Using heat as a tracer, quantitative estimates of streambed fluxes and the critical stage for flow reversal were calculated for high‐flow events that occurred on the Bogue Phalia (a tributary of the Mississippi River) following the 2005 Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. In June 2005, piezometers were installed in the Bogue Phalia upstream from the stream gage near Leland, Mississippi, to monitor temperature. Even with the hurricanes, precipitation in the Bogue Phalia Basin for the months of June to October 2005 was below normal, and consequently, streamflow was below the long‐term average. Temperature profiles from the piezometers indicate that the Bogue Phalia was a gaining stream during most of this time, but relatively static streambed temperatures suggested long‐term data was warranted for heat‐based estimates of flux. However, the hurricanes caused a pair of sharp rises in stream stage over short periods of time, increasing the potential for rapid heat‐based modeling and for identification of the critical stage for flow reversal into the streambed. Heat‐based modeling fits of simulated‐to‐measured sediment temperatures show that once a critical stage was surpassed, flow direction reversed into the streambed. Results of this study demonstrate the ability to constrain estimates of streambed water flux and the critical stage of flow reversal, with little available groundwater head data, by using heat as a tracer during extreme stage events.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006121","usgsCitation":"Barlow, J.R., and Coupe, R.H., 2009, Use of heat to estimate streambed fluxes during extreme hydrologic events: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 1, Article W01403; 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006121.","productDescription":"Article W01403; 10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf21e4b08c986b329989","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, Jeannie R.B.","contributorId":33965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Jeannie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coupe, Richard H. 0000-0001-8679-1015 rhcoupe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-1015","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":452647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033983,"text":"70033983 - 2009 - The Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary record in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Implications for climate and sea-level changes on the western Atlantic margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-02T14:11:41.951625","indexId":"70033983","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary record in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Implications for climate and sea-level changes on the western Atlantic margin","docAbstract":"A multidisciplinary investigation of the Eocene-Oligocene transition in the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP)-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Eyreville core from the Chesapeake Bay impact basin was conducted in order to document environmental changes and sequence stratigraphic setting. Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy indicate that the Eyreville core includes an expanded upper Eocene (Biozones E15 to E16 and NP19/20 to NP21, respectively) and a condensed Oligocene-Miocene (NP24-NN1) sedimentary sequence. The Eocene-Oligocene contact corresponds to a =3-Ma-long hiatus. Eocene- Oligocene sedimentation is dominated by great diversity and varying amounts of detrital and authigenic minerals. Four sedimentary intervals are identified by lithology and mineral content: (1) A 30-m-thick, smectite- and illite-rich interval directly overlies the Exmore Formation, suggesting long-term reworking of impact debris within the Chesapeake Bay impact structure. (2) Subsequently, an increase in kaolinite content suggests erosion from soils developed during late Eocene warm and humid climate in agreement with data derived from other Atlantic sites. However, the kaolinite increase may also be explained by change to a predominant sediment input from outside the Chesapeake Bay impact structure caused by progradation of more proximal facies belts during the highstand systems tract of the late Eocene sequence E10.Spectral analysis based on gamma-ray and magnetic susceptibility logs suggests infl uence of 1.2 Ma low-amplitude oscillation of the obliquity period during the late Eocene. (3) During the latest Eocene (Biozones NP21 and E16), several lithological contacts (clay to clayey silt) occur concomitant with a prominent change in the mineralogical composition with illite as a major component: This lithological change starts close to the Biozone NP19/20-NP21 boundary and may correspond to sequence boundary E10-E11 as observed in other northwest Atlantic margin sections. It could result from a shift to more distal depositional environments and condensed sedimentation during maximum fl ooding, rather than refl ecting a climatic change in the hinterland. The distinct 1% increase of the oxygen isotopes may correspond to the short-term latest Eocene \"precursor isotope event.\" (4) The abrupt increase of sediment grainsize, carbonate content, and abundance of authigenic minerals (glauconite) across the major unconformity that separates Eocene from Oligocene sediments in the Eyreville core refl ects deposition in shallower settings associated with erosion, winnowing, and reworking. Sediments within the central crater were affected by the rapid eustatic sea-level changes associated with the greenhouse-icehouse transition, as well as by an abrupt major uplift event and possibly enhanced current activity on the northwestern Atlantic margin. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2458(35)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Schulte, P., Wade, B., Kontny, A., and Self-Trail, J., 2009, The Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary record in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Implications for climate and sea-level changes on the western Atlantic margin: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 458, p. 839-865, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(35).","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"865","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Staes","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -74.59716796875,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -74.59716796875,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 36.049098959065645\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba71fe4b08c986b321393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulte, P.","contributorId":48792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wade, B.S.","contributorId":34742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kontny, A.","contributorId":80919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontny","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean 0000-0002-3018-4985 jstrail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3018-4985","contributorId":147370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":535163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037368,"text":"70037368 - 2009 - Phylogeographic reconstruction of a bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037368","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":953,"text":"BMC Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogeographic reconstruction of a bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer","docAbstract":"Background: Phylogeographic reconstruction of some bacterial populations is hindered by low diversity coupled with high levels of lateral gene transfer. A comparison of recombination levels and diversity at seven housekeeping genes for eleven bacterial species, most of which are commonly cited as having high levels of lateral gene transfer shows that the relative contributions of homologous recombination versus mutation for Burkholderia pseudomallei is over two times higher than for Streptococcus pneumoniae and is thus the highest value yet reported in bacteria. Despite the potential for homologous recombination to increase diversity, B. pseudomallei exhibits a relative lack of diversity at these loci. In these situations, whole genome genotyping of orthologous shared single nucleotide polymorphism loci, discovered using next generation sequencing technologies, can provide very large data sets capable of estimating core phylogenetic relationships. We compared and searched 43 whole genome sequences of B. pseudomallei and its closest relatives for single nucleotide polymorphisms in orthologous shared regions to use in phylogenetic reconstruction. Results: Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of >14,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms yielded completely resolved trees for these 43 strains with high levels of statistical support. These results enable a better understanding of a separate analysis of population differentiation among >1,700 B. pseudomallei isolates as defined by sequence data from seven housekeeping genes. We analyzed this larger data set for population structure and allele sharing that can be attributed to lateral gene transfer. Our results suggest that despite an almost panmictic population, we can detect two distinct populations of B. pseudomallei that conform to biogeographic patterns found in many plant and animal species. That is, separation along Wallace's Line, a biogeographic boundary between Southeast Asia and Australia. Conclusion: We describe an Australian origin for B. pseudomallei, characterized by a single introduction event into Southeast Asia during a recent glacial period, and variable levels of lateral gene transfer within populations. These patterns provide insights into mechanisms of genetic diversification in B. pseudomallei and its closest relatives, and provide a framework for integrating the traditionally separate fields of population genetics and phylogenetics for other bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer. ?? 