{"pageNumber":"795","pageRowStart":"19850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46882,"records":[{"id":70032809,"text":"70032809 - 2009 - Spatial-temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032809","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial-temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation","docAbstract":"Many carnivores have been seriously impacted by the expansion of transportation systems and networks; however we know little about carnivore response to the extent and magnitude of road mortality, or which age classes may be disproportionately impacted. Recent research has demonstrated that wildlife-vehicle-collisions (WVC) involving carnivores are modulated by temporal and spatial factors. Thus, we investigated road mortality on a guild of small and medium-sized carnivores in southern Portugal using road-kill data obtained from a systematic 36 months monitoring period along highways (260 km) and national roads (314 km) by addressing the following questions: (a) which species and age class are most vulnerable to WVC? (b) are there temporal and/or spatial patterns in road-kill? and (c) which life-history and/or spatial factors influence the likelihood of collisions? We recorded a total of 806 carnivore casualties, which represented an average of 47 ind./100 km/year. Red fox and stone marten had the highest mortality rates. Our findings highlight three key messages: (1) the majority of road-killed individuals were adults of common species; (2) all carnivores, except genets, were more vulnerable during specific life-history phenological periods: higher casualties were observed when red fox and stone marten were provisioning young, Eurasian badger casualties occurred more frequently during dispersal, and higher Egyptian mongoose mortality occurred during the breeding period; and (3) modeling demonstrated that favorable habitat, curves in the road, and low human disturbance were major contributors to the deadliest road segments. Red fox carcasses were more likely to be found on road sections with passages distant from urban areas. Conversely, stone marten mortalities were found more often on national roads with high of cork oak woodland cover; Egyptian mongoose and genet road-kills were found more often on road segments close to curves. Based on our results, two key mitigation measures should help to reduce WVC in Portugal. The first involves the improvement of existing crossings with buried and small mesh size fence to guide the individuals towards to the passages, in road segments with high traffic volume (>1200 vehicles/night) and located in preferred carnivore habitats. The second mitigation involves cutting or removal of dense vegetation in verges of road segments with curves to aid motorists in seeing animals about to cross. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.026","issn":"00063","usgsCitation":"Grilo, C., Bissonette, J., and Santos-Reis, M., 2009, Spatial-temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation: Biological Conservation, v. 142, no. 2, p. 301-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.026.","startPage":"301","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213988,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.026"},{"id":241670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94c0e4b08c986b31ac2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grilo, C.","contributorId":89362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grilo","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bissonette, J.A.","contributorId":21498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bissonette","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santos-Reis, M.","contributorId":58108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos-Reis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034826,"text":"70034826 - 2009 - Assessment of planetary geologic mapping techniques for Mars using terrestrial analogs: The SP Mountain area of the San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-05T08:43:36","indexId":"70034826","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of planetary geologic mapping techniques for Mars using terrestrial analogs: The SP Mountain area of the San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona","docAbstract":"We photogeologically mapped the SP Mountain region of the San Francisco Volcanic Field in northern Arizona, USA to evaluate and improve the fidelity of approaches used in geologic mapping of Mars. This test site, which was previously mapped in the field, is chiefly composed of Late Cenozoic cinder cones, lava flows, and alluvium perched on Permian limestone of the Kaibab Formation. Faulting and folding has deformed the older rocks and some of the volcanic materials, and fluvial erosion has carved drainage systems and deposited alluvium. These geologic materials and their formational and modificational histories are similar to those for regions of the Martian surface. We independently prepared four geologic maps using topographic and image data at resolutions that mimic those that are commonly used to map the geology of Mars (where consideration was included for the fact that Martian features such as lava flows are commonly much larger than their terrestrial counterparts). We primarily based our map units and stratigraphic relations on geomorphology, color contrasts, and cross-cutting relationships. Afterward, we compared our results with previously published field-based mapping results, including detailed analyses of the stratigraphy and of the spatial overlap and proximity of the field-based vs. remote-based (photogeologic) map units, contacts, and structures. Results of these analyses provide insights into how to optimize the photogeologic mapping of Mars (and, by extension, other remotely observed planetary surfaces). We recommend the following: (1) photogeologic mapping as an excellent approach to recovering the general geology of a region, along with examination of local, high-resolution datasets to gain insights into the complexity of the geology at outcrop scales; (2) delineating volcanic vents and lava-flow sequences conservatively and understanding that flow abutment and flow overlap are difficult to distinguish in remote data sets; (3) taking care to understand that surficial materials (such as alluvium and volcanic ash deposits) are likely to be under-mapped yet are important because they obscure underlying units and contacts; (4) where possible, mapping multiple contact and structure types based on their varying certainty and exposure that reflect the perceived accuracy of the linework; (5) reviewing the regional context and searching for evidence of geologic activity that may have affected the map area yet for which evidence within the map area may be absent; and (6) for multi-authored maps, collectively analyzing the mapping relations, approaches, and methods throughout the duration of the mapping project with the objective of achieving a solid, harmonious product.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.012","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., Skinner, J., Crumpler, L.S., and Dohm, J.M., 2009, Assessment of planetary geologic mapping techniques for Mars using terrestrial analogs: The SP Mountain area of the San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona: Planetary and Space Science, v. 57, no. 5-6, p. 510-532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.012.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Volcanic Field","volume":"57","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee48e4b0c8380cd49c8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, James A. 0000-0002-3644-7010 jskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7010","contributorId":3187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"James A.","email":"jskinner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crumpler, Larry S.","contributorId":196268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crumpler","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dohm, James M.","contributorId":83610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035136,"text":"70035136 - 2009 - Multi-temporal RADARSAT-1 and ERS backscattering signatures of coastal wetlands in southeastern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T16:09:50","indexId":"70035136","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-temporal RADARSAT-1 and ERS backscattering signatures of coastal wetlands in southeastern Louisiana","docAbstract":"

Using multi-temporal European Remote-sensing Satellites (ERS-1/-2) and Canadian Radar Satellite (RADARSAT-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over the Louisiana coastal zone, we characterize seasonal variations of radar backscat-tering according to vegetation type. Our main findings are as follows. First, ERS-1/-2 and RADARSAT-1 require careful radiometric calibration to perform multi-temporal backscattering analysis for wetland mapping. We use SAR backscattering signals from cities for the relative calibration. Second, using seasonally averaged backscattering coefficients from ERS-1/-2 and RADARSAT-1, we can differentiate most forests (bottomland and swamp forests) and marshes (freshwater, intermediate, brackish, and saline marshes) in coastal wetlands. The student t-test results support the usefulness of season-averaged backscatter data for classification. Third, combining SAR backscattering coefficients and an optical-sensor-based normalized difference vegetation index can provide further insight into vegetation type and enhance the separation between forests and marshes. Our study demonstrates that SAR can provide necessary information to characterize coastal wetlands and monitor their changes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ingenta","doi":"10.14358/PERS.75.5.607","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Kwoun, O., and Lu, Z., 2009, Multi-temporal RADARSAT-1 and ERS backscattering signatures of coastal wetlands in southeastern Louisiana: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 75, no. 5, p. 607-617, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.75.5.607.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"617","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.75.5.607","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fcce4b0c8380cd71143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwoun, Oh-Ig","contributorId":41945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwoun","given":"Oh-Ig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176152,"text":"70176152 - 2009 - Selected achievements, science directions, and new opportunities for the WEBB small watershed research program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70176152,"text":"70176152 - 2009 - Selected achievements, science directions, and new opportunities for the WEBB small watershed research program","indexId":"70176152","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Selected achievements, science directions, and new opportunities for the WEBB small watershed research program"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T15:28:44.712642","indexId":"70176152","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Selected achievements, science directions, and new opportunities for the WEBB small watershed research program","docAbstract":"

