Chemical, paleontological, and mineralogical analyses of a 7.5-meter core from the middle of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, have provided information on the paleoclimatic history of this low-elevation, low-latitude site for the last 13,000 years. The data show that dry climates existed in this region from 13,000 years before present (B.P.) until about 10,000 years B.P. The Lake Valencia Basin was occupied by intermittent saline marshes at that time. About 10,000 years B.P., a permanent lake of fluctuating salinity formed and arboreal plant communities replaced the earlier dominant xeric herbaceous vegetation and marsh plants. By 8500 years B.P., Lake Valencia reached moderate to low salinities and discharged water; the modern vegetation became established at that time. After 8500 years B.P., the lake twice ceased discharging as a result of reduced watershed moisture. The second of these drying episodes is still in progress and has been aggravated by human activities in the watershed.
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The oxygen isotopes of dolomites of successive beds record changes in temperature of bottom water while the carbon isotopes of the same samples indicate changes in the kind of microbial activity (sulfate reduction vs carbohydrate fermentation) that prevailed at shallow depths in the sediment. In an auxiliary study, two samples of dolomite from sediments of Cariaco Basin off Venezuela (DSDP site 147) were found to have ??5C13 of -14.1 and -9.8 per ml PDB, although they occur in a heavy-carbon zone containing bicarbonate as heavy as +8.4 per ml. These dolomites probably originated at shallow depth in the light-carbon zone of microbial sulfate reducers and were buried under later sediments down into the heavy-carbon zone of microbial fermenters of carbohydrates without losing their original light-carbon composition. ?? 1979.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(79)90126-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Murata, K.J., 1979, Origin of dolomite in Miocene Monterey Shale and related formations in the Temblor Range, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, no. 8, p. 1357-1365, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90126-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1357","endPage":"1365","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70d0e4b0c8380cd7627a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32493,"text":"wrr5 - 1977 - Breeding biology of the spectacled caiman, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus, in the Venezuelan Llanos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:09","indexId":"wrr5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":99,"text":"Wildlife Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Breeding biology of the spectacled caiman, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus, in the Venezuelan Llanos","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Staton, M.A., and Dixon, J., 1977, Breeding biology of the spectacled caiman, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus, in the Venezuelan Llanos: Wildlife Research Report 5, [2], 21 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.","productDescription":"[2], 21 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc5e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staton, Mark A.","contributorId":19841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staton","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dixon, James R.","contributorId":29694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"James R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231225,"text":"70231225 - 1976 - Evaluation of LANDSAT-1 image applications to geologic mapping, structural analysis and mineral resource inventory of South America with special emphasis on the Andes Mountain region: Type III final report for period January 1973 to July 1974","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-03T16:16:48.660074","indexId":"70231225","displayToPublicDate":"1976-06-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Evaluation of LANDSAT-1 image applications to geologic mapping, structural analysis and mineral resource inventory of South America with special emphasis on the Andes Mountain region: Type III final report for period January 1973 to July 1974","docAbstract":"The author has identified the following significant results. The discovery of copper mineralization along a lineament mapped in Area 7 (La Paz) has lent credence to the use of LANDSAT 1 data as a basic step in mineral exploration. In Area 9 (Copiapo Region), a number of lineaments were found to be associated with the largest copper deposits of the region. In Area 12 (Magallanes), the identification of what is believed to be a tertiary basin from LANDSAT 1 data has resulted in a new area for petroleum exploration. Band 7 images, as black and white transparencies, were found to be the most useful for geologic interpretation in both tropical vegetated areas and desert regions. Color composites made by the diazochrome process, chromaline process, and from color additive viewers provided additional information. Mosaics of LANDSAT 1 data covering 4 x 6 degrees of latitude and longitude compiled at the 1:1,000,000 scale were found to be an ideal size and format for most users.