2009 Pearson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"BMC Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1186/1741-7007-7-78","issn":"17417007","usgsCitation":"Pearson, T., Giffard, P., Beckstrom-Sternberg, S., Auerbach, R., Hornstra, H., Tuanyok, A., Price, E., Glass, M., Leadem, B., Beckstrom-Sternberg, J.S., Allan, G., Foster, J., Wagner, D., Okinaka, R., Sim, S., Pearson, O., Wu, Z., Chang, J., Kaul, R., Hoffmaster, A., Brettin, T., Robison, R., Mayo, M., Gee, J., Tan, P., Currie, B., and Keim, P., 2009, Phylogeographic reconstruction of a bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer: BMC Biology, v. 7, https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-78.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476383,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-78","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-78"},{"id":245068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a59e4b0c8380cd78e84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, T.","contributorId":37572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giffard, P.","contributorId":11857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giffard","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckstrom-Sternberg, S.","contributorId":28103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckstrom-Sternberg","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Auerbach, R.","contributorId":100656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auerbach","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hornstra, H.","contributorId":82561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornstra","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tuanyok, A.","contributorId":63650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuanyok","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Price, E.P.","contributorId":28460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Glass, M.B.","contributorId":58122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Leadem, B.","contributorId":71801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leadem","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Beckstrom-Sternberg, J. S.","contributorId":60051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckstrom-Sternberg","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Allan, G.J.","contributorId":80934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allan","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Foster, J.T.","contributorId":100502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wagner, D.M.","contributorId":56056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Okinaka, R.T.","contributorId":90571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okinaka","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Sim, S.H.","contributorId":65304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sim","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Pearson, O.","contributorId":78585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Wu, Z.","contributorId":102028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Chang, J.","contributorId":40046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Kaul, R.","contributorId":56070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaul","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Hoffmaster, A.R.","contributorId":85437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmaster","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Brettin, T.S.","contributorId":38395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brettin","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Robison, R.A.","contributorId":9089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Mayo, M.","contributorId":38814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Gee, J.E.","contributorId":60052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Tan, P.","contributorId":50015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tan","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Currie, B.J.","contributorId":15045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currie","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Keim, P.","contributorId":104668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keim","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70033998,"text":"70033998 - 2009 - Web-based decision support and visualization tools for water quality management in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70033998","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Web-based decision support and visualization tools for water quality management in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"Federal, State, and local water quality managers charged with restoring the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem require tools to maximize the impact of their limited resources. To address this need, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) are developing a suite of Web-based tools called the Chesapeake Online Assessment Support Toolkit (COAST). The goal of COAST is to help CBP partners identify geographic areas where restoration activities would have the greatest effect, select the appropriate management strategies, and improve coordination and prioritization among partners. As part of the COAST suite of tools focused on environmental restoration, a water quality management visualization component called the Nutrient Yields Mapper (NYM) tool is being developed by USGS. The NYM tool is a web application that uses watershed yield estimates from USGS SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed (SPARROW) attributes model (Schwarz et al., 2006) [6] to allow water quality managers to identify important sources of nitrogen and phosphorous within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The NYM tool utilizes new open source technologies that have become popular in geospatial web development, including components such as OpenLayers and GeoServer. This paper presents examples of water quality data analysis based on nutrient type, source, yield, and area of interest using the NYM tool for the Chesapeake Bay watershed. In addition, we describe examples of map-based techniques for identifying high and low nutrient yield areas; web map engines; and data visualization and data management techniques.","largerWorkTitle":"2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Geoinformatics 2009","conferenceTitle":"2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Geoinformatics 2009","conferenceDate":"12 August 2009 through 14 August 2009","conferenceLocation":"Fairfax, VA","language":"English","doi":"10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2009.5293397","isbn":"9781424445639","usgsCitation":"Mullinix, C., Hearn, P., Zhang, H., and Aguinaldo, J., 2009, Web-based decision support and visualization tools for water quality management in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, in 2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Geoinformatics 2009, Fairfax, VA, 12 August 2009 through 14 August 2009, https://doi.org/10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2009.5293397.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2009.5293397"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfc4e4b08c986b32eac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullinix, C.","contributorId":71419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullinix","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hearn, P.","contributorId":73852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, H.","contributorId":50311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aguinaldo, J.","contributorId":24197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aguinaldo","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033999,"text":"70033999 - 2009 - Water balance dynamics in the Nile Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:19:47","indexId":"70033999","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water balance dynamics in the Nile Basin","docAbstract":"Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of key water balance components of the Nile River will provide important information for the management of its water resources. This study used satellite-derived rainfall and other key weather variables derived from the Global Data Assimilation System to estimate and map the distribution of rainfall, actual evapotranspiration (ETa), and runoff. Daily water balance components were modelled in a grid-cell environment at 0·1 degree (∼10 km) spatial resolution for 7 years from 2001 through 2007. Annual maps of the key water balance components and derived variables such as runoff and ETa as a percent of rainfall were produced. Generally, the spatial patterns of rainfall and ETa indicate high values in the upstream watersheds (Uganda, southern Sudan, and southwestern Ethiopia) and low values in the downstream watersheds. However, runoff as a percent of rainfall is much higher in the Ethiopian highlands around the Blue Nile subwatershed. The analysis also showed the possible impact of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands in reducing ETa magnitudes despite the availability of sufficient rainfall. Although the model estimates require field validation for the different subwatersheds, the runoff volume estimate for the Blue Nile subwatershed is within 7·0% of a figure reported from an earlier study. Further research is required for a thorough validation of the results and their integration with ecohydrologic models for better management of water and land resources in the various Nile Basin ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7364","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Senay, G.B., Asante, K., and Artan, G.A., 2009, Water balance dynamics in the Nile Basin: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 26, p. 3675-3681, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7364.