Over nearly two decades, the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) small watershed research program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has documented how water and solute fluxes, nutrient, carbon, and mercury dynamics, and weathering and sediment transport respond to natural and humancaused drivers, including climate, climate change, and atmospheric deposition. Together with a continued and increasing focus on the effects of climate change, more investigations are needed that examine ecological effects (e.g., evapotranspiration, nutrient uptake) and responses (e.g., species abundances, biodiversity) that are coupled with the physical and chemical processes historically observed in the WEBB program. Greater use of remote sensing, geographic modeling, and habitat/watershed modeling tools is needed, as is closer integration with the USGS-led National Phenology Network. Better understanding of process and system response times is needed. The analysis and observation of land-use and climate change effects over time should be improved by pooling data obtained by the WEBB program during the last two decades with data obtained earlier and (or) concurrently from other research and monitoring studies conducted at or near the five WEBB watershed sites. These data can be supplemented with historical and paleo-environmental information, such as could be obtained from tree rings and lake cores. Because of the relatively pristine nature and small size of its watersheds, the WEBB program could provide process understanding and basic data to better characterize and quantify ecosystem services and to develop and apply indicators of ecosystem health. In collaboration with other Federal and State watershed research programs, the WEBB program has an opportunity to contribute to tracking the short-term dynamics and long-term evolution of ecosystem services and health indicators at a multiplicity of scales across the landscape. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Third interagency conference on research in the watersheds","conferenceDate":"September 8-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., Larsen, M.C., Greene, E.A., Buss, H.L., Clow, D.W., Hunt, R.J., Mast, M.A., Murphy, S.F., Peters, N.E., Sebestyen, S.D., Shanley, J.B., and Walker, J.F., 2009, Selected achievements, science directions, and new opportunities for the WEBB small watershed research program, in Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049), Estes Park, CO, September 8-11, 2008, p. 39-52.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010839","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/Glynn.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6b112e4b0f2f0cebe686d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greene, Earl A. 0000-0002-9479-0829 eagreene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-0829","contributorId":3518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Earl","email":"eagreene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buss, Heather L. 0000-0002-1852-3657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-3657","contributorId":15478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buss","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sebestyen, Stephen D.","contributorId":107562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sebestyen","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70047268,"text":"70047268 - 2009 - An introduction to standardized sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T14:08:50.371819","indexId":"70047268","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"An introduction to standardized sampling","docAbstract":"

It was probably one of the oddest riots in the history of the United States. In Erie, Pennsylvania during 1853. federal marshals were called to restore order during bloody uprisings. A mob of women, equipped with sledgehammers, was tearing up railroad rack to protest standardization of track width (Nesmith 1985). All across the United States, standardization of rail gauges was talking place to improve transportation across the country,but many people did not want consistency. Jobs moving freight from, a train running on one gauge of track to a train running on another gauge were plentiful at this time, and standardization would mean these jobs would disappear. Fortunately, for us today, the riots were quelled and standardization of railroad tack gauges went ahead. The magnificent transportation system of North America was aided by the standardization of rails, contributing to robust economies.

\n

Standardization of industrial processes, languages, measurements, and data collection methods has been essential for world progress (Figure 1.1). Today , we are often unaware of the degree of standardization of the most basic elements of our society--from bolts and nuts where thread sizes are standard to computer components that can be used interchangeably to the standard sizes of photos we carry in our wallets or purses. Data collection and presentation are standardized in many disciplines, including medicine, meteorology, geology, and water chemistry. For example, our cholesterol, body temperature, and blood pressure are measured by standard medical tests and compared to averages calculated from the results of the same standard tests for many other people to determine if individuals are higher, lower, or average compared to the population in general.  If these diagnostic tests were not standardized, it is unlikely that we would be able to evaluate eve the most basic data about our health. In fact, if standardization was not used in countless other facets of our society our lives would be much more difficult. 

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For data collection purposes, standardization means to collect data in one way so comparisons can be easily made. Although routine data collection has been standardized in many other disciplines, data from freshwater fish sampling across North America have not. Previously, most data collection has been standardized only at local, state, and provincial levels (Bonar and Hubert 2002).

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Several years ago, when one of the authors (Bonar) was a biologist for a state agency, he was asked to compile as much data as he could about the state's warmwater fish communities to provide information to managers developing fishing regulations. These data had been collected by many biologists over time using different methods, including rotenone, electrofishing, gill netting, and hook-and-line sampling. Data were written carefully on detailed data sheets or in scribbled notes in a biologists's notebook. As you can imagine, these data were a nightmare to compile. However, they were even worse to interpret.

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How could length-frequency distributions be compared among lakes if the methods used to catch the fish were dissimilar with differing efficiencies in sampling fish of various species and lengths? How could catch per unit effort (CPUE), a common index of population density, be compared when samples were collected one year using fyke nets and the next year by electrofishing? Ultimately, how could one compare if fish population were high, low, or average in growth, body condition, or abundance if there was no compilation of distributions of standard data to facilitate comparison?

\n

Months were spent trying to interpret these data, and finally a body of comparable data gathered by similar methods was assimilated. However, much of the nonstandard data had to be discarded--data that had taken thousands of hours to collect but were essentially useless. If all data jhad been collected and recorded in a standard manner, whoch would have required very little extra work, all of these hours of survey effort would not have gone to naught and isights regardimng the fisheries would have been imporived by a larger number of samples.

\n

 

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.47886/9781934874103.ch1","usgsCitation":"Bonar, S.A., Contreras-Balderas, S., and Iles, A.C., 2009, An introduction to standardized sampling, chap. 1 of Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.47886/9781934874103.ch1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":127,"text":"Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78ee3e4b02e26443a934d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bonar, Scott A. 0000-0003-3532-4067 sbonar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-4067","contributorId":3712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"sbonar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, Wayne A.","contributorId":9325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509409,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willis, David W.","contributorId":55313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509410,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Bonar, Scott A.","contributorId":79617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Contreras-Balderas, Salvador","contributorId":35956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Contreras-Balderas","given":"Salvador","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iles, Alison C.","contributorId":7546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iles","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047267,"text":"70047267 - 2009 - Length frequency, condition, growth, and catch per effort indices for common North American fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T14:06:30.835908","indexId":"70047267","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"15","title":"Length frequency, condition, growth, and catch per effort indices for common North American fishes","docAbstract":"

One of the greatest advantages to using standard sampling is the ability of compare sample data to those data collected from an array of other populations over a wide geographic area using similar techniques. A biologist can then ascertain if the sampling data are within an expected range or are higher or lower than expected when compared to other populations.. When biologists collect data using different biased, unvalidated methods, it is often impossible to compare data among populations and evaluate the results. Standard sampling allows comparisons of data among sampling periods and locations.

