{"pageNumber":"8","pageRowStart":"175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":330,"records":[{"id":28479,"text":"wri20004176 - 2000 - Quality-assurance results for routine water analyses in U.S. Geological Survey laboratories, water year 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri20004176","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4176","title":"Quality-assurance results for routine water analyses in U.S. Geological Survey laboratories, water year 1998","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey operates a quality-assurance program based on the analyses of reference samples for two laboratories: the National Water Quality Laboratory and the Quality of Water Service Unit. Reference samples that contain selected inorganic, nutrient, and low-level constituents are prepared and submitted to the laboratory as disguised routine samples. The program goal is to estimate precision and bias for as many analytical methods offered by the participating laboratories as possible. Blind reference samples typically are submitted at a rate of 2 to 5 percent of the annual environmental-sample load for each constituent. The samples are distributed to the laboratories throughout the year. The reference samples are subject to the identical laboratory handling, processing, and analytical procedures as those applied to environmental samples and, therefore, have been used as an independent source to verify bias and precision of laboratory analytical methods and ambient water-quality measurements. The results are stored permanently in the National Water Information System and the Blind Sample Project's data base. During water year 1998, 95 analytical procedures were evaluated at the National Water Quality Laboratory and 63 analytical procedures were evaluated at the Quality of Water Service Unit.\r\nAn overall evaluation of the inorganic and low-level constituent data for water year 1998 indicated 77 of 78 analytical procedures at the National Water Quality Laboratory met the criteria for precision. Silver (dissolved, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) was determined to be imprecise. Five of 78 analytical procedures showed bias throughout the range of reference samples: chromium (dissolved, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry), dissolved solids (dissolved, gravimetric), lithium (dissolved, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry), silver (dissolved, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry), and zinc (dissolved, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry).\r\n\r\nAt the National Water Quality Laboratory during water year 1998, lack of precision was indicated for 2 of 17 nutrient procedures: ammonia as nitrogen (dissolved, colorimetric) and orthophosphate as phosphorus (dissolved, colorimetric). Bias was indicated throughout the reference sample range for ammonia as nitrogen (dissolved, colorimetric, low level) and nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen (dissolved, colorimetric, low level).\r\n\r\nAll analytical procedures tested at the Quality of Water Service Unit during water year 1998 met the criteria for precision. One of the 63 analytical procedures indicated a bias throughout the range of reference samples: aluminum (whole-water recoverable, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, trace).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20004176","usgsCitation":"Ludtke, A.S., Woodworth, M.T., and Marsh, P.S., 2000, Quality-assurance results for routine water analyses in U.S. Geological Survey laboratories, water year 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4176, x, 198 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004176.","productDescription":"x, 198 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95714,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4176/report.pdf","size":"8713","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":13195,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://bqs.usgs.gov/ibsp/WY98Report/text98.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludtke, Amy S. asludtke@usgs.gov","contributorId":4735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludtke","given":"Amy","email":"asludtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodworth, Mark T. woodwort@usgs.gov","contributorId":3452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodworth","given":"Mark","email":"woodwort@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marsh, Philip S.","contributorId":85228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022550,"text":"70022550 - 2000 - Performance of implantable satellite transmitters in diving seabirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T16:50:08.246719","indexId":"70022550","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of implantable satellite transmitters in diving seabirds","docAbstract":"<p><span>We report on the first deployment of satellite transmitters in large alcids. In 1995 and 1996, we surgically implanted 51 transmitters in Common and Thick-billed murres (<i>Uria aalge</i> and <i>U. lomvia</i>) and Tufted Puffins (<i>Fratercula cirrhata</i>) at three colonies in Alaska. These devices furnished more than 2,900 locations over succeeding months (eight months maximum transmitter life), some 30-40% of which had calculated errors of &lt;1,000 m. We considered other data to be reliable if locations were repetitive within a short period of time. As measures of data collection efficiency, we calculated location indices (number of locations per hour of transmission) of 0.44 during the breeding season and 0.35 overall. Those values compared favorably with satellite transmitters previously deployed on large mammals at similar latitudes. Transmitters did not last as long as expected because lithium batteries tended to self-discharge when kept at the high internal temperature of a bird. Most importantly, we encountered high mortality of instrumented birds, especially in the interval from 11-20 days after release. Our results suggest that radio transmission itself somehow impaired normal feeding behavior or otherwise compromised the birds' health. Those two problems (battery life and bird mortality) will need to be solved before implantable devices can be applied effectively to the same or similar species in the future.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., Meyers, P., Mulcahy, D., and Douglas, D., 2000, Performance of implantable satellite transmitters in diving seabirds: Waterbirds, v. 23, no. 1, p. 84-94.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":380129,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4641113"}],"country":"United 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Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, P.M.","contributorId":80031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulcahy, D.M.","contributorId":43302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":30371,"text":"wri994177 - 1999 - Spatial distribution of chemical constituents in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T11:08:59","indexId":"wri994177","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4177","title":"Spatial distribution of chemical constituents in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The effects of lithologic changes on the water quality of the Kuskokwim River, Alaska, were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey in June 1997. Water, suspended sediments, and bed sediments were sampled from the Kusko-kwim River and from three tributaries, the Holitna River, Red Devil Creek, and Crooked Creek. Dissolved boron, chromium, copper, manganese, zinc, aluminum, lithium, barium, iron, antimony, arsenic, mercury, and strontium were detected. Dissolved manganese and iron concentrations were three and four times higher in the Holitna River than in the Kusko-kwim River. Finely divided ferruginous materials found in the graywacke and shale units of the Kuskokwim Group are the probable source of the iron. The highest concentrations of dissolved strontium and barium were found at McGrath, and the limestone present in the upper basin was the most probable source of strontium. The total mercury concentrations on the Kuskokwim River decreased downstream from McGrath. Dissolved mercury was 24 to 32 percent of the total concentration. The highest concentrations of total mercury, and of dissolved antimony and arsenic were found in Red Devil Creek. The higher concentrations from Red Devil Creek did not affect the main stem mercury transport because the tributary was small relative to the Kuskokwim River. In Red Devil Creek, total mercury exceeded the concentration at which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) indicates that aquatic life is affected and dissolved arsenic exceeded the USEPA's drinking-water standard. Background mercury and antimony concentrations in bed sediments ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 micrograms per gram for mercury and from 1.6 to 2.1 micrograms per gram for antimony. Background arsenic concentrations were greater than 27 micrograms per gram. Sites near the Red Devil mercury mine had mercury and antimony concentrations greater than background concentrations. These concentrations probably reflect the proximity to the ore body and past mining. Crooked Creek had mercury concentrations greater than the background concentration. The transport of suspended sediment-associated trace elements was lower for all elements in the lower river than in the upper river, indicating storage of sediments and their associated metals within the river system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/wri994177","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., 1999, Spatial distribution of chemical constituents in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4177, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 9 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994177.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 9 tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59156,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4177/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47ece4b07f02db4bf73a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23091,"text":"ofr9993 - 1999 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of dissolved arsenic, boron, lithium, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:46:09.204305","indexId":"ofr9993","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-93","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of dissolved arsenic, boron, lithium, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p>The inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) methods have been expanded to include the determination of dissolved arsenic, boron, lithium, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium in filtered, acidified natural water. Method detection limits for these elements are now 10 to 200 times lower than by former U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) methods, thus providing lower variability at ambient concentrations. The bias and variability of the method was determined by using results from spike recoveries, standard reference materials, and validation samples. Spike recoveries at 5 to 10 times the method detection limit and 75 micrograms per liter in reagent-water, surface-water, and groundwater matrices averaged 93 percent for seven replicates, although selected elemental recoveries in a ground-water matrix with an extremely high iron sulfate concentration were negatively biased by 30 percent. Results for standard reference materials were within 1 standard deviation of the most probable value. Statistical analysis of the results from about 60 filtered, acidified natural-water samples indicated that there was no significant difference between ICP?MS and former USGS official methods of analysis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9993","usgsCitation":"Garbarino, J.R., 1999, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of dissolved arsenic, boron, lithium, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-93, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9993.