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3675","endPage":"3681","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216834,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7364"}],"volume":"23","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7c2e4b08c986b32c5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":443581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asante, Kwabena 0000-0001-5408-1852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1852","contributorId":65948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asante","given":"Kwabena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":443582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032459,"text":"70032459 - 2009 - Titan's surface at 2.2-cm wavelength imaged by the Cassini RADAR radiometer: Calibration and first results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032459","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Titan's surface at 2.2-cm wavelength imaged by the Cassini RADAR radiometer: Calibration and first results","docAbstract":"The first comprehensive calibration and mapping of the thermal microwave emission from Titan's surface is reported based on radiometric data obtained at 2.2-cm wavelength by the passive radiometer included in the Cassini Radar instrument. The data reported were accumulated from 69 separate observational segments in Titan passes from Ta (October 2004) through T30 (May 2007) and include emission from 94% of Titan's surface. They are diverse in the key observing parameters of emission angle, polarization, and spatial resolution, and their reduction into calibrated global mosaic maps involved several steps. Analysis of the polarimetry obtained at low to moderate resolution (50+ km) enabled integration of the radiometry into a single mosaic of the equivalent brightness temperature at normal incidence with a relative precision of about 1 K. The Huygens probe measurement of Titan's surface temperature and radiometry obtained on Titan's dune fields allowed us to infer an absolute calibration estimated to be accurate to a level approaching 1 K. The results provide evidence for a surface that is complex and varied on large scales. The radiometry primarily constrains physical properties of the surface, where we see strong evidence for subsurface (volume) scattering as a dominant mechanism that determines the emissivity, with the possibility of a fluffy or graded-density surface layer in many regions. The results are consistent with, but not necessarily definitive of a surface composition resulting from the slow deposition and processing of organic compounds from the atmosphere. ?? 2008 Elsevier Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.017","issn":"00191","usgsCitation":"Janssen, M., Lorenz, R.D., West, R., Paganelli, F., Lopes, R., Kirk, R.L., Elachi, C., Wall, S.D., Johnson, W., Anderson, Y., Boehmer, R., Callahan, P., Gim, Y., Hamilton, G., Kelleher, K., Roth, L., Stiles, B., and Le, G.A., 2009, Titan's surface at 2.2-cm wavelength imaged by the Cassini RADAR radiometer: Calibration and first results: Icarus, v. 200, no. 1, p. 222-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.017.","startPage":"222","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213882,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.017"},{"id":241548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"200","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb41de4b08c986b3261b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janssen, M.A.","contributorId":28345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, R. D.","contributorId":90441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorenz","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.","contributorId":26996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paganelli, F.","contributorId":17353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paganelli","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lopes, R.M.","contributorId":56444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Elachi, C.","contributorId":104606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elachi","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wall, S. D.","contributorId":86468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wall","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, W.T.K.","contributorId":27174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Anderson, Y.","contributorId":60369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Boehmer, R.A.","contributorId":59254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Callahan, P.","contributorId":22889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callahan","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Gim, Y.","contributorId":14934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gim","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hamilton, G.A.","contributorId":88963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kelleher, K.D.","contributorId":67739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelleher","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Roth, L.","contributorId":70978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Stiles, B.","contributorId":59547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Le, Gall A.","contributorId":36764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le","given":"Gall","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70032308,"text":"70032308 - 2009 - Short- and long-term response of deteriorating brackish marshes and open-water ponds to sediment enhancement by thin-layer dredge disposal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70032308","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short- and long-term response of deteriorating brackish marshes and open-water ponds to sediment enhancement by thin-layer dredge disposal","docAbstract":"Artificial sediment enhancement using a thin layer of dredged material has been suggested as a means to increase elevation and create soil conditions conducive to increased marsh structure and function in deteriorating marshes. Using a chronosequence approach, we examined the effects of sediment enhancement in deteriorating marsh and open-water pond habitats located in six brackish marshes. Sediment enhancement of both marsh and interior pond sites had significant, immediate, and long-lasting effects on physical soil properties and nutrient status with increased bulk density and inorganic nitrogen. Vegetative cover and productivity response were minimal for deteriorating vegetated marshes with the short-term response data showing no significant impact of sediment enhancement and long-term trends indicating decreasing productivity over time. In contrast, trajectory models of vegetative cover and productivity in interior pond sites showed increases over time indicating that, for restoration of interior ponds, sediment enhancement may prove valuable. The use of trajectory models emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring to determine restoration success of projects. ?? 2008 U.S. Government.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s12237-008-9126-8","issn":"15592","usgsCitation":"La Peyre, M., Gossman, B., and Piazza, B.P., 2009, Short- and long-term response of deteriorating brackish marshes and open-water ponds to sediment enhancement by thin-layer dredge disposal: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 32, no. 2, p. 390-402, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9126-8.","startPage":"390","endPage":"402","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214634,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9126-8"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ea8e4b08c986b318a7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Peyre, M.K. 0000-0001-9936-2252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-2252","contributorId":102239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Peyre","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gossman, B.","contributorId":47163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gossman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piazza, Bryan P.","contributorId":11022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piazza","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036994,"text":"70036994 - 2009 - Continental-scale patterns in soil geochemistry and mineralogy: results from two transects across the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-22T10:26:56","indexId":"70036994","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continental-scale patterns in soil geochemistry and mineralogy: results from two transects across the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"In 2004, the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) initiated a pilot study that involved collection of more than 1500 soil samples from 221 sites along two continental transects across Canada and the United States. The pilot study was designed to test and refine protocols for a soil geochemical survey of North America. The two transects crossed a wide array of soil parent materials, soil ages, climatic conditions, landforms, land covers and land uses. Sample sites were selected randomly at approximately 40-km intervals from a population defined as all soils of the continent. At each site, soils representing 0 to 5 cm depth, and the O, A, and C horizons, if present, were collected and analyzed for their near-total content of over 40 major and trace elements. Soils from 0–5 cm depth were also collected for analysis of organic compounds. Results from the