Water samples were collected from 24 public-supply wells and 13 private residential wells during the summer of 2003 and analyzed to describe the chemical quality of ground water throughout the Chemung River basin, upgradient from Waverly, N.Y, on the Pennsylvania border. Wells were selected to represent areas of heaviest ground-water use and greatest vulnerability to contamination, and to obtain a geographical distribution across the 1,130 square-mile basin. Samples were analyzed for physical properties, inorganic constituents, nutrients, metals and radionuclides, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and bacteria.
The cations that were detected in the highest concentrations were calcium and sodium; the anions that were detected in the greatest concentrations were bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. The predominant nutrient was nitrate. Nitrate concentrations in samples from wells finished in sand and gravel were greater than in those from wells finished in bedrock, except for one bedrock well, which had the highest nitrate concentration of any sample in this study. The most commonly detected metals were aluminum, barium, iron, manganese, and strontium. The range of tritium concentrations (0.6 to 12.5 tritium units) indicates that the water ages ranged from less than 10 years old to more than 50 years old. All but one of the 15 pesticides detected were herbicides; those detected most frequently were atrazine, deethylatrazine, and two degradation products of metolachlor (metachlor ESA and metachlor OA), which were the pesticides detected at the highest concentrations. Not every sample collected was analyzed for pesticides, and pesticides were detected only in wells finished in sand and gravel. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 15 samples, and the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limits. Total coliform were detected in 12 samples; fecal coliform were detected in 7 samples; and Escherichia coli was detected in 6 samples. These bacteria were detected in water from bedrock as well as sand-and-gravel aquifers.
Federal and State water-quality standards were exceeded in several samples. Two samples exceeded the chloride U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level of 250 milligrams per liter. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Advisory for sodium (30 to 60 milligrams per liter) was exceeded in 11 samples. The upper limit of the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level range for aluminum (200 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in one sample. The Maximum Contaminant Level for barium (2,000 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in one sample. The Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for iron (300 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in 11 samples. The Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for manganese (50 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in 20 samples. The proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for radon (300 picocuries per liter) was exceeded in 34 samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041329","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Hetcher-Aguila, K.K., 2005, Ground-water quality in the Chemung River Basin, New York, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1329, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041329.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1329/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":323423,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1329/ofr20041329.pdf","text":"Report ","size":"2.45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2004-1329"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041381","usgsCitation":"Crusius, J., Bratton, J.F., and Charette, M., 2005, Putting radon to work: identifying coastal ground-water discharge sites: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1381, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041381.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6237,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1381/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415101,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70495.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Barnstable County","otherGeospatial":"Waquoit Bay study area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.5475,\n 41.587\n ],\n [\n -70.5475,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -70.5,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -70.5,\n 41.587\n ],\n [\n -70.5475,\n 41.587\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6556fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bratton, John F. 0000-0003-0376-4981 jbratton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-4981","contributorId":92757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"John","email":"jbratton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Charette, Matt","contributorId":93986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charette","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029092,"text":"70029092 - 2005 - Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:52:38","indexId":"70029092","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1012,"text":"Biogeosciences Discussions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model","docAbstract":"Submarine groundwater discharge was quantified by a variety of methods for a 4-day period during the early summer of 2004, in Salt Pond, adjacent to Nauset Marsh, on Cape Cod, USA. Discharge estimates based on radon and salinity took advantage of the presence of the narrow channel connecting Salt Pond to Nauset Marsh, which allowed constructing whole-pond mass balances as water flowed in and out due to tidal fluctuations. The data suggest that less than one quarter of the discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond happened within the pond itself, while three quarters or more of the discharge occurred immediately seaward of the pond, either in the channel or in adjacent regions of Nauset Marsh. Much of this discharge, which maintains high radon activities and low salinity, is carried into the pond during each incoming tide. A box model was used as an aid to understand both the rates and the locations of discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond. The model achieves a reasonable fit to both the salinity and radon data assuming submarine groundwater discharge is fresh and that most of it occurs either in the channel or in adjacent regions of Nauset Marsh. Salinity and radon data, together with seepage meter results, do not rule out discharge of saline groundwater, but suggest either that the saline discharge is at most comparable in volume to the fresh discharge or that it is depleted in radon. The estimated rate of fresh groundwater discharge in the vicinity of Salt Pond is 3000-7000 m3 d-1. This groundwater flux estimated from the radon and salinity data is comparable to a value of 3200-4500 m3 d-1 predicted by a recent hydrologic model (Masterson, 2004; Colman and Masterson, 2004), although the model predicts this rate of discharge to the pond whereas our data suggest most of the groundwater bypasses the pond prior to discharge. Additional work is needed to determine if the measured rate of discharge is representative of the long-term average, and to better constrain the rate of groundwater discharge seaward of Salt Pond.
","language":"English","publisher":"EGU","doi":"10.5194/bg-2-141-2005","issn":"18106277","usgsCitation":"Crusius, J., Koopmans, D., Bratton, J.F., Charette, M., Kroeger, K., Henderson, P., Ryckman, L., Halloran, K., and Colman, J.A., 2005, Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model: Biogeosciences Discussions, v. 2, no. 1, p. 141-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-141-2005.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-141-2005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d28e4b08c986b31d693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koopmans, D.","contributorId":33914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopmans","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bratton, John F. 0000-0003-0376-4981 jbratton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-4981","contributorId":92757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"John","email":"jbratton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charette, M.A.","contributorId":62014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charette","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kroeger, K.D.","contributorId":26060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henderson, P.","contributorId":83735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ryckman, L.","contributorId":100184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryckman","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Halloran, K.","contributorId":59616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halloran","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70029697,"text":"70029697 - 2005 - Indoor radon risk potential of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70029697","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2439,"text":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indoor radon risk potential of Hawaii","docAbstract":"A comprehensive evaluation of radon risk potential in the State of Hawaii indicates that the potential for Hawaii is low. Using a combination of factors including geology, soils, source-rock type, soil-gas radon concentrations, and indoor measurements throughout the state, a general model was developed that permits prediction for various regions in Hawaii. For the nearly 3,100 counties in the coterminous U.S., National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) aerorad data was the primary input factor. However, NURE aerorad data was not collected in Hawaii, therefore, this study used geology and soil type as the primary and secondary components of potential prediction. Although the radon potential of some Hawaiian soils suggests moderate risk, most houses are built above ground level and the radon soil potential is effectively decoupled from the house. Only underground facilities or those with closed or recirculating ventilation systems might have elevated radon potential. ?? 2005 Akade??miai Kiado??.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10967-005-0722-9","issn":"02365731","usgsCitation":"Reimer, G., and Szarzi, S., 2005, Indoor radon risk potential of Hawaii: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, v. 264, no. 2, p. 365-369, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0722-9.","startPage":"365","endPage":"369","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212799,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0722-9"},{"id":240341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"264","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3aa5e4b0c8380cd61e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szarzi, S.L.","contributorId":6860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szarzi","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70374,"text":"sir20045201 - 2004 - Quality of water in the Trinity and Edwards aquifers, south-central Texas, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T17:34:45","indexId":"sir20045201","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5201","title":"Quality of water in the Trinity and Edwards aquifers, south-central Texas, 1996-98","docAbstract":"During 1996–98, the U.S. Geological Survey studied surface- and ground-water quality in south-central Texas. The ground-water components included the upper and middle zones (undifferentiated) of the Trinity aquifer in the Hill Country and the unconfined part (recharge zone) and confined part (artesian zone) of the Edwards aquifer in the Balcones fault zone of the San Antonio region. The study was supplemented by information compiled from four ground-water-quality studies done during 1996–98.