\n

Until now, summaries of freshwater fisheries data collected in a standard manner across North America have not been available. Length at age, length-weight relationships, and other types of detailed summary data are available in Carlander (1696-1977). However, a variety of sampling methods were used to collect these data, allowing successful comparisons among length at age and length-weight data but making it difficult or impossible to compare size distribution and catch per unit effort (CPUE) data among populations.

\n

This chapter provides North American and ecoregion (area that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities and share similar environmental conditions) averages and distributions of several commonly used sampling techniques described in this book. Biologists using the standardized sampling techniques described in this book will be able to compare their data sets to the summaries provided in the tables that follow to determine if the data from their sampled populations of fish are average, below average, or above average for a given index in their ecoregion or across North America.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.47886/9781934874103.ch15","usgsCitation":"Brouder, M.J., Ilses, A.C., and Bonar, S.A., 2009, Length frequency, condition, growth, and catch per effort indices for common North American fishes, chap. 15 of Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes, p. 231-282, https://doi.org/10.47886/9781934874103.ch15.","productDescription":"52 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":127,"text":"Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275500,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -174.0234375,\n 5.9657536710655235\n ],\n [\n -174.0234375,\n 84.37156598282921\n ],\n [\n -5.625,\n 84.37156598282921\n ],\n [\n -5.625,\n 5.9657536710655235\n ],\n [\n -174.0234375,\n 5.9657536710655235\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78eeae4b02e26443a93a8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bonar, Scott A. 0000-0003-3532-4067 sbonar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-4067","contributorId":3712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"sbonar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509405,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, Wayne A.","contributorId":9325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509406,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willis, David W.","contributorId":55313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509407,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Brouder, Mark J.","contributorId":13015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouder","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ilses, Alison C.","contributorId":6358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ilses","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bonar, Scott A.","contributorId":79617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033167,"text":"70033167 - 2009 - Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of lavas from the Mount Adams volcanic field, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-16T11:02:00","indexId":"70033167","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of lavas from the Mount Adams volcanic field, Washington","docAbstract":"

Strontium, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and O isotope compositions for 30 Quaternary lava flows from the Mount Adams stratovolcano and its basaltic periphery in the Cascade arc, southern Washington, USA indicate a major component from intraplate mantle sources, a relatively small subduction component, and interaction with young mafic crust at depth. Major- and trace-element patterns for Mount Adams lavas are distinct from the rear-arc Simcoe volcanic field and other nearby volcanic centers in the Cascade arc such as Mount St. Helens. Radiogenic isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf) compositions do not correlate with geochemical indicators of slab-fluids such as (Sr/P)n and Ba/Nb. Mass-balance modeling calculations, coupled with trace-element and isotopic data, indicate that although the mantle source for the calc-alkaline Adams basalts has been modified with a fluid derived from subducted sediment, the extent of modification is significantly less than what is documented in the southern Cascades. The isotopic and trace-element compositions of most Mount Adams lavas require the presence of enriched and depleted mantle sources, and based on volume-weighted chemical and isotopic compositions for Mount Adams lavas through time, an intraplate mantle source contributed the major magmatic mass of the system. Generation of basaltic andesites to dacites at Mount Adams occurred by assimilation and fractional crystallization in the lower crust, but wholesale crustal melting did not occur. Most lavas have Tb/Yb ratios that are significantly higher than those of MORB, which is consistent with partial melting of the mantle in the presence of residual garnet. 18O values for olivine phenocrysts in Mount Adams lavas are within the range of typical upper mantle peridotites, precluding involvement of upper crustal sedimentary material or accreted terrane during magma ascent. The restricted Nd and Hf isotope compositions of Mount Adams lavas indicate that these isotope systems are insensitive to crustal interaction in this juvenile arc, in stark contrast to Os isotopes, which are highly sensitive to interaction with young, mafic material in the lower crust. Springer-Verlag 2008.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00410-008-0329-6","issn":"00107","usgsCitation":"Jicha, B., Hart, G., Johnson, C., Hildreth, W., Beard, B., Shirey, S., and Valley, J., 2009, Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of lavas from the Mount Adams volcanic field, Washington: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 157, no. 2, p. 189-207, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0329-6.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"207","numberOfPages":"19","ipdsId":"IP-007379","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0329-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -121.26983642578124,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -121.26983642578124,\n 46.27673288302042\n ],\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 46.27673288302042\n ],\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 46.08847179577592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"157","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f98e4b0c8380cd64646","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jicha, B.R.","contributorId":45122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jicha","given":"B.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, G.L.","contributorId":107505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C.M.","contributorId":78707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hildreth, Wes 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":2221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beard, B.L.","contributorId":56045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shirey, S.B.","contributorId":69712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirey","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Valley, J.W.","contributorId":28741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valley","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70034885,"text":"70034885 - 2009 - Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:39:17","indexId":"70034885","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study","docAbstract":"