transects confirm that soil samples collected at a 40-km spacing reveal coherent, continental- to subcontinental-scale geochemical and mineralogical patterns that can be correlated to aspects of underlying soil parent material, soil age and climate influence. The geochemical data also demonstrate that at the continental-scale the dominance of any of these major factors that control soil geochemistry can change across the landscape. Along both transects, soil mineralogy and geochemistry change abruptly with changes in soil parent materials. However, the chemical influence of a soil’s parent material can be obscured by changing climatic conditions. For the transects, increasing precipitation from west to east and increasing temperature from north to south affect both soil mineralogy and geochemistry because of climate effects on soil weathering and leaching, and plant productivity. Regional anomalous metal concentrations can be linked to natural variations in soil parent materials, such as high Ni and Cr in soils developed on ultramafic rocks in California or high P in soils formed on weathered Ordovician limestones in central Kentucky. On local scales, anomalous metal concentrations recognized in soil profiles, such as high P in soils from animal confinement sites, are consistent with local anthropogenic disturbances. At a larger scale, the distribution of Hg across the west to east transect demonstrates that it can be difficult to distinguish between natural or anthropogenic contributions and that many factors can contribute to an element’s spatial distribution.\n\nOnly three samples in a subset of seventy-three 0–5 cm depth soil samples from the north to south transect had organochlorine pesticides values above the method detection limit, apparently related to historic usage of the pesticides DDT and dieldrin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.009","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Cannon, W., Eberl, D.D., Smith, D.B., Kilburn, J., Horton, J., Garrett, R.G., and Klassen, R., 2009, Continental-scale patterns in soil geochemistry and mineralogy: results from two transects across the United States and Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1369-1381, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.009.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1369","endPage":"1381","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217522,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.009"},{"id":245475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States;Canada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,18.9 ], [ 172.5,83.1 ], [ -52.6,83.1 ], [ -52.6,18.9 ], [ 172.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa51e4b0c8380cd4da45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, L. G.","contributorId":46999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kilburn, J.E.","contributorId":42205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Horton, J.D. 0000-0003-2969-9073","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9073","contributorId":85710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Garrett, R. G.","contributorId":93929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Klassen, R.A.","contributorId":60803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klassen","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70036372,"text":"70036372 - 2009 - Characterizing canopy biochemistry from imaging spectroscopy and its application to ecosystem studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:04","indexId":"70036372","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing canopy biochemistry from imaging spectroscopy and its application to ecosystem studies","docAbstract":"For two decades, remotely sensed data from imaging spectrometers have been used to estimate non-pigment biochemical constituents of vegetation, including water, nitrogen, cellulose, and lignin. This interest has been motivated by the important role that these substances play in physiological processes such as photosynthesis, their relationships with ecosystem processes such as litter decomposition and nutrient cycling, and their use in identifying key plant species and functional groups. This paper reviews three areas of research to improve the application of imaging spectrometers to quantify non-pigment biochemical constituents of plants. First, we examine recent empirical and modeling studies that have advanced our understanding of leaf and canopy reflectance spectra in relation to plant biochemistry. Next, we present recent examples of how spectroscopic remote sensing methods are applied to characterize vegetation canopies, communities and ecosystems. Third, we highlight the latest developments in using imaging spectrometer data to quantify net primary production (NPP) over large geographic areas. Finally, we discuss the major challenges in quantifying non-pigment biochemical constituents of plant canopies from remotely sensed spectra.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.018","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., Asner, G.P., Ollinger, S., Martin, M., and Wessman, C., 2009, Characterizing canopy biochemistry from imaging spectroscopy and its application to ecosystem studies: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 113, no. SUPPL. 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.018.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218142,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.018"},{"id":246127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4efe4b0c8380cd4bfff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, R.F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":42381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asner, Gregory P.","contributorId":25393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Asner","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":455773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ollinger, S.V.","contributorId":107967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ollinger","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, M.E.","contributorId":94097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wessman, C.A.","contributorId":48802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessman","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037364,"text":"70037364 - 2009 - A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037364","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients","docAbstract":"Habitat association models are commonly developed for individual animal species using generalized linear modeling methods such as logistic regression. We considered the issue of grouping species based on their habitat use so that management decisions can be based on sets of species rather than individual species. This research was motivated by a study of western landbirds in northern Idaho forests. The method we examined was to separately fit models to each species and to use a generalized Mahalanobis distance between coefficient vectors to create a distance matrix among species. Clustering methods were used to group species from the distance matrix, and multidimensional scaling methods were used to visualize the relations among species groups. Methods were also discussed for evaluating the sensitivity of the conclusions because of outliers or influential data points. We illustrate these methods with data from the landbird study conducted in northern Idaho. Simulation results are presented to compare the success of this method to alternative methods using Euclidean distance between coefficient vectors and to methods that do not use habitat association models. These simulations demonstrate that our Mahalanobis-distance- based method was nearly always better than Euclidean-distance-based methods or methods not based on habitat association models. The methods used to develop candidate species groups are easily explained to other scientists and resource managers since they mainly rely on classical multivariate statistical methods. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10651-008-0093-9","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Williams, C., and Heglund, P., 2009, A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 16, no. 4, p. 495-513, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-008-0093-9.","startPage":"495","endPage":"513","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217062,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10651-008-0093-9"},{"id":244974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44fe4b0c8380cd4658b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, C.J.","contributorId":80071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032942,"text":"70032942 - 2009 - Molecular detection of native and invasive marine invertebrate larvae present in ballast and open water environmental samples collected in Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70032942","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular detection of native and invasive marine invertebrate larvae present in ballast and open water environmental samples collected in Puget Sound","docAbstract":"Non-native marine species have been and continue to be introduced into Puget Sound via several vectors including ship's ballast water. Some non-native species become invasive and negatively impact native species or near shore habitats. We present a new methodology for the development and testing of taxon specific PCR primers designed to assess environmental samples of ocean water for the presence of native and non-native bivalves, crustaceans and algae. The intergenic spacer regions (IGS; ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S) of the ribosomal DNA were sequenced for adult samples of each taxon studied. We used these data along with those available in Genbank to design taxon and group specific primers and tested their stringency against artificial populations of plasmid constructs containing the entire IGS region for each of the 25 taxa in our study, respectively. Taxon and group specific primer sets were then used to detect the presence or absence of native and non-native planktonic life-history stages (propagules) from environmental samples of ballast water and plankton tow net samples collected in Puget Sound. This methodology provides an inexpensive and efficient way to test the discriminatory ability of taxon specific oligonucleotides (PCR primers) before creating molecular probes or beacons for use in molecular ecological applications such as probe hybridizations or microarray analyses. This work addresses the current need to develop molecular tools capable of diagnosing the presence of planktonic life-history stages from non-native marine species (potential invaders) in ballast water and other environmental samples. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.030","issn":"00220","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., Hoy, M., and Rodriguez, R.J., 2009, Molecular detection of native and invasive marine invertebrate larvae present in ballast and open water environmental samples collected in Puget Sound: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 369, no. 2, p. 93-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.030.","startPage":"93","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213515,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.030"}],"volume":"369","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cffe4b0c8380cd700b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J.B.J.","contributorId":90116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J.B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoy, M.S.","contributorId":85780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoy","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035847,"text":"70035847 - 2009 - Response of the everglades ridge and slough landscape to climate variability and 20th-century water management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035847","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of the everglades ridge and slough landscape to climate variability and 20th-century water management","docAbstract":"The ridge and slough landscape of the Florida Everglades consists of a mosaic of linear sawgrass ridges separated by deeper-water sloughs with tree islands interspersed throughout the landscape. We used pollen assemblages from transects of sediment cores spanning sawgrass ridges, sloughs, and ridge-slough transition zones to determine the timing of ridge and slough formation and to evaluate the response of components of the ridge and slough landscape to climate variability and 20th-century water management. These pollen data indicate that sawgrass ridges and sloughs have been vegetationally distinct from one another since initiation of the Everglades wetland in mid-Holocene time. Although the position and community composition of sloughs have remained relatively stable throughout their history, modern sawgrass ridges formed on sites that originally were occupied by marshes. Ridge formation and maturation were initiated during intervals of drier climate (the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age) when the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone shifted southward. During these drier intervals, marsh taxa were more common in sloughs, but they quickly receded when precipitation increased. Comparison with regional climate records suggests that slough vegetation is strongly influenced by North Atlantic Oscillation variability, even under 20th-century water management practices. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/08-0779.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Bernhardt, C., and Willard, D., 2009, Response of the everglades ridge and slough landscape to climate variability and 20th-century water management: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 7, p. 1723-1738, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0779.1.","startPage":"1723","endPage":"1738","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216083,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0779.1"},{"id":243925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa75e4b0c8380cd86349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernhardt, C.E.","contributorId":65554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernhardt","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036995,"text":"70036995 - 2009 - San Andreas fault geometry at Desert Hot Springs, California, and its effects on earthquake hazards and groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036995","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"San Andreas fault geometry at Desert Hot Springs, California, and its effects on earthquake hazards and groundwater","docAbstract":"The Mission Creek and Banning faults are two of the principal strands of the San Andreas fault zone in the northern Coachella Valley of southern California. Structural characteristics of the faults affect both regional earthquake hazards and local groundwater resources. We use seismic, gravity, and geological data to characterize the San Andreas fault zone in the vicinity of Desert Hot Springs. Seismic images of the upper 500 m of the Mission Creek fault at Desert Hot Springs show multiple fault strands distributed over a 500 m wide zone, with concentrated faulting within a central 200 m wide area of the fault zone. High-velocity (up to 5000 m=sec) rocks on the northeast side of the fault are juxtaposed against a low-velocity (<2000 m=sec) basin on the southwest side within the upper few hundred meters. Near-surface strands of the Mission Creek fault dip steeply southwestward and northeastward and merge at depth to form a narrower, steeply southwestward-dipping or near-vertical (80?? to 90??) fault zone. The Banning fault, in contrast, dips northeastward (45?? to 70??) toward the Mission Creek fault, and the two faults likely merge into a single San Andreas fault zone at depth, indicating a transtensional fault system. Mainshock hypocenters for two of the historically largest (M >6.0) earthquakes in the area (in 1948 and 1986) occurred at or near the depths (~10 to 12 km) of the merged (San Andreas) fault. Large-magnitude earthquakes that nucleate at or below the merged fault will likely generate strong shaking from guided waves along both fault zones and from amplified seismic waves in the low-velocity basin between the two fault zones. The Mission Creek fault zone is a groundwater barrier with the top of the water table varying by 60 m in depth and the aquifer varying by about 50 m in thickness across a 200 m wide zone of concentrated faulting.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120080117","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Rymer, M.J., Goldman, M.R., and Gandhok, G., 2009, San Andreas fault geometry at Desert Hot Springs, California, and its effects on earthquake hazards and groundwater: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 99, no. 4, p. 2190-2207, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080117.","startPage":"2190","endPage":"2207","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217552,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080117"},{"id":245505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab09ce4b0c8380cd87bd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldman, M. R.","contributorId":106934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gandhok, G.","contributorId":47423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandhok","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035848,"text":"70035848 - 2009 - Isotopic variability of mercury in ore, mine-waste calcine, and leachates of mine-waste calcine from areas mined for mercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035848","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic variability of mercury in ore, mine-waste calcine, and leachates of mine-waste calcine from areas mined for mercury","docAbstract":"The isotopic composition of mercury (Hg) was determined in cinnabar ore, mine-waste calcine (retorted ore), and leachates obtained from water leaching experiments of calcine from two large Hg mining districts in the U.S. This study is the first to report significant mass-dependent Hg isotopic fractionation between cinnabar ore and resultant calcine. Data indicate that ??202Hg values relative to NIST 3133 of calcine (up to 1.52???) in the Terlingua district, Texas, are as much as 3.24??? heavier than cinnabar (-1.72???) prior to retorting. In addition, ??202Hg values obtained from leachates of Terlingua district calcines are isotopically similar to, or as much as 1.17??? heavier than associated calcines, most likely due to leaching of soluble, byproduct Hg compounds formed during ore retorting that are a minor component in the calcines. As a result of the large fractionation found between cinnabar and calcine, and because calcine is the dominant source of Hg contamination from the mines studied, ??202Hg values of calcine may be more environmentally important in these mined areas than the primary cinnabar ore. Measurement of the Hg isotopic composition of calcine is necessary when using Hg isotopes for tracing Hg sources from areas mined for Hg, especially mine water runoff. ?? 