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1508,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/pubs/OFR99-093/OFR99-093.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52461,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bbd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70244047,"text":"70244047 - 1999 - Appendix 1: Analytical methods and errors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-31T14:43:22.95092","indexId":"70244047","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-08T09:38:08","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1790,"text":"Geological Society, London, Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Appendix 1: Analytical methods and errors","docAbstract":"<div>Thirty eight K-Ar and eight 40Ar/39Ar high-precision age determinations were made at the US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, on a total of 22 rocks from the entire volcanic field. Duplicate or triplicate determinations were carried out on 14 samples in order to improve analytical precision. All ages were measured on whole-rock samples selected after thin-section examination. Most of the samples meet the usual criteria for whole-rock dating (Mankinen © Dal-rymple 1972), but some contain minor amounts of glass and a few samples are very glassy. The samples selected for dating were crushed to 0.5-lmm (-18 to +35 mesh). For K-Ar dating aliquots weighing c. 25 g were used for the Ar measurements. A 10 g aliquot was ground to -200 mesh and splits of the powder were used for K20 measurements, which were made in duplicate on each of two separate splits of sample powder by flame photometry after lithium metaborate fusion and dissolution (Ingamells 1970). Ar analyses were by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry using a high-purity (&gt;99.9%) 38Ar tracer and techniques and equipment described previously (Dalrymple &amp; Lanphere 1969). All samples for Ar extraction were baked overnight at 280°C. Mass analyses were done on a 22.68 cm radius, multiple-collector mass spectrometer with a nominal 90° sector magnet, using automated data collection (Stacey etal 1981).</div><div><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div>Errors given for the calculated K-Ar ages of individual measurements are estimates of the standard deviation of analytical precision. The errors were calculated using formulae derived by Cox &amp; Dalrymple (1967) and Dalrymple &amp; Lanphere (1969).</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.09","usgsCitation":"Druitt, T.H., Edwards, L., Mellors, R.M., Pyle, D.M., Sparks, R., Lanphere, M.A., Davies, M., and Barreirio, B., 1999, Appendix 1: Analytical methods and errors: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 19, no. 1, p. 134-137, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.1999.019.01.09.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, L.","contributorId":91976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mellors, R. M.","contributorId":30542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pyle, D. M.","contributorId":172256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pyle","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, R.S.J.","contributorId":149550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davies, M.","contributorId":54726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barreirio, B.","contributorId":11113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barreirio","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70021512,"text":"70021512 - 1999 - The absence of lithium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: New measurements by multicollector sector ICP-MS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T12:19:42.629411","indexId":"70021512","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The absence of lithium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: New measurements by multicollector sector ICP-MS","docAbstract":"<p><span>We report measurements of the isotopic composition of lithium in basalts using a multicollector magnetic sector plasma-source mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). This is the first application of this analytical technique to Li isotope determination. External precision of multiple replicate and duplicate measurements for a variety of sample types averages ±1.1‰ (2σ population). The method allows for the rapid (∼8 min/sample) analysis of small samples (∼40 ng Li) relative to commonly used thermal ionization methods. The technique has been applied to a suite of samples from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. The samples range from olivine-rich cumulitic lava to SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>− and K</span><sub>2</sub><span>O-enriched differentiated liquids, and have δ</span><sup>7</sup><span>Li (per mil deviation of sample&nbsp;</span><sup>7</sup><span>Li/</span><sup>6</sup><span>Li relative to the L-SVEC standard) of +3.0 to +4.8. The data indicate a lack of per mil-level Li isotope fractionation as a result of crystal–liquid fractionation at temperatures greater than 1050°C. This conclusion has been tacitly assumed but never demonstrated, and is important to the interpretation of Li isotope results from such geochemically complex environments as island arcs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00318-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tomascak, P., Tera, F., Helz, R., and Walker, R., 1999, The absence of lithium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: New measurements by multicollector sector ICP-MS: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, no. 6, p. 907-910, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00318-4.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"907","endPage":"910","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479574,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(98)00318-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229504,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.29544173163924,\n              19.413134503303723\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30239350719927,\n              19.403727017732834\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29257034608182,\n              19.39659977248175\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29030346274698,\n              19.39189561960241\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28380506385398,\n              19.389757323349656\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.27896904607306,\n              19.389757323349656\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.27337740051394,\n              19.393748786967393\n            ],\n            [\n            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0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70045804,"text":"70045804 - 1998 - Lithium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-06T12:52:22","indexId":"70045804","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium","docAbstract":"The lithium industry can be divided into two sectors: ore concentrate producers and chemical producers. Ore concentrate producers mine lithium minerals. They beneficiate the ores to produce material for use in ceramics and glass manufacturing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Ober, J., 1998, Lithium: Mining Engineering, v. 50, no. 6, p. 43-44.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"44","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5188d4e3e4b023d2d75b9a72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, J.","contributorId":95364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27117,"text":"wri984109 - 1998 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin — Spatial distribution of geochemicals in the fine fraction of streambed sediment, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T22:36:03.613212","indexId":"wri984109","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4109","displayTitle":"Surface-Water-Quality Assessment of the Upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin—Spatial Distribution of Geochemicals in the Fine Fraction of Streambed Sediment, 1987","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin — Spatial distribution of geochemicals in the fine fraction of streambed sediment, 1987","docAbstract":"Geochemical data for the upper Illinois River Basin are presented for concentrations of 39 elements in streambed sediment collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in the fall of 1987. These data were collected as part of the pilot phase of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. A total of 372 sites were sampled, with 238 sites located on first- and second-order streams, and 134 sites located on main stems. Spatial distribution maps and exceedance probability plots are presented for aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium, carbon (total, inorganic, and organic), cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, iron, lanthanum, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, scandium, selenium, silver, sodium, strontium, sulfur, thorium, titanium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, and zinc. For spatial distribution maps, concentrations of the elements are grouped into four ranges bounded by the minimum concentration, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, and the maximum concentrations. These ranges were selected to highlight streambed sediment with very low or very high element concentrations relative to the rest of the streambed sediment in the upper Illinois River Basin. Exceedance probability plots for each element display the differences, if any, in distributions between high- and low-order streams and may be helpful in determining differences between background and elevated concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984109","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Arnold, T., and Colman, J.A., 1998, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin — Spatial distribution of geochemicals in the fine fraction of streambed sediment, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4109, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984109.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2234,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4109/wrir98_4109.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4109"},{"id":158695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4109/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":392915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42947.