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., 1976, Evaluation of LANDSAT-1 image applications to geologic mapping, structural analysis and mineral resource inventory of South America with special emphasis on the Andes Mountain region: Type III final report for period January 1973 to July 1974, 115 p.","productDescription":"115 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19760023539/downloads/19760023539.pdf","size":"10,466 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela","city":"Araqua, Belo Horizonte, Copiapo, La Paz, Magallanes, Mendoza, Porto Velho, Santiago, Tucuman","otherGeospatial":"Andes Mountains, Guyana Shield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -62.99560546875,\n 3.7765593098768635\n ],\n [\n -60.49072265625,\n 3.7765593098768635\n ],\n [\n -60.49072265625,\n 8.47237228290914\n ],\n [\n -62.99560546875,\n 8.47237228290914\n ],\n [\n -62.99560546875,\n 3.7765593098768635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 0.1977535136255067\n ],\n [\n -68.84033203125,\n 0.1977535136255067\n ],\n [\n -68.84033203125,\n 4.5873761534497035\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 4.5873761534497035\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 0.1977535136255067\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, William D.","contributorId":64567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13533,"text":"ofr75263 - 1975 - Metallogenic provinces of the southeastern Pacific region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-03T17:41:11.868663","indexId":"ofr75263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75-263","title":"Metallogenic provinces of the southeastern Pacific region","docAbstract":"Metalliferous mineral deposits of the southeastern Pacific region include: (1) hydrothermal, magmatic, and sedimentary deposits of the Andean region, one of the great mineral belts of the world; 2) Scattered hydrothermal mineral occurrences in the Antarctic Peninsula; and 3) metal-enriched pelagic sediments, ferromanganese nodules, and volcanic rocks(?) in the southeast Pacific basin. Andean metalliferous deposits, the chief concern of this report, are for the most part spatially and genetically related to calc-alkaline plutons, sub-volcanic intrusions, and volcanic rocks emplaced during the Andean orogeny of Late Triassic to Quaternary age. These deposits are components of a single metallogenic province superimposed on two or more pre-Andean metallogenic provinces that are indicated by scattered deposits of Paleozoic and Precambrian(?) age. Occurrences in the Antarctic Peninsula are of age and origin similar to the deposits in the Andes and are considered to belong to the Andean province.
The Andean metallogenic province may be divided into several subprovinces, each parallel to the Andes and the continental margin and each having a dominant metal or suite of metals. The central Andes of Peru, northern Chile, and Bolivia, which contain the greatest concentration of exploitable deposits and the greatest variety of ore types, have as many as five linear partly overlapping subprovinces. These sub-provinces, from west to east (Pacific coast to the eastern Andean front), are characterized, respectively, by deposits of : 1) iron; 2) copper, with or without associated gold; 3) polymetallic base metals (zinc, lead, copper), generally containing silver; 4) tin; and 5) gold. Iron deposits chiefly are near the coast in central to northern Chile and in southern Peru. The copper and polymetallic provinces are characterized by abundant deposits in the central Andean region but comparatively few scattered deposits in the north (Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela) and in southern Chile and Argentina. Scattered gold-rich veins and placers occur along the western Andean front and coastal region, the general area of the copper province, from central Chile to northern Colombia. Similar deposits occur along a discontinuous belt in the eastern Andes from Bolivia to Ecuador and in the central Andes of Colombia. Tin deposits are almost wholly restricted to the eastern Andes of Bolivia.