2009 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es9006993","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Stetson, S., Gray, J.E., Wanty, R., and Macalady, D., 2009, Isotopic variability of mercury in ore, mine-waste calcine, and leachates of mine-waste calcine from areas mined for mercury: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 19, p. 7331-7336, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9006993.","startPage":"7331","endPage":"7336","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476340,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es9006993","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216111,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9006993"}],"volume":"43","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fbee4b0c8380cd6479f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stetson, S.J.","contributorId":6650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stetson","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Macalady, D.L.","contributorId":76468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macalady","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036996,"text":"70036996 - 2009 - Evidence for an Alleghanian (Early Carboniferous to Late Permian) tectonothermal event in the New Jersey Coastal Plain basement from 40Ar/39Ar biotite data, geochemistry and gravity modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036996","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for an Alleghanian (Early Carboniferous to Late Permian) tectonothermal event in the New Jersey Coastal Plain basement from 40Ar/39Ar biotite data, geochemistry and gravity modeling","docAbstract":"40Ar/39Ar dating of biotite from felsic orthogneiss recovered from the -3890-foot level of the Island Beach State Park (IBSP) well beneath the outer New Jersey Coastal Plain was accomplished using CO2 laser incremental-heating techniques. Over 75% of the Ar released from the incremental-heating experiment form a well-behaved plateau with a calculated age of 243.98 ?? 0.10 Ma. The new 244 Ma biotite age reported here is a cooling age younger than the metamorphic event that crystallized or reheated the biotite. We consider reheating of older biotite to be unlikely because the concordant 40Ar/39Ar spectrum upon repeated incremental laser heating showed a well-developed plateau. Thus, biotites from the IBSP gneiss are interpreted as having crystallized during a single thermal event, followed by cooling to below 300 ??C. The IBSP well falls on a structural and geophysical anomaly trend that is along strike with rocks of the Bronson Hill anticlinorium to the north of the IBSP gneiss. Locally graphitic metasedimentary schists and gneisses recovered from New Jersey wells inboard of the IBSP well gneiss correlate to similar lithologies of the Connecticut Valley synclinorium west of the Hartford basin. Our reinterpretation of the IBSP gneiss as metamorphosed dacite or dacitic tuff is consistent with a correlation to some rocks of the Bronson Hill magmatic arc east of the Hartford basin. If correct, this would imply a Late Ordovician age for the protolith of the IBSP gneiss. Reported 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages of 235-253 Ma from southwestern Rhode Island, and of 238-247 Ma from southeastern Connecticut, are interpreted as cooling ages following a tectonothermal event associated with the Alleghanian orogeny (Early Carboniferous to Late Permian). Cooling ages of Alleghanian age (Early Carboniferous to Late Permian) are not recognized west of the Bronson Hill volcanic arc in either central Connecticut or in Massachusetts. Therefore, the 244 Ma cooling age presented here, and the geochemical affinity of the IBSP gneiss to some orthogneisses of the Bronson Hill arc, support an interpretation of the IBSP well as representing the southern continuation of the Bronson Hill arc into New Jersey. Moreover, it documents the presence of rocks beneath the outer New Jersey Coastal Plain that experienced a Permian Alleghanian metamorphism. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jog.2009.05.001","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Maguire, T., Volkert, R., Swisher, C.C., and Sheridan, R.E., 2009, Evidence for an Alleghanian (Early Carboniferous to Late Permian) tectonothermal event in the New Jersey Coastal Plain basement from 40Ar/39Ar biotite data, geochemistry and gravity modeling: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 48, no. 1, p. 23-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2009.05.001.","startPage":"23","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217553,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2009.05.001"},{"id":245506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d34e4b0c8380cd52e93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maguire, T.J.","contributorId":82512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maguire","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swisher, C. C. III","contributorId":39139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swisher","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sheridan, R. E.","contributorId":36681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035849,"text":"70035849 - 2009 - Using shakecast and shakemap for lifeline post-earthquake response and earthquake scenario planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035849","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using shakecast and shakemap for lifeline post-earthquake response and earthquake scenario planning","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) ShakeCast system is a freely-available, post-earthquake situational awareness application that automatically retrieves earthquake shaking data from ShakeMap, compares intensity measures against users' facilities, sends notifications of potential damage to responsible parties, and generates facility damage assessment maps and other Web-based products for emergency managers and responders. The ShakeMap/ShakeCast combined system allows a consistent approach for the evaluation of facility performance using the ShakeMap methodology by combining observations with ground motion predictions and covers major geographic regions and earthquakes, real-time, historical, and scenario, worldwide. We present common approaches to assessing facility impact estimates by combining measured or estimated ground-motion parameters with vulnerability functions. Vulnerability functions can be pre-computed, use one of these ground-motion parameters as input, and produce a multi-state discrete output of damage likelihood (or, inspection priorities). Two custom modules for evaluating Arias Intensity and Newmark landslide displacements are presented as examples of using the ShakeCast application with more advanced, customized damage functions. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment","conferenceTitle":"2009 ASCE Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Conference, TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment","conferenceDate":"28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009","conferenceLocation":"Oakland, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41050(357)103","isbn":"9780784410509","usgsCitation":"Lin, K., Wald, D., and Turner, L., 2009, Using shakecast and shakemap for lifeline post-earthquake response and earthquake scenario planning, in TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment, v. 357, Oakland, CA, 28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009, https://doi.org/10.1061/41050(357)103.","startPage":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216112,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41050(357)103"}],"volume":"357","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc09ee4b08c986b32a220","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lin, K.-W.","contributorId":64775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"K.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, L.L.","contributorId":30793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197100,"text":"70197100 - 2009 - Persistence rates and detection probabilities of bird carcasses on beaches of Unalaska Island, Alaska following the wreck of the M/V Selendang Ayu","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-16T21:04:59","indexId":"70197100","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2675,"text":"Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation","onlineIssn":"2074-1235","printIssn":"1018-3337","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Persistence rates and detection probabilities of bird carcasses on beaches of Unalaska Island, Alaska following the wreck of the M/V Selendang Ayu","title":"Persistence rates and detection probabilities of bird carcasses on beaches of Unalaska Island, Alaska following the wreck of the M/V Selendang Ayu","docAbstract":"Partners in Flight (PIF), a public–private coalition for the conservation of land birds, has developed one of four international bird conservation plans recognized under the auspices of the North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI). Partners in Flight prioritized species most in need of conservation attention and set range-wide population goals for 448 species of terrestrial birds. Partnerships are now tasked with developing spatially explicit estimates of the distribution, and abundance of priority species across large ecoregions and identifying habitat acreages needed to support populations at prescribed levels. The PIF Five Elements process of conservation design identifies five steps needed to implement all bird conservation at the ecoregional scale. Habitat assessment and landscape characterization describe the current amounts of different habitat types and summarize patch characteristics, and landscape configurations that define the ability of a landscape to sustain healthy bird populations and are a valuable first step to describing the planning area before pursuing more complex species-specific models. Spatially linked database models, landscape-scale habitat suitability models, and statistical models are viable alternatives for predicting habitat suitability or bird abundance across large planning areas to help assess conservation opportunities, design landscapes to meet population objectives, and monitor change in habitat suitability or bird numbers over time.