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.923583984375,\n              43.14909399920127\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5552978515625,\n  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href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\">Central Midwest Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>405 North Goodwin<br>Urbana, IL 61801</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Data Presentation</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a3ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arnold, Terri 0000-0003-1406-6054 tlarnold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-6054","contributorId":1598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arnold","given":"Terri","email":"tlarnold@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021026,"text":"70021026 - 1998 - Simulation of variable-density flow and transport of reactive and nonreactive solutes during a tracer test at Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T06:17:04","indexId":"70021026","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of variable-density flow and transport of reactive and nonreactive solutes during a tracer test at Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p><span>A multispecies numerical code was developed to simulate flow and mass transport with kinetic adsorption in variable-density flow systems. The two-dimensional code simulated the transport of bromide (Br</span><sup>−</sup><span>), a nonreactive tracer, and lithium (Li</span><sup>+</sup><span>), a reactive tracer, in a large-scale tracer test performed in a sand-and-gravel aquifer at Cape Cod, Massachusetts. A two-fraction kinetic adsorption model was implemented to simulate the interaction of Li</span><sup>+</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>with the aquifer solids. Initial estimates for some of the transport parameters were obtained from a nonlinear least squares curve-fitting procedure, where the breakthrough curves from column experiments were matched with one-dimensional theoretical models. The numerical code successfully simulated the basic characteristics of the two plumes in the tracer test. At early times the centers of mass of Br</span><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and Li</span><sup>+</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>sank because the two plumes were closely coupled to the density-driven velocity field. At later times the rate of downward movement in the Br</span><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume due to gravity slowed significantly because of dilution by dispersion. The downward movement of the Li</span><sup>+</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume was negligible because the two plumes moved in locally different velocity regimes, where Li</span><sup>+</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>transport was retarded relative to Br</span><sup>−</sup><span>. The maximum extent of downward transport of the Li</span><sup>+</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume was less than that of the Br</span><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume. This study also found that at early times the downward movement of a plume created by a three-dimensional source could be much more extensive than the case with a two-dimensional source having the same cross-sectional area. The observed shape of the Br</span><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume at Cape Cod was simulated by adding two layers with different hydraulic conductivities at shallow depth across the region. The large dispersion and asymmetrical shape of the Li</span><sup>+</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>plume were simulated by including kinetic adsorption-desorption reactions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR02918","usgsCitation":"Zhang, H., Schwartz, F.W., Wood, W., Garabedian, S., and LeBlanc, D., 1998, Simulation of variable-density flow and transport of reactive and nonreactive solutes during a tracer test at Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 1, p. 67-82, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02918.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487377,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr02918","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90b6e4b08c986b31963e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Hubao","contributorId":196105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Hubao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, Frank W.","contributorId":196083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":388337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70220144,"text":"70220144 - 1997 - Variations in pore-water quality, mineralogy, and sedimentary texture of clay-silts in the lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation, Atlantic City, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T14:20:05.203383","indexId":"70220144","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T08:59:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Variations in pore-water quality, mineralogy, and sedimentary texture of clay-silts in the lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation, Atlantic City, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p>Properties of and pore-water solute chemistry in confining units in the New Jersey Coastal Plain were studied to determine whether leakage of solute-enriched pore water from confining units affects regional aquifer-water chemistry, which ultimately may result in aquifer waters with high sodium and bicarbonate concentrations. Pore-water samples collected from a continuously cored borehole in the lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation at Atlantic City, NJ, were analyzed: 15 samples were obtained from clay-silt confining-unit sediments, and four samples were from silt interbeds in the sand of the major confined aquifer in the region, the Atlantic City 800-ft sand. The samples were analyzed to assess interrelations among mineralogy, texture, fluidretention properties, sediment chemistry, and pore-water chemistry, and to document the scale of variation in these properties. </p><p>Linear regressions were developed to describe the relations of constituents dissolved in 14 pore-water samples collected from the lower confining unit overlying the Atlantic City 800-ft sand and from the silt interbeds in the upper sand unit of the Atlantic City 800-ft sand. The regressions were for concentrations of magnesium and calcium (m = 0.27, R2 = 0.99); concentrations of sodium and the sum of calcium and magnesium (m = 0.17, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92); concentrations of sulfate and the sum of calcium and magnesium (m = 1.14, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99); and concentrations of sodium and sulfate (m = 0.14, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.89). The percentage of fine sand was greatest in the shallowest sampled interval, where pore-water concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and sulfate were greatest. </p><p>The pore-water samples were of three distinct water-quality types (hydrogeochemical facies): a calcium-sulfate type, a mixed calcium-sodium-sulfate-chloride-bicarbonate type, and a sodium-sulfate-bicarbonate-chloride type. The first two types were found only in the lower confining unit; the third type was found only in the composite confining unit underlying the Atlantic City 800-ft sand. Each of these hydrogeochemical facies generally is found within distinct intervals over a range of tens of feet in the core. </p><p>Krige estimates of pore-water–constituent variations with depth were made by using only the analytical results for the 14 samples from the lower confining unit overlying the Atlantic City 800-ft sand and the silt interbeds in the upper sand unit of the Atlantic City 800-ft sand. Geostatistical analysis of the pore-water–quality data generally resulted in two types of semivariograms. One semivariogram type best fits concentration trends with depth for calcium, magnesium, strontium, sodium, sulfate, and specific conductance; lithium and chloride may also fit this semivariogram type. The other semivariogram type best fits concentration trends with depth for silica, cation exchange capacity, and dissolved inorganic carbon. The scale of variation of the concentrations and properties is indicated by the maximum lag autocorrelation distance of the theoretical semivariograms (the range) and ranged from 44 to 110 ft (13.4–33.5 m). The scale of variation of pore-water major-ion concentrations of sulfate, chloride, calcium, and magnesium alone is on the order of 65–70 ft (19.8–21.3 m). The semivariograms for all pore-water constituents except silica have significant variance at the smallest lag distance, indicating that the constituent concentration varied over a larger scale than the sampling interval. </p><p>The dominant exchangeable cation in the sediment is calcium. Cation exchange reactions do not appear to be the dominant process in the sediments of the lower confining unit above the Atlantic City 800-ft sand, because a linear correlation exists between the concentration of sodium and the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations in the pore water; concentrations of all these constituents increase in the upward flow direction, and the ratio of sodium to chloride in the pore water is about 1.0. </p><p>Two significant principal components explained 82.5% of the total variation in pore-water solute chemistry. Principal component 1 represents about 53% of the variation in pore-water quality and includes calcium, magnesium, sulfate, strontium, and lithium. Coupled chemical processes in the confining units, such as incongruent dissolution of carbonate and other mineral phases or redox transformations of sulfur, likely explain the covariance of these constituents. Principal component 2 represents about 30% of the variation and includes sodium, dissolved inorganic carbon, and chloride. Covariance of sodium and chloride probably is caused by the presence of residual seawater.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Leg 150X-Scientific results: Island Beach, Atlantic City and Cape May sites, New Jersey coastal plain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Project","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.321.1997","usgsCitation":"Pucci, A., Szabo, Z., and Owens, J., 1997, Variations in pore-water quality, mineralogy, and sedimentary texture of clay-silts in the lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation, Atlantic City, New Jersey, <i>in</i> Leg 150X-Scientific results: Island Beach, Atlantic City and Cape May sites, New Jersey coastal plain, p. 317-341, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.150X.321.1997.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"341","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Atlantic City","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.94073486328125,\n              40.390488829277956\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.4873046875,\n              40.42813291388417\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.27008056640625,\n              39.87391156801293\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.58319091796875,\n              39.631076770083666\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.70703125,\n              39.059716474034666\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.080810546875,\n              39.57817336212527\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.94073486328125,\n              40.390488829277956\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pucci, A. A.","contributorId":74410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pucci","given":"A. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":138827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owens, James P.","contributorId":9691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"James P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29663,"text":"wri944137 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:44:56","indexId":"wri944137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4137","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>The West Valley Creek Basin drains 20.9 square miles in the Piedmont Physiographic Province of southeastern Pennsylvania and is partly underlain by carbonate rocks that are highly productive aquifers. The basin is undergoing rapid urbanization that includes changes in land use and increases in demand for public water supply and wastewater disposal. Ground water is the sole source of supply in the basin.