{"pageNumber":"8","pageRowStart":"175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":560,"records":[{"id":79972,"text":"ofr20071089 - 2007 - Geologic map of the State of Hawai`i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-19T19:16:47.213764","indexId":"ofr20071089","displayToPublicDate":"2007-05-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1089","title":"Geologic map of the State of Hawai`i","docAbstract":"<p>The State's geology is presented on eight full-color map sheets, one for each of the major islands. These map sheets, the illustrative meat of the publication, can be downloaded in pdf format, ready to print. Map scale is 1:100,000 for most of the islands, so that each map is about 27 inches by 36 inches. The Island of Hawai`i, largest of the islands, is depicted at a smaller scale, 1:250,000, so that it, too, can be shown on 36-inch-wide paper. The new publication isn't limited strictly to its map depictions. Twenty years have passed since David Clague and Brent Dalrymple published a comprehensive report that summarized the geology of all the islands, and it has been even longer since the last edition of Gordon Macdonald's book, Islands in the Sea, was revised. Therefore the new statewide geologic map includes an 83-page explanatory pamphlet that revisits many of the concepts that have evolved in our geologic understanding of the eight main islands. The pamphlet includes simplified page-size geologic maps for each island, summaries of all the radiometric ages that have been gathered since about 1960, generalized depictions of geochemical analyses for each volcano's eruptive stages, and discussion of some outstanding topics that remain controversial or deserving of additional research. The pamphlet also contains a complete description of map units, which enumerates the characteristics for each of the state's many stratigraphic formations shown on the map sheets. Since the late 1980s, the audience for geologic maps has grown as desktop computers and map-based software have become increasingly powerful. Those who prefer the convenience and access offered by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can also feast on this publication. An electronic database, suitable for most GIS software applications, is available for downloading. The GIS database is in an Earth projection widely employed throughout the State of Hawai`i, using the North American datum of 1983 and the Universal Transverse Mercator system projection to zone 4. 'This digital statewide map allows engineers, consultants, and scientists from many different fields to take advantage of the geologic database,' said John Sinton, a geology professor at the University of Hawai`i, whose new mapping of the Wai`anae Range (West O`ahu) appears on the map. Indeed, when a testing version was first made available, most requests came from biologists, archaeologists, and soil scientists interested in applying the map's GIS database to their ongoing investigations. Another area newly depicted on the map, in addition to the Wai`anae Range, is Haleakala volcano, East Maui. So too for the active lava flows of Kilauea volcano, Island of Hawai`i, where the landscape has continued to evolve in the ten years since publication of the Big Island's revised geologic map. For the other islands, much of the map is compiled from mapping published in the 1930-1960s. This reliance stems partly from shortage of funding to undertake entirely new mapping but is warranted by the exemplary mapping of those early experts. The boundaries of all map units are digitized to show correctly on modern topographic maps.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071089","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, D.R., Sinton, J.M., Watkins, S.E., and Brunt, K., 2007, Geologic map of the State of Hawai`i (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1089, Report: ii, 83 p.; 8 Plates: 44.75 × 26.93 inches or smaller; ReadMe; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071089.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 83 p.; 8 Plates: 44.75 × 26.93 inches or smaller; ReadMe; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110727,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81276.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81276"},{"id":110728,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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E.","contributorId":23234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brunt, Kelly M.","contributorId":52675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunt","given":"Kelly M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79904,"text":"ofr20071114 - 2007 - Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, an update: 2002-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T11:39:16.344255","indexId":"ofr20071114","displayToPublicDate":"2007-05-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1114","title":"Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, an update: 2002-2006","docAbstract":"<p>Introduction Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) emission rates from Kilauea Volcano were first measured by Stoiber and Malone (1975) and have been measured on a regular basis since 1979 (Greenland and others, 1985; Casadevall and others, 1987; Elias and others, 1998; Sutton and others, 2001, Elias and Sutton, 2002, Sutton and others, 2003). Compilations of SO2 emission-rate and wind-vector data from 1979 through 2001 are available on the web. (Elias and others, 1998 and 2002). This report updates the database through 2006, and documents the changes in data collection and processing that have occurred during the interval 2002-2006. During the period covered by this report, Kilauea continued to release SO<sub>2</sub> gas predominantly from its summit caldera and east rift zone (ERZ) (Elias and others, 1998; Sutton and others, 2001, Elias and others, 2002, Sutton and others, 2003). These two distinct sources are always measured independently (fig.1). Sulphur Banks is a minor source of SO<sub>2</sub> and does not contribute significantly to the total emissions for Kilauea (Stoiber and Malone, 1975). From 1979 until 2003, summit and east rift zone emission rates were derived using vehicle- and tripod- based Correlation Spectrometry (COSPEC) measurements. In late 2003, we began to augment traditional COSPEC measurements with data from one of the new generation of miniature spectrometer systems, the FLYSPEC (Horton and others, 2006; Elias and others, 2006, Williams-Jones and others, 2006).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071114","usgsCitation":"Elias, T., and Sutton, A.J., 2007, Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, an update: 2002-2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1114, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071114.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389009,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81208.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.30067443847656,\n              19.25605301966429\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0397491455078,\n              19.25605301966429\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0397491455078,\n              19.445226820142476\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30067443847656,\n              19.445226820142476\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30067443847656,\n              19.25605301966429\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":291121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":291122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031384,"text":"70031384 - 2007 - Investigation of magnesium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: Implications for a chondritic composition of the terrestrial mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T11:12:04","indexId":"70031384","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of magnesium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: Implications for a chondritic composition of the terrestrial mantle","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id8\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id9\"><p>To investigate whether magnesium isotopes are fractionated during basalt differentiation, we have performed high-precision Mg isotopic analyses by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) on a set of well-characterized samples from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii, USA. Samples from the Kilauea Iki lava lake, produced by closed-system crystal-melt fractionation, range from olivine-rich cumulates to highly differentiated basalts with MgO content ranging from 2.37 to 26.87&nbsp;wt.%. Our results demonstrate that although these basalts have diverse chemical compositions, mineralogies, crystallization temperatures and degrees of differentiation, their Mg isotopic compositions display no measurable variation within the limits of our external precision (average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>26</sup>Mg&nbsp;=&nbsp;−&nbsp;0.36&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.10 and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>25</sup>Mg&nbsp;=&nbsp;−&nbsp;0.20&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.07; uncertainties are 2SD). This indicates that Mg isotopic fractionation during crystal-melt fractionation at temperatures of ≥&nbsp;1055&nbsp;°C is undetectable at the level of precision of the current investigation. Calculations based on our data suggest that at near-magmatic temperatures the maximum fractionation in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>26</sup>Mg/<sup>24</sup>Mg ratio between olivine and melt is 0.07‰. Two additional oceanic basalts, two continental basalts (BCR-1 and BCR-2), and two primitive carbonaceous chondrites (Allende and Murchison) analyzed in this study have Mg isotopic compositions similar to the Kilauea Iki lava lake samples. In contrast to a recent report [U. Wiechert, A.N. Halliday, Non-chondritic magnesium and the origins of the inner terrestrial planets, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 256 (2007) 360–371], the results presented here suggest that the Bulk Silicate Earth has a chondritic Mg isotopic composition.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.004","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Teng, F., Wadhwa, M., and Helz, R., 2007, Investigation of magnesium isotope fractionation during basalt differentiation: Implications for a chondritic composition of the terrestrial mantle: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 261, no. 1-2, p. 84-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.004.","productDescription":"9","startPage":"84","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Iki lava lake","volume":"261","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e8fe4b0c8380cd63e85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teng, F.-Z.","contributorId":33824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teng","given":"F.-Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wadhwa, M.","contributorId":78937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wadhwa","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helz, Rosalind T. 