Trinity aquifer waters are more mineralized and contain larger dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride concentrations compared to Edwards aquifer waters. Greater variability in water chemistry in the Trinity aquifer likely reflects the more variable lithology of the host rock. Trace elements were widely detected, mostly at small concentrations. Median total nitrogen was larger in the Edwards aquifer than in the Trinity aquifer. Ammonia nitrogen was detected more frequently and at larger concentrations in the Trinity aquifer than in the Edwards aquifer. Although some nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the Edwards aquifer exceeded a U.S. Geological Survey national background threshold concentration, no concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public drinking-water standard.
Synthetic organic compounds, such as pesticides and volatile organic compounds, were detected in the Edwards aquifer and less frequently in the Trinity aquifer, mostly at very small concentrations (less than 1 microgram per liter). These compounds were detected most frequently in urban unconfined Edwards aquifer samples. Atrazine and its breakdown product deethylatrazine were the most frequently detected pesticides, and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds. Widespread detections of these compounds, although at small concentrations, indicate that anthropogenic activities affect ground-water quality.
Radon gas was detected throughout the Trinity aquifer but not throughout the Edwards aquifer. Fourteen samples from the Trinity aquifer and 10 samples from the Edwards aquifer exceeded a proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public drinking-water standard. Sources of radon in the study area might be granitic sediments underlying the Trinity aquifer and igneous intrusions in and below the Edwards aquifer.
The presence of tritium in nearly all Edwards aquifer samples indicates that some component of sampled water is young (less than about 50 years), even for long flow paths in the confined zone. About one-half of the Trinity aquifer samples contained tritium, indicating that only part of the aquifer contains young water.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water provide indicators of recharge sources to the Trinity and Edwards aquifers. Most ground-water samples have a meteorological isotopic signature indicating recharge as direct infiltration of water with little residence time on the land surface. Isotopic data from some samples collected from the unconfined Edwards aquifer indicate the water has undergone evaporation. At the time that ground-water samples were collected (during a drought), nearby streams were the likely sources of recharge to these wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045201","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Fahlquist, L., and Ardis, A.F., 2004, Quality of water in the Trinity and Edwards aquifers, south-central Texas, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5201, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045201.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6534,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045201/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":341608,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5201/pdf/sir2004-5201.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.2,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -97.8826904296875,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -97.8826904296875,\n 30.2\n ],\n [\n -100.2,\n 30.2\n ],\n [\n -100.2,\n 29\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b1f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne","contributorId":8810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54081,"text":"wri034050 - 2004 - Quality of water from shallow wells in the rice-growing area in southwestern Louisiana, 1999 through 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-01T15:13:02","indexId":"wri034050","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4050","title":"Quality of water from shallow wells in the rice-growing area in southwestern Louisiana, 1999 through 2001","docAbstract":"In 1999-2001, the U.S. Geological Survey installed and sampled 27 shallow wells in the \n\nrice-growing area in southwestern Louisiana as part of the Acadian-Pontchartrain Study Unit of \n\nthe National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of this report is to describe the \n\nwaulity of water from shallow wells in the rice-growing area and to relate that water quality to \n\nnatural and anthropogenic activities, particularly rice agriculture. Ground-water samples were \n\nanalyzed for general ground-water properties and about 150 water-quality constituents, including \n\nmajor inorganic ions, trace elements, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pesticides, \n\nradon, chloroflourocarbons, and selected stable isotopes.\n\nDissolved solids concentrations for 17 wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \n\nsecondary minimum containment level of 500 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for drinking water. \n\nConcentrations for major pesticides generally were less than the maximum contaminant levels for \n\ndrinking water. Two major inorganic ions, sulfate and chloride, and two trace elements, iron \n\nand manganese, had concentrations that were greater than the secondary maximum containment \n\nlevels. Three nutrient concentrations were greater than 2 mg/L, a level that might indicate \n\ncontamination from human activities, and one nutrient concentration (that for nitrite plus \n\nnitrite as nitrogen) was greater than the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L for drinking \n\nwater. The median concentration for DOC was 0.5 mg/L, indicating naturally-occurring DOC \n\nconditions in the study area. Thirteen pesticides and 7 pesticide degradation products were \n\ndetected in 14 of the 27 wells sampled. Bentazon, 2, 4-D, and molinate (three rice herbicides) \n\nwere detected in water from four, one, and one wells, respectively, and malathion (a rice \n\ninsecticide) was deteced in water fromone well. Low-level concentrations and few detections of \n\nnutrients and pesticides indicated that ground-water quality was affected slightly by \n\nanthropogenic activities. Quality-control samples, including field blanks, replicates, and \n\nspikes, indicated no bias in ground-water data from collection on analysis. \n\nRadon concentrations for 22 of the 24 wells sampled wer at or greater than the U.S. \n\nEnvironmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter. \n\nChlorofluorocarbon concentrations in selected wells indicated the apparent ages of the ground \n\nwater varied with depth water level and ranged from about 17 to 49 years. The stable isotopes \n\nof hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules indicated the origin of ground water in the study area \n\nwas rainwater that originated near the study area and that few geochemical or physical processes \n\ninfluenced the stable isotopic composition of the shallow ground water.\n\nThe Spearman rank correlation was used to detemrine whther significant correlations existed between physical properties, selected chemical constituents, the number of pesticides detected, and the apparent age of water. The depth to ground water was positively correlated to the well depth and inversely correlated to dissolved solids and other constituents, such as radon, indicating the ground water was under unconfined or semiconfined conditions and more dilute with increasing depth. As the depth to ground water increased, the concentrations of dissolved solids and other constituents decreased, possibly because the deeper sands had a greater transmittal of ground water, which, over time, would flush out, or dilute, the concentrations of dissolved solids in the natural sediments. The apparent age of water was correlated inversely with nitrite plus nitrite concentration, indicating that as apparent age increased, the nitrite plus nitrite concentration decreased. No significant correlations existed between the number of pesticides detected and any of the physical or chemica","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034050","usgsCitation":"Tollett, R.W., and Fendick, R., 2004, Quality of water from shallow wells in the rice-growing area in southwestern Louisiana, 1999 through 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4050, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034050.