</p><p>West Valley Creek flows southwest in a 1.5-mile-wide valley that is underlain by folded and faulted carbonate rocks and trends east-northeast, parallel to regional geologic structures. The valley is flanked by hills underlain by quartzite and gneiss to the north and by phyllite and schist to the south. Surface water and ground water flow from the hills toward the center of the valley. Ground water in the valley flows west-southwest parallel to the course of the stream. Seepage investigations identified losing reaches in the headwaters area where streams are underlain by carbonate rocks and gaining reaches downstream. Tributaries contribute about 75 percent of streamflow. The ground-water and surface-water divides do not coincide in the carbonate valley. The ground-water divide is about 0.5 miles west of the surface-water divide at the eastern edge of the carbonate valley. Underflow to the east is about 1.1 inches per year. Quarry dewatering operations at the western edge of the valley may act partly as an artificial basin boundary, preventing underflow to the west. </p><p>Water budgets for 1990, a year of normal precipitation (45.8 inches), and 1991, a year of sub-normal precipitation (41.5 inches), were calculated. Streamflow was 14.61 inches in 1990 and 12.08 inches in 1991. Evapotranspiration was estimated to range from 50 to 60 percent of precipitation. Base flow was about 62 percent of streamflow in both years. Exportation by sewer systems was about 3 inches from the basin and, at times, equaled base flow during the dry autumn of 1991. Recharge was estimated to be 18.5 inches in 1990 and 13.7 inches in 1991. </p><p>Ground-water quality in the basin reflects differences in lithology and has been affected by human activities. Ground water in the carbonate rocks is naturally hard, has a near neutral pH, and contains more dissolved solids and less dissolved iron, manganese, and radon-222 than ground water in the noncarbonate rocks, which is soft, with moderately acidic to acidic pH. Regional contamination by chloride and nitrate and local contamination by organic compounds and metals was detected. Natural background concentrations are estimated to be about 1 milligram per liter for nitrate as nitrogen and less than 3 milligrams per liter for chloride. Ground water in unsewered areas and agricultural areas of the basin has median concentrations of nitrate that are greater than those in ground water from other areas; septic system effluent and fertilizer are probable sources of elevated nitrate. Water samples from wells in urbanized areas contain greater concentrations of chloride than samples from wells in residential areas; road salt is the probable source of elevated chloride. Organic solvents, especially trichloroethylene, were detected in 30 percent of the wells sampled in the urbanized carbonate valley. Most of the organic solvents and some of the metals in ground water were detected near old industrial sites.</p><p>Base-flow stream quality of West Valley Creek was determined at 15 sites from monthly sampling for 1 year. Differences in stream quality reflect differences in lithology, land use, and point sources in tributary subbasins and mainstem reaches. The chemical composition of base flow in the mainstem is dominated by ground-water discharge from carbonate rocks. Elevated concentrations of nitrate (greater than 3 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in base flow were measured in a tributary draining agricultural land and in a tributary draining an unsewered residential area. Elevated concentrations of phosphate&nbsp;(greater than 0.5 milligrams per liter as phosphorus) were measured in a stream that receives treated sewage effluent. Discharge of water containing elevated sulfate (about 250 milligrams per liter) from quarry dewatering operations contributes to die increase in sulfate concentration (of 10 to 40 milligrams per liter) in base flow downstream from the quarry. The chloride load at all stream sites is greater than the load contributed by precipitation and mineral weathering to the basin, indicating anthropogenic sources of chloride throughout the basin. </p><p>The diversity index of the benthic invertebrate community has increased since 1973 at the longterm biological monitoring site on West Valley Creek, indicating an improvement in stream quality. The improvement probably is related to controls on discharges and banning of pesticides, such as DOT, in the 1970's. Concentrations of dissolved constituents, except for chloride, determined for base flow in the autumn do not appear to have changed since 1971. Application of the seasonal Kendall test for trend indicates that concentrations of chloride in base flow have increased since 1971; this increase may be related to the increase in urbanization in the basin. The benthic community structure at the West Valley Creek site in 1991 indicates slight nutrient enrichment.</p><p>Lithium was detected in ground water and surface water downgradient from two lithiumprocessing facilities. Until 1991, lithium was discharged into a losing reach of West Valley Creek, thus introducing lithium into the ground-water system. The potential for cross-contamination between the ground-water and surface-water systems is great, as demonstrated by the detection of lithium in ground water and surface water downstream and downgradient from the two lithium-processing facilities. The lithium that was discharged into the creek acts as a conservative tracer in gaining reaches of West Valley Creek, maintaining a mass balance and characteristic isotopic signature. Lithium-7/lithium-6 ratios were greater in streams that are affected by sewage and by lithium-processing discharges and in ground water downgradient from the lithium-processing facilities than natural background lithium isotopic ratios.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Sloto, R.A., and Reif, A.G., 1997, Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4137, Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944137.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353357,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"West Valley Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.70833333,\n              39.91666667\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.54166667,\n              39.91666667\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.54166667,\n              40.08333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.70833333,\n              40.08333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.70833333,\n              39.91666667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019577,"text":"70019577 - 1997 - Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T17:28:51.59158","indexId":"70019577","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents","docAbstract":"<p><span>Isotopic analysis of 39 lithium reagents from several manufacturers indicates that seven were artificially depleted in&nbsp;</span><sup>6</sup><span>Li significantly in excess of the variation found in terrestrial materials. The atomic weight of lithium in analyzed reagents ranged from 6.939 to 6.996, and δ</span><sup>7</sup><span>Li, reported relative to L-SVEC lithium carbonate, ranged from −11 to +3013‰. This investigation indicates that&nbsp;</span><sup>6</sup><span>Li-depleted reagents are now found on chemists' shelves, and the labels of these&nbsp;</span><sup>6</sup><span>Li-depleted reagents do not accurately reflect the atomic and (or) molecular weights of these reagents. In 1993, IUPAC issued the following statement:  “Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.94 and 6.99; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material.” This statement has been found to be incorrect. In two of the 39 samples analyzed, the atomic weight of Li was in excess of 6.99.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac9704669","usgsCitation":"Qi, H.P., Coplen, T.B., Wang, Q.Z., and Wang, Y.#., 1997, Unnatural isotopic composition of lithium reagents: Analytical Chemistry, v. 69, no. 19, p. 4076-4078, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9704669.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"4076","endPage":"4078","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcdae4b08c986b328e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qi, H. P.","contributorId":74891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Q. Zh","contributorId":17387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Q.","email":"","middleInitial":"Zh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Y. #NAME?","contributorId":68475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21714,"text":"ofr96614 - 1996 - Data from synoptic water-quality studies on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, November 1990 and June 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T12:53:33","indexId":"ofr96614","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-614","title":"Data from synoptic water-quality studies on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, November 1990 and June 1991","docAbstract":"Two water-quality synoptic studies were made on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Field measurements and the collection of water samples for laboratory analysis were made at 10 mainstem and 6 tributary sites every 6 hours for a 48-hour period on November 5-6, 1990, and again on June 18-20, 1991. Field\r\nmeasurements included discharge, alkalinity, water temperature, light penetration, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen. Water samples were collected for the laboratory analysis of major and minor ions (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, strontium, chloride, sulfate, silica as SiO2), trace elements (aluminum, arsenic, boron, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, thallium, uranium, vanadium and zinc), and nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, nitrite, total\r\ndissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon). Biological measurements included drift (benthic invertebrates and detrital material), and benthic invertebrates from the river bottom.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/ofr96614","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Taylor, H.E., Peart, D., Antweiler, R.C., Brinton, T., Campbell, W.L., Barbarino, J., Roth, D., Hart, R.J., and Averett, R., 1996, Data from synoptic water-quality studies on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, November 1990 and June 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-614, iv, 176 p. :ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96614.","productDescription":"iv, 176 p. :ill. ; 28 cm.","temporalStart":"1990-11-01","temporalEnd":"1991-06-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":8225,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_inorganic/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0614/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8224,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_inorganic/download/Synoptic.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51241,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0614/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c87f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peart, D.B.","contributorId":45304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peart","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brinton, T.I.","contributorId":93922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"T.