Joint measurements of ground deformation and micro-gravity changes are an indispensable component for any volcano monitoring strategy. A number of analytical mathematical models are available in the literature that can be used to fit geodetic data and infer source location, depth and density. Bootstrap statistical methods allow estimations of the range of the inferred parameters. Although analytical models often assume that the crust is elastic, homogenous and isotropic, they can take into account different source geometries, the influence of topography, and gravity background noise. The careful use of analytical models, together with high quality data sets, can produce valuable insights into the nature of the deformation/gravity source. Here we present a review of various modeling methods, and use the historical unrest at Long Valley caldera (California) from 1982 to 1999 to illustrate the practical application of analytical modeling and bootstrap to constrain the source of unrest. A key question is whether the unrest at Long Valley since the late 1970s can be explained without calling upon an intrusion of magma. The answer, apparently, is no. Our modeling indicates that the inflation source is a slightly tilted prolate ellipsoid (dip angle between 91° and 105°) at a depth of 6.5 to 7.9 km beneath the caldera resurgent dome with an aspect ratio between 0.44 and 0.60, a volume change from 0.161 to 0.173 km3 and a density of 1241 to 2093 kg/m3. The larger uncertainty of the density estimate reflects the higher noise of gravity measurements. These results are consistent with the intrusion of silicic magma with a significant amount of volatiles beneath the caldera resurgent dome.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Battaglia, M., and Hill, D., 2009, Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study: Tectonophysics, v. 471, no. 1-2, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215735,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.91258239746092,\n 37.70229391925025\n ],\n [\n -118.64891052246092,\n 37.70229391925025\n ],\n [\n -118.64891052246092,\n 37.769629187677\n ],\n [\n -118.91258239746092,\n 37.769629187677\n ],\n [\n -118.91258239746092,\n 37.70229391925025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"471","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb6ce4b0c8380cd48dbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio","contributorId":32602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033983,"text":"70033983 - 2009 - The Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary record in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Implications for climate and sea-level changes on the western Atlantic margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-02T14:11:41.951625","indexId":"70033983","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary record in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Implications for climate and sea-level changes on the western Atlantic margin","docAbstract":"A multidisciplinary investigation of the Eocene-Oligocene transition in the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP)-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Eyreville core from the Chesapeake Bay impact basin was conducted in order to document environmental changes and sequence stratigraphic setting. Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy indicate that the Eyreville core includes an expanded upper Eocene (Biozones E15 to E16 and NP19/20 to NP21, respectively) and a condensed Oligocene-Miocene (NP24-NN1) sedimentary sequence. The Eocene-Oligocene contact corresponds to a =3-Ma-long hiatus. Eocene- Oligocene sedimentation is dominated by great diversity and varying amounts of detrital and authigenic minerals. Four sedimentary intervals are identified by lithology and mineral content: (1) A 30-m-thick, smectite- and illite-rich interval directly overlies the Exmore Formation, suggesting long-term reworking of impact debris within the Chesapeake Bay impact structure. (2) Subsequently, an increase in kaolinite content suggests erosion from soils developed during late Eocene warm and humid climate in agreement with data derived from other Atlantic sites. However, the kaolinite increase may also be explained by change to a predominant sediment input from outside the Chesapeake Bay impact structure caused by progradation of more proximal facies belts during the highstand systems tract of the late Eocene sequence E10.Spectral analysis based on gamma-ray and magnetic susceptibility logs suggests infl uence of 1.2 Ma low-amplitude oscillation of the obliquity period during the late Eocene. (3) During the latest Eocene (Biozones NP21 and E16), several lithological contacts (clay to clayey silt) occur concomitant with a prominent change in the mineralogical composition with illite as a major component: This lithological change starts close to the Biozone NP19/20-NP21 boundary and may correspond to sequence boundary E10-E11 as observed in other northwest Atlantic margin sections. It could result from a shift to more distal depositional environments and condensed sedimentation during maximum fl ooding, rather than refl ecting a climatic change in the hinterland. The distinct 1% increase of the oxygen isotopes may correspond to the short-term latest Eocene \"precursor isotope event.\" (4) The abrupt increase of sediment grainsize, carbonate content, and abundance of authigenic minerals (glauconite) across the major unconformity that separates Eocene from Oligocene sediments in the Eyreville core refl ects deposition in shallower settings associated with erosion, winnowing, and reworking. Sediments within the central crater were affected by the rapid eustatic sea-level changes associated with the greenhouse-icehouse transition, as well as by an abrupt major uplift event and possibly enhanced current activity on the northwestern Atlantic margin. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2458(35)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Schulte, P., Wade, B., Kontny, A., and Self-Trail, J., 2009, The Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary record in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Implications for climate and sea-level changes on the western Atlantic margin: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 458, p. 839-865, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(35).","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"865","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Staes","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -74.59716796875,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -74.59716796875,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 36.049098959065645\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba71fe4b08c986b321393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulte, P.","contributorId":48792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wade, B.S.","contributorId":34742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kontny, A.","contributorId":80919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontny","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean 0000-0002-3018-4985 jstrail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3018-4985","contributorId":147370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":535163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176163,"text":"70176163 - 2009 - Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70176163,"text":"70176163 - 2009 - Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin","indexId":"70176163","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-30T15:24:37","indexId":"70176163","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

A major focus of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Trout Lake Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) project is the development of a watershed model to allow predictions of hydrologic response to future conditions including land-use and climate change. The coupled groundwater/surface-water model GSFLOW was chosen for this purpose because it could easily incorporate an existing groundwater flow model and it provides for simulation of surface-water processes. The Trout Lake watershed in northern Wisconsin is underlain by a highly conductive outwash sand aquifer. In this area, streamflow is dominated by groundwater contributions; however, surface runoff occurs during intense rainfall periods and spring snowmelt. Surface runoff also occurs locally near stream/lake areas where the unsaturated zone is thin. A diverse data set, collected from 1992 to 2007 for the Trout Lake WEBB project and the co-located and NSF-funded North Temperate Lakes LTER project, includes snowpack, solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration, lake levels, groundwater levels, and streamflow. The timeseries processing software TSPROC (Doherty 2003) was used to distill the large time series data set to a smaller set of observations and summary statistics that captured the salient hydrologic information. The timeseries processing reduced hundreds of thousands of observations to less than 5,000. Model calibration included specific predictions for several lakes in the study area using the PEST parameter estimation suite of software (Doherty 2007). The calibrated model was used to simulate the hydrologic response in the study lakes to a variety of climate change scenarios culled from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon et al. 2007). Results from the simulations indicate climate change could result in substantial changes to the lake levels and components of the hydrologic budget of a seepage lake in the flow system. For a drainage lake lower in the flow system, the impacts of climate change are diminished. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR2009-5049)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Third interagency conference on research in the watersheds","conferenceDate":"September 8-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Walker, J.F., Hunt, R.J., Markstrom, S., Hay, L.E., and Doherty, J., 2009, Using a coupled groundwater/surfacewater model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, Northern Wisconsin, in Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR2009-5049), Estes Park, CO, September 8-11, 2008, p. 155-161.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":328067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/Walker.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6b1b6e4b0f2f0cebe73c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":1986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven L.","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doherty, John","contributorId":43843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033231,"text":"70033231 - 2009 - Potential effects of runoff, fluvial sediment, and nutrient discharges on the coral reefs of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:35","indexId":"70033231","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of runoff, fluvial sediment, and nutrient discharges on the coral reefs of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Coral reefs, the foundation and primary structure of many highly productive and diverse tropical marine ecosystems, have been degraded by human activity in much of the earth's tropical oceans. To contribute to improved understanding of this problem, the potential relation between river sediment and nutrient discharges and degradation of coral reefs surrounding Puerto Rico was studied using streamflow, suspended-sediment, and water-quality data. Mean annual runoff for the 8711 km2 island is 911 mm, about 57% of mean annual precipitation (1600 mm). Mean annual suspended-sediment discharge from Puerto Rico to coastal waters is estimated at 2.7-9.0 million metric tonnes. Storm runoff transports a substantial part of sediment: the highest recorded daily sediment discharge is 1-3.6 times the mean annual sediment discharge. Hurricane Georges (1998) distributed an average of 300 mm of rain across the island, equivalent to a volume of about 2.6 billion m3. Runoff of more than 1.0 billion m3 of water and as much as 5 to 10 million metric tonnes of sediment were discharged to the coast and shelf. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in river waters are as much as 10 times the estimated presettlement levels. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus concentrations in many Puerto Rico rivers are near or above regulatory limits. Unlike sediment discharges, which are predominantly episodic and intense, river-borne nutrient and fecal discharge is a less-intense but chronic stressor to coral reefs found near the mouths of rivers. Negative effects of riverderived sediment and nutrient discharge on coral reefs are especially pronounced on the north, southwest, and west coasts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/07-0920.1","issn":"07490","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Webb, R., 2009, Potential effects of runoff, fluvial sediment, and nutrient discharges on the coral reefs of Puerto Rico: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 25, no. 1, p. 189-208, https://doi.org/10.2112/07-0920.1.","startPage":"189","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476232,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2112/07-0920.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213284,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/07-0920.1"},{"id":240894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7edee4b0c8380cd7a7d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, M. C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R.M.T.","contributorId":99369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033038,"text":"70033038 - 2009 - Associations between land use and Perkinsus marinus infection of eastern oysters in a high salinity, partially urbanized estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-05T13:19:02","indexId":"70033038","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Associations between land use and Perkinsus marinus infection of eastern oysters in a high salinity, partially urbanized estuary","docAbstract":"Infection levels of eastern oysters by the unicellular pathogen Perkinsus marinus have been associated with anthropogenic influences in laboratory studies. However, these relationships have been difficult to investigate in the field because anthropogenic inputs are often associated with natural influences such as freshwater inflow, which can also affect infection levels. We addressed P. marinus-land use associations using field-collected data from Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, USA, a developed, coastal estuary with relatively minor freshwater inputs. Ten oysters from each of 30 reefs were sampled quarterly in each of 2 years. Distances to nearest urbanized land class and to nearest stormwater outfall were measured via both tidal creeks and an elaboration of Euclidean distance. As the forms of any associations between oyster infection and distance to urbanization were unknown a priori, we used data from the first and second years of the study as exploratory and confirmatory datasets, respectively. With one exception, quarterly land use associations identified using the exploratory dataset were not confirmed using the confirmatory dataset. The exception was an association between the prevalence of moderate to high infection levels in winter and decreasing distance to nearest urban land use. Given that the study design appeared adequate to detect effects inferred from the exploratory dataset, these results suggest that effects of land use gradients were largely insubstantial or were ephemeral with duration less than 3 months.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10646-008-0279-9","issn":"09639","usgsCitation":"Gray, B.R., Bushek, D., Drane, J.W., and Porter, D., 2009, Associations between land use and Perkinsus marinus infection of eastern oysters in a high salinity, partially urbanized estuary: Ecotoxicology, v. 18, no. 2, p. 259-269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-008-0279-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-008-0279-9"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee94e4b0c8380cd49e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, Brian R. 0000-0001-7682-9550 brgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-9550","contributorId":2615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Brian","email":"brgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bushek, David","contributorId":23766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bushek","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drane, J. Wanzer","contributorId":90943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drane","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wanzer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porter, Dwayne","contributorId":7506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Dwayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032942,"text":"70032942 - 2009 - Molecular detection of native and invasive marine invertebrate larvae present in ballast and open water environmental samples collected in Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70032942","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular detection of native and invasive marine invertebrate larvae present in ballast and open water environmental samples collected in Puget Sound","docAbstract":"Non-native marine species have been and continue to be introduced into Puget Sound via several vectors including ship's ballast water. Some non-native species become invasive and negatively impact native species or near shore habitats. We present a new methodology for the development and testing of taxon specific PCR primers designed to assess environmental samples of ocean water for the presence of native and non-native bivalves, crustaceans and algae. The intergenic spacer regions (IGS; ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S) of the ribosomal DNA were sequenced for adult samples of each taxon studied. We used these data along with those available in Genbank to design taxon and group specific primers and tested their stringency against artificial populations of plasmid constructs containing the entire IGS region for each of the 25 taxa in our study, respectively. Taxon and group specific primer sets were then used to detect the presence or absence of native and non-native planktonic life-history stages (propagules) from environmental samples of ballast water and plankton tow net samples collected in Puget Sound. This methodology provides an inexpensive and efficient way to test the discriminatory ability of taxon specific oligonucleotides (PCR primers) before creating molecular probes or beacons for use in molecular ecological applications such as probe hybridizations or microarray analyses. This work addresses the current need to develop molecular tools capable of diagnosing the presence of planktonic life-history stages from non-native marine species (potential invaders) in ballast water and other environmental samples. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.030","issn":"00220","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., Hoy, M., and Rodriguez, R.J., 2009, Molecular detection of native and invasive marine invertebrate larvae present in ballast and open water environmental samples collected in Puget Sound: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 369, no. 2, p. 93-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.030.","startPage":"93","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213515,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.030"}],"volume":"369","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cffe4b0c8380cd700b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J.B.J.","contributorId":90116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J.B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoy, M.S.","contributorId":85780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoy","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032841,"text":"70032841 - 2009 - Assessing the sources and magnitude of diurnal nitrate variability in the San Joaquin River (California) with an in situ optical nitrate sensor and dual nitrate isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T09:50:29","indexId":"70032841","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the sources and magnitude of diurnal nitrate variability in the San Joaquin River (California) with an in situ optical nitrate sensor and dual nitrate isotopes","docAbstract":"