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":275849,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4050/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tollett, Roland W. 0000-0002-4726-5845 rtollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-5845","contributorId":1896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tollett","given":"Roland","email":"rtollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fendick, Robert B. Jr. rfendick@usgs.gov","contributorId":1313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"Robert B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rfendick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":249163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57788,"text":"sir20045093 - 2004 - Quality of water in the fractured-bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"sir20045093","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5093","title":"Quality of water in the fractured-bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Over the past few decades, New Hampshire has experienced considerable population growth, which is forcing some communities to look for alternative public and private water supplies in the bedrock aquifer. Because the quality of water from the aquifer can vary, the U.S. Geological Survey statistically analyzed well data from 1,353 domestic and 360 public-supply bedrock wells to characterize the ground water. The domestic-well data were from homeowner-collected samples analyzed by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) Environmental Laboratory from 1984 to 1994. Bedrock water in New Hampshire often contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, arsenic, and radon gas. Water samples from 21 percent of the domestic bedrock wells contained arsenic above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 10 micrograms per liter (?g/L) drinking-water standard for public-water supplies, and 96 percent had radon concentrations greater than the USEPA-proposed 300 picocurie per liter (pCi/L) standard for public-water supplies. Some elevated fluoride concentrations (2 percent of samples) were above the 4 milligrams per liter (mg/L) USEPA drinking-water standard for public-water supplies. Water from the bedrock aquifer also typically is soft to moderately hard, and has a pH greater than 7.0.\r\n\r\nVariations in bedrock water quality were discernable when the data were compared to lithochemical groupings of the bedrock, indicating that the type of bedrock has an effect on the quality of water in the bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire. Ground-water samples from the metasedimentary lithochemical group have greater concentrations of total iron and total manganese than do the felsic and mafic igneous lithochemical groups. Ground-water samples from the felsic igneous group have higher concentrations of total fluoride than do those from the other lithochemical groups. For arsenic, the calcareous metasedimentary group was identified, using the public-supply database, as having higher concentrations, on average, than the other lithochemical groups. The use of a radon-gas-potential classification of bedrock in the State indicated where high radon concentrations in the air and in water from private and public-supply wells were more likely to occur. \r\n\r\nIn general, samples from the bedrock aquifer tend to have higher pH (are less acidic), greater hardness, much higher concentrations of iron, similar concentrations of manganese, and higher concentrations of fluoride and arsenic than do samples from stratified-drift aquifers in New Hampshire. An understanding of the water-quality conditions of water in bedrock aquifers is important from a public-health perspective because an increasing number of domestic bedrock wells are being drilled and relied upon as a source of drinking water in the State.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045093","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., 2004, Quality of water in the fractured-bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5093, v, 30 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045093.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5749,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045093/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db6515fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Richard Bridge","contributorId":90712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Bridge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53828,"text":"wri034275 - 2004 - Water-quality characteristics and ground water quantity of the Fraser River watershed, Grand County, Colorado, 1998-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T13:24:37.76469","indexId":"wri034275","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4275","title":"Water-quality characteristics and ground water quantity of the Fraser River watershed, Grand County, Colorado, 1998-2001","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Grand County Board of County Commissioners, conducted a 4-year study to assess ground- and surface-water-quality conditions and ground-water quantity in the 302-square-mile Fraser River watershed in north-central Colorado. The Fraser River flows north about 28 miles from the headwaters near the Continental Divide, through the towns of Winter Park, Fraser, Tabernash, and Granby, and is one of the major tributaries to the Upper Colorado River. Increasing urban development, as well as the seasonal influx of tourists, is placing more demands on the water resources in the Fraser River watershed.\r\n\r\nA ground-water sampling network of 11 wells was established to represent different aquifer systems (alluvial, Troublesome Formation, Precambrian granite), land uses (urban, nonurban), and areas with or without individual septic disposal system use. The well network was sampled for ground-water quality on a semiannual basis from August 1998 through September 2001. The sampling included field properties and the collection of water samples for analysis of major ions, trace elements, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, bacteria, methylene blue active substances, and radon-222. One surface-water site, on the Fraser River just downstream from the town of Tabernash, Colorado, was sampled bimonthly from August 1998 through September 2001 to assess the cumulative effects of natural and human processes on water quality in the upper part of the Fraser River watershed. Surface-water-quality sampling included field properties and the collection of water-quality samples for analysis of major ions, trace elements, nutrients, organic carbon, and bacteria.\r\n\r\nGround water was a calcium-bicarbonate type water and is suitable as a drinking-water, domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation source. In general, no widespread ground-water-quality problems were indicated. All pH values and concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrite, and nitrate in the ground-water samples met or were substantially less than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards and health advisories or State of Colorado water-quality standards. Federal standards for turbidity and concentrations of iron, manganese, methylene blue active substances, and radon-222 were not met in water samples from at least one well. The only ground-water-quality concern assessed by this study is radon-222, which was detected in all radon- analyzed samples from 10 wells at levels exceeding the proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 300 picocuries per liter.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of chloride, magnesium, and sulfate were statistically different (higher) in ground-water samples from wells completed in the alluvial aquifer, urbanized areas, and areas with individual septic disposal system use than those from wells completed in the Troublesome Formation, nonurban areas, and areas without individual septic disposal system use. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were statistically higher in ground-water samples from wells completed in the alluvial aquifer and areas without individual septic disposal system use than those from wells completed in the Troublesome Formation and areas with individual septic disposal system use. Differences in dissolved organic-carbon concentrations between the latter category and areas without septic systems likely had no environmental significance. \r\n\r\nSurface water at the site Fraser River below Crooked Creek at Tabernash was a calcium-bicarbonate type water and is suitable as a drinking-water, residential, commercial, and irrigation resource. All pH values and concentrations of dissolved oxygen were within the State of Colorado instream water-quality standards, and all concentrations of chloride, sulfate, iron, manganese, un-ionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and fecal coliform bacteria met State standards. Seasonal changes in the values or conc","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034275","usgsCitation":"Bauch, N.J., and Bails, J.B., 2004, Water-quality characteristics and ground water quantity of the Fraser River watershed, Grand County, Colorado, 1998-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4275, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034275.