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":66181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031232,"text":"70031232 - 2007 - Microearthquake streaks and seismicity triggered by slow earthquakes on the mobile south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T11:15:32","indexId":"70031232","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microearthquake streaks and seismicity triggered by slow earthquakes on the mobile south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"<p><span>We perform waveform cross correlation and high precision relocation of both background seismicity and seismicity triggered by periodic slow earthquakes at Kilauea Volcano's mobile south flank. We demonstrate that the triggered seismicity dominantly occurs on several preexisting fault zones at the Hilina region. Regardless of the velocity model employed, the relocated earthquake epicenters and triggered seismicity localize onto distinct fault zones that form streaks aligned with the slow earthquake surface displacements determined from GPS. Due to the unknown effects of velocity heterogeneity and nonideal station coverage, our relocation analyses cannot distinguish whether some of these fault zones occur within the volcanic crust at shallow depths or whether all occur on the decollement between the volcano and preexisting oceanic crust at depths of ∼8 km. Nonetheless, these Hilina fault zones consistently respond to stress perturbations from nearby slow earthquakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007GL031625","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, C.J., Brooks, B.A., Foster, J.H., and Okubo, P.G., 2007, Microearthquake streaks and seismicity triggered by slow earthquakes on the mobile south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, no. 23, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031625.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031625","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.31646728515625,\n              19.263507501734075\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.03562927246094,\n              19.263507501734075\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.03562927246094,\n              19.46432633709043\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.31646728515625,\n              19.46432633709043\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.31646728515625,\n              19.263507501734075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5679e4b0c8380cd6d5fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, Cecily J.","contributorId":29294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, Benjamin A. 0000-0001-7954-6281 bbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-6281","contributorId":5237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, James H.","contributorId":107993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okubo, Paul G. 0000-0002-0381-6051 pokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":2730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Paul","email":"pokubo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":430639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70033157,"text":"70033157 - 2007 - Generation of fine hydromagmatic ash by growth and disintegration of glassy rinds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-05T10:00:08","indexId":"70033157","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of fine hydromagmatic ash by growth and disintegration of glassy rinds","docAbstract":"<p><span>The deposits of mafic hydromagmatic eruptions are more fine grained and variable in vesicularity than dry magmatic deposits. Blocky, equant shapes of many hydromagmatic clasts also contrast with droplet, thread, and bubble wall morphology of dry magmatic fragments. Small (&lt;∼180&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>m), blocky hydromagmatic pyroclasts have traditionally been interpreted to result from discrete vapor explosions, although such explosions tend to occur only under certain conditions. This paper considers a process of hydromagmatic ash formation that involves repeated growth and disintegration of glassy rinds on pyroclast surfaces as they deform within turbulent flows. This process, termed “turbulent shedding”, may occur during the expansion phase of vapor explosions or during turbulent but nonexplosive mixing of magma with water, steam, or water sprays. The occurrence of turbulent shedding and the resulting fragment sizes depend on the timescale for rind growth and the timescale between disturbances that remove or disintegrate glassy rinds. Turbulent shedding is directly observable in some small littoral jets at Kilauea. Calculations suggest that, in the presence of liquid water or water sprays, glassy rinds having a thickness of microns to millimeters should form in milliseconds to seconds. This is similar to the timescale between turbulent velocity fluctuations that can shred lava globules and remove such rinds. The fraction of a deposit consisting of fine ash should increase with the duration of this process: Large‐scale Surtseyan jets generate hundreds or thousands of shedding events; bubble bursts or tephra jets at Kilauea's coast may produce only a few.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003883","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., 2007, Generation of fine hydromagmatic ash by growth and disintegration of glassy rinds: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 112, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003883.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213157,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003883"}],"volume":"112","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1553e4b0c8380cd54d6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70031027,"text":"70031027 - 2007 - Vapor segregation and loss in basaltic melts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70031027","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vapor segregation and loss in basaltic melts","docAbstract":"Measurements of volcanic gases at Pu'u'O??'o??, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, reveal distinct degassing regimes with respect to vapor segregation and loss during effusive activity in 2004-2005. Three styles of vapor loss are distinguished by the chemical character of the emitted volcanic gases, measured by open path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: 1 persistent continuous gas emission, 2 gas piston events, and 3 lava spattering. Persistent continuous gas emission is associated with magma ascent and degassing beneath the crater vents, then eruption of the degassed magma from flank vents. Gas piston events are the result of static gas accumulation at depths of 400-900 m beneath Pu'u'O??'o??. A CO2-rich gas slug travels up the conduit at a few meters per second, displacing magma as it expands. Lava spattering occurs due to dynamic bubble coalescence in a column of relatively stagnant magma. The Large gas bubbles are H2O rich and are generated by open-system degassing at depths of <150 m. Static gas accumulation and dynamic bubble coalescence are both manifestations of vapor segregation in basaltic melts, but their implications differ. Accumulation and segregation of CO2-rich vapor at depth does not deplete the melt of H2O (required to drive lava fountains near to the surface) and therefore gas piston events can occur interspersed with lava fountaining activity. Lava spattering, however, efficiently strips H2O-rich vapor from magma beneath the crater vents; the magma must then erupt effusively from vents on the flank of the cone. ?? 2007 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G23464A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Edmonds, M., and Gerlach, T., 2007, Vapor segregation and loss in basaltic melts: Geology, v. 35, no. 8, p. 751-754, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23464A.1.","startPage":"751","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G23464A.1"},{"id":238608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc11fe4b08c986b32a45b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edmonds, M.","contributorId":43547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031659,"text":"70031659 - 2007 - Diet of feral cats in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-09T16:44:42.867977","indexId":"70031659","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2984,"text":"Pacific Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diet of feral cats in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park","docAbstract":"<p>We documented the diet of feral cats by analysing the contents of 42 digestive tracts from Kilauea and Mauna Loa in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Small mammals, invertebrates, and birds were the most common prey types consumed by feral cats. Birds occurred in 27.8-29.2% of digestive tracts. The total number of bird, small mammal, and invertebrate prey differed between Kilauea and Mauna Loa. On Mauna Loa, significantly more (89%) feral cats consumed small mammals, primarily rodents, than on Kilauea Volcano (50%). Mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>) were the major component of the feral cat diet on Mauna Loa, whereas Orthoptera were the major component of the diet on Kilauea. We recovered a mandible set, feathers, and bones of an endangered Hawaiian Petrel (<i>Pterodroma sandwichensis</i>) from a digestive tract from Mauna Loa. This specimen represents the first well-documented endangered seabird to be recovered from the digestive tract of a feral cat in Hawai'i and suggests that feral cats prey on this species.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/PC070244","usgsCitation":"Hess, S., Hansen, H., Nelson, D., Swift, R., and Banko, P., 2007, Diet of feral cats in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park: Pacific Conservation Biology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 244-249, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC070244.