The position and age distribution of plutonic and volcanic rocks and associated metalliferous deposits of the Andes indicate presence of an active subduction zone in this region since at least Late Triassic time. Magmas of the calc-alkaline igneous rocks are believed to have formed chiefly by partial melting of mantle, oceanic sediments, and oceanic crust along the Benioff zone at depths of 100 to 200 km. Plutonic and volcanic rocks show a general though nonuniform progression of decreasing age from west to east. Rocks of Jurassic and Cretaceous age are most abundant near the coast, whereas those of Tertiary and Quaternary age dominate in the Andes. Locally, intrusive rocks and ore deposits of widely different ages are juxtaposed. Metals of the ore deposits associated with the calc-alkaline rocks were supplied by the source rocks in the Benioff zone, some of which probably had been previously enriched in certain metals at the ancestral East Pacific Rise and were mobilized or assimilated from metal-rich zones in the overlying mantle and continental crust by magmas rising from the Benioff zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr75263","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G.E., 1975, Metallogenic provinces of the southeastern Pacific region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-263, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr75263.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1975/0263/report-thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"southeastern Pacific region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.56096459455483,\n 16.30575727916235\n ],\n [\n -81.56096459455483,\n -56.01329569904763\n ],\n [\n -70.2348972705509,\n -56.01329569904763\n ],\n [\n -70.2348972705509,\n 16.30575727916235\n ],\n [\n -81.56096459455483,\n 16.30575727916235\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George Edward","contributorId":38537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169205,"text":"70169205 - 1975 - Earthquakes; March-April 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:58:26","indexId":"70169205","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes; March-April 1975","docAbstract":"There were no major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) in March or April; however, there were earthquake fatalities in Chile, Iran, and Venezuela and approximately 35 earthquake-related injuries were reported around the world. In the United States a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Idaho-Utah border region. Damage was estimated at about a million dollars. The shock was felt over a wide area and was the largest to hit the continental Untied States since the San Fernando earthquake of February 1971.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1975, Earthquakes; March-April 1975: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 7, no. 3, p. 21-22.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319294,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be3ee4b0f59b85e02e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16435,"text":"ofr74258 - 1974 - Geology of quadrangles H-12, H-13, and parts of I-12 and I-13, (zone III) in northeastern Santander Department, Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:09","indexId":"ofr74258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-258","title":"Geology of quadrangles H-12, H-13, and parts of I-12 and I-13, (zone III) in northeastern Santander Department, Colombia","docAbstract":"A program of geologic mapping and mineral investigation in Colombia was undertaken cooperatively by the Colombian Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Mineras (formerly known as the Inventario Minero Nacional), and the U. S. Geological Survey; by the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of State. The purpose was to study, and evaluate mineral resources (excluding of petroleum, coal, emeralds, and alluvial gold) of four selected areas, designated Zones I to IV, that total about 70,000 km2. The work in Zone III, in the Cordillera Oriental, was done from 1965 to 1968. \r\n\r\nThe northeast trend of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia swings abruptly to north-northwest in the area of this report, and divides around the southern end of the Maracaibo Basin. This section of the Cordillera Oriental is referred to as the Santander Massif.\r\n\r\nRadiometric age determinations indicate that the oldest rocks of the Santander massif are Precambrian and include high-grade gneiss, schist, and migmatite of the Bucaramanga Formation. These rocks were probably part of the Precambrian Guayana Shield. Low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks of late Precambrian to Ordovician age .include phyllite, schist, metasiltstone, metasandstone, and marble of the Silgara Formation, a geosynclinal series of considerable extent in the Cordillera Oriental and possibly the Cordillera de Merida of Venezuela. Orthogneiss ranging from granite to tonalite is widely distributed in the high- and medium-grade metamorphic rocks of the central core of the massif and probably represents rocks of two ages, Precambrian and Ordovician to Early Devonian. Younger orthogneiss and the Silgara are overlain by Middle Devonian beds of the Floresta Formation which show a generally low but varying degree of metamorphism. Phyllite and argillite are common, and infrequent marble and other calcareous beds are fossiliferous. Except for recrystallization in limestones of !the Permian-Carboniferous Diamante Formation, sedimentary rocks younger than Devonian are unmetamorphosed.