It was probably one of the oddest riots in the history of the United States. In Erie, Pennsylvania during 1853. federal marshals were called to restore order during bloody uprisings. A mob of women, equipped with sledgehammers, was tearing up railroad rack to protest standardization of track width (Nesmith 1985). All across the United States, standardization of rail gauges was talking place to improve transportation across the country,but many people did not want consistency. Jobs moving freight from, a train running on one gauge of track to a train running on another gauge were plentiful at this time, and standardization would mean these jobs would disappear. Fortunately, for us today, the riots were quelled and standardization of railroad tack gauges went ahead. The magnificent transportation system of North America was aided by the standardization of rails, contributing to robust economies.
\nStandardization of industrial processes, languages, measurements, and data collection methods has been essential for world progress (Figure 1.1). Today , we are often unaware of the degree of standardization of the most basic elements of our society--from bolts and nuts where thread sizes are standard to computer components that can be used interchangeably to the standard sizes of photos we carry in our wallets or purses. Data collection and presentation are standardized in many disciplines, including medicine, meteorology, geology, and water chemistry. For example, our cholesterol, body temperature, and blood pressure are measured by standard medical tests and compared to averages calculated from the results of the same standard tests for many other people to determine if individuals are higher, lower, or average compared to the population in general. If these diagnostic tests were not standardized, it is unlikely that we would be able to evaluate eve the most basic data about our health. In fact, if standardization was not used in countless other facets of our society our lives would be much more difficult.
\nFor data collection purposes, standardization means to collect data in one way so comparisons can be easily made. Although routine data collection has been standardized in many other disciplines, data from freshwater fish sampling across North America have not. Previously, most data collection has been standardized only at local, state, and provincial levels (Bonar and Hubert 2002).
\nSeveral years ago, when one of the authors (Bonar) was a biologist for a state agency, he was asked to compile as much data as he could about the state's warmwater fish communities to provide information to managers developing fishing regulations. These data had been collected by many biologists over time using different methods, including rotenone, electrofishing, gill netting, and hook-and-line sampling. Data were written carefully on detailed data sheets or in scribbled notes in a biologists's notebook. As you can imagine, these data were a nightmare to compile. However, they were even worse to interpret.
\nHow could length-frequency distributions be compared among lakes if the methods used to catch the fish were dissimilar with differing efficiencies in sampling fish of various species and lengths? How could catch per unit effort (CPUE), a common index of population density, be compared when samples were collected one year using fyke nets and the next year by electrofishing? Ultimately, how could one compare if fish population were high, low, or average in growth, body condition, or abundance if there was no compilation of distributions of standard data to facilitate comparison?
\nMonths were spent trying to interpret these data, and finally a body of comparable data gathered by similar methods was assimilated. However, much of the nonstandard data had to be discarded--data that had taken thousands of hours to collect but were essentially useless. If all data jhad been collected and recorded in a standard manner, whoch would have required very little extra work, all of these hours of survey effort would not have gone to naught and isights regardimng the fisheries would have been imporived by a larger number of samples.
\n","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.47886/9781934874103.ch1","usgsCitation":"Bonar, S.A., Contreras-Balderas, S., and Iles, A.C., 2009, An introduction to standardized sampling, chap. 1 of Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.47886/9781934874103.ch1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":127,"text":"Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78ee3e4b02e26443a934d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bonar, Scott A. 0000-0003-3532-4067 sbonar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-4067","contributorId":3712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"sbonar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, Wayne A.","contributorId":9325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509409,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willis, David W.","contributorId":55313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509410,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Bonar, Scott A.","contributorId":79617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Contreras-Balderas, Salvador","contributorId":35956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Contreras-Balderas","given":"Salvador","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iles, Alison C.","contributorId":7546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iles","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036950,"text":"70036950 - 2009 - Offshore double-planed shallow seismic zone in the NE Japan forearc region revealed by sP depth phases recorded by regional networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036950","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Offshore double-planed shallow seismic zone in the NE Japan forearc region revealed by sP depth phases recorded by regional networks","docAbstract":"We detected the sP depth phase at small epicentral distances of about 150 km or more in the seismograms of shallow earthquakes in the NE Japan forearc region. The focal depths of 1078 M > 3 earthquakes that occurred from 2000 to 2006 were precisely determined using the time delay of the sP phase from the initial P-wave arrival. The distribution of relocated hypocentres clearly shows the configuration of a double-planed shallow seismic zone beneath the Pacific Ocean. The upper plane has a low dip angle near the Japan Trench, increasing gradually to ???30?? at approximately 100 km landward of the Japan Trench. The lower plane is approximately parallel to the upper plane, and appears to be the near-trench counterpart of the lower plane of the double-planed deep seismic zone beneath the land area. The distance between the upper and lower planes is 28-32 km, which is approximately the same as or slightly smaller than that of the double-planed deep seismic zone beneath the land area. Focal mechanism solutions of the relocated earthquakes are determined from P-wave initial motion data. Although P-wave initial motion data for these offshore events are not ideally distributed on the focal sphere, we found that the upper-plane events that occur near the Japan Trench are characterized by normal faulting, whereas lower-plane events are characterized by thrust faulting. This focal mechanism distribution is the opposite to that of the double-planed deep seismic zone beneath the land area. The characteristics of these focal mechanisms for the shallow and deep doubled-planed seismic zones can be explained by a bending-unbending model of the subducting Pacific plate. Some of relocated earthquakes took place in the source area of the 1933 Mw8.4 Sanriku earthquake at depths of 10-23 km. The available focal mechanisms for these events are characterized by normal faulting. Given that the 1933 event was a large normal-fault event that occurred along a fault plane dipping landward, the earthquakes that currently occur just beneath or oceanwards of the Japan Trench are probably its aftershocks, suggesting that aftershock activity continues to the present day, 70 years after the main shock. ?? 2009 The Authors, Journal compilation ?? 2009 RAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04048.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Gamage, S., Umino, N., Hasegawa, A., and Kirby, S.H., 2009, Offshore double-planed shallow seismic zone in the NE Japan forearc region revealed by sP depth phases recorded by regional networks: Geophysical Journal International, v. 178, no. 1, p. 195-214, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04048.x.","startPage":"195","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476297,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04048.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04048.x"},{"id":245654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6cb2e4b0c8380cd74d8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gamage, S.S.N.","contributorId":93736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gamage","given":"S.S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Umino, N.","contributorId":89750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umino","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hasegawa, A.","contributorId":6264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasegawa","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047280,"text":"70047280 - 2009 - Coldwater fish in wadeable streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T15:00:34.57605","indexId":"70047280","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Coldwater fish in wadeable streams","docAbstract":"
