, 2005). Modeling studies, based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) CO2 emission scenarios, predict that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could reach more than 500 parts per million (ppm) by the middle of this century and 800 ppm by the year 2100, causing an additional decrease in surface water pH of 0.3 pH units. Ocean acidification is a global threat and is already having profound and deleterious effects on the geology, biology, chemistry, and socioeconomic resources of coastal and marine habitats. The polar and sub-polar seas have been identified as the bellwethers for global ocean acidification. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101227","usgsCitation":"Robbins, L.L., Yates, K.K., Feely, R., and Fabry, V., 2010, Monitoring and assessment of ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean-A scoping paper: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1227, iv, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101227.","productDescription":"iv, 4 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1227.jpg"},{"id":14196,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1227/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624c0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Lisa L. 0000-0003-3681-1094 lrobbins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-1094","contributorId":422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Lisa","email":"lrobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yates, Kimberly K. 0000-0001-8764-0358 kyates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-0358","contributorId":420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Kimberly","email":"kyates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feely, Richard","contributorId":70888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feely","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fabry, Victoria","contributorId":84873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabry","given":"Victoria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70043491,"text":"70043491 - 2010 - Lessons from (triggered) tremor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T13:50:06","indexId":"70043491","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-01T13:43:42","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lessons from (triggered) tremor","docAbstract":"I test a “clock-advance” model that implies triggered tremor is ambient tremor that occurs at a sped-up rate as a result of loading from passing seismic waves. This proposed model predicts that triggering probability is proportional to the product of the ambient tremor rate and a function describing the efficacy of the triggering wave to initiate a tremor event. Using data mostly from Cascadia, I have compared qualitatively a suite of teleseismic waves that did and did not trigger tremor with ambient tremor rates. Many of the observations are consistent with the model if the efficacy of the triggering wave depends on wave amplitude. One triggered tremor observation clearly violates the clock-advance model. The model prediction that larger triggering waves result in larger triggered tremor signals also appears inconsistent with the measurements. I conclude that the tremor source process is a more complex system than that described by the clock-advance model predictions tested. Results of this and previous studies also demonstrate that (1) conditions suitable for tremor generation exist in many tectonic environments, but, within each, only occur at particular spots whose locations change with time; (2) any fluid flow must be restricted to less than a meter; (3) the degree to which delayed failure and secondary triggering occurs is likely insignificant; and 4) both shear and dilatational deformations may trigger tremor. Triggered and ambient tremor rates correlate more strongly with stress than stressing rate, suggesting tremor sources result from time-dependent weakening processes rather than simple Coulomb failure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009JB007011","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., 2010, Lessons from (triggered) tremor: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B10, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007011.","productDescription":"22 p.","numberOfPages":"22","ipdsId":"IP-013904","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb007011","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":286213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286206,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007011"}],"country":"Canada;United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -129.2,45.39 ], [ -129.2,51.07 ], [ -116.92,51.07 ], [ -116.92,45.39 ], [ -129.2,45.39 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"115","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594aae4b0120853e8c04d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, Joan","contributorId":77919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200862,"text":"70200862 - 2010 - Hydrovolcanic features on Mars: Preliminary analysis of one Mars year of HiRISE observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T15:42:13.155534","indexId":"70200862","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-01T13:32:14","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrovolcanic features on Mars: Preliminary analysis of one Mars year of HiRISE observations","docAbstract":"We provide an overview of features indicative of the interaction between water and lava and/or magma on Mars as seen by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera during the Primary Science Phase of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) mission. The ability to confidently resolve meter-scale features from orbit has been extremely useful in the study of the most pristine examples. In particular, HiRISE has allowed the documentation of previously undescribed features associated with phreatovolcanic cones (formed by the interaction of lava and groundwater) on rapidly emplaced flood lavas. These include \"moats\" and \"wakes\" that indicate that the lava crust was thin and mobile, respectively [Jaeger, W.L., Keszthelyi, L.P., McEwen, A.S., Dundas, C.M., Russel, P.S., 2007. Science 317, 1709-1711]. HiRISE has also discovered entablature-style jointing in lavas that is indicative of water-cooling [Milazzo, M.P., Keszthelyi, L.P., Jaeger, W.L., Rosiek, M., Mattson, S., Verba, C., Beyer, R.A., Geissler, P.E., McEwen, A.S., and the HiRISE Team, 2009. Geology 37, 171-174]. Other observations strongly support the idea of extensive volcanic mudflows (lahars). Evidence for other forms of hydrovolcanism, including glaciovolcanic interactions, is more equivocal. This is largely because most older and high-latitude terrains have been extensively modified, masking any earlier 1-10 m scale features. Much like terrestrial fieldwork, the prerequisite for making full use of HiRISE's capabilities is finding good outcrops.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2009.08.020","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., Jaeger, W.L., Dundas, C.M., Martinez-Alonso, S., McEwen, A.S., and Milazzo, M.P., 2010, Hydrovolcanic features on Mars: Preliminary analysis of one Mars year of HiRISE observations: Icarus, v. 205, no. 1, p. 211-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.08.020.