\r\n\r\nThe effects of Precambrian regional dynamothermal metamorphism and plutonism on Precambrian geosynclinal deposits reached the upper amphibolite facies in the Bucaramanga Gneiss. The geosynclinal Silgara Formation was subjected to similar conditions in Late Ordovician and Early Silurian time but reached only the greenschist or lower amphibolite facies. Orthogneisses generally show a concordance of foliation and lineation with the neighboring Silgara Formation and the Bucaramanga Gneiss as well as similarities in grade of metamorphism. Regional dynamothermal metamorphism in Late Permian and Triassic time reached, low grade in the Floresta Formation and caused recrystallization of limestone of the Diamante Formation. \r\n\r\nThe Bucaramanga and Silgara metamorphic rocks show evidence of metrogressive metamorphism accompanied by high activity or potassium and water, but whether this occurred at the time the Floresta was metamorphosed or later is not clear. \r\n\r\nBatholiths, plutons, and stocks of igneous rocks in the Santander massif range from diorite to granite. Radioactive age data indicate that most belong to a single plutonic interval. These are referred to as the Santander Plutoniq Group and are Jurassic and Jurassic-Triassic- Two suites of this group are pink granite and quartz monzonite, and gray quartz monzonite and granodiorite. Contact relations indicate that the pink and more granitic rocks are younger than the gray and more mafic rocks, but radioactive age data are in conflict with this. Undated plutonic rocks that are not clearly related to the group are assigned to relatively older or younger age positions.\r\n\r\nWest of the Bucanamanga fault rhyolite makes up a small body at one locality and forms an intrusive sheet with granophyre and intrusive breccias in Triassic sedimentary rocks at another locality. Its age is unknown, but it probably is younger than the","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr74258","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.E., Goldsmith, R., Cruz, J.B., and Restrepo, H.A., 1974, Geology of quadrangles H-12, H-13, and parts of I-12 and I-13, (zone III) in northeastern Santander Department, Colombia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-258, x, 467 leaves :folded col. maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74258.","productDescription":"x, 467 leaves :folded col. maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45403,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45404,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45405,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45406,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45407,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45408,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45409,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45410,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45411,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45412,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45413,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":45414,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0258/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Dwight Edward","contributorId":50499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldsmith, Richard","contributorId":33283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsmith","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cruz, Jaime B.","contributorId":29444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"Jaime","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Restrepo, Hernan A.","contributorId":8865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"Hernan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":12263,"text":"ofr73350 - 1973 - Regional gravity anomalies, Venezuela continental borderland (Leg 4, 1971 Cruise, Unitedgeo I)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:36","indexId":"ofr73350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-350","title":"Regional gravity anomalies, Venezuela continental borderland (Leg 4, 1971 Cruise, Unitedgeo I)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr73350","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Regional gravity anomalies, Venezuela continental borderland (Leg 4, 1971 Cruise, Unitedgeo I): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-350, 24 leaves :ill., maps (3 folded) ;27 cm.; 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73350.","productDescription":"24 leaves :ill., maps (3 folded) ;27 cm.; 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0350/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40435,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0350/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40436,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0350/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40437,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0350/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0350/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210160,"text":"5210160 - 1972 - Los plaguicidas y la contaminacion del medio ambiente Venezolano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-12T13:58:40","indexId":"5210160","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Los plaguicidas y la contaminacion del medio ambiente Venezolano","docAbstract":"RESUMEN DE RECOMENDACIONES Recomendaciones para el Programa de Investigacion: 1. Establecer un sistema de muestreo biologico para detectar los niveles tendencias de los productos quimicos toxicos en un peque?o numero de si tios representativos. 2. Mantener continua vigilancia de la contaminacion ambiental, mediante la seleccion acertadamente dirigida de las zonas afectadas y de las fuentes de contaminacion. 3. Realizar estudios acerca de las poblaciones de animales silvestres, y del exito de los procesos reproductivos de las especies o grupos clayes de animales que se consideran mas gravemente afectados. 4. Preparar recomendaciones para una accion gubernamental de proteccion al hombre, a la fauna silvestre y al medio ambiente. Recomendaciones para la Accion Administrativa: 1. Establecer limites a la tolerancia de los residuos de plaguicidas en los alimentos. Constituye una medida clave para disminuir la contaminacion ambiental. 2. Establecer normas de calidad del agua para las corrientes, represas, la gos y otros cuerpos. Es la segunda medida clave para reducir la contaminacion del ambiente 3. Exigir un tratamiento adecuado de los efluentes industriales, especialmente antes de que se construyan las nuevas plantas. 4. Exigir a los agricultores que en el uso de plaguicidas sigan los consejos tecnicos autorizados y negar a los vendedores el derecho a recomendar productos por su cuenta. 