1. We investigated diurnal nitrate (NO3−) concentration variability in the San Joaquin River using an in situ optical NO3− sensor and discrete sampling during a 5‐day summer period characterized by high algal productivity. Dual NO3− isotopes (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) and dissolved oxygen isotopes (δ18ODO) were measured over 2 days to assess NO3− sources and biogeochemical controls over diurnal time‐scales.

2. Concerted temporal patterns of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and δ18ODOwere consistent with photosynthesis, respiration and atmospheric O2 exchange, providing evidence of diurnal biological processes independent of river discharge.

3. Surface water NO3− concentrations varied by up to 22% over a single diurnal cycle and up to 31% over the 5‐day study, but did not reveal concerted diurnal patterns at a frequency comparable to DO concentrations. The decoupling of δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3isotopes suggests that algal assimilation and denitrification are not major processes controlling diurnal NO3− variability in the San Joaquin River during the study. The lack of a clear explanation for NO3− variability likely reflects a combination of riverine biological processes and time‐varying physical transport of NO3− from upstream agricultural drains to the mainstem San Joaquin River.

4. The application of an in situ optical NO3− sensor along with discrete samples provides a view into the fine temporal structure of hydrochemical data and may allow for greater accuracy in pollution assessment.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02111.x","issn":"00465","usgsCitation":"Pellerin, B.A., Downing, B.D., Kendall, C., Dahlgren, R., Kraus, T.E., Saraceno, J., Spencer, R., and Bergamaschi, B., 2009, Assessing the sources and magnitude of diurnal nitrate variability in the San Joaquin River (California) with an in situ optical nitrate sensor and dual nitrate isotopes: Freshwater Biology, v. 54, no. 2, p. 376-387, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02111.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"387","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213959,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02111.x"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edf0e4b0c8380cd49b0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pellerin, Brian A. bpeller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Brian","email":"bpeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":438196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downing, Bryan D. 0000-0002-2007-5304 bdowning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2007-5304","contributorId":1449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"Bryan","email":"bdowning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dahlgren, Randy A.","contributorId":48630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlgren","given":"Randy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kraus, Tamara E.C. 0000-0002-5187-8644 tkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-8644","contributorId":1452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Tamara","email":"tkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":438189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Saraceno, John Franco 0000-0003-0064-1820","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-1820","contributorId":71686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saraceno","given":"John Franco","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Spencer, Robert G. M.","contributorId":28866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Robert G. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":1448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":438190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70032721,"text":"70032721 - 2009 - Flow and geochemistry of groundwater beneath a back-barrier lagoon: The subterranean estuary at Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:18:08","indexId":"70032721","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow and geochemistry of groundwater beneath a back-barrier lagoon: The subterranean estuary at Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, USA","docAbstract":"