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"205","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5be40824e4b0b3fc5cf7cc10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martinez-Alonso, Sara","contributorId":73023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez-Alonso","given":"Sara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":750965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Milazzo, Moses P. 0000-0002-9101-2191 moses@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-2191","contributorId":4811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"Moses","email":"moses@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70202250,"text":"70202250 - 2010 - Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T20:30:17.852547","indexId":"70202250","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-01T12:25:47","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania","docAbstract":"On September 4, 2007, after 25 years of effusive natrocarbonatite eruptions, the eruptive activity of Oldoinyo Lengai (OL), N Tanzania, changed abruptly to episodic explosive eruptions. This transition was preceded by a voluminous lava eruption in March 2006, a year of quiescence, resumption of natrocarbonatite eruptions in June 2007, and a volcano-tectonic earthquake swarm in July 2007. Despite the lack of ground-based monitoring, the evolution in OL eruption dynamics is documented based on the available field observations, ASTER and MODIS satellite images, and almost-daily photos provided by local pilots. Satellite data enabled identification of a phase of voluminous lava effusion in the 2 weeks prior to the onset of explosive eruptions. After the onset, the activity varied from 100 m high ash jets to 2–15 km high violent, steady or unsteady, eruption columns dispersing ash to 100 km distance. The explosive eruptions built up a ∼400 m wide, ∼75 m high intra-crater pyroclastic cone. Time series data for eruption column height show distinct peaks at the end of September 2007 and February 2008, the latter being associated with the first pyroclastic flows to be documented at OL. Chemical analyses of the erupted products, presented in a companion paper (Keller et al. 2010), show that the 2007–2008 explosive eruptions are associated with an undersaturated carbonated silicate melt. This new phase of explosive eruptions provides constraints on the factors causing the transition from natrocarbonatite effusive eruptions to explosive eruptions of carbonated nephelinite magma, observed repetitively in the last 100 years at OL.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00445-010-0360-0","usgsCitation":"Kervyn, M., Ernst, G.G., Keller, J., Vaughan, R.G., Klaudius, J., Pradal, E., Belton, F., Mattsson, H.B., Mbede, E., and Jacobs, P., 2010, Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 72, no. 8, p. 913-931, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0360-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"913","endPage":"931","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Tanzania","otherGeospatial":"Oldoinyo Lengai","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.068359375,\n -3.510679621863856\n ],\n [\n 35.068359375,\n -2.2077054557053954\n ],\n [\n 36.6558837890625,\n -2.2077054557053954\n ],\n [\n 36.6558837890625,\n -3.510679621863856\n ],\n [\n 35.068359375,\n -3.510679621863856\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kervyn, Matthieu","contributorId":213338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kervyn","given":"Matthieu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ernst, Gerald G.J.","contributorId":213339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ernst","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, Jorg","contributorId":213340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaughan, R. Greg 0000-0002-0850-6669","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-6669","contributorId":69030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Greg","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klaudius, Jurgis","contributorId":213341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klaudius","given":"Jurgis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pradal, Evelyne","contributorId":213342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pradal","given":"Evelyne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Belton, Frederic","contributorId":213343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belton","given":"Frederic","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mattsson, Hannes B.","contributorId":213344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mattsson","given":"Hannes","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mbede, Evelyne","contributorId":213345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mbede","given":"Evelyne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jacobs, Patric","contributorId":213346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacobs","given":"Patric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70199843,"text":"70199843 - 2010 - Tree growth and mortality during 20 years of managing a Green-Tree Reservoir in Arkansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T11:51:24","indexId":"70199843","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-01T11:44:14","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tree growth and mortality during 20 years of managing a Green-Tree Reservoir in Arkansas, USA","docAbstract":"Green-Tree Reservoirs (GTR) are bottomland hardwood forests that are flooded during late fall and winter to provide waterfowl habitat. Early reports suggested that increased moisture improved tree growth and mast production; however, recent reports showed reduced vigor and growth. This study examines the effects of 20 years of GTR management practices in the Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Crossett, Arkansas. Tree species composition, size characteristics, and vigor classes were measured in 1990, 1995, 2001, and 2006. The overall annual tree mortality rate was 2.6%, with high elevations at 1.7% and low elevations at 3.1%. Annual mortality rates exceeded 3% for willow oak (Quercus phellos) and water hickory (Carya aquatica), while rates for Nuttall oak (Q. texana), overcup oak (Q. lyrata), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua.) were lower at 2.8, 2.4, and 1.5%, respectively. Tree health (vigor) has degraded substantially for over 60% of trees initially rated in good or fair condition. Statistical probit models were generated to predict short-term (5 years) and long-term (15 years) vigor degradation. Low numbers of saplings and little advanced regeneration indicated lack of tree replacement, suggesting that inundation strategies of the GTR management may have long-term impacts on forest structure and composition in the southeastern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13157-010-0062-6","usgsCitation":"Keeland, B.D., Draugelis-Dale, R.O., and McCoy, J.W., 2010, Tree growth and mortality during 20 years of managing a Green-Tree Reservoir in Arkansas, USA: Wetlands, v. 30, p. 405-416, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0062-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"416","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10c655e4b034bf6a7f3e23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeland, Bobby D.","contributorId":103506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"Bobby","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Draugelis-Dale, Rassa O. 0000-0001-8532-3287 daler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-3287","contributorId":20422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draugelis-Dale","given":"Rassa","email":"daler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCoy, John W. 0000-0003-3013-730X mccoyj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-730X","contributorId":3082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"John","email":"mccoyj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}