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"249","costCenters":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Volcanoes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.59112548828122,\n              19.629653250428266\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.77789306640622,\n              19.419973161101666\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.79437255859372,\n              19.150357455407473\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5938720703125,\n              19.075097242124496\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.40435791015622,\n              19.18148958198376\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.05004882812497,\n              19.280035796279748\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.96765136718747,\n              19.36556734013472\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.97314453125,\n              19.46141299683288\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.00885009765625,\n              19.56496622147997\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.06103515624997,\n              19.663280219987634\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.20660400390622,\n              19.67879798236136\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.37139892578125,\n              19.702071807656804\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.59112548828122,\n              19.629653250428266\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00d4e4b0c8380cd4f941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, S.C. 0000-0001-6403-9922","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-9922","contributorId":86081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, H.","contributorId":76443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, D.","contributorId":54407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swift, R.","contributorId":87716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Banko, P.C. 0000-0002-6035-9803","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":99531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70029739,"text":"70029739 - 2007 - ASAR images a diverse set of deformation patterns at Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T06:52:25","indexId":"70029739","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ASAR images a diverse set of deformation patterns at Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"<p>Since 2003, 27 independent look angles have been acquired by ENVISAT&rsquo;s Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) instrument over the island of Hawai`i, allowing for the formation of thousands of interferograms showing deformation of the ground surface. On Kīlauea volcano, a transition from minor to broad-scale summit inflation was observed by interferograms that span 2003 to 2006. In addition, radar interferometry (InSAR) observations of Kīlauea led to the discovery of several previously unknown areas of localized subsidence in the caldera and along the volcano&rsquo;s east rift zone. These features are probably caused by the cooling and contraction of accumulated lavas. After November 2005, a surface instability near the point that lava entered the ocean on the south flank of Kīlauea was observed in interferograms. The motion is most likely a result of unbuttressing of a portion of the coast following the collapse of a large lava delta in November 2005. InSAR data can also be used to map lava flow development over time, providing ~30 m spatial resolution maps at approximately monthly intervals. Future applications of InSAR to Kīlauea will probably result in more discoveries and insights, both as the style of volcano deformation changes and as data from new instruments are acquired.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Envisat Symposium 2007","conferenceDate":"April 23-27, 2007","conferenceLocation":"Montreux, Switzerland ","language":"English","issn":"03796566","usgsCitation":"Poland, M.P., 2007, ASAR images a diverse set of deformation patterns at Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i, Envisat Symposium 2007, no. SP-636, Montreux, Switzerland , April 23-27, 2007, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea 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 \"}}]}","issue":"SP-636","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e636e4b0c8380cd47258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70030816,"text":"70030816 - 2007 - Comparative velocity structure of active Hawaiian volcanoes from 3-D onshore-offshore seismic tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030816","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative velocity structure of active Hawaiian volcanoes from 3-D onshore-offshore seismic tomography","docAbstract":"We present a 3-D P-wave velocity model of the combined subaerial and submarine portions of the southeastern part of the Island of Hawaii, based on first-arrival seismic tomography of marine airgun shots recorded by the onland seismic network. Our model shows that high-velocity materials (6.5-7.0??km/s) lie beneath Kilauea's summit, Koae fault zone, and the upper Southwest Rift Zone (SWRZ) and upper and middle East Rift Zone (ERZ), indicative of magma cumulates within the volcanic edifice. A separate high-velocity body of 6.5-6.9??km/s within Kilauea's lower ERZ and upper Puna Ridge suggests a distinct body of magma cumulates, possibly connected to the summit magma cumulates at depth. The two cumulate bodies within Kilauea's ERZ may have undergone separate ductile flow seaward, influencing the submarine morphology of Kilauea's south flank. Low velocities (5.0-6.3??km/s) seaward of Kilauea's Hilina fault zone, and along Mauna Loa's seaward facing Kao'iki fault zone, are attributed to thick piles of volcaniclastic sediments deposited on the submarine flanks. Loihi seamount shows high-velocity anomalies beneath the summit and along the rift zones, similar to the interpreted magma cumulates below Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, and a low-velocity anomaly beneath the oceanic crust, probably indicative of melt within the upper mantle. Around Kilauea's submarine flank, a high-velocity anomaly beneath the outer bench suggests the presence of an ancient seamount that may obstruct outward spreading of the flank. Mauna Loa's southeast flank is also marked by a large, anomalously high-velocity feature (7.0-7.4??km/s), interpreted to define an inactive, buried volcanic rift zone, which might provide a new explanation for the westward migration of Mauna Loa's current SWRZ and the growth of Kilauea's SWRZ. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.008","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Park, J., Morgan, J., Zelt, C., Okubo, P.G., Peters, L., and Benesh, N., 2007, Comparative velocity structure of active Hawaiian volcanoes from 3-D onshore-offshore seismic tomography: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 259, no. 3-4, p. 500-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.008.","startPage":"500","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502584,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Comparative_velocity_structure_of_active_Hawaiian_volcanoes_from_3-D_onshore_offshore_seismic_tomography/22929686","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.008"},{"id":238993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"259","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f830e4b0c8380cd4cf20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Park, J.","contributorId":47164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, J.K.","contributorId":83333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zelt, C.A.","contributorId":74911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okubo, P. G. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":95899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peters, L.","contributorId":49971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Benesh, N.","contributorId":53597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benesh","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70179068,"text":"70179068 - 2006 - Aftershock decay, productivity, and stress rates in Hawaii: Indicators of temperature and stress from magma sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T13:51:01","indexId":"70179068","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershock decay, productivity, and stress rates in Hawaii: Indicators of temperature and stress from magma sources","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined dozens of aftershock sequences in Hawaii in terms of Gutenberg-Richter and modified Omori law parameters. We studied p, the rate of aftershock decay; A</span><sub>p</sub><span>, the aftershock productivity, defined as the observed divided by the expected number of aftershocks; and c, the time delay when aftershock rates begin to fall. We found that for earthquakes shallower than 20 km, p values &gt;1.2 are near active magma centers. We associate this high decay rate with higher temperatures and faster stress relaxation near magma reservoirs. Deep earthquakes near Kilauea's inferred magma transport path show a range of p values, suggesting the absence of a large, deep magma reservoir. Aftershock productivity is &gt;4.0 for flank earthquakes known to be triggered by intrusions but is normal (0.25 to 4.0) for isolated main shocks. We infer that continuing, post-main shock stress from the intrusion adds to the main shock's stress step and causes higher A</span><sub>p</sub><span>. High A</span><sub>p</sub><span> in other zones suggests less obvious intrusions and pulsing magma pressure near Kilauea's feeding conduit. We calculate stress rates and stress rate changes from pre-main shock and aftershock rates. Stress rate increased after many intrusions but decreased after large M7–8 earthquakes. Stress rates are highest in the seismically active volcano flanks and lowest in areas far from volcanic centers. We found sequences triggered by intrusions tend to have high A</span><sub>p</sub><span>, high (&gt;0.10 day) c values, a stress rate increase, and sometimes a peak in aftershock rate hours after the main shock. We interpret these values as indicating continuing intrusive stress after the main shock.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003949","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., Wright, T., and Nakata, J., 2006, Aftershock decay, productivity, and stress rates in Hawaii: Indicators of temperature and stress from magma sources: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. B7, B07307; 26 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003949.","productDescription":"B07307; 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003949","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.55679321289062, 20.128155311797183 ], [ -155.58425903320312, 20.117839630491634 ], [ -155.64056396484375, 20.153941536577403 ], [ -155.65841674804688, 20.168122145270342 ], [ -155.68862915039062, 20.179723502765153 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.204212422008773 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.218388457307814 ], [ 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-155.55679321289062, 20.128155311797183 ] ] ] } } ] }\n","volume":"111","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585268e4e4b0e2663625ec9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Tom","contributorId":177475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nakata, Jennifer","contributorId":41542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":77011,"text":"ofr20061103 - 2006 - Borehole dilatometer installation, operation, and maintenance at sites in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T09:43:40","indexId":"ofr20061103","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1103","title":"Borehole dilatometer installation, operation, and maintenance at sites in Hawaii","docAbstract":"In response to concerns about the potential hazard of Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, the USGS began efforts in 1998 to add four high-resolution borehole sites. Located at these sites are; strainmeters, tiltmeters, seismometers, accelerometers and other instrumentation. These instruments are capable of providing continuous monitoring of the magma movement under Mauna Loa. Each site was planned to provide multi-parameter monitoring of volcanic activity.