5. Tomar medidas para recoger y eliminar los recipientes y sobrantes de los plaguicidas.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contribucion al Estudio Especial: La Agricultura y la Contaminacion del Medio Abiente de Venezuela.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"Spanish","publisher":"Consejo de Bienestar Rural","publisherLocation":"Caracas, Venezuela","collaboration":"Abril de1972","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., and Stickel, W.H., 1972, Los plaguicidas y la contaminacion del medio ambiente Venezolano, chap. of Contribucion al Estudio Especial: La Agricultura y la Contaminacion del Medio Abiente de Venezuela., 74.","productDescription":"74","numberOfPages":"74","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640c99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, W. H.","contributorId":23239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":41074,"text":"ofr725 - 1972 - Physiographic diagrams for Ventura-Oxnard offshore; Astoria Canyon and Fan; Newport; northern Bering Sea; the Aleutian-Kamchatka convergence; Caribbean Arc-Hispaniola to Guadaloupe; Bahia de Campeche; British Honduras; and Venezuelan borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:50","indexId":"ofr725","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-5","title":"Physiographic diagrams for Ventura-Oxnard offshore; Astoria Canyon and Fan; Newport; northern Bering Sea; the Aleutian-Kamchatka convergence; Caribbean Arc-Hispaniola to Guadaloupe; Bahia de Campeche; British Honduras; and Venezuelan borderland","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr725","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., 1972, Physiographic diagrams for Ventura-Oxnard offshore; Astoria Canyon and Fan; Newport; northern Bering Sea; the Aleutian-Kamchatka convergence; Caribbean Arc-Hispaniola to Guadaloupe; Bahia de Campeche; British Honduras; and Venezuelan borderland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-5, 9 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr725.","productDescription":"9 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":98377,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-1.pdf","size":"3870","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98378,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-2.pdf","size":"2579","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98379,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-3.pdf","size":"2199","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98380,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-4.pdf","size":"7545","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98381,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-5.pdf","size":"4995","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98382,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-6.pdf","size":"6732","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98383,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-7.pdf","size":"2675","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98384,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-8.pdf","size":"3836","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":98385,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0005/plate-9.pdf","size":"3974","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121219,"text":"70121219 - 1972 - Acoustic-reflection profiles, Venezuela continental borderland: International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S. Geological Survey, Leg 4, 1971 cruise, UNITEDGEO I","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T09:20:10","indexId":"70121219","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T09:08:17","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Acoustic-reflection profiles, Venezuela continental borderland: International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S. Geological Survey, Leg 4, 1971 cruise, UNITEDGEO I","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70121219","collaboration":"USGS-GD-72-005, PB-207-597","usgsCitation":"Silver, E.A., 1972, Acoustic-reflection profiles, Venezuela continental borderland: International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S. Geological Survey, Leg 4, 1971 cruise, UNITEDGEO I, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70121219.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.35,8.03 ], [ -73.35,16.06 ], [ -59.81,16.06 ], [ -59.81,8.03 ], [ -73.35,8.03 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64ae4b09d12e0e8e64a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silver, Eli A.","contributorId":83505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"Eli","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224561,"text":"70224561 - 1969 - Peridotite-gabbro complexes as keys to petrology of mid-oceanic ridges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T18:02:02.72902","indexId":"70224561","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T12:28:17","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peridotite-gabbro complexes as keys to petrology of mid-oceanic ridges","docAbstract":"Two suites of olivine-rich ultramafic and feldspathic rocks appear to be present in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: one which seems to have alkalic affinities, and one similar to the chromitite- bearing alpine peridotite-gabbro complexes. The similarities of rocks in the two environments—continental and oceanic—imply that much about the petrology of mid-oceanic ridges may be learned from studies of continental complexes, and that silicic rocks have been formed in the mantle. Although gabbros in St. Paul Rocks and similar rocks at Tinaquillo, Venezuela, and Lizard, England, have been interpreted as not comagmatic with intimately associated peridotite by some petrologists, evidence to the contrary at Lizard is discussed. Association of fresh gneissic gabbro, some containing quartz, with talcose serpentinite, amphibole schist, quartz diorite and epidotic but unsheared basalts along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is believed to indicate presence of alpine-type rocks that occur normally in eugeosynclinal belts.