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, W. L.","contributorId":46939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barbarino, J.R.","contributorId":94336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roth, D.A.","contributorId":100864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hart, R. J.","contributorId":62607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Averett, R. C.","contributorId":35709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averett","given":"R. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":1127,"text":"wsp2381D - 1996 - Effects of land use on water quality of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer, east-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2381D","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2381","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of land use on water quality of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer, east-central Colorado","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected from the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer in 1988 and 1989 as part of the Toxic-Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program. These data indicate that dissolved solids, most major ions, fluoride, ammonium, boron, lithium, selenium, and strontium were more concentrated in the agricultural land-use area than in the upgradient urban land-use area. Nitrate and phosphate had significantly larger concentrations, and volatile organic compounds had significantly greater detection frequencies in the urban land-use area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by USGS Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2381D","usgsCitation":"Chafin, D.T., 1996, Effects of land use on water quality of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer, east-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2381, vii, 99 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 1 plate in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2381D.","productDescription":"vii, 99 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 1 plate in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25904,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25905,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611d1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chafin, Daniel T.","contributorId":77500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chafin","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30588,"text":"wri954243 - 1996 - Water quality of large discharges from mines in the anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T14:23:27","indexId":"wri954243","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4243","title":"Water quality of large discharges from mines in the anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"In 1991, 99 of the 102 coal mines in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania that discharged 1.0 cubic foot per second or more when water-quality samples were collected in 1975 were revisited. Water was not discharging from 15 of these 99 mines in 1991. Discharge, water temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, sulfate, iron, manganese, alkalinity, and acidity were measured in water samples collected at 84 mines to assess changes in water quality from 1975 to 1991. The pH increased in water samples of 64 of the 81 mines. However, acidity was essentially unchanged. Concentrations of iron decreased in water discharge samples from 57 of 82 mines, manganese concentrations decreased in samples from 23 of 26 mines, and sulfate concentrations decreased in samples from 62 of 77 mines. The median change in sulfate was a decrease of 139 milligrams per liter. Alkalinity increased in water discharge samples from 43 mines, remained the same at 22 mines, and decreased at 14 mines. In 1975, the samples were collected during high base flow in the spring; in 1991, samples were collected during lower-than-normal base flow in the fall. This may have affected the comparison.\r\n      Many mine discharges have elevated concentrations of aluminum, calcium, cobalt, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, strontium, zinc, and sulfate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954243","usgsCitation":"Wood, C.R., 1996, Water quality of large discharges from mines in the anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4243, v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954243.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4243/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.5802001953125,\n              40.30257076364479\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.10528564453125,\n              40.30257076364479\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.10528564453125,\n              41.64623592868676\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.5802001953125,\n              41.64623592868676\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.5802001953125,\n              40.30257076364479\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9972","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, C. R.","contributorId":100386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27570,"text":"wri964016 - 1996 - Physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell at the forebay and outflows of Glen Canyon Dam, northeastern Arizona, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri964016","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4016","title":"Physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell at the forebay and outflows of Glen Canyon Dam, northeastern Arizona, 1990-91","docAbstract":"The physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell have a direct effect on the quality of water below Glen Canyon Dam. Understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake and outflows from the dam is essential in order to effectively manage the operation of the dam. During August 1990 to September 1991, physical and chemical measurements were made and water samples were collected in the forebay of Lake Powell and at the outflows (draft tubes) of Glen Canyon Dam to document the physical and chemical characteristics of water entering the Colorado River.  A persistent chemocline in the forebay of Lake Powell fluctuated seasonally during the study. Thermal stratification began in mid-April and persisted into late October. Spatial variation of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved-oxygen concentration in the forebay was negligible. Sodium and sulfate were the dominant ions. Major ions, nutrients, and metals generally increased in concentration with depth in the forebay. Concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (as nitrite plus nitrate) in the forebay ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.58 milligrams per liter. Strontium and lithium were the most abundant metals. Dissolved organic carbon ranged from about 2.6 to 4.9 milligrams per. liter with larger concentrations generally occurring in the epilimnion. No diel variations of chemical constituents were observed. Vertical-attenuation coefficients of light penetration in the forebay ranged from 0.058 to 0.080 microeinsteins per meter squared per second, and the euphotic depth ranged from about 82 to 113 feet.  Generally, the physical and chemical characteristics of outflows through the draft tubes of Glen Canyon Dam were similar to the physical and chemical characteristics of the water at penstock depth and deeper depths. Specific conductance ranged from 803 to 1,090 microsiemens per centimeter, and pH values ranged from about 7.2 to 8.0. Water temperatures measured in the outflows ranged from 7.0 to 9.0 degrees Celsius, and dissolved oxygen ranged from about 6.5 to 9.1 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (as nitrite plus nitrate) ranged from 0.13 to 0.74 milligrams per liter. Dissolved phosphorus (as orthophosphate) and ammonia (NH4) generally were less than the minimum reporting level of 0.01 milligrams per liter. Availability and Quality of Water from Drift Aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake Counties, Northwestern Minnesota  By R.J. Lindgren  Abstract Sand and gravel aquifers present within glacial deposits are important sources of water in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake Counties in northwestern Minnesota. Saturated thicknesses of the unconfined aquifers range from 0 to 30 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivities range from 2.5 to 600 feet per day. Transmissivity of the unconfined aquifers ranges from 33 to greater than 3,910 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields for 6 wells with specific-capacity data range from 12 to 123 gallons per minute.  Saturated thicknesses of shallow confined aquifers (depth to top of the aquifer less than 100 feet below land surface) range from 0 to 150 feet. Thicknesses of intermediate, deep, and basal confined aquifers (depths to top of the aquifer from 100 to 199 feet, from 200 to 299 feet, and 300 feet or more below land surface, respectively) range from 0 to more than 126 feet. Transmissivity of the confined aquifers ranges from 2 to greater than 210,000 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields range from 3 to about 2,000 gallons per minute.  Recharge to ground water is predominantly from precipitation that percolates downward to the saturated zone. Recharge to unconfined aquifers in the study area ranged from 4.5 to 12.0 inches per year during 1991 and 1992, based on hydrograph analysis. Model simulations done for this study indicate that recharge rates from 8 to 9 inches per year to unconfined aquifers produce the best matches","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964016","usgsCitation":"Hart, R.J., and Sherman, K., 1996, Physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Powell at the forebay and outflows of Glen Canyon Dam, northeastern Arizona, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4016, vi, 78 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964016.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4016/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56435,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, R. J.","contributorId":62607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherman, K.M.","contributorId":7329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19841,"text":"ofr9198 - 1993 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr9198","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:48:35","indexId":"pp1408A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Regional aquifers underlying the 15,600-square-mile Snake River Plain in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon was studied as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis program. The largest and most productive aquifers in the Snake River Plain are composed of Quaternary basalt of the Snake River Group, which underlies most of the 10,8000-square-mile eastern plain. Aquifer tests and simulation indicate that transmissivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain commonly ranges from about 100,000 to 1,000,000 feet squared per day. However, transmissivity of the total aquifer thickness may be as much as 10 million feet squared per day. Specific yield of the upper 200 feet of the aquifer ranges from about 0.01 to 0.20. Average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer ranges from less than 100 to 9,000 feet per day. Values may be one to several orders of magnitude higher in parts in individual flows, such as flow tops. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is probably several orders of magnitude lower than horizontal hydraulic conductivity and is generally related to the number of joints. Pillow lava in ancestral Snake River channels has the highest hydraulic conductivity of all rock types. Hydraulic conductivity of the basalt decreases with depth because of secondary filling of voids with calcite and silica. An estimated 80 to 120 million acre-feet of water is believed to be stored in the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain. The most productive aquifers in the 4,800-square-mile western plain are alluvial sand and gravel in the Boise River valley. Although aquifer tests indicate that transmissivity of alluvium in the Boise River valley ranges from 5,000 to 160,000 feet squared per day, simulation suggests that average transmissivity of the upper 500 feet is generally less than 20,000 feet squared per day. Vertically averaged horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 500 feet of alluvium ranges from about 4 to 40 feet per day; higher values can be expected in individual sand and gravel zones. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is considerably lower because of the presence of clay layers. Hydraulic heads measured in piezometers, interpreted from diagrams showing ground-water flow and equipotential lines and estimated by computer simulation, demonstrate that water movement is three dimensional through the rock framework. Natural recharge takes place along the margins of the plain where head decreases with depth; discharge takes place near some reaches of the Snake River and the Boise River where head increases with depth. Geothermal water in rhyolitic rocks in the western plain and western part of the eastern plain has higher hydraulic head than the overlying cold water. Geothermal water, therefore, moves upward and merges into the cold-water system. Basin water-budget analyses indicate that the volume of cold water. Carbon-14 age determinations, which indicate that residence time of geothermal water is 17,700 to 20,300 years, plus or minus 4,000 years, imply slow movement of water through the geothermal system. Along much of its length, the Snake River gains large quantities of ground water. On the eastern plain, the river gained about 1.9 million acre-feet of water between Blackfoot and Neeley, Idaho, in 1980. Between Milner and King Hill, Idaho, the river gained 4.7 million acre-feet, mostly as spring flow from the north side. Upstream from Blackfoot and in the vicinity of Lake Walcott, the rover loses flow to ground water during parts or all of the year. On the western plain, river gains from ground water are small relative to those on the eastern plain; most are from seepage. Streams in tributary drainage basins supply calcium/bicarbonate type and calcium/magnesium/bicarbonate type water to the plain. Water type is a reflection of the chemical composition of rocks in the drainage basin, Concentrations of dissolved solids are smallest, about 50 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Boise River that drain areas of granitic rocks; concentrations are greatest, about 400 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Owyhee and Raft Rivers that drain area of sedimentary rocks. Water chemistry reflects the interaction of surface water and ground water. The chemical composition of ground water in the plain is essentially the same as that in streamflow and groundwater discharge from tributary drainage basins. Tributary drainage basins supplied 85 percent of the ground-water recharge in the eastern plain during 1980 and a nearly equivalent percentage of the solute load in ground water; human activities and dissolution of minerals supplied the other solutes. Dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water were generally less than 400 milligrams per liter. Water from the lower geothermal system is chemically different from water from the upper cold-water system. Geothermal water typically has greater concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, silica, arsenic, boron, and lithium and smaller concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. Difference are attributed to ion exchange as geothermal moves through the rock framework. Irrigation, mostly on the Snake River Plain, accounted for about 96 percent of consumptive water use in Idaho during 1980. The use of surface water for irrigation for more than 100 years has caused major changes in the hydrologic system on the plain. Construction of dams, reservoirs, and diversifications effected planned changes in the surface-water system but resulted in largely unplanned changes in the ground-water system. During those years of irrigation, annual recharge in the main part of the eastern plain increased to about 6.7 million acre-feet in 1980, or by about 70 percent. Most of the increase was from percolation of surface water diverted for irrigation. From preirrigation to 1952, groundwater storage increased about 24 million acre-feet, and storage decreased from 1952 to 1964 and from 1976 to 1980 because of below-normal precipitation and increased withdrawals of ground water for irrigation. Annual ground-water discharge increased to about 7.1 million acre-feet in 1980, or about 80 percent since the start of irrigation. About 10 percent of the 1980 total discharge was ground-water pumpage. About 3.1 million acres, or almost one-third of the plain, was irrigated during 1980: 2.0 million acres with surface water, 1.0 million acres with ground water, and 0.1 million acres with combined surface and ground water. About 8.9 million acre-feet of Snake River water was diverted for irrigation during 1980 and 2.3 million acre-feet of ground water was pumped from 5,300 wells. Most irrigation wells on the eastern plain are open to basalt. About two-thirds of them yield more than 1,500 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 7,240 gallons per minute; drawdown is less than 20 feet in two-thirds of the wells. Most irrigation wells on the western plain are open to sedimentary rocks. About one-third of them yield more than 1,00 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 3,850 gallons per minute; drawndown is less than 20 feet in about one-fifth of the wells. The major instream use of water on the Snake River Plain is hydroelectric power generation. Fifty-two million acre-feet of water generated 2.6 million megawatthours of electricity during 1980. Digital computer ground-water flows models of the eastern and western plain reasonably simulated regional changes in water levels and ground-water discharges from 1880 (preirrigation) to 1980. Model results support the concept of three-dimensional flow and the hypotheses of no underflow between the eastern and western plain. Simulation of the regional aquifer system in the eastern plain indicates that is 1980 hydrologic conditions, including pumpage, were to remain the same for another 30 years, moderate declines in ground-water levels and decreases in spring discharges would continue. Increased ground-water pumpage to irrigate an additional 1 million acres could cause ground-water levels to decline a few tens of feet in the central part of the plain and could cause corresponding decreases in ground-water discharge. A combination of actions such as increased ground-water pumpage and decreased use of surface water for irrigation (resulting in reduced recharge) would accentuate the changes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408A","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., 1996, Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408A.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104631,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4855.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4855"},{"id":124963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67291,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, G. F.","contributorId":88763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018148,"text":"70018148 - 1996 - Lithium-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite from Hurricane Mountain, New Hampshire: A crystal-chemical study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70018148","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite from Hurricane Mountain, New Hampshire: A crystal-chemical study","docAbstract":"The structures of two crystals of Li-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite (1) (K0.32Na0.68)Na2(Li0.48Fe 2+2.83Mn2+0.10Zn 0.06Fe3+1.46Ti0.07) (Si7.88Al0.12)O22[Fu1.15(OH) 0.85] and (2) (K0.25Na0.75)Na2(Li0.48Fe 2+2.84Mn2+0.11Zn 0.05Fe3+1.45Ti0.07)(Si 7.89Al0.11)O22[F1.35(OH) 0.65] from a granitic pegmatite, Hurricane Mountain, New Hampshire, have been refined to R indices of 1.5(1.6)% based on 1380(1387) reflections measured with MoK?? X-radiation. The unit cell parameters are (1) a 9.838(4), b 17.991(6), c 5.315(2) A??, 103.78(3)??, V 913.7 A??3 and (2) a 9.832(3), b 17.990(7), c 5.316(3) A??, ?? 103.79(3)??, V 913.2 A??3. Site-scattering refinement shows Li to be completely ordered at the M(3) site in these crystals. The amphibole composition is intermediate between fluor-arfvedsonite and fluor-ferro-leakeite with a small component (???10%) of fluor-ferro-ferri-nybo??ite. These amphibole crystals project into miarolitic cavities in a pegmatitic phase of a riebeckite granite. The early-crystallizing amphibole is close to fluor-ferro-leakeite in composition, but becomes progressively depleted in Li and F as crystals project out into miarolitic cavities; the final amphibole to crystallize is a fibrous Li-poor riebeckite. Li plays a significant role in late-stage fractionation involving the crystallization of alkali amphibole in peralkaline granitic environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Ottolini, L., and Foord, E., 1996, Lithium-bearing fluor-arfvedsonite from Hurricane Mountain, New Hampshire: A crystal-chemical study: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 5, p. 1015-1019.","startPage":"1015","endPage":"1019","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a482ee4b0c8380cd67c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawthorne, Frank C.","contributorId":47924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oberti, R.","contributorId":36693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberti","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ottolini, L.","contributorId":11776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottolini","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":30289,"text":"wri944197 - 1995 - Reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, eastern Nebraska, July through September 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri944197","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4197","title":"Reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, eastern Nebraska, July through September 1992","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of ground-water quality was conducted in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District of eastern Nebraska. Sixty-one irrigation, municipal, domestic, and industrial wells completed in the principal aquifers--the unconfined Elkhorn, Missouri, and Platte River Valley alluvial aquifers, the upland area alluvial aquifers, and the Dakota aquifer--were selected for water-quality sampling during July, August, and September 1992. Analyses of water samples from the wells included determination of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen and triazine and acetanilide herbicides. Waterquality analyses of a subset of 42 water samples included dissolved solids, major ions, metals, trace elements, and radionuclides.  