\r\n\r\nIn June of 2000, a contract was let for the core drilling of three of these four sites. They are located at Hokukano (west side of Mauna Loa) above Captain Cook, Hawaii; at Mauna Loa Observatory (11,737 feet near the summit), and at Mauna Loa Strip Road (east side of Mauna Loa). Another site was chosen near Halema'uma u' and Kilauea's summit, in the Keller deep well. (See maps). The locations of these instruments are shown in Figure 1 with their latitude and longitude in Table 1.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this network is to monitor crustal deformation associated with volcanic intrusions and earthquakes on Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes. This report describes the methods used to locate sites, install dilatometers, other instrumentation, and telemetry. We also provide a detailed description of the electronics used for signal amplification and telemetry, plus techniques used for instrument maintenance. Instrument sites were selected in regions of hard volcanic rock where the expected signals from magmatic activity were calculated to be a maximum and the probability of earthquakes with magnitude 4 or greater is large. At each location, an attempt was made to separate tectonic and volcanic signals from known noise sources for each instrument type. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061103","usgsCitation":"Myren, G., Johnston, M., and Mueller, R., 2006, Borehole dilatometer installation, operation, and maintenance at sites in Hawaii (Version 1.0, Revised and reprinted 2006): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1103, Report: 81 p.; Additional report: 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061103.","productDescription":"Report: 81 p.; Additional report: 32 p.","numberOfPages":"81","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8149,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8150,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1103/of2006-1103_drawings.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.55679321289062, 20.128155311797183 ], [ -155.58425903320312, 20.117839630491634 ], [ -155.64056396484375, 20.153941536577403 ], [ -155.65841674804688, 20.168122145270342 ], [ -155.68862915039062, 20.179723502765153 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.204212422008773 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.218388457307814 ], [ -155.78475952148438, 20.246736652244206 ], [ -155.84381103515625, 20.267350272759373 ], [ -155.88363647460938, 20.260908810382347 ], [ -155.89874267578125, 20.235140288260343 ], [ -155.90423583984375, 20.188746184002486 ], [ -155.88912963867188, 20.13202351682182 ], [ -155.86441040039062, 20.075280256655788 ], [ -155.82733154296875, 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G.D.","contributorId":46947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myren","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028060,"text":"70028060 - 2006 - Palaeomagnetic intensities from <sup>14</sup>C-dated lava flows on the Big Island, Hawaii: 0-21 kyr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T10:24:22","indexId":"70028060","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palaeomagnetic intensities from <sup>14</sup>C-dated lava flows on the Big Island, Hawaii: 0-21 kyr","docAbstract":"<p>Thellier&ndash;Thellier experiments were carried out on 216 lava samples collected by the USGS on the Big Island. 35 individual flows from the Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes are represented and independent radiocarbon dating of the flows yields absolute ages ranging from 290 to 20,240&nbsp;yrs old. The palaeomagnetic analysis was carried out at the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement in Gif-sur-Yvette, France, in two custom built, large capacity furnaces that have been specifically designed to minimise oxidation. The temperature steps were adapted to accommodate the characteristic loss of magnetisation at low temperatures seen in the Curie balance results and the use of half-size samples allowed secondary experiments to be carried out where necessary. The strict PICRIT-03 selection criteria were rigorously applied to the data and a high success rate of 53% has been achieved on a sample level. The flow averaged results almost double the existing <sup>14</sup>C-dated palaeointensity dataset for this time window and confirm a period of high intensity over the past 4&nbsp;kyr preceded by a period in which the dipole moment was weaker. However, the values attained in this study are on average higher than previously published data; reliability of these values is discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.026","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Pressling, N., Laj, C., Kissel, C., Champion, D.E., and Gubbins, D., 2006, Palaeomagnetic intensities from <sup>14</sup>C-dated lava flows on the Big Island, Hawaii: 0-21 kyr: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 247, no. 1-2, p. 26-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.026.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.026"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.55679321289062, 20.128155311797183 ], [ -155.58425903320312, 20.117839630491634 ], [ -155.64056396484375, 20.153941536577403 ], [ -155.65841674804688, 20.168122145270342 ], [ -155.68862915039062, 20.179723502765153 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.204212422008773 ], [ -155.73394775390625, 20.218388457307814 ], [ -155.78475952148438, 20.246736652244206 ], [ -155.84381103515625, 20.267350272759373 ], [ -155.88363647460938, 20.260908810382347 ], [ -155.89874267578125, 20.235140288260343 ], [ -155.90423583984375, 20.188746184002486 ], [ -155.88912963867188, 20.13202351682182 ], [ -155.86441040039062, 20.075280256655788 ], [ -155.82733154296875, 20.024967917222785 ], [ -155.8355712890625, 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Nicola","contributorId":43963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pressling","given":"Nicola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laj, Carlo","contributorId":6649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laj","given":"Carlo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kissel, Catherie","contributorId":55990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kissel","given":"Catherie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gubbins, David","contributorId":72998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gubbins","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030492,"text":"70030492 - 2006 - The airborne lava-seawater interaction plume at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T08:44:55","indexId":"70030492","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The airborne lava-seawater interaction plume at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"<p><span>Lava flows into the sea at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, and generates an airborne gas and aerosol plume. Water (H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O), hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>), nitrogen dioxide (NO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) and sulphur dioxide (SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) gases were quantified in the plume in 2004&ndash;2005, using Open Path Fourier Transform infra-red Spectroscopy. The molar abundances of these species and thermodynamic modelling are used to discuss their generation. The range in molar HCl&nbsp;/&nbsp;H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O confirms that HCl is generated when seawater is boiled dry and magnesium salts are hydrolysed (as proposed by [T.M. Gerlach, J.L. Krumhansl, R.O. Fournier, J. Kjargaard, Acid rain from the heating and evaporation of seawater by molten lava: a new volcanic hazard, EOS (Trans. Am. Geophys. Un.) 70 (1989) 1421&ndash;1422]), in contrast to models of Na-metasomatism. Airborne droplets of boiled seawater brine form nucleii for subsequent H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O and HCl condensation, which acidifies the droplets and liberates CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;gas from bicarbonate and carbonate. NO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;is derived from the thermal decomposition of nitrates in coastal seawater, which takes place as the lava heats droplets of boiled seawater brine to 350&ndash;400&nbsp;&deg;C. SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;is derived from the degassing of subaerial lava flows on the coastal plain. The calculated mass flux of HCl from a moderate-sized ocean entry significantly increases the total HCl emission at Kīlauea (including magmatic sources) and is comparable to industrial HCl emitters in the United States. For larger lava ocean entries, the flux of HCl will cause intense local environmental hazards, such as high localised HCl concentrations and acid rain.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.005","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Edmonds, M., and Gerlach, T., 2006, The airborne lava-seawater interaction plume at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 244, no. 1-2, p. 83-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.005.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"96","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.005"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.95975494384763,\n              19.363623938901235\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0054168701172,\n              19.352934818067496\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0328826904297,\n              19.393744053468748\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.05794525146484,\n              19.405078137486008\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0658416748047,\n              19.39860161472401\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.07751464843747,\n              19.41900178811697\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0988006591797,\n              19.4144686374295\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.12386322021484,\n              19.39082944712291\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.1214599609375,\n              19.35520226587889\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.09159088134766,\n              19.316651368812714\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.09742736816406,\n              19.30466310133747\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.09193420410153,\n              19.29591435155762\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0497055053711,\n              19.3134113831997\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.97314453125,\n              19.348723759944885\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.95975494384763,\n              19.363623938901235\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"244","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9b3e4b08c986b322448","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edmonds, M.","contributorId":43547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028111,"text":"70028111 - 2006 - The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-07T08:31:55","indexId":"70028111","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io","docAbstract":"<p><span>The temporal signature of&nbsp;thermal emission&nbsp;from a volcano is a valuable clue to the processes taking place both at and