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420392,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67750.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5271,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4275.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Grand County","otherGeospatial":"Fraser River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.0397,\n 40.1069\n ],\n [\n -106.0397,\n 39.7819\n ],\n [\n -105.6917,\n 39.7819\n ],\n [\n -105.6917,\n 40.1069\n ],\n [\n -106.0397,\n 40.1069\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauch, Nancy J. 0000-0002-0302-2892 njbauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-2892","contributorId":1297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauch","given":"Nancy","email":"njbauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bails, Jeffrey B. jbbails@usgs.gov","contributorId":813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bails","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbbails@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53680,"text":"ofr20041050 - 2004 - Geology and Indoor Radon in Schools of the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District, Palos Verdes Peninsula, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:49:43","indexId":"ofr20041050","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1050","title":"Geology and Indoor Radon in Schools of the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District, Palos Verdes Peninsula, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041050","usgsCitation":"Duval, J.S., Fukumoto, L.E., Fukumoto, J.M., and Snyder, S.L., 2004, Geology and Indoor Radon in Schools of the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District, Palos Verdes Peninsula, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1050, online report, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041050.","productDescription":"online report","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4999,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1050/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duval, Joseph S.","contributorId":22314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fukumoto, Lauren E.","contributorId":100468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukumoto","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fukumoto, Joseph M.","contributorId":28661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukumoto","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snyder, Stephen L. ssnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":4753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Stephen","email":"ssnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027017,"text":"70027017 - 2004 - Radon (222Rn) in ground water of fractured rocks: A diffusion/ion exchange model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:55:57","indexId":"70027017","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radon (222Rn) in ground water of fractured rocks: A diffusion/ion exchange model","docAbstract":"Ground waters from fractured igneous and high‐grade sialic metamorphic rocks frequently have elevated activity of dissolved radon (222Rn). A chemically based model is proposed whereby radium (226Ra) from the decay of uranium (238U) diffuses through the primary porosity of the rock to the water‐transmitting fracture where it is sorbed on weathering products. Sorption of 226Ra on the fracture surface maintains an activity gradient in the rock matrix, ensuring a continuous supply of 226Ra to fracture surfaces. As a result of the relatively long half‐life of 226Ra (1601 years), significant activity can accumulate on fracture surfaces. The proximity of this sorbed 226Ra to the active ground water flow system allows its decay progeny 222Rn to enter directly into the water. Laboratory analyses of primary porosity and diffusion coefficients of the rock matrix, radon emanation, and ion exchange at fracture surfaces are consistent with the requirements of a diffusion/ion‐exchange model. A dipole‐brine injection/withdrawal experiment conducted between bedrock boreholes in the high‐grade metamorphic and granite rocks at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States (42°56′N, 71°43′W) shows a large activity of 226Ra exchanged from fracture surfaces by a magnesium brine. The 226Ra activity removed by the exchange process is 34 times greater than that of 238U activity. These observations are consistent with the diffusion/ion‐exchange model. Elutriate isotopic ratios of 223Ra/226Ra and 238U/226Ra are also consistent with the proposed chemically based diffusion/ion‐exchange model.
Chester County encompasses 760 square miles in southeastern Pennsylvania. Groundwater-quality studies have been conducted in the county over several decades to address specific hydrologic issues. This report compiles and describes water-quality data collected during studies conducted mostly after 1990 and summarizes the data in a county-wide perspective.
In this report, water-quality constituents are described in regard to what they are, why the constituents are important, and where constituent concentrations vary relative to geology or land use. Water-quality constituents are grouped into logical units to aid presentation: water-quality constituents measured in the field (pH, alkalinity, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen), common ions, metals, radionuclides, bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Water-quality constituents measured in the field, common ions (except chloride), metals, and radionuclides are discussed relative to geology. Bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds are discussed relative to land use. If the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or Chester County Health Department has drinking water standards for a constituent, the standards are included. Tables and maps are included to assist Chester County residents in understanding the water-quality constituents and their distribution in the county.
Ground water in Chester County generally is of good quality and is mostly acidic except in the carbonate rocks and serpentinite, where it is neutral to strongly basic. Calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are major constituents of these rocks. Both compounds have high solubility, and, as such, both are major contributors to elevated pH, alkalinity, specific conductance, and the common ions. Elevated pH and alkalinity in carbonate rocks and serpentinite can indicate a potential for scaling in water heaters and household plumbing. Low pH and low alkalinity in the schist, quartzite, and gneiss rocks can indicate a potential for corrosive water. The only constituent measured in the field that has a USEPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) is pH. The SMCL for pH is 6.5-8.5; 64 percent of samples analyzed for pH were acidic (below pH 6.5). Only 1 percent of samples were basic (above pH 8.5).
Of the common ions, the USEPA has SMCLs for chloride, sulfate, and total dissolved solids. The USEPA has a SMCL and a Primary Maximum Contaminant Level (PMCL) for fluoride. Chloride is more closely related to land use than geology. In Chester County, chloride exceeded the SMCL (250 mg/L) only in 5 percent of the services (commercial services, community services, and military) land-use areas. No samples analyzed for sulfate exceeded the SMCL (250 mg/L). Only 3 percent of samples analyzed for total dissolved solids exceeded the SMCL (500 milligrams per liter) (mg/L). No samples analyzed for fluoride equaled or exceeded the SMCL (2.0 mg/L) or PMCL (4.0 mg/L).
Iron concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL in 11 percent of samples and were highest in schist (14 percent) and gneiss (13 percent). Manganese concentrations exceeded the SMCL in 19 percent of samples and were highest in quartzite and schist (both 28 percent). Lead and arsenic were present in low concentrations: the highest concentrations of lead occurred in water from quartzite (8 percent exceeded the USEPA Action Level), and arsenic was detected mostly in Triassic sedimentary rocks (9 percent exceeded the USEPA PMCL). The highest concentrations of copper occurred more frequently in quartzite rocks, and to a lesser extent were evenly distributed between ground water in gneiss, schist, and Triassic sedimentary rocks.
Elevated concentrations of radon-222 and the combined radium-226/radium-228 radionuclides were common in water from quartzite and schist. Gross alpha and gross beta particle activities were elevated in water from quartzite and carbonate rocks. In contrast, elevated concentrations of uranium primarily were measured in water from Triassic sedimentary and carbonate rocks.
Despite a sampling bias towards agricultural land use, only two samples indicated the presence of fecal coliforms.