To better understand large-scale interactions between fresh and saline groundwater beneath an Atlantic coastal estuary, an offshore drilling and sampling study was performed in a large barrier-bounded lagoon, Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, USA. Groundwater that was significantly fresher than overlying bay water was found in shallow plumes up to 8 m thick extending more than 1700 m offshore. Groundwater saltier than bay surface water was found locally beneath the lagoon and the barrier island, indicating recharge by saline water concentrated by evaporation prior to infiltration. Steep salinity and nutrient gradients occur within a few meters of the sediment surface in most locations studied, with buried peats and estuarine muds acting as confining units. Groundwater ages were generally more than 50 years in both fresh and brackish waters as deep as 23 m below the bay bottom. Water chemistry and isotopic data indicate that freshened plumes beneath the estuary are mixtures of water originally recharged on land and varying amounts of estuarine surface water that circulated through the bay floor, possibly at some distance from the sampling location. Ammonium is the dominant fixed nitrogen species in saline groundwater beneath the estuary at the locations sampled. Isotopic and dissolved-gas data from one location indicate that denitrification within the subsurface flow system removed terrestrial nitrate from fresh groundwater prior to discharge along the western side of the estuary. Similar situations, with one or more shallow semi-confined flow systems where groundwater geochemistry is strongly influenced by circulation of surface estuary water through organic-rich sediments, may be common on the Atlantic margin and elsewhere.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.004","issn":"03044","usgsCitation":"Bratton, J., Böhlke, J., Krantz, D., and Tobias, C., 2009, Flow and geochemistry of groundwater beneath a back-barrier lagoon: The subterranean estuary at Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, USA: Marine Chemistry, v. 113, no. 1-2, p. 78-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.004.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476365,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2963","text":"External Repository"},{"id":241424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213767,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.004"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1238e4b0c8380cd54210","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bratton, J.F.","contributorId":94354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krantz, D.E.","contributorId":9838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krantz","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tobias, C.R.","contributorId":9442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobias","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161736,"text":"70161736 - 2009 - Status and trends of prey fish populations in Lake Michigan, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T09:57:57","indexId":"70161736","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5651,"text":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Committee Meeting Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"title":"Status and trends of prey fish populations in Lake Michigan, 2008","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes Science Center (GLSC) has conducted lake-wide surveys of the fish community in Lake Michigan each fall since 1973 using standard 12-m bottom trawls towed along contour at depths of 9 to 110 m at each of seven index transects. The resulting data on relative abundance, size structure, and condition of individual fishes are used to estimate various population parameters that are in turn used by state and tribal agencies in managing Lake Michigan fish stocks. All seven established index transects of the survey were completed in 2008. The survey provides relative abundance and biomass estimates between the 5-m and 114-m depth contours of the lake (herein, lake-wide) for prey fish populations, as well as burbot, yellow perch, and the introduced dreissenid mussels. Lake-wide biomass of alewives in 2008 was estimated at 8.27 kilotonnes (kt) (1 kt = 1000 metric tons), which was the smallest biomass estimate in the entire time series and 29% lower than the 2007 estimate. Lake-wide biomass of bloater in 2008 was estimated at 3.33 kt, which was the lowest estimate since 1977 and 38% lower than the 2007 estimate. Rainbow smelt lake-wide biomass equaled 0.89 kt, which was only 0.01 kt higher than 2007, which is the lowest estimate in the time series. Deepwater sculpin lake-wide biomass equaled 5.23 kt, which is the fourth straight year of declining biomass. The 2008 estimate is the second smallest in the time series, and 39% lower than the 2007 estimate. Slimy sculpin lake-wide biomass remained relatively high in 2008 (2.75 kt), increasing 25% over 2007. Ninespine stickleback lake-wide biomass equaled only 0.50 kt in 2008, which was 79% lower than the 2007 estimate. The final prey fish, exotic round goby, increased two orders of magnitude between 2007 and 2008, from 0.02 to 4.65 kt. Round gobies now represent 18% of the prey fish biomass. Burbot lake-wide biomass (0.91 kt in 2008) has remained fairly constant since 2002. Numeric density of age-0 yellow perch (i.e., < 100 mm) equaled 0.7 fish per ha, which is indicative of a relatively poor year-class. Lake-wide biomass of dreissenid mussels dropped precipitously in 2008, down to 9.47 kt, and a 96% decline from the 2007 biomass estimate. Overall, the total lake-wide prey fish biomass estimate (sum of alewife, bloater, rainbow smelt, deepwater sculpin, slimy sculpin, round goby, and ninespine stickleback) in 2008 was 25.62 kt, which was the lowest observed since the survey began in 1973.","conferenceTitle":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission: Lake Michigan Committee Meeting","conferenceDate":"March 26, 2009","conferenceLocation":"Ypsilanti, MI","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, D., Madenjian, C.P., Holuszko, J.D., Desorcie, T.J., and Adams, J.V., 2009, Status and trends of prey fish populations in Lake Michigan, 2008: Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Committee Meeting Report, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-012350","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340117,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313817,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.glsc.usgs.gov/products/reports/1692671905"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58fdbd1be4b0074928294491","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, David B. dbunnell@usgs.gov","contributorId":141167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","email":"dbunnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holuszko, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":104429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holuszko","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668 tdesorcie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":3672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"tdesorcie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":587593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035963,"text":"70035963 - 2009 - Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035963","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","docAbstract":"The disastrous 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China took the local population as well as scientists by surprise. Although the Longmen Shan fault zonewhich includes the fault segments along which this earthquake nucleatedwas well known, geologic and geodetic data indicate relatively low (<3 mm yr -1) deformation rates. Here we invert Global Positioning System and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data to infer fault geometry and slip distribution associated with the earthquake. Our analysis shows that the geometry of the fault changes along its length: in the southwest, the fault plane dips moderately to the northwest but becomes nearly vertical in the northeast. Associated with this is a change in the motion along the fault from predominantly thrusting to strike-slip. Peak slip along the fault occurs at the intersections of fault segments located near the towns of Yingxiu, Beichuan and Nanba, where fatalities and damage were concentrated. We suggest that these locations represent barriers that failed in a single event, enabling the rupture to cascade through several fault segments and cause a major moment magnitude (Mw) 7.9 earthquake. Using coseismic slip distribution and geodetic and geological slip rates, we estimate that the failure of barriers and rupture along multiple segments takes place approximately once in 4,000 years. ?? 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/ngeo636","issn":"17520894","usgsCitation":"Shen, Z., Sun, J., Zhang, P., Wan, Y., Wang, M., Burgmann, R., Zeng, Y., Gan, W., Liao, H., and Wang, Q., 2009, Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, no. 10, p. 718-724, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo636.","startPage":"718","endPage":"724","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216476,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo636"},{"id":244347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b914ae4b08c986b31980b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shen, Z.-K.","contributorId":97262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shen","given":"Z.