beneath the surface. The&nbsp;</span><i>Galileo</i><span>&nbsp;Near Infrared Mapping&nbsp;Spectrometer&nbsp;(NIMS) observed the volcano Prometheus, on the jovian moon Io, on multiple occasions between 1996 and 2002. The 5 micron (μm) brightness of this volcano shows considerable variation from orbit to orbit. Prometheus exhibits increases in thermal emission that indicate episodic (though non-periodic) effusive activity in a manner akin to the current Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha (afterwards referred to as the Pu'u 'O'o) eruption of Kilauea, Hawai'i. The volume of material erupted during one Prometheus eruption episode (defined as the interval from minimum thermal emission to peak and back to minimum) from 6 November 1996 to 7 May 1997 is estimated to be ∼0.8 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>, with a peak instantaneous volumetric flux (effusion rate) of ∼140 m</span><sup>3</sup><span> s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and an averaged volumetric flux (eruption rate) of ∼49 m</span><sup>3</sup><span> s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. These quantities are used to model subsurface structure,&nbsp;magma&nbsp;storage and magma supply mechanisms, and likely&nbsp;magma chamber&nbsp;depth. Prometheus appears to be supplied by magma from a relatively shallow magma chamber, with a roof at a minimum depth of ∼2–3 km and a maximum depth of ∼14 km. This is a much shallower depth range than sources of supply proposed for explosive, possibly ultramafic, eruptions at Pillan and Tvashtar. As Prometheus-type effusive activity is widespread on Io, shallow magma chambers containing magma of basaltic or near-basaltic composition and density may be common. This analysis strengthens the analogy between Prometheus and Pu'u 'O'o, at least in terms of eruption style. Even though the style of eruption appears to be similar (effusive emplacement of thin, insulated, compound&nbsp;pahoehoe&nbsp;flows) the scale of activity at Prometheus greatly exceeds current activity at Pu'u 'O'o in terms of volume erupted, area covered, and magma flux. Whereas the estimated magma chamber at Prometheus dwarfs the Pu'u 'O'o magma chamber, it fits within expectations if the Pu'u 'O'o chamber were scaled for the greater volumetric flux and&nbsp;lower gravity&nbsp;of Io. Recent volumetric eruption rates derived from&nbsp;</span><i>Galileo</i><span>data for Prometheus were considerably smaller than the rate that produced the extensive flows formed in the ∼17 years between the&nbsp;</span><i>Voyager</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Galileo</i><span>&nbsp;missions. These smaller eruption rates, coupled with the fact that flows are not expanding laterally, may mean that the immediate&nbsp;heat source&nbsp;that generates the Prometheus plume is simultaneously running out of available volatiles and the&nbsp;thermal energy&nbsp;that drives mobilization of volatiles. This raises the question of whether the current Prometheus eruption is in its last throes.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Davies, A., Wilson, L., Matson, D., Leone, G., Keszthelyi, L., and Jaeger, W.L., 2006, The heartbeat of the volcano: The discovery of episodic activity at Prometheus on Io: Icarus, v. 184, no. 2, p. 460-477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"460","endPage":"477","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210040,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.012"}],"volume":"184","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacb1e4b08c986b323686","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, Ashley G.","contributorId":36827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"Ashley G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Lionel","contributorId":82203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Lionel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matson, Dennis","contributorId":210503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leone, Giovanni","contributorId":18250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leone","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70030510,"text":"70030510 - 2006 - Isotope geochemistry of early Kilauea magmas from the submarine Hilina bench: The nature of the Hilina mantle component","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-16T18:48:03","indexId":"70030510","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope geochemistry of early Kilauea magmas from the submarine Hilina bench: The nature of the Hilina mantle component","docAbstract":"<p><span>Submarine lavas recovered from the Hilina bench region, offshore Kilauea, Hawaii Island provide information on ancient Kilauea volcano and the geochemical components of the Hawaiian hotspot. Alkalic lavas, including nephelinite, basanite, hawaiite, and alkali basalt, dominate the earliest stage of Kilauea magmatism. Transitional basalt pillow lavas are an intermediate phase, preceding development of the voluminous tholeiitic subaerial shield and submarine Puna Ridge. Most alkalic through transitional lavas are quite uniform in Sr&ndash;Nd&ndash;Pb isotopes, supporting the interpretation that variable extent partial melting of a relatively homogeneous source was responsible for much of the geochemical diversity of early Kilauea magmas (</span><span id=\"bbib73\"><a id=\"ancbbib73\" class=\"intra_ref\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027305003136#bib73\">Sisson et al., 2002</a></span><span>). These samples are among the highest&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb known from Hawaii and may represent melts from a distinct geochemical and isotopic end-member involved in the generation of most Hawaiian tholeiites. This end-member is similar to the postulated literature Kea component, but we propose that it should be renamed Hilina, to avoid confusion with the geographically defined Kea-trend volcanoes. Isotopic compositions of some shield-stage Kilauea tholeiites overlap the Hilina end-member but most deviate far into the interior of the isotopic field defined by magmas from other Hawaiian volcanoes, reflecting the introduction of melt contributions from both &ldquo;Koolau&rdquo; (high&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr, low&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb) and depleted (low&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr, intermediate&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb) source materials. This shift in isotopic character from nearly uniform, end-member, and alkalic, to diverse and tholeiitic corresponds with the major increase in Kilauea's magmatic productivity. Two popular geodynamic models can account for these relations: (1) The upwelling mantle source could be concentrically zoned in both chemical/isotopic composition, and in speed/extent of upwelling, with Hilina (and Loihi) components situated in the weakly ascending margins and the Koolau component in the interior. The depleted component could be refractory and spread throughout or scavenged from the overlying lithosphere. (2) The Hilina (and Loihi) components could be a more fertile material (lower melting temperature) spread irregularly throughout the Hawaiian source in a matrix of more refractory depleted and Koolau compositions. Modest upwelling along the leading hotspot margin melts the fertile domains predominantly, while the refractory matrix also partially melts in the more vigorously upwelling hotspot interior, diluting the Hilina and Loihi components and yielding voluminous isotopically diverse tholeiitic magmas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.024","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Kimura, J., Sisson, T.W., Nakano, N., Coombs, M.L., and Lipman, P.W., 2006, Isotope geochemistry of early Kilauea magmas from the submarine Hilina bench: The nature of the Hilina mantle component: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, p. 51-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.024.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239593,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              18\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              18\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              20\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"151","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f88e4b0c8380cd645db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimura, Jun-Ichi","contributorId":77719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimura","given":"Jun-Ichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nakano, Natsuko","contributorId":174784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nakano","given":"Natsuko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028434,"text":"70028434 - 2006 - Emplacement of subaerial pahoehoe lava sheet flows into water: 1990 Kūpaianaha flow of Kilauea volcano at Kaimū Bay, Hawai`i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-05T16:58:02","indexId":"70028434","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement of subaerial pahoehoe lava sheet flows into water: 1990 Kūpaianaha flow of Kilauea volcano at Kaimū Bay, Hawai`i","docAbstract":"<p><span>Episode 48 of the ongoing eruption of Kilauea, Hawai`i, began in July 1986 and continuously extruded lava for the next 5.5&nbsp;years from a low shield, Kūpaianaha. The flows in March 1990 headed for Kalapana and inundated the entire town under 15–25&nbsp;m of lava by the end of August. As the flows advanced eastward, they entered into Kaimū Bay, replacing it with a plain of lava that extends 300&nbsp;m beyond the original shoreline. The focus of our study is the period from August 1 to October 31, 1990, when the lava buried almost 406,820&nbsp;m</span><sup>2</sup><span> of the 5-m deep bay. When lava encountered the sea, it flowed along the shoreline as a narrow primary lobe up to 400&nbsp;m long and 100&nbsp;m wide, which in turn inflated to a thickness of 5–6&nbsp;m. The flow direction of the primary lobes was controlled by the submerged delta below the lavas and by damming up lavas fed at low extrusion rates. Breakout flows through circumferential and axial inflation cracks on the inflating primary lobes formed smaller secondary lobes, burying the lows between the primary lobes and hiding their original outlines. Inflated flow lobes eventually ruptured at proximal and/or distal ends as well as mid-points between the two ends, feeding new primary lobes which were emplaced along and on the shore side of the previously inflated lobes. The flow lobes mapped with the aid of aerial photographs were correlated with daily observations of the growing flow field, and 30 primary flow lobes were dated. Excluding the two repose periods that intervened while the bay was filled, enlargement of the flow field took place at a rate of 2,440–22,640 square meters per day in the bay. Lobe thickness was estimated to be up to 11&nbsp;m on the basis of cross sections of selected lobes measured using optical measurement tools, measuring tape and hand level. The total flow-lobe volume added in the bay during August 1–October 31 was approximately 3.95 million&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>, giving an average supply rate of 