Samples analyzed for nutrients generally exhibited low concentrations, but about 11 percent of samples collected for nitrate exceeded the USEPA PMCL. Only one nitrite sample (less than 1 percent) exceeded the respective USEPA PMCL.
Approximately 190 samples were collected for each of the three pesticides in this report: lindane, dieldrin, and diazinon. Sampling was biased towards agricultural, low-medium density residential, and wooded land uses. Approximately 95 percent of samples for each pesticide were below minimum reporting levels (MRL). Only lindane has a USEPA PMCL, and only one sample exceeded the standard. Results for dieldrin and diazinon were similar, except results for two diazinon samples where concentrations were 57.0 and 490 micrograms per liter (μg/L).
Volatile organic compounds in this report were analyzed in water from 198 samples. Sampling was biased towards agricultural, low-medium density residential, and wooded land uses. Two percent of samples analyzed for trichloroethylene and less than 1 percent of samples analyzed for tetrachloroethylene exceeded their respective USEPA PMCLs (each 5.0 μg/L). No samples analyzed for 1,1,1-trichloroethane exceeded the USEPA PMCL (200 μg/L). No samples analyzed for methyl tert-butyl ether exceeded the USEPA Drinking Water Advisory (20μg/L).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03442","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and the Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Ludlow, R.A., and Loper, C.A., 2004, Chester County ground-water atlas, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-442, viii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03442.","productDescription":"viii, 85 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0442/ofr20030442.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0442"},{"id":182119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0442/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Ground water supplies about one-third of the water used by the public in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The occurrence and distribution of natural and anthropogenic compounds in ground water used for public supply in the valley were evaluated. Water samples were collected from 31 public-supply wells in 2001 and analyzed for major ions, trace elements, radon, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, methylene blue active substances, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. The samples also were analyzed for the stable isotopes of water (oxygen-18 and deuterium), tritium, chlorofluorocarbons, and dissolved gases to determine recharge sources and ground-water age.
Dissolved-solids concentration ranged from 157 to 1,280 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in water from the 31 public-supply wells. Comparison of dissolved-solids concentration of water sampled from the principal aquifer during 1988-92 and 1998-2002 shows a reduction in the area where water with less than 500 mg/L occurs. Nitrate concentration in water sampled from 12 of the 31 public-supply wells was higher than an estimated background level of 2 mg/L, indicating a possible human influence. At least one pesticide or pesticide degradation product was detected at a concentration much lower than drinking-water standards in water from 13 of the 31 wells sampled. Chloroform was the most frequently detected volatile organic compound (17 of 31 samples). Its widespread occurrence in deeper ground water is likely a result of the recharge of chlorinated public-supply water used to irrigate lawns and gardens in residential areas of Salt Lake Valley.
Environmental tracers were used to determine the sources of recharge to the principal aquifer used for public supply in the valley. Oxygen-18 values and recharge temperatures computed from dissolved noble gases in the ground water were used to differentiate between mountain and valley recharge. Maximum recharge temperatures in the eastern part of the valley generally are below the range of valley water-table temperatures indicating that mountain-block recharge must constitute a substantial fraction of recharge to the principal aquifer in this area. Together, the recharge temperature and stable-isotope data define two zones with apparently high proportions of valley recharge on the east side of the valley.
The possibility of water samples containing a substantial proportion of water recharged before thermonuclear testing began in the early 1950s (pre-bomb) was evaluated by comparing the initial tritium concentration of each sample (measured tritium plus measured tritiogenic helium-3) to that of local precipitation at the apparent time of recharge. Three interpreted-age categories were determined for water from the sampled wells: (1) dominantly pre-bomb; (2) dominantly modern; and (3) modern or a mixture of pre-bomb and modern. Apparent tritium/helium-3 ages range from 3 years to more than 50 years. Water generally becomes older with distance from the mountain front, with the oldest water present in the discharge area.
The presence of anthropogenic compounds at concentrations above reporting levels and elevated nitrate concentrations (affected wells) in the principal aquifer is well correlated with the distribution of interpreted-age categories. All of the wells (10 of 10) with dominantly modern water are affected. Seventy percent (7 of 10) of the wells with dominantly modern or a mixture of modern and pre-bomb waters are affected. Only 1 of the 11 wells with dominantly pre-bomb water is affected. Anthropogenic compounds were not detected in water with an apparent age of more than 50 years, except for water from one well. All of the samples that consisted mostly of modern water contained at least one anthropogenic compound.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri034325","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., and Manning, A.H., 2004, Quality and sources of ground water used for public supply in Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2001 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4325, x, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034325.","productDescription":"x, 95 p.","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","edition":"Online Only","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":true,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53975,"text":"wri034122 - 2003 - Quality of water in domestic wells in the Chicot and Chicot equivalent aquifer systems, southern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi, 2000-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T12:14:16","indexId":"wri034122","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4122","title":"Quality of water in domestic wells in the Chicot and Chicot equivalent aquifer systems, southern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi, 2000-2001","docAbstract":"In 2000-2001, water-quality data were collected from 60 randomly selected domestic wells in the \n\nAcadian-Pontchartrain Study Unit, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The \n\ndata were collected from wells screened in shallow sands (less than 350 feet below land surface) \n\nin two major aquifer systems--the Chicot aquifer system in southwestern Louisiana and the Chicot \n\nequivalent aquifer system in southeastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi. The Chicot \n\nequivalent aquifer system is part of the Southern Hills regional aquifer system, and both the \n\nChicot aquifer system and the Southern Hills regional aquifer systems are designated as \n\nsole-source aquifers by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).\n\nThe well depths ranged from 40 to 340 feet below land surface with a median depth of 120 feet. \n\nThe ground-water-quality data included 5 physiochemical properties, dissolved solids, 9 major \n\ninorganic ions, 24 trace elements, 6 nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, 109 pesticides and \n\ndegradation products, and 85 volatile organic compounds (VOC's); and a subset of the wells were \n\nsampled for radon, chlorofluorocarbons, and stable isotopes.\n\nWater from 35 of the 60 domestic wells sampled had pH values less than the USEPA Seconday \n\nMaximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) range of 6.5 to 8.5 standard units. Specific conductance \n\nranged from 17 to 1,420 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Dissolved-solids \n\nconcentrations in water from two wells exceeded the SMCL of 500 mg/L (milligrams per liter); the \n\nmaximum concentration was 858 mg/L. Sodium and calcium were the dominant cations, and \n\nbicarbonate and chloride were the dominant anions. One chloride concentration (264 mg/L) \n\nexceeded the SMCL of 250 mg/L. One arsenic concentration (55.3 micrograms per liter) exceeded \n\nthe USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 micrograms per liter. Iron concentrations in \n\nwater from 22 wells exceeded the SMCL of 300 micrograms per liter; the maximum concentration was \n\n8,670 micrograms per liter. Manganese concentrations in water from 26 wells exceeded the SMCL \n\nof 50 micrograms per liter; the maximum concentration was 481 micrograms per liter. Health \n\nAdvisories have been established for six of the trace elements analyzed; no concentrations were \n\ngreater than these nonenforceable standards. Radon concentrations in water from 9 of 50 wells \n\nsampled were greater thanthe proposed USEPA MCL of 300 picocuries per liter.