-K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sun, Jielun","contributorId":33443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Jielun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, P.","contributorId":92822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wan, Y.","contributorId":51519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wang, M.","contributorId":98810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zeng, Y.","contributorId":23759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gan, Weijun","contributorId":33083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gan","given":"Weijun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Liao, H.","contributorId":42752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liao","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wang, Q.","contributorId":83761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70035910,"text":"70035910 - 2009 - Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035910","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin","docAbstract":"The Miocene Bear Lake Formation is exposed along the coast and mountains of the central Alaska Peninsula and extends offshore as part of the Bristol Bay Basin. The Bear Lake Formation is up to 2360 m (7743 ft) thick in an offshore well and is considered to have the highest reservoir potential in this gasrich frontier basin. Our new macrofossil and palynological data, collected in the context of measured stratigraphic sections, allow us to construct the first chronostratigraphic framework for this formation. Biostratigraphic age assignments for the numerous, commonly isolated, onshore exposures of the Bear Lake Formation show that deposition initiated sometime before the middle Miocene (15 Ma) and extended to possibly the earliest Pliocene. The bulk of the Bear Lake Formation, however, was deposited during the middle and late Miocene based on our new findings. We interpret the Bear Lake Formation as the product of a regional transgressive estuarine depositional system based on lithofacies analysis. The lower part of the formation is characterized by trough cross-stratified sandstone interbedded with coal and pedogenic mudstone deposited in fluvial and swamp environments of the uppermost parts of the estuarine system. The lower-middle part of the formation is dominated by nonbioturbated, wavy- and flaser-bedded sandstone and siltstone that were deposited in supratidal flat environments. The uppermiddle part of the Bear Lake Formation is characterized by inclined heterolithic strata and coquinoid mussel beds that represent tidal channel environments in the middle and lower tracts of the estuarine system. The uppermost part of the formation consists of tabular, bioturbated sandstone with diverse marine invertebrate macrofossil faunas. We interpret this part of the section as representing the subtidal tract of the lower estuarine system and possibly the adjacent shallow inner shelf. A comparison of our depositional framework for the Bear Lake Formation with core and well-log data from onshore and offshore wells indicates that similar Miocene depositional systems existed throughout much of the Bristol Bay Basin. The documented changes in depositional environments within the Bear Lake Formation are also important for understanding upsection changes in the geometries of potential reservoirs. Copyright ??2009. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/10010808030","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Finzel, E., Ridgway, K., Reifenstuhl, R., Blodgett, R.B., White, J.M., and Decker, P., 2009, Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 93, no. 3, p. 379-405, https://doi.org/10.1306/10010808030.","startPage":"379","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/10010808030"},{"id":243928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9900e4b08c986b31c1bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finzel, E.S.","contributorId":79332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finzel","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridgway, K.D.","contributorId":62792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reifenstuhl, R.R.","contributorId":84182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reifenstuhl","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blodgett, R. B.","contributorId":25176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Decker, P.L.","contributorId":19399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035909,"text":"70035909 - 2009 - TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for real-time high-data-rate sensor networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035909","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3034,"text":"Pervasive and Mobile Computing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for real-time high-data-rate sensor networks","docAbstract":"Earlier sensor network MAC protocols focus on energy conservation in low-duty cycle applications, while some recent applications involve real-time high-data-rate signals. This motivates us to design an innovative localized TDMA MAC protocol to achieve high throughput and low congestion in data collection sensor networks, besides energy conservation. TreeMAC divides a time cycle into frames and each frame into slots. A parent node determines the children's frame assignment based on their relative bandwidth demand, and each node calculates its own slot assignment based on its hop-count to the sink. This innovative 2-dimensional frame-slot assignment algorithm has the following nice theory properties. First, given any node, at any time slot, there is at most one active sender in its neighborhood (including itself). Second, the packet scheduling with TreeMAC is bufferless, which therefore minimizes the probability of network congestion. Third, the data throughput to the gateway is at least 1/3 of the optimum assuming reliable links. Our experiments on a 24-node testbed show that TreeMAC protocol significantly improves network throughput, fairness, and energy efficiency compared to TinyOS's default CSMA MAC protocol and a recent TDMA MAC protocol Funneling-MAC. Partial results of this paper were published in Song, Huang, Shirazi and Lahusen [W.-Z. Song, R. Huang, B. Shirazi, and R. Lahusen, TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for high-throughput and fairness in sensor networks, in: The 7th Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, PerCom, March 2009]. Our new contributions include analyses of the performance of TreeMAC from various aspects. We also present more implementation detail and evaluate TreeMAC from other aspects. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pervasive and Mobile Computing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.004","issn":"15741192","usgsCitation":"Song, W., Huang, R., Shirazi, B., and LaHusen, R., 2009, TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for real-time high-data-rate sensor networks: Pervasive and Mobile Computing, v. 5, no. 6, p. 750-765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.004.","startPage":"750","endPage":"765","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216059,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.004"},{"id":243900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a7e4b08c986b3273e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Song, W.-Z.","contributorId":23334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"W.-Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, R.","contributorId":88578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shirazi, B.","contributorId":78162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirazi","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaHusen, R.","contributorId":7446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035902,"text":"70035902 - 2009 - VIMS spectral mapping observations of Titan during the Cassini prime mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035902","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VIMS spectral mapping observations of Titan during the Cassini prime mission","docAbstract":"This is a data paper designed to facilitate the use of and comparisons to Cassini/visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) spectral mapping data of Saturn's moon Titan. We present thumbnail orthographic projections of flyby mosaics from each Titan encounter during the Cassini prime mission, 2004 July 1 through 2008 June 30. For each flyby we also describe the encounter geometry, and we discuss the studies that have previously been published using the VIMS dataset. The resulting compliation of metadata provides a complementary big-picture overview of the VIMS data in the public archive, and should be a useful reference for future Titan studies. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.013","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Barnes, J.W., Soderblom, J., Brown, R.H., Buratti, B.J., Sotin, C., Baines, K.H., Clark, R.N., Jaumann, R., McCord, T.B., Nelson, R., Le Mouelic, S., Rodriguez, S., Griffith, C., Penteado, P., Tosi, F., Pitman, K., Soderblom, L., Stephan, K., Hayne, P., Vixie, G., Bibring, J., Bellucci, G., Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Coradini, A., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., Nicholson, P.D., and Sicardy, B., 2009, VIMS spectral mapping observations of Titan during the Cassini prime mission: Planetary and Space Science, v. 57, no. 14-15, p. 1950-1962, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.013.","startPage":"1950","endPage":"1962","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216441,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.013"},{"id":244311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"14-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0eae4b08c986b32a3b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, J. 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In the northern Great Plains, native prairies managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) can be pivotal in conservation of North America's biological diversity. From 2002 to 2006, we surveyed 7,338 belt transects to assess the general composition of mixed-grass and tallgrass prairie vegetation across five \"complexes\" (i.e., administrative groupings) of national wildlife refuges managed by the Service in North Dakota and South Dakota. Native grasses and forbs were common (mean frequency of occurrence 47%-54%) on two complexes but uncommon (4%-13%) on two others. Conversely, an introduced species of grass, smooth brome (Bromus inermis), accounted for 45% to 49% of vegetation on two complexes and another species, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) accounted for 27% to 36% of the vegetation on three of the complexes. Our data confirm prior suspicions of widespread invasion by introduced species of plants on Service-owned tracts of native prairie, changes that likely stem in part from a common management history of little or no disturbance (e.g., defoliation by grazing or fire). However, variability in the degree and type of invasion among prairie tracts suggests that knowledge of underlying causes (e.g., edaphic or climatic factors, management histories) could help managers more effectively restore prairies. We describe an adaptive management approach to acquire such knowledge while progressing with restoration. More specifically, we propose to use data from inventories of plant communities on Service-owned prairies to design and implement, as experiments, optimal restoration strategies. We will then monitor these experiments and use the results to refine future strategies. This comprehensive, process-oriented approach should yield reliable and robust recommendations for restoration and maintenance of native prairies in the northern Great Plains. 2009 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Restoration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3368/er.27.1.58","issn":"15434079","usgsCitation":"Grant, T., Flanders-Wanner, B., Shaffer, T., Murphy, R., and Knutsen, G., 2009, An emerging crisis across northern prairie refuges: Prevalence of invasive plants and a plan for adaptive management: Ecological Restoration, v. 27, no. 1, p. 58-65, https://doi.org/10.3368/er.27.1.58.