0.86&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-006-0059-4","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Umino, S., Nonaka, M., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 2006, Emplacement of subaerial pahoehoe lava sheet flows into water: 1990 Kūpaianaha flow of Kilauea volcano at Kaimū Bay, Hawai`i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, no. 2, p. 125-139, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0059-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.050048828125,\n              19.30595917262483\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.050048828125,\n              19.41673522857577\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.90036010742188,\n              19.41673522857577\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.90036010742188,\n              19.30595917262483\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.050048828125,\n              19.30595917262483\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0913e4b0c8380cd51dbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Umino, Susumu","contributorId":42773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umino","given":"Susumu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nonaka, Miyuki","contributorId":62012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nonaka","given":"Miyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":418033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030662,"text":"70030662 - 2006 - Puhimau thermal area: a window into the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T11:30:28","indexId":"70030662","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Puhimau thermal area: a window into the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii?","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">We report the results of two soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux surveys by the closed chamber circulation method at the Puhimau thermal area in the upper East Rift Zone (ERZ) of Kilauea&nbsp;volcano, Hawaii. The surveys were undertaken in 1996 and 1998 to constrain how much CO<sub>2</sub> might be reaching the ERZ after degassing beneath the summit caldera and whether the Puhimau thermal area might be a significant contributor to the overall CO<sub>2</sub> budget of Kilauea. The area was revisited in 2001 to determine the effects of surface disturbance on efflux values by the collar emplacement technique utilized in the earlier surveys. Utilizing a cutoff value of 50 g m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> for the surrounding forest background efflux, the CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates for the anomaly at Puhimau thermal area were 27 t d<sup>−1</sup> in 1996 and 17 t d<sup>−1</sup> in 1998. Water vapor was removed before analysis in all cases in order to obtain CO<sub>2</sub> values on a dry air basis and mitigate the effect of water vapor dilution on the measurements. It is clear that Puhimau thermal area is not a significant contributor to Kilauea's&nbsp;CO<sub>2</sub> output and that most of Kilauea's&nbsp;CO<sub>2</sub> (8500 t d<sup>−1</sup>) is degassed at the summit, leaving only magma with its remaining stored volatiles, such as SO<sub>2</sub>, for injection down the ERZ. Because of the low CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate and the presence of a shallow water table in the upper ERZ that effectively scrubs SO<sub>2</sub> and other acid gases, Puhimau thermal area currently does not appear to be generally well suited for observing temporal changes in degassing at&nbsp;Kilauea.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00024-006-0036-z","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"McGee, K., Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., Doukas, M., and Gerlach, T., 2006, Puhimau thermal area: a window into the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii?: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 163, no. 4, p. 837-851, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-006-0036-z.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"837","endPage":"851","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.34530639648438,\n              19.24632927300332\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.34530639648438,\n              19.449759112405612\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.85504150390625,\n              19.449759112405612\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.85504150390625,\n              19.24632927300332\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.34530639648438,\n              19.24632927300332\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"163","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9022e4b0c8380cd7fb5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elias, T. 0000-0002-9592-4518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":71195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030921,"text":"70030921 - 2006 - Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T11:26:25","indexId":"70030921","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract svAbstract \" data-etype=\"ab\"><p id=\"\">Major-element and volatile (H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, S) compositions of glasses from the submarine flanks of Kilauea Volcano record its growth from pre-shield into tholeiite shield-stage. Pillow lavas of mildly alkalic basalt at 2600–1900 mbsl on the upper slope of the south flank are an intermediate link between deeper alkalic volcaniclastics and the modern tholeiite shield. Lava clast glasses from the west flank of Papau Seamount are subaerial Mauna Loa-like tholeiite and mark the contact between the two volcanoes. H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>in sandstone and breccia glasses from the Hilina bench, and in alkalic to tholeiitic pillow glasses above and to the east, were measured by FTIR. Volatile saturation pressures equal sampling depths (10 MPa&nbsp;=&nbsp;1000 m water) for south flank and Puna Ridge pillow lavas, suggesting recovery near eruption depths and/or vapor re-equilibration during down-slope flow. South flank glasses are divisible into low-pressure (CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&lt;40 ppm, H<sub>2</sub>O&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.5 wt.%, S&nbsp;&lt;500 ppm), moderate-pressure (CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&lt;40 ppm, H<sub>2</sub>O&nbsp;&gt;0.5 wt.%, S 1000–1700 ppm), and high-pressure groups (CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;&gt;40 ppm, S &nbsp;∼1000 ppm), corresponding to eruption&nbsp;≥&nbsp;sea level, at moderate water depths (300–1000 m) or shallower but in disequilibrium, and in deep water (&gt;1000 m). Saturation pressures range widely in early alkalic to strongly alkalic breccia clast and sandstone glasses, establishing that early Kīlauea's vents spanned much of Mauna Loa's submarine flank, with some vents exceeding sea level. Later south flank alkalic pillow lavas expose a sizeable submarine edifice that grew concurrent with nearby subaerial alkalic eruptions. The onset of the tholeiitic shield stage is marked by extension of eruptions eastward and into deeper water (to 5500 m) during growth of the Puna Ridge. Subaerial and shallow water eruptions from earliest Kilauea show that it is underlain shallowly by Mauna Loa, implying that Mauna Loa is larger, and Kilauea smaller, than previously recognized.</p></div><h2 id=\"kwd_1\" class=\"svKeywords\">Keywords</h2>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.037","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., Sisson, T.W., and Lipman, P.W., 2006, Growth history of Kilauea inferred from volatile concentrations in submarine-collected basalts: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, no. 1-3, p. 19-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.037.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.3,\n              18.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.3,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              18.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.3,\n              18.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2df2e4b0c8380cd5c183","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030511,"text":"70030511 - 2006 - Deep magma transport at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:38:10","indexId":"70030511","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep magma transport at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The shallow part of Kilauea's magma system is conceptually well-understood. Long-period and short-period (brittle-failure) earthquake swarms outline a near-vertical magma transport path beneath Kilauea's summit to 20 km depth. A gravity high centered above the magma transport path demonstrates that Kilauea's shallow magma system, established early in the volcano's history, has remained fixed in place. Low seismicity at 4-7 km outlines a storage region from which magma is supplied for eruptions and intrusions. Brittle-failure earthquake swarms shallower than 5 km beneath the rift zones accompany dike emplacement. Sparse earthquakes extend to a decollement at 10-12 km along which the south flank of Kilauea is sliding seaward. This zone below 5 km can sustain aseismic magma transport, consistent with recent tomographic studies. Long-period earthquake clusters deeper than 40 km occur parallel to and offshore of Kilauea's south coast, defining the deepest seismic response to magma transport from the Hawaiian hot spot. A path connecting the shallow and deep long-period earthquakes is defined by mainshock-aftershock locations of brittle-failure earthquakes unique to Kilauea whose hypocenters are deeper than 25 km with magnitudes from 4.4 to 5.2. Separation of deep and shallow long-period clusters occurs as the shallow plumbing moves with the volcanic edifice, while the deep plumbing is centered over the hotspot. Recent GPS data agrees with the volcano-propagation vector from Kauai to Maui, suggesting that Pacific plate motion, azimuth 293.5?? and rate of 7.4 cm/yr, has been constant over Kilauea's lifetime. However, volcano propagation on the island of Hawaii, azimuth 325??, rate 13 cm/yr, requires southwesterly migration of the locus of melting within the broad hotspot. Deep, long-period earthquakes lie west of the extrapolated position of Kilauea backward in time along a plate-motion vector, requiring southwesterly migration of Kilauea's magma source. Assumed ages of 0.4 my for Kilauea and 0.8 my for Mauna Loa are consistent with this model. Younger ages would apply if Kilauea began its growth south of the locus of maximum melting, as is true for Loihi seamount. We conclude that Kilauea is fed from below the eastern end of the zone of deep long-period earthquakes. Magma transport is vertical below 30 km, then sub-horizontal, following the oceanic mantle boundary separating plagioclase- and spinel-peridotite, then near-vertical beneath Kilauea's summit. The migration of the melting region within the hotspot and Kilauea's sampling of different sources within the melting region can explain (1) the long-term geochemical separation of Kilauea from neighboring volcanoes Mauna Loa and Loihi, and (2) the short-term changes in trace-element and isotope signatures within Kilauea. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rigths reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2005.05.004","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.L., and Klein, F.W., 2006, Deep magma transport at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: LITHOS, v. 87, no. 1-2, p. 50-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.05.004.","startPage":"50","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211725,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.05.004"},{"id":239070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe26e4b0c8380cd4eb52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030605,"text":"70030605 - 2006 - Argon geochronology of Kilauea's early submarine history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T10:19:29","indexId":"70030605","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Argon geochronology of Kilauea's early submarine history","docAbstract":"<p><span>Submarine alkalic and transitional basalts collected by submersible along Kilauea volcano's south flank represent early eruptive products from Earth's most active volcano. Strongly alkalic basalt fragments sampled from volcaniclastic deposits below the mid-slope Hilina Bench yield&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar ages from 212</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>38 to 280</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>20 ka. These ages are similar to high-precision 234</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>9 and 239</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>10 ka phlogopite ages from nephelinite clasts in the same deposits. Above the mid-slope bench, two intact alkalic to transitional pillow lava sequences protrude through the younger sediment apron. Samples collected from a weakly alkalic basalt section yield 138</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>30 to 166</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>26 ka ages and others from a transitional basalt section yield 138</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>115 and 228</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>±</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>114 ka ages. The ages are incompatible with previous unspiked K–Ar studies from samples in deep drill holes along the east rift of Kilauea. The submarine birth of Kīlauea volcano is estimated at &lt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>300 ka. If the weakly alkalic sequence we dated is representative of the volcano as a whole, the transition from alkalic to tholeiitic basalt compositions is dated at ∼</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>150 ka.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.023","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Calvert, A.T., and Lanphere, M.A., 2006, Argon geochronology of Kilauea's early submarine history: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, no. 1-3, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.023.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaiʻi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              19.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              18.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.5,\n              18.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.5,\n              19.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              19.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed75e4b0c8380cd4980a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":427820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031119,"text":"70031119 - 2006 - Real-time measurement of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions: Validation of a new UV correlation spectrometer (FLYSPEC)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T15:29:40","indexId":"70031119","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Real-time measurement of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions: Validation of a new UV correlation spectrometer (FLYSPEC)","docAbstract":"<p>A miniaturized, lightweight and low-cost UV correlation spectrometer, the FLYSPEC, has been developed as an alternative for the COSPEC, which has long been the mainstay for monitoring volcanic sulfur dioxide fluxes. Field experiments have been conducted with the FLYSPEC at diverse volcanic systems, including Masaya (Nicaragua), Poás (Costa Rica), Stromboli, Etna and Vulcano (Italy), Villarica (Chile) and Kilauea (USA). We present here those validation measurements that were made simultaneously with COSPEC at Kilauea between March 2002 and February 2003. These experiments, with source emission rates that ranged from 95 to 1,560&nbsp;t&nbsp;d<sup>−1</sup>, showed statistically identical results from both instruments. SO<sub>2</sub> path-concentrations ranged from 0 to &gt;1,000&nbsp;ppm-m with average correlation coefficients greater than <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r</i><sup>2</sup>=0.946. The small size and low cost create the opportunity for FLYSPEC to be used in novel deployment modes that have the potential to revolutionize the manner in which volcanic and industrial monitoring is performed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer International","doi":"10.1007/s00445-005-0014-9","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Horton, K.A., Williams-Jones, G., Garbeil, H., Elias, T., Sutton, A.J., Mouginis-Mark, P.J., Porter, J.T., and Clegg, S., 2006, Real-time measurement of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions: Validation of a new UV correlation spectrometer (FLYSPEC): Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 68, no. 4, p. 323-327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0014-9.","startPage":"323","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211705,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0014-9"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95a6e4b0c8380cd81b55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, Keith A.","contributorId":174446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horton","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17202,"text":"University of Hawaii, Manoa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":430113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams-Jones, Glyn","contributorId":147765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams-Jones","given":"Glyn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16928,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":430110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garbeil, Harold","contributorId":174447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garbeil","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17202,"text":"University of Hawaii, Manoa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":430116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elias, Tamar 0000-0002-9592-4518 telias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":3916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Tamar","email":"telias@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sutton, A. Jeff","contributorId":45605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, Peter J.","contributorId":120331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, John T.","contributorId":32232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clegg, Steven","contributorId":176916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clegg","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70030606,"text":"70030606 - 2006 - Estimating crustal heterogeneity from double-difference tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030606","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating crustal heterogeneity from double-difference tomography","docAbstract":"Seismic velocity parameters in limited, but heterogeneous volumes can be inferred using a double-difference tomographic algorithm, but to obtain meaningful results accuracy must be maintained at every step of the computation. MONTEILLER et al. (2005) have devised a double-difference tomographic algorithm that takes full advantage of the accuracy of cross-spectral time-delays of large correlated event sets. This algorithm performs an accurate computation of theoretical travel-time delays in heterogeneous media and applies a suitable inversion scheme based on optimization theory. When applied to Kilauea Volcano, in Hawaii, the double-difference tomography approach shows significant and coherent changes to the velocity model in the well-resolved volumes beneath the Kilauea caldera and the upper east rift. In this paper, we first compare the results obtained using MONTEILLER et al.'s algorithm with those obtained using the classic travel-time tomographic approach. Then, we evaluated the effect of using data series of different accuracies, such as handpicked arrival-time differences (\"picking differences\"), on the results produced by double-difference tomographic algorithms. We show that picking differences have a non-Gaussian probability density function (pdf). Using a hyperbolic secant pdf instead of a Gaussian pdf allows improvement of the double-difference tomographic result when using picking difference data. We completed our study by investigating the use of spatially discontinuous time-delay data. ?? Birkha??user Verlag, Basel, 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00024-005-0022-x","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Got, J., Monteiller, V., Virieux, J., and Okubo, P., 2006, Estimating crustal heterogeneity from double-difference tomography: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 163, no. 2-3, p. 405-430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-005-0022-x.","startPage":"405","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-005-0022-x"},{"id":239424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"163","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b13e4b0c8380cd52560","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Got, J.-L.","contributorId":80867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Got","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monteiller, V.","contributorId":62409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monteiller","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virieux, J.","contributorId":10617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virieux","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":427823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030338,"text":"70030338 - 2006 - Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes at the young end of the Hawaiian Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T10:58:02","indexId":"70030338","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes at the young end of the Hawaiian Ridge","docAbstract":"<p><span>High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and a digital elevation model of the Hawaiian Islands are used to calculate the volumes of individual shield volcanoes and island complexes (Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, the Maui Nui complex, and Hawaii), taking into account subsidence of the Pacific plate under the load of the Hawaiian Ridge. Our calculated volume for the Island of Hawaii and its submarine extent (213&nbsp;×&nbsp;10</span><sup>3</sup><span> km</span><sup>3</sup><span>) is nearly twice the previous estimate (113&nbsp;×&nbsp;10</span><sup>3</sup><span> km</span><sup>3</sup><span>), due primarily to crustal subsidence that had not been accounted for in the earlier work. The volcanoes that make up the Island of Hawaii (Mahukona, Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, Kilauea and Loihi) are generally considered to have been formed within the past million years, and our revised volume for the island indicates that magma supply rates are greater than previously estimated, 0.21 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr as opposed to ∼&nbsp;0.1 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr. This result also shows that compared with rates calculated for the Hawaiian Islands (0–6 Ma, 0.095 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr), the Hawaiian Ridge (0–45 Ma, 0.017 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr), and the Emperor Seamounts (45–80 Ma, 0.010 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr), magma supply rates have increased dramatically to build the Island of Hawaii.