Gabbro, described as partly interlayered with peridotite by gravitational differentiation, forms major parts of three widely separated ultramafic complexes which have been interpreted as slices of oceanic crust and upper mantle: the Troodos massif in Cyprus, the Bowutu Mountains in Papua, and the Camagiiey complex in central Cuba. If, as Dietz has suggested, peridotite and related rocks in eugeosynclines represent fragments of ocean rind formed along mid-oceanic ridges and moved laterally by ocean-floor spreading, gabbro must be an essential constituent of the upper mantle. This could account for many geophysical anomalies, but would complicate some postulated mechanisms involved in ocean-floor spreading.
Land-surface subsidence due to the withdrawal of fluids by man has become relatively common in the United States since 1940 and has been described at several other places throughout the world. This paper reviews the known examples of appreciable land subsidence caused by fluid withdrawal. Those related to exploitation of oil and gas fields include Goose Creek, Texas; Wilmington, California; Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela; Niigata, Japan; and the Po Delta in Italy. The areas of major subsidence related to ground-water withdrawal include areas in Japan; Mexico City, Mexico; and Texas, Arizona, Nevada, and California. The areas of greatest extent and maximum subsidence are in California.
The principles involved in the compaction of sediments and of aquifer systems, basically the increase in effective stress, are examined briefly, together with their application to subsidence problems involving head decline both under water table and confined conditions. The amount of compaction that a confined aquifer system will experience is a function of compressibility. Other factors that influence compaction (and, in part, compressibility) include particle size and shape, clay mineralogy, geochemistry of pore water in the clayey beds and of the water in contiguous aquifers, and secondary compression.
Land subsidence has caused great damage in some areas. At several of these places, subsidence problems are being alleviated in one or more of several ways; these include (1) cessation of withdrawal and (2) increase or restoration of reservoir pressure by reduction in production rate, artificial recharge, or repressuring by injection of water. The greatest subsidence control measures are being taken at Wilmington, California, where subsidence that had reached 27 feet at the center now is nearly stopped; in addition, significant rebound has occurred.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG2-p187","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Davis, G.H., 1969, Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids, chap. of Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 2, p. 187-269, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG2-p187.","productDescription":"92 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England, Italy, Japan, Mexico, United States, Venezuela","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Honshu, Nevada, Texas","city":"Denver, Eloy, Galveston, Houston, Las Vegas, London, Mexico City, Niigata, Osaka, Picacho, Savannah, Wilmington","otherGeospatial":"Goose Creek, Lake Maracaibo, Po Delta San Joaquin Valley, Santa Clara 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39.54005788576377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -475.3646850585938,\n 35.980228800645676\n ],\n [\n -475.00762939453125,\n 35.980228800645676\n ],\n [\n -475.00762939453125,\n 36.30848550829368\n ],\n [\n -475.3646850585938,\n 36.30848550829368\n ],\n [\n -475.3646850585938,\n 35.980228800645676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -471.6252136230469,\n 32.62434010409917\n ],\n [\n -471.4082336425781,\n 32.62434010409917\n ],\n [\n -471.4082336425781,\n 32.803436166989265\n ],\n [\n -471.6252136230469,\n 32.803436166989265\n ],\n [\n -471.6252136230469,\n 32.62434010409917\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -480.39916992187494,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n 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J.","contributorId":86322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825671,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiersch, George","contributorId":267948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiersch","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Poland, J. F.","contributorId":64223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, G. H.","contributorId":40963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011674,"text":"70011674 - 1969 - Blueschist-facies metamorphism related to regional thrust faulting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:48:28.255922","indexId":"70011674","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blueschist-facies