\n\nConcentrations of ammonia, ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and nitrite plus nitrate in water from \n\nfour wells were greater than 2 mg/L, a level that might indicate anthropogenic influences. The \n\nmedian dissolved organic carbon concentration was an estimated 0.30 mg/L, which indicated \n\nnaturally occurring dissolved organic carbon conditions in the study area. Eight pesticides and \n\ntwo degradation products were detected in water from five wells. Twenty-four VOC's were \n\ndetected in water from 44 wells. All concentrations of pesticides and VOC's were less than \n\nUSEPA drinking-water standards.\n\nQuality-control samples, which included field-blank samples, replicates, and field and \n\nlaboratory spikes, indicated no bias in ground-water data from collection procedures or \n\nanalyses. VAriance between the environmental sampls and he corresponding replicate samples was \n\ntypically less than 5 percent, indicating and acceptable degree of laboratory precision and data \n\ncollection reproducibility.\n\nThe Mann-Whitney rank-sum test was used to compare depth to top of screen and selected physicochemical properties and chemical constituents between six groups of wells. Values for selected physicochemical and chemical constituents were typically greater in wells located in the Chicot aquifer system than in the Chicot equivalent aquifer system. Values for specific conductance, pH, calcium, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, dis","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034122","usgsCitation":"Tollett, R.W., Fendick, R., and Simmons, L., 2003, Quality of water in domestic wells in the Chicot and Chicot equivalent aquifer systems, southern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi, 2000-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4122, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034122.","productDescription":"95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276463,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4122/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tollett, Roland W. 0000-0002-4726-5845 rtollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-5845","contributorId":1896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tollett","given":"Roland","email":"rtollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fendick, Robert B. Jr. rfendick@usgs.gov","contributorId":1313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"Robert B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rfendick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simmons, Lane B.","contributorId":33382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"Lane B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53230,"text":"ofr03345 - 2003 - Ground-water quality of the southern High Plains aquifer, Texas and New Mexico, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T13:20:32","indexId":"ofr03345","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-345","title":"Ground-water quality of the southern High Plains aquifer, Texas and New Mexico, 2001","docAbstract":"In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program collected water samples from 48 wells in the southern High Plains as part of a larger scientific effort to broadly characterize and understand factors affecting water quality of the High Plains aquifer across the entire High Plains. Water samples were collected primarily from domestic wells in Texas and eastern New Mexico. Depths of wells sampled ranged from 100 to 500 feet, with a median depth of 201 feet. Depths to water ranged from 34 to 445 feet below land surface, with a median depth of 134 feet. Of 240 properties or constituents measured or analyzed, 10 exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public drinking-water standards or guidelines in one or more samples - arsenic, boron, chloride, dissolved solids, fluoride, manganese, nitrate, radon, strontium, and sulfate. Measured dissolved solids concentrations in 29 samples were larger than the public drinking-water guideline of 500 milligrams per liter. Fluoride concentrations in 16 samples, mostly in the southern part of the study area, were larger than the public drinking-water standard of 4 milligrams per liter. Nitrate was detected in all samples, and concentrations in six samples were larger than the public drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter. Arsenic concentrations in 14 samples in the southern part of the study area were larger than the new (2002) public drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter. Radon concentrations in 36 samples were larger than a proposed public drinking-water standard of 300 picocuries per liter. Pesticides were detected at very small concentrations, less than 1 microgram per liter, in less than 20 percent of the samples. The most frequently detected compounds were atrazine and breakdown products of atrazine, a finding similar to those of National Water-Quality Assessment aquifer studies across the Nation. Four volatile organic compounds were detected at small concentrations in six water samples. About 70 percent of the 48 primarily domestic wells sampled contained some fraction of recently (less than about 50 years ago) recharged ground water, as indicated by the presence of one or more pesticides, or tritium or nitrate concentrations greater than threshold levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03345","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Fahlquist, L., 2003, Ground-water quality of the southern High Plains aquifer, Texas and New Mexico, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-345, vii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03345.","productDescription":"vii, 59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340199,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0345/ofr03345.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-345"},{"id":174143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0345/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.1671142578125,\n 35.49198366469642\n ],\n [\n -103.24951171875,\n 35.545635932499415\n ],\n [\n -103.4857177734375,\n 35.55457449014312\n ],\n [\n -103.64501953125,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -103.88671875,\n 35.44724605551148\n ],\n [\n -104.1119384765625,\n 35.34425514918409\n ],\n [\n -104.183349609375,\n 35.02099970111467\n ],\n [\n -104.3096923828125,\n 34.69194468425019\n ],\n [\n -104.27124023437499,\n 34.35704160076073\n ],\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 34.02990029603907\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 33.261656767328006\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 32.89803818160521\n ],\n [\n -103.77685546875,\n 32.685619853722\n ],\n [\n -103.3428955078125,\n 32.48659682936049\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 32.27320009948135\n ],\n [\n -102.799072265625,\n 32.08257455954592\n ],\n [\n -102.2662353515625,\n 31.732839253650067\n ],\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 31.62999849900255\n ],\n [\n -101.744384765625,\n 31.74685416292141\n ],\n [\n -101.53564453124999,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -101.4202880859375,\n 32.040676557717454\n ],\n [\n -101.3214111328125,\n 32.16631295696736\n ],\n [\n -101.304931640625,\n 32.25926542645933\n ],\n [\n -101.31591796875,\n 32.43097672054704\n ],\n [\n -101.4532470703125,\n 32.519026027827515\n ],\n [\n -101.590576171875,\n 32.708733368521585\n ],\n [\n -101.4862060546875,\n 32.773419354975175\n ],\n [\n -101.4971923828125,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -101.35986328125,\n 33.05932046347212\n ],\n [\n -101.3214111328125,\n 33.23868752757414\n ],\n [\n -101.3983154296875,\n 33.4039312002347\n ],\n [\n -101.18408203124999,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -101.1016845703125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -100.92041015625,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -100.87646484375,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -100.909423828125,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -101.10717773437499,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -101.09619140625,\n 34.45674800347809\n ],\n [\n -101.0797119140625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -101.326904296875,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -101.3818359375,\n 34.84085858477277\n ],\n [\n -101.72241210937499,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -101.8597412109375,\n 35.11990857099681\n ],\n [\n -102.0245361328125,\n 35.200744801724014\n ],\n [\n -102.3046875,\n 35.33977430038646\n ],\n [\n -102.5628662109375,\n 35.411438052435464\n ],\n [\n -102.8594970703125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -103.0902099609375,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -103.1671142578125,\n 35.49198366469642\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Rapid population growth in southeastern Pennsylvania has increased the demand for ground water. In an effort to address the increased ground-water needs, a ground-water investigation in a 5,200-square-mile area of southeastern Pennsylvania was initiated. Information on the geohydrologic system of the area and the water-bearing capabilities of 51 geohydrologic units in six physiographic provinces or sections (Coastal Plain, Piedmont Upland, Piedmont Lowland, Gettysburg-Newark Lowland, South Mountain, and Reading Prong) has been summarized. Also included are statistical summaries by geohydrologic unit for well construction and discharge data (according to water use), as well as inorganic and radiochemical ground-water-quality data.