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.033","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J., and Eakins, B., 2006, Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes at the young end of the Hawaiian Ridge: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, no. 1-3, p. 309-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -161,\n              18      \n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              23\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              23\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              18\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              18\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2fce4b0c8380cd4b51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eakins, Barry W.","contributorId":18462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eakins","given":"Barry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028292,"text":"70028292 - 2006 - Perspectives on basaltic magma crystallization and differentiation: Lava-lake blocks erupted at Mauna Loa volcano summit, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T11:27:19","indexId":"70028292","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perspectives on basaltic magma crystallization and differentiation: Lava-lake blocks erupted at Mauna Loa volcano summit, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p id=\"\">Explosive eruptions at Mauna Loa summit ejected coarse-grained blocks (free of lava coatings) from Moku'aweoweo caldera. Most are gabbronorites and gabbros that have 0–26&nbsp;vol.% olivine and 1–29&nbsp;vol.% oikocrystic orthopyroxene. Some blocks are ferrogabbros and diorites with micrographic matrices, and diorite veins (≤2&nbsp;cm) cross-cut some gabbronorites and gabbros. One block is an open-textured dunite.</p><p id=\"\">The MgO of the gabbronorites and gabbros ranges ∼&nbsp;7–21&nbsp;wt.%. Those with MgO &gt;10&nbsp;wt.% have some incompatible-element abundances (Zr, Y, REE; positive Eu anomalies) lower than those in Mauna Loa lavas of comparable MgO; gabbros (MgO &lt;10&nbsp;wt.%) generally overlap lava compositions. Olivines range Fo<sub>83–58</sub>, clinopyroxenes have Mg#s ∼83–62, and orthopyroxene Mg#s are 84–63 — all evolved beyond the mineral-Mg#s of Mauna Loa lavas. Plagioclase is An<sub>75–50</sub>. Ferrogabbro and diorite blocks have ∼&nbsp;3–5&nbsp;wt.% MgO (TiO<sub>2</sub> 3.2–5.4%; K<sub>2</sub>O 0.8–1.3%; La 16–27&nbsp;ppm), and a diorite vein is the most evolved (SiO<sub>2</sub> 59%, K<sub>2</sub>O 1.5%, La 38&nbsp;ppm). They have clinopyroxene Mg#s 67–46, and plagioclase An<sub>57–40</sub>. The open-textured dunite has olivine ∼&nbsp;Fo<sub>83.5</sub>. Seven isotope ratios are <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr 0.70394–0.70374 and <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd 0.51293–0.51286, and identify the suite as belonging to the Mauna Loa system.</p><p id=\"\">Gabbronorites and gabbros originated in solidification zones of Moku'aweoweo lava lakes where they acquired orthocumulate textures and incompatible-element depletions. These features suggest deeper and slower cooling lakes than the lava lake paradigm, Kilauea Iki, which is basalt and picrite. Clinopyroxene geobarometry suggests crystallization at &lt;1&nbsp;kbar P. Highly evolved mineral Mg#s, &lt;75, are largely explained by cumulus phases exposed to evolving intercumulus liquids causing compositional ‘shifts.’ Ferrogabbro and diorite represent segregation veins from differentiated intercumulus liquids filter pressed into rigid zones of cooling lakes. Clinopyroxene geobarometry suggests &lt;300&nbsp;bar P. Open-textured dunite represents olivine-melt mush, precursor to vertical olivine-rich bodies (as in Kilauea Iki). Its Fo<sub>83.5</sub> identifies the most primitive lake magma as ∼8.3&nbsp;wt.% MgO. Mass balancing and MELTS show that such a magma could have yielded both ferrogabbro and diorite by ≥50% fractional crystallization, but under different fO<sub>2</sub>: &lt;&nbsp;FMQ (250&nbsp;bar) led to diorite, and FMQ (250&nbsp;bar) yielded ferrogabbro. These segregation veins, documented as similar to those of Kilauea, testify to appreciable volumes of ‘rhyolitic’ liquid forming in oceanic environments. Namely, SiO<sub>2</sub>-rich veins are intrinsic to all shields that reached caldera stage to accommodate various-sized cooling, differentiating lava lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.005","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"McCarter, R.L., Fodor, R., and Trusdell, F., 2006, Perspectives on basaltic magma crystallization and differentiation: Lava-lake blocks erupted at Mauna Loa volcano summit, Hawaii: LITHOS, v. 90, no. 3-4, p. 187-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.005.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { 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R.V.","contributorId":106638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030625,"text":"70030625 - 2006 - Piggyback tectonics: Long-term growth of Kilauea on the south flank of Mauna Loa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T10:56:20","indexId":"70030625","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Piggyback tectonics: Long-term growth of Kilauea on the south flank of Mauna Loa","docAbstract":"<p id=\"\">Compositional and age data from offshore pillow lavas and volcaniclastic sediments, along with on-land geologic, seismic, and deformation data, provide broad perspectives on the early growth of Kilauea Volcano and the long-term geometric evolution of its rift zones. Sulfur-rich glass rinds on pillow lavas and volcaniclastic sediments derived from them document early underwater growth of a large compositionally diverse alkalic edifice. The alkalic rocks yield <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar ages as old as about 275 ka; transitional-composition lavas, which mark beginning of the shield stage while most or all the edifice remained below sea level, probably first erupted after about 150 ka, and tholeiitic lavas of present-day type are probably younger than 100 ka. Breccia clasts from Papau Seamount and along the lower southwest corner of the Hilina bench are derived from subaerial Mauna Loa, requiring that Mauna Loa's flank underlies western parts of Kilauea at shallow depth. The volume of the Kilauea edifice is therefore smaller (&sim;10,000 km<sup>3</sup>) than previous estimates (15&ndash;40,000 km<sup>3</sup>); lava-thickness accumulation rates appear to have remained nearly constant during edifice growth, as effusion rates increased from &sim;25&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/yr at end of the alkalic stage to the present-day tholeiite rate of &sim;100&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/yr. Seismic and gravity data show that the deep plumbing system for Kilauea's magma supply extends nearly vertically through the oceanic crust at least to mantle depths of 30&ndash;35 km, directly below its present-day caldera.</p>\n<p id=\"\">Proximity of Kilauea's caldera to the surface boundary with Mauna Loa and the presence of Mauna Loa rocks at shallow depth beneath the south flank are difficult to reconcile with a submarine origin for early Kilauea alkalic lavas, unless geometric relations between the two volcanoes have changed substantially during growth of the Kilauea shield. Seismic and ground deformation data suggest seaward spreading of the entire south flank of Hawaii Island, independently of the boundary between Kilauea and Mauna Loa, along a landward-dipping detachment fault system near the basal contact of the composite volcanic edifices with underlying oceanic crust. Current steady-state horizontal displacements increase seaward, at rates of &sim;1.5 cm/yr on the lower flank of Mauna Loa and reaching 5&ndash;8 cm/yr at the Kilauea coastline. Infrequent (&sim;100 yr?) large earthquakes generate similar geometries, but 10<sup>2</sup> larger displacements per event.</p>\n<p id=\"\">Present-day Kilauea is the more dynamic edifice, but prior to inception of Kilauea and during its early growth, Mauna Loa is inferred to have undergone intense volcano spreading, involving the Kaoiki&ndash;Honuapo fault system (considered a geometric analog of the Hilina system on Kilauea). Cumulative deformation of Mauna Loa's south flank during growth of Kilauea since 200&ndash;300 ka is estimated to have involved &gt;&nbsp;10 km of seaward spreading, displacing the rift zones of Kīlauea while its deep plumbing system and summit magma reservoir remained nearly fixed in space. Kilauea's rift zones, rather than migrating southward with time solely due to dike emplacement preferentially on the mobile seaward side, alternatively are interpreted to have been transported passively southward, &ldquo;piggyback&rdquo; style, during shield-stage growth of Kilauea as a blister on the still-mobile south flank of Mauna Loa. Such an evolution of Kilauea accounts for the arcuate geometry of the present-day rift zones, proximity of the summit magma supply to the exposed flank of Mauna Loa, initial submarine growth of the ancestral edifice, and present-day location of Mauna Loa rocks at shallow depth beneath the south flank of Kilauea.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.032","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., Sisson, T.W., Coombs, M.L., Calvert, A.T., and Kimura, J., 2006, Piggyback tectonics: Long-term growth of Kilauea on the south flank of Mauna Loa: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, no. 1-3, p. 73-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.032.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              18.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              18.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.5,\n              20\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b52e4b0c8380cd793a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimura, Jun-Ichi","contributorId":77719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimura","given":"Jun-Ichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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