Standardizing sampling methods for fish populations across large regions is important for consistent measurement of large-scale effects of climate or geography. In addition, pooling samples creates larger sample sizes and can facilitate data sharing among scientists and land managers. Sampling freshwater fish has largely not been standardized due to the diversity of fish and habitats. USGS aquatic ecologist Jason Dunham and co-authors contributed a chapter about sampling coldwater fish in wadeable streams to a new book that details common methods, protocols, and guidelines for sampling fish across North America. Topics include three common sampling methods: electrofishing, snorkeling, and nest counts. Each method provides complementary information about different species and life stages. The information will be useful for initiating new or fine-tuning ongoing sampling programs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.47886/9781934874103.ch8","usgsCitation":"Dunham, J., Rosenberger, A.E., Thurow, R.F., Dolloff, C.A., and Howell, P.J., 2009, Coldwater fish in wadeable streams, chap. 8 of Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes, p. 119-138, https://doi.org/10.47886/9781934874103.ch8.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78ee5e4b02e26443a935c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bonar, Scott A. 0000-0003-3532-4067 sbonar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-4067","contributorId":3712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"sbonar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509426,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, Wayne A.","contributorId":9325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509427,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willis, David W.","contributorId":55313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509428,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Dunham, Jason B.","contributorId":64791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberger, Amanda E. 0000-0002-5520-8349 arosenberger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-8349","contributorId":5581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Amanda","email":"arosenberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurow, Russell F.","contributorId":21035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurow","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dolloff, C. Andrew","contributorId":97405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolloff","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howell, Philip J.","contributorId":47672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157359,"text":"70157359 - 2009 - Re-greening the Sahel: Farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-03T14:40:31.348958","indexId":"70157359","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Re-greening the Sahel: Farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger","docAbstract":"The Sahel—the belt of land that stretches across Africa on the southern edge of the Sahara—has always been a tough place to farm. Rainfall is low and droughts are frequent. The crust of hard soil is, at times, almost impermeable, and harsh winds threaten to sweep away everything in their path. Over the past three decades, however, hundreds of thousands of farmers in Burkina Faso and Niger have transformed large swaths of the region’s arid landscape into productive agricultural land, improving food security for about 3 million people. Once-denuded landscapes are now home to abundant trees, crops, and livestock. Although rainfall has improved slightly from the mid-1990s relative to earlier decades, indications are that farmer management is a stronger determinant of land and agroforestry regeneration. Sahelian farmers achieved their success by ingeniously modifying traditional agroforestry, water, and soil-management practices. To improve water availability and soil fertility in Burkina Faso’s Central Plateau, farmers have sown crops in planting pits and built stone contour bunds, which are stones piled up in long narrow rows that follow the contours of the land in order to capture rainwater runoff and soil. These practices have helped rehabilitate between 200,000 and 300,000 hectares of land and produce an additional 80,000 tons of food per year. In southern Niger, farmers have developed innovative ways of regenerating and multiplying valuable trees whose roots already lay underneath their land, thus improving about 5 million hectares of land and producing more than 500,000 additional tons of food per year. While the specific calculations of farm-level benefits are subject to various methodological and data limitations, the order of magnitude of these benefits is high, as evidenced by the wide-scale adoption of the improved practices by large numbers of farmers. Today, the agricultural landscapes of southern Niger have considerably more tree cover than they did 30 years ago. These findings suggest a human and environmental success story at a scale not seen anywhere else in Africa. The re-greening of the Sahel began when local farmers’ practices were rediscovered and enhanced in simple, low-cost ways by innovative farmers and nongovernmental organizations. An evolving coalition of local, national, and international actors then enabled large-scale diffusion and continued use of these improved practices where they benefited farmers.
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In addressing questions about salmon abundance, large gaps in our knowledge of basic salmon life history and the critical early marine life stage were revealed. In this paper, results from studies conducted on the estuarine ecology of juvenile salmon in western Alaska are summarized and compared, emphasizing timing and distribution during outmigration, environmental conditions, age and growth, feeding, and energy content of salmon smolts. In western Alaska, water temperature dramatically changes with season, ranging from 0°C after ice melt in late spring/early summer to 19°C in July. Juvenile salmon were found in AYK estuaries from early May until August or September, but to date no information is available on their residence duration or survival probability. Chum salmon were the most abundant juvenile salmon reported, ranging in percent catch from <0.1% to 4.7% and most research effort has focused on this species. Abundances of Chinook salmon, sockeye salmon O. nerka, and pink salmon O. gorbuscha varied among estuaries, while coho salmon O. kisutch juveniles were consistently rare, never amounting to more than 0.8% of the catch. Dietary composition of juvenile salmon was highly variable and a shift was commonly reported from epibenthic and neustonic prey in lower salinity water to pelagic prey in higher salinity water. Gaps in the knowledge of AYK salmon estuarine ecology are still evident. For example, data on outmigration patterns and residence timing and duration, rearing conditions and their effect on diet, growth, and survival are often completely lacking or available only for few selected years and sites. Filling gaps in knowledge concerning salmon use and survival in estuarine and near-shore habitats within the AYK region will aid in assessing the relative roles of all habitats (freshwater to marine) in controlling salmon abundance.
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Therefore, the accurate identification for all marine species has assumed a much greater importance. The identification of many skate species is difficult as several are easily confused and has been found to be problematic in both survey data and fisheries data collection. Identification guides, in combination with training and periodic validation of taxonomic information, improve our accuracy in monitoring data required for ecosystem-based management and monitoring of populations. This guide offers a comparative synthesis of skate species known to occur in Atlantic Canada and adjacent regions. The taxonomic nomenclature and descriptions of key morphological features are based on the most up-to-date understanding of diversity among these species. Although this information will aid the user in accurate identification, some features vary geographically (such as colour) and others with life stage (most notably the proportion of tail length to body length; the presence of spines either sharper in juveniles or in some cases not yet present; and also increases in the number of tooth rows as species grow into maturity). Additional information on juvenile features are needed to facilitate problematic identifications (e.g. L. erinacea vs. L. ocellata). Information on size at maturity is still required for many of these species throughout their geographic distribution.
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