Characteristics of the ground-water-flow system in the study area, as well as aquifer hydrologic properties, are related to geology, but can be modified by human development. Ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province, is through intergranular or primary openings under either unconfined or confined aquifer conditions. Historically, ground-water flowed toward the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, but the original flow paths and water quality have been altered significantly by urbanization. In igneous and metamorphic rocks (Piedmont Upland, South Mountain, and Reading Prong), ground-water flows through a network of interconnected secondary openings (fractures, joints, cleavage planes). Ground water in the carbonate rocks (Piedmont Lowland) also flows through a network of secondary openings, but these openings have been enlarged by solution. In the Triassic sedimentary rocks (Gettysburg-Newark Lowland), thin tabular aquifers are separated by much thicker, strata-bound aquitards. The fractured Triassic bedrock forms a very complex, anisotropic, and heterogeneous aquifer with horizontal permeability much greater than vertical permeability.
In general, ground-water flow in southeastern Pennsylvania takes place within local flow systems that discharge within days or weeks to adjacent stream valleys or surface-water bodies. Intermediate (South Mountain) and regional (Gettysburg-Newark Lowland) scale systems, however, in which residence times have been measured in months or years discharge to major streams or rivers that are located in different physiographic provinces or sections or tens of miles distant.
Well depths, casing lengths, reported yields, and specific capacities can vary significantly by geohydrologic unit, use of well, and topographic setting. Wells drilled in the Weverton and Loudon Formations, undivided, and the Montalto Quartzite Member (South Mountain) have median well and casing lengths of 374 and 130 feet, respectively, significantly greater than in almost every other geohydrologic unit in the study area. Wells drilled in the Peach Bottom Slate and Cardiff Conglomerate, undivided (Piedmont Upland) are typically shallow, with a median well depth of 90 feet. Wells in the Marburg Schist (Piedmont Upland) have the lowest median casing length—5.5 feet. Wells in the Stonehenge Formation (Piedmont Lowland), the most productive unit in the study area, have a median reported yield of 200 gallons per minute and a median specific capacity of 27 gallons per minute per foot. The Cocalico Formation (Piedmont Lowland) is the least productive unit with a median reported well yield of 2.5 gallons per minute and a median specific capacity of 0.01 gallons per minute per foot. In general, high-demand wells are significantly deeper, use significantly more casing, and have significantly greater yields than domestic wells drilled in the same unit. Commonly, wells drilled in valleys will have greater reported yields and specific capacities than wells drilled in the same unit on slopes or hilltops.
Except where adversely affected by human activities, the quality of ground water in southeastern Pennsylvania is suitable for most purposes. Yet several water-quality criteria are exceeded in many wells throughout the area. Water from 51 percent of 2,075 wells sampled had a pH higher or lower than the range specified in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL). Of water samples analyzed, about 1 percent of 1,623 wells contained concentrations of chloride and 27 percent of 1,624 wells sampled contained concentrations of iron that exceeded the USEPA SMCL. Twenty-seven percent of 1,397 wells sampled contained water with manganese concentrations greater than the USEPA SMCL. Sulfate concentrations in the water of 3 percent of 1,699 wells sampled and total dissolved solids in the water from 10 percent of 1,590 wells sampled exceeded the USEPA SMCL. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, cyanide, mercury, nickel, radium-226, selenium, and zinc in the water exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) in less than 5 percent of the 183 to 620 wells sampled. Nine percent of 625 wells sampled contained water with lead concentrations that exceeded the USEPA MCL. Radon concentrations in the water of 92 percent of the 285 wells sampled exceeded the proposed USEPA MCL. Radium-228 in the water of 10 percent of the 240 wells sampled and nitrate in the water of 13 percent of 1,413 wells sampled exceeded the USEPA MCL. Gross-alpha activity in the water was measured only in the Chickies and Harpers Formations of the Piedmont Upland, with 23 percent of the 168 wells sampled exceeding the USEPA MCL.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004166","collaboration":"Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey","usgsCitation":"Low, D.J., Hippe, D.J., and Yannacci, D., 2002, Geohydrology of Southeastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4166, xiv, 347 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004166.","productDescription":"xiv, 347 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3942,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4166/wri20004166.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4166"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed ground-water samples in the West Salt River Valley from 64 existing wells selected by a stratified-random procedure. Samples from an areally distributed group of 35 of these wells were used to characterize overall ground-water quality in the basin-fill aquifer. Analytes included the principal inorganic constituents, trace constituents, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Additional analytes were tritium, radon, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Analyses of replicate samples and blank samples provided evidence that the analyses of the ground-water samples were adequate for interpretation. The median concentration of dissolved solids in samples from the 35 wells was 560 milligrams per liter, which exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water. Eleven of the 35 samples had a nitrate concentration (as nitrogen) that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter. Pesticides were detected in eight samples; concentrations were below the Maximum Contaminant Levels. Deethylatrazine was most commonly detected. The pesticides were detected in samples from wells in agricultural or urban areas that have been irrigated. Concentrations of all trace constituents, except arsenic, were less than the Maximum Contaminant Levels. The concentration of arsenic exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level of 50 micrograms per liter in two samples.