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216224,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.27.1.58"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea32e4b0c8380cd486d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, T.A.","contributorId":89855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flanders-Wanner, B.","contributorId":43596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanders-Wanner","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murphy, R.K.","contributorId":48910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knutsen, G.A.","contributorId":56587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutsen","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032775,"text":"70032775 - 2009 - Histopathology of repeated, intermittent exposure of chloramine-T to walleye (Sander vitreum) and (Ictalurus punctalus) channel catfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032775","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Histopathology of repeated, intermittent exposure of chloramine-T to walleye (Sander vitreum) and (Ictalurus punctalus) channel catfish","docAbstract":"Chloramine-T (Cl-T) has been used safely and effectively to control bacterial gill disease in salmonids at a maximum exposure regimen of up to four consecutive, once-daily exposures administered for 60??min at 20??mg/L. However, data to document safe treatment concentrations of Cl-T are lacking for freshwater-reared fish other than salmonids. We report the histopathology resultant from the administration of 12 consecutive, once-daily, 180-min static immersion baths of 0, 20, 50, or 80??mg Cl-T/L to walleye (20????C) and channel catfish (27????C). Twelve fish of each species were euthanized immediately before the first exposure (initial controls) and then after the twelfth exposure and 7 and 14??days after the twelfth exposure. Only initial controls and fish euthanized immediately after the twelfth exposure were processed for histological review because of the general lack of exposure-related lesions in exposed fish. The only exposure-related histological changes were in the spleen where significantly greater erythrocyte swelling and necrosis was observed in channel catfish exposed at 80??mg/L relative to exposure at 0??mg/L; similar histological changes were insignificant for walleye, though there appeared to be a shift in the general category of histological change with degenerative changes (necrosis, etc.) observed following exposure at 50 or 80??mg/L compared to the inflammatory and hemodynamic changes (congestion, leukocyte infiltrate, etc.) observed in walleye exposed at 0 or 20??mg/L. The only significant change in peripheral blood cytology was that walleye fingerlings exposed at 80??mg/L had significantly fewer mature red blood cells and significantly more immature red blood cells per oil-immersion field than controls. The histopathological changes observed following exposure to Cl-T under an exaggerated exposure regimen suggest that walleye or channel catfish therapeutically exposed to Cl-T will not have treatment-related histological changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.020","issn":"00448","usgsCitation":"Gaikowski, M., Densmore, C.L., and Blazer, V., 2009, Histopathology of repeated, intermittent exposure of chloramine-T to walleye (Sander vitreum) and (Ictalurus punctalus) channel catfish: Aquaculture, v. 287, no. 1-2, p. 28-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.020.","startPage":"28","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214015,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.020"},{"id":241700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3158e4b0c8380cd5de4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaikowski, M.P. 0000-0002-6507-9341","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":51685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, V. 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Lightning ignitions, any of which could burn a large area given appropriate conditions for fire spread, could be the first indication of more frequent fire. We examined the relationship between snowpack and the ignition and size of fires that occurred in Yosemite National Park, California (area 3027 km2), between 1984 and 2005. During this period, 1870 fires burned 77 718 ha. Decreased spring snowpack exponentially increased the number of lightning-ignited fires. Snowpack mediated lightning-ignited fires by decreasing the proportion of lightning strikes that caused lightning-ignited fires and through fewer lightning strikes in years with deep snowpack. We also quantified fire severity for the 103 fires >40 ha with satellite fire-severity indices using 23 years of Landsat Thematic Mapper data. The proportion of the landscape that burned at higher severities and the complexity of higher-severity burn patches increased with the log10 of annual area burned. Using one snowpack forecast, we project that the number of lightning-ignited fires will increase 19.1% by 2020 to 2049 and the annual area burned at high severity will increase 21.9%. Climate-induced decreases in snowpack and the concomitant increase in fire severity suggest that existing assumptions may be understated-fires may become more frequent and more severe. ?? IAWF 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1071/WF08117","issn":"10498001","usgsCitation":"Lutz, J., van Wagtendonk, J., Thode, A.E., Miller, J., and Franklin, J., 2009, Climate, lightning ignitions, and fire severity in Yosemite National Park, California, USA: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 18, no. 7, p. 765-774, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF08117.","startPage":"765","endPage":"774","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216139,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF08117"},{"id":243987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f658e4b0c8380cd4c6e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lutz, J.A.","contributorId":71792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Wagtendonk, J. W.","contributorId":85111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thode, A. E.","contributorId":75870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thode","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J.D.","contributorId":43431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Franklin, J.F.","contributorId":56583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035786,"text":"70035786 - 2009 - Water quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas, 2002-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035786","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas, 2002-07","docAbstract":"Water quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas was evaluated from October 2002 through December 2007 in a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program. Water quality at 42 stream sites, representing urban and rural basins, was characterized by evaluating benthic macroinvertebrates, water (discrete and continuous data), and/or streambed sediment. Point and nonpoint sources and transport were described for water-quality constituents including suspended sediment, dissolved solids and major ions, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), indicator bacteria, pesticides, and organic wastewater and pharmaceutical compounds. The information obtained from this study is being used by city and county officials to develop effective management plans for protecting and improving stream quality. This fact sheet summarizes important results from three comprehensive reports published as part of the study and available on the World Wide Web at http://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/studies/qw/joco/. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)460","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T., 2009, Water quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas, 2002-07, in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 4581-4589, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)460.","startPage":"4581","endPage":"4589","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216079,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)460"},{"id":243921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc8dce4b08c986b32cb50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, T. J. 0000-0002-7023-3868","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":10464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70035773,"text":"70035773 - 2009 - Prediction of spectral acceleration response ordinates based on PGA attenuation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-12T08:28:53","indexId":"70035773","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of spectral acceleration response ordinates based on PGA attenuation","docAbstract":"Developed herein is a new peak ground acceleration (PGA)-based predictive model for 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration (SA) ordinates of free-field horizontal component of ground motion from shallow-crustal earthquakes. The predictive model of ground motion spectral shape (i.e., normalized spectrum) is generated as a continuous function of few parameters. The proposed model eliminates the classical exhausted matrix of estimator coefficients, and provides significant ease in its implementation. It is structured on the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) database with a number of additions from recent Californian events including 2003 San Simeon and 2004 Parkfield earthquakes. A unique feature of the model is its new functional form explicitly integrating PGA as a scaling factor. The spectral shape model is parameterized within an approximation function using moment magnitude, closest distance to the fault (fault distance) and VS30 (average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m) as independent variables. Mean values of its estimator coefficients were computed by fitting an approximation function to spectral shape of each record using robust nonlinear optimization. Proposed spectral shape model is independent of the PGA attenuation, allowing utilization of various PGA attenuation relations to estimate the response spectrum of earthquake recordings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","doi":"10.1193/1.3043904","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Graizer, V., and Kalkan, E., 2009, Prediction of spectral acceleration response ordinates based on PGA attenuation: Earthquake Spectra, v. 25, no. 1, p. 39-69, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3043904.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216351,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3043904"},{"id":244215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81f2e4b0c8380cd7b807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graizer, V.","contributorId":88930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graizer","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalkan, E. 0000-0002-9138-9407","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9138-9407","contributorId":8212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkan","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}