Concentrations of dissolved nitrate as nitrogen in water samples from 2 of 13 wells completed in the upland area alluvial aquifers exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter. Thirty-nine percent of the dissolved nitrate-as-nitrogen concentrations were less than the detection level of 0.05 milligram per liter. The largest median dissolved nitrate-as-nitrogen concentrations were in water from the upland area alluvial aquifers and the Dakota aquifer.  Water from all principal aquifers, except the Dakota aquifer, had detectable concentrations of herbicides. Herbicides detected included alachlor (1 detection), atrazine (13 detections), cyanazine (5 detections), deisopropylatrazine (6 detections), deethylatrazine (9 detections), metolachlor (6 detections), metribuzin (1 detection), prometon (6 detections), and simazine (2 detections). Herbicide concentrations did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels for drinking water. In areas where the hydraulic gradient favors loss of surface water to ground water, the detection of herbicides in water from wells along the banks of the Platte River indicates that the river could act as a line source of herbicides.  Water from the alluvial and bedrock aquifers generally was a calcium bicarbonate type and was hard. Two of nine water samples collected from the Dakota aquifer contained calcium sulfate type water. Results of analyses of 42 groundwater samples for major ions, metals, trace elements, and radionuclide constituents indicated that statistically at least one principal aquifer had significant differences in its water chemistry. In general, the water chemistry of the Dakota aquifer was similar to the water chemistry of the upland area alluvial aquifers in areas where there was a hydraulic connection. The water from the Dakota aquifer had large dissolved-solids, calcium, sulfate, chloride, iron, lithium, manganese, and strontium concentrations in areas where the aquifer is thought not to be in hydraulic connection with the Missouri River Valley and upland area alluvial aquifers. Ground-water quality in the Papio-MissouriRiver Natural Resources District is generally suitable for most uses. However, the numerous occurrences of herbicides in water of the Elkhorn and Platte River Valley alluvial aquifers, especially near the Platte River, are of concern because U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels could be exceeded. Concentrations in three of nine water samples collected from wells completed in the Dakota aquifer exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels or Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels for gross alpha activity, radon-222 activity, dissolved solids, sulfate, or iron. Also of concern are the exceedances of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for radon-222 activity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944197","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., and Ellis, M.J., 1995, Reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, eastern Nebraska, July through September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4197, vi, 90 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944197.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59080,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682b64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, M. J.","contributorId":27840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30064,"text":"wri944201 - 1995 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River Basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Distribution of trace-element concentrations in dissolved and suspended phases, streambed sediment, and fish samples, May 1987 through April 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T21:26:15.780473","indexId":"wri944201","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4201","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River Basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Distribution of trace-element concentrations in dissolved and suspended phases, streambed sediment, and fish samples, May 1987 through April 1990","docAbstract":"The distribution of trace elements in dissolved and suspended phases, streambed sediment, and fish samples is described for principal streams in the lower Kansas River Basin, Kansas and Nebraska, from May 1987 through April 1990. Large median concentrations of dissolved lithium and strontium in the Kansas River were related to saline ground-water discharge, and large median concentrations of dissolved strontium in Mill Creek near Paxico, Kansas were related to Permian limestone and shale. Large concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and lead in water were identified downstream from three reservoirs, which may be attributed to resuspension of bed sediment in turbulent flow near the dams or release of water from near the bottom of the reservoirs. Trace elements in streambed sediments greater than background concentrations were identified downstream from the Aurora, Nebraska, wastewater-treatment plant, from industrial or urban areas near Kansas City, Kansas, and from the dam at Perry Lake, Kansas. Median and 90th-percentile concentrations of mercury in fish-tissue samples approximately doubled from 1979-86 to 1987-90. However, concentrations in samples collected during the latter period were less than the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering 1972 criterion of 500 micrograms per kilogram for mercury in fish tissue.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944201","usgsCitation":"Tanner, D.Q., 1995, Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River Basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Distribution of trace-element concentrations in dissolved and suspended phases, streambed sediment, and fish samples, May 1987 through April 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4201, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944201.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393386,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48072.htm"},{"id":58877,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4201/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4201/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Kansas River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99,\n              38.6167\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6,\n              38.6167\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6,\n              41.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -99,\n              41.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -99,\n              38.6167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, D. Q.","contributorId":73224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29193,"text":"wri944134 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:26:18.030303","indexId":"wri944134","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4134","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is designed to provide a nationally consistent description of the current status of water quality, to define water-quality trends, and to relate past and present water-quality conditions to natural features, uses of land and water, and other water-quality effects from human activities. The Kentucky River Basin is one of four NAWQA pilot projects that focused primarily on the quality of surface water. Water, sediment, and bedrock samples were collected in the Kentucky River Basin during 1987-90 for the purpose of (1) describing the spatial distribution, transport, and temporal variability of metals and other trace elements in streams of the basin; (2) estimating mean annual loads, yields, and trends of constituent concentrations and identifying potential causes (or sources) of spatial patterns; (3) providing baseline information for concentrations of metals in streambed and suspended sediments; (4) identifying stream reaches in the Kentucky River Basin with chronic water-quality problems; and (5) evaluating the merits of the NAWQA pilot study-approach for the assessment of metals and other trace elements in a river system. </p><p>The spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin is associated with regional differences of geology, land use and cover, and the results of human activities. Median concentrations of constituents differed significantly among physiographic regions of the basin because of relations to bedrock geochemistry and land disturbance. Concentrations of potentially toxic metals were large in urban and industrial areas of the basin. Elevated concentrations of certain metals were also found in streambed sediments of the Knobs Region because of the presence of Devonian shale bedrock. Elevated concentrations of lead and zinc found in streambed sediments of the Bluegrass Region are likely associated with urban stormwater runoff, point-source discharges, and waste-management practices. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and silver were elevated in streambed sediments downstream from wastewater-treatment plant discharges. Streambed-sediment concentrations of barium, chromium, and lithium were elevated in streams that receive brine discharges from oil production. Elevated concentrations of antimony, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, uranium, and vanadium in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin were generally associated with natural sources. </p><p>Concentrations of metals and other trace elements in water samples from fixed stations (stations where water-quality samples were collected for 3.5 years) in the Kentucky River Basin were generally related to stream discharge and the concentration of suspended sediment, whereas constituent concentrations in the suspended-sediment matrix were indicative of natural and human sources. Estimated mean annual loads and yields for most metals and other trace elements were associated with the transport of suspended sediment.&nbsp;Land disturbance, such as surface mining and agriculture, contribute to increased transport of sediment in streams, thereby increasing concentrations of metals in water samples during periods of intense or prolonged rainfall and increased stream discharge. Concentrations of many metals and trace elements were reduced during low streamflow. Although total-recoverable and dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large in streams affected by land disturbance, concentrations of constituents in the suspendedsediment matrix were commonly large in streams in the Knobs and Eastern Coal Field Regions (because of relations with bedrock geochemistry) and in streams that receive wastewater or oil-well-brine discharges. Concentrations and mean annual load estimates for aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and mercury were larger than those obtained from data collected by a State agency, probably because of differences in sample-collection methodology, the range of discharge associated with water-quality samples, and laboratory analytical procedures. However, concentrations, loads, and yields of arsenic, barium, and zinc were similar to those determined from the State data. </p><p>Significant upward trends in the concentrations of aluminum, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc were indicated at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin during the past 10 to 15 years. Upward trends for concentrations of aluminum, iron, and manganese were found at sites that receive drainage from coal mines in the upper Kentucky River Basin, whereas upward trends for zinc may be associated with urban sources. Water-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or the State of Kentucky for concentrations of aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, silver, and zinc were exceeded at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin. On a qualitative basis, dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large during low streamflow at sites where (1) concentrations of these constituents in underlying streambed sediments were large, or (2) dissolvedoxygen concentrations were small. Concentrations of barium, lithium, and strontium were large during low streamflow, which indicates the influence of ground-water baseflows on the quality of surface water during low flow. </p><p>The effects of point-source discharges, landfills, and other wastemanagement practices are somewhat localized in the Kentucky River Basin and are best indicated by the spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments and in the suspended-sediment fraction of water samples at stream locations near the source. It was not possible to quantify the contribution of point sources to the total transport of metals and other trace elements at fixed stations because data were not available for wastewater effluents. Quantification of baseline concentrations of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments provides a basis for the detection of water-quality changes that may result from improvements in wastewater treatment or the implementation of best-management practices for controlling contamination from nonpoint sources in the Kentucky River Basin. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944134","usgsCitation":"Porter, S.D., White, K., and Clark, J.R., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4134, Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944134.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393475,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36776.htm"},{"id":159417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":354987,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.4022216796875,\n              36.82247761166621\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              36.82247761166621\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              38.929502416386605\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4022216796875,\n              38.929502416386605\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4022216796875,\n              36.82247761166621\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ade7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Kevin D.","contributorId":81887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Kevin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018736,"text":"70018736 - 1995 - Determination of elemental content off rocks by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T17:34:43.732196","indexId":"70018736","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of elemental content off rocks by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"A new method of analysis for rocks and soils is presented using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It is based on a lithium borate fusion and the free-running mode of a Nd/YAG laser. An Ar/N2 sample gas improves sensitivity 7 ?? for most elements. Sixty-three elements are characterized for the fusion, and 49 elements can be quantified. Internal standards and isotopic spikes ensure accurate results. Limits of detection are 0.01 ??g/g for many trace elements. Accuracy approaches 5% for all elements. A new quality assurance procedure is presented that uses fundamental parameters to test relative response factors for the calibration.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00110a024","usgsCitation":"Lichte, F., 1995, Determination of elemental content off rocks by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 67, no. 14, p. 2479-2485, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00110a024.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2479","endPage":"2485","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffa3e4b0c8380cd4f2d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187940,"text":"70187940 - 1995 - Hazard assessment of inorganics to three endangered fish in the Green River, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:18:28","indexId":"70187940","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard assessment of inorganics to three endangered fish in the Green River, Utah","docAbstract":"<p><span>Acute toxicity tests were conducted with three life stages of Colorado squawfish (</span><i>Ptychocheilus lucius</i><span>), razorback sucker (</span><i>Xyrauchen texanus</i><span>), and bonytail (</span><i>Gila elegans</i><span>) in a reconstituted water quality simulating the middle part of the Green River of Utah. Tests were conducted with boron, lithium, selenate, selenite, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. The overall rank order of toxicity to all species and life stages combined from most to least toxic was vanadium = zinc &gt; selenite &gt; lithium = uranium &gt; selenate &gt; boron. There was no difference between the three species in their sensitivity to the seven inorganics based on a rank-order evaluation at the species level. Colorado squawfish were 2-5 times more sensitive to selenate and selenite at the swimup life stage than older stages, whereas razorback suckers displayed equal sensitivity among life stages. Bonytail exhibited equal sensitivity to selenite, but were five times more sensitive to selenate at the swimup life stage than the older stages. Comparison of 96-hr LC</span><sub>50</sub><span> values with a limited number of environmental water concentrations in Ashley Creek, Utah, which receives irrigation drainwater, revealed moderate hazard ratios for boron, selenate, selenite, and zinc, low hazard ratios for uranium and vanadium, but unknown ratios for lithium. These inorganic contaminants in drainwaters may adversely affect endangered fish in the Green River.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.1995.1017","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S.J., 1995, Hazard assessment of inorganics to three endangered fish in the Green River, Utah: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 30, no. 2, p. 134-142, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1995.1017.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Green River","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd0e4b0b7ff9fb489c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017448,"text":"70017448 - 1994 - Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:52:00.858458","indexId":"70017448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ionic tracers lithium, sodium, chloride and bromide were used to measure flow loss in a small stream (≈︁ 10 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). An injectate containing all four tracers was added continuously at five sites along a 507 m study reach of St Kevin Gulch, Lake County, Colorado to determine which sections of the stream were losing water to the stream bed and to ascertain how well the four tracers performed. The acidity of the stream (pH 3.6) made it possible for lithium and sodium, which are normally adsorbed by ion exchange with stream bed sediment, to be used as conservative tracers. Net flow losses as low as 0.8 ls</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, or 8% of flow, were calculated between measuring sites. By comparing the results of simultaneous injection it was determined whether subsections of the study reach were influent or effluent. Evaluation of tracer concentrations along 116 m of stream indicated that all four tracers behaved conservatively. Discharges measured by Parshall flumes were 4–18% greater than discharges measured by tracer dilution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080206","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zellweger, G.W., 1994, Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 2, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake  County","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              39.690280594818034\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.710205078125,\n              38.762650338334154\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bee4b08c986b320c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4493,"text":"cir1120D - 1994 - Major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in the Mississippi River near Thebes, Illinois, July through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:50:45","indexId":"cir1120D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"D","title":"Major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in the Mississippi River near Thebes, Illinois, July through September 1993","docAbstract":"<p>Extensive flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin during summer 1993 had a significant effect on the water quality of the Mississippi River. To evaluate the change in temporal distribution and transport of dissolved constituents in the Mississippi River, six water samples were collected by a discharge-weighted method from July through September 1993 near Thebes, Illinois. Sampling at this location provided water-quality information from the upper Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Illinois River Basins. </p><p>Dissolved major constituents that were analyzed in each of the samples included bicarbonate, calcium (Ca), carbonate (C03), chloride (Cl), dissolved organic carbon, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), silica NOD, sodium (Na), and sulfate (S04). Dissolved nutrients included ammonium ion (NH4), nitrate (N03), nitrite (N02), and orthophosphate (P04) . Dissolved trace elements included aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron (B), beryllium (Be), bromide (Br), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt, (Co), copper (Cu), fluoride (F), iron (Fe), lead, lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), strontium (Sr), thallium, uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Other physical properties of water that were measured included specific conductance, pH and suspended-sediment concentration (particle size, less than 63 micrometers). </p><p>Results of this study indicated that large quantities of dissolved constituents were transported through the river system. Generally, pH, alkalinity, and specific conductance and the concentrations of B, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, K, Li, Mg, Mo, Na, S04, Sr, U, and V increased as water discharge decreased, while concentrations of F, Hg, and suspended sediment sharply decreased as water discharge decreased after the crest of the flood. Concentrations of other constituents, such as Al, As, Ba, Be, Co, Cu, Ni, N03, N02, NH4, P04, and Si02, varied with time as discharge decreased after the crest of the flood. </p><p>For most constituents, the load transported during floods generally is much greater than that transported during low-flow conditions. How ever, for Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, V, and Zn, loads increased substantially as water discharge decreased after the crest of the flood. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120D","usgsCitation":"Taylor, H.E., Antweiler, R.C., Brinton, T.I., Roth, D.A., and Moody, J.A., 1994, Major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in the Mississippi River near Thebes, Illinois, July through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120D.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":538,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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