\nNine monitoring wells were constructed in an area near Buckeye to assess the effects of agricultural land use on shallow ground water. The median concentration of dissolved solids was 3,340 milligrams per liter in samples collected from these wells in August 1997. The nitrate concentration (as nitrogen) exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level (10 milligrams per liter) in samples from eight of the nine monitoring wells in August 1997 and again in February 1998. Analyses of all samples collected from the monitoring wells indicated low concentrations of pesticides and volatile organic compounds. The most frequently detected pesticides were deethylatrazine and atrazine. Trichloromethane (chloroform) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) were the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds in the monitoring wells. Two compounds [dieldrin and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-dichlorodiphenyl)ethylene (DDE)], decomposition products of two banned pesticides, aldrin and dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDT), were detected at low concentrations in samples analyzed for the agricultural land-use study. In the West Salt River Valley, a high concentration of the heavier oxygen isotope?oxygen-18?in ground water generally indicates effects of evaporation on recharge water from irrigation.
\nWells in undeveloped areas and wells that have openings beneath a confining bed generally yield ground water that is free of the effects of irrigation seepage. Samples from these wells did not contain detectable concentrations of pesticides. The median concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) and dissolved solids in samples from wells in undeveloped areas were 1.7 milligrams per liter and 257 milligrams per liter, respectively. The median concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) and dissolved solids in samples from wells that yield water from below confining beds were 2.0 and 747 milligrams per liter, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri014126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Edmonds, R.J., and Gellenbeck, D., 2002, Ground-water quality in the West Salt River Valley, Arizona, 1996–98 — Relations to hydrogeology, water use, and land use: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4126, vii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014126.","productDescription":"vii, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394542,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51832.htm"},{"id":288407,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4126/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"West Salt River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.7333,\n 33.2531\n ],\n [\n -111.9333,\n 33.2531\n ],\n [\n -111.9333,\n 33.9667\n ],\n [\n -112.7333,\n 33.9667\n ],\n [\n -112.7333,\n 33.2531\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69758e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edmonds, Robert J.","contributorId":95515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gellenbeck, Dorinda J.","contributorId":13228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellenbeck","given":"Dorinda J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33009,"text":"wri024057 - 2002 - Geohydrology and ground-water quality, Big Elk Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and Cecil County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T15:40:57","indexId":"wri024057","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4057","title":"Geohydrology and ground-water quality, Big Elk Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and Cecil County, Maryland","docAbstract":"A study of ground-water quantity and quality was conducted in the Big Elk Creek Basin, a rural area undergoing rapid growth. The 79.4-square mile study area is in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain almost entirely by crystalline rocks. Most of the basin in Pennsylvania is underlain by Wissahickon Schist, a fractured crystalline- rock aquifer. Yields of wells in the Wissahickon Schist range from 5 to 200 gal/min (gallons per minute); the median yield is 15 gal/min. Specific capacity ranges from 0.03 to 15 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown; the median specific capacity is 0.4 (gal/min)/ft.
Recharge to the basin occurs by infiltration of precipitation, and ground water discharges locally to streams. The median annual ground-water discharge to streams (base flow) for 1933-99 was 10.79 in. (inches) or 0.518 (Mgal/d)/mi2 (million gallons per day per square mile), which was 63 percent of the median annual streamflow. The median annual ground-water discharge to streams ranged from 5.32 in. or 0.255 (Mgal/d)/mi2 in 1966 to 17.98 in. or 0.863 (Mgal/d)/mi2 in 1972. Estimated ground-water availability ranges from 0.127 to 0.535 (Mgal/d)/mi2, depending on the estimation method used.
Annual water budgets were calculated for the Big Elk Creek Basin for 1998-99. The 1998-99 average annual streamflow was 15.38 in., change in ground-water storage was an increase of 1.32 in., ground-water exports were 0.03 in., and estimated evapotranspiration (ET) was 30.5 in. Despite a 12.27-in. difference in precipitation between 1998 and 1999, the percentage of precipitation as ET (65.6 and 64 percent, respectively) is similar. Estimated average annual recharge for 1998-99 was 12.12 in. [0.580 (Mgal/d)/mi2].
For this study, water samples from 20 wells in the Big Elk Creek Basin were collected for analysis for inorganic constituents and pesticides. In addition, data were available from 44 additional wells. Major ions, in order of decreasing concentration, based on median concentrations for the Wissahickon Schist, are silica, calcium, chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, and potassium. The Wissahickon Schist and Peters Creek Schist have similar water types; ground water from serpentinite, the basal unit of the Baltimore Mafic Complex that straddles the Pennsylvania-Maryland border, is distinctly different. For the Wissahickon Schist and Peters Creek Schist, no cation is predominant; calcium, magnesium, and sodium are in nearly equal concentrations expressed in milliequivalents per liter. Bicarbonate is the dominant anion. Water from serpentinite is of the magnesium bicarbonate type; magnesium is the dominant cation, and bicarbonate is the dominant anion.
Water from 2 percent of sampled wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for total dissolved solids. None of the chloride or sulfate concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL. Water from 10 percent of sampled wells exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) nitrate as nitrogen. All of those wells are in the Wissahickon Schist. The median concentration of nitrate in water samples from the Wissahickon Schist was 3.6 mg/L, and the maximum concentration was 36 mg/L. Except for iron and manganese, metals and other trace inorganic constituents do not appear to pose a water-quality problem. Fourteen percent of water samples analyzed for iron and 29 percent of water samples analyzed for manganese exceeded the USEPA SMCL's. The median activity of radon-222 for all formations was 2,400 pCi/L (picoCuries per liter). The median activity for water from 35 wells sampled in the Wissahickon Schist in the Big Elk Creek Basin was 2,500 pCi/L. Water from 94 percent of sampled wells exceeded the proposed USEPA MCL of 300 pCi/L, and water from 25 percent of sampled wells exceeded proposed USEPA alternate MCL of 4,000 pCi/L.
In addition to the 20 wells sampled for pesticides for this study, data were available for 20 other wells sampled for pesticides. The most commonly detected pesticides in the Big Elk Creek Basin are deethyl atrazine (71 percent of sampled wells), atrazine (35 percent of sampled wells), metolachlor (32 percent of sampled wells), carbaryl (19 percent of sampled wells), picloram (14 percent of sampled wells), simazine (13 percent of sampled wells), and carbofuran (11 percent of sampled wells). Most concentrations are extremely low and are in the parts per trillion range. Concentrations of pesticides detected did not exceed USEPA MCL’s. Out of 43 volatile organic compounds analyzed, only 4 were detected—chloroform, total phenols, tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), and toluene. None of the concentrations exceeded USEPA MCL’s.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2002, Geohydrology and ground-water quality, Big Elk Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and Cecil County, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4057, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024057.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4057/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351231,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4057/wri20024057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070