metamorphism related to regional thrust faulting","docAbstract":"Rocks of the blueschist (glaucophane schist) facies occur throughout the world in narrow tectonic belts associated with ultramafic rocks. In the Coast Range province of California, blueschist rocks are devloped in the eugeosynclinal Franciscan Formation of Late Mesozoic age. The blueschist rocks form a narrow belt for more than 800 km along the eastern margin of this province and commonly are separated from rocks of an overlying thrust plate by serpentinite. Increasing metamorphism upward toward the thrust fault is indicated mineralogically by a transition from pumpellyite to lawsonite and texturally by a transition from metagraywacke to schist. The blueschist metamorphism probably occurred during thrusting in a zone of anomalously high water pressure in the lower plate along the sole of the thrust fault. This tectonic mode of origin for blueschist differs from the generally accepted hypothesis involving extreme depth of burial. Other belts of blueschist-facies rocks, including the Sanbagawa belt of Japan, the marginal synclinal belt of New Zealand, and the blueschist-ultramafic belts of Venezuela, Kamchatka, Ural mountains, and New Caledonia have similar geologic relations and might be explained in the same manner.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(69)90100-0","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Blake, M., Irwin, W., and Coleman, R.G., 1969, Blueschist-facies metamorphism related to regional thrust faulting: Tectonophysics, v. 8, no. 3, p. 237-246, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(69)90100-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"246","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1eee4b0c8380cd4aee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blake, M.C. Jr.","contributorId":27094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220637,"text":"70220637 - 1961 - Is the Tinaquillo, Venezuela, \"Pseudogabbro\" metamorphic or magmatic?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T18:10:07.555568","indexId":"70220637","displayToPublicDate":"1961-12-31T13:05:18","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is the Tinaquillo, Venezuela, \"Pseudogabbro\" metamorphic or magmatic?","docAbstract":"The \"pseudogabbro\" associated with peridotite at Tinaquillo, Venezuela, is believed to be of magmatic rather than metamorphic origin principally because: (1) there are major mineralogic and compositional differences between the \"pseudogabbro\" and the most highly metamorphosed country rock; (2) rocks intermediate in compositional between peridotite and \"pseudogabbro\" are present; (3) augen of lamellar pyroxene which occur in the \"pseudogabbro\" but not in the country rock are of a kind found elsewhere rarely except in igneous rocks; (4) gabbroic rocks are associated with peridotite elsewhere in Venezuela and in the Carribbean region; (5) textural and structural features of the kind found in the Tinaquillo rocks are characteristic of alpine-type peridotite-gabbro complexes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1565:ITTVPM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Thayer, T.P., and Brown, C., 1961, Is the Tinaquillo, Venezuela, \"Pseudogabbro\" metamorphic or magmatic?: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 72, no. 10, p. 1565-1569, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1565:ITTVPM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1565","endPage":"1569","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385857,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","city":"Tinaquillo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.64208984375,\n 9.286464684304082\n ],\n [\n -70.213623046875,\n 9.286464684304082\n ],\n [\n -70.213623046875,\n 9.535748998133627\n ],\n [\n -70.64208984375,\n 9.535748998133627\n ],\n [\n -70.64208984375,\n 9.286464684304082\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thayer, T. P.","contributorId":64629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thayer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, C.","contributorId":21484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211669,"text":"70211669 - 1959 - Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: II. Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid-pressure hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T20:28:50.7545","indexId":"70211669","displayToPublicDate":"1959-08-06T15:09:47","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: II. Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid-pressure hypothesis","docAbstract":"Pressures of interstitial fluids significantly greater than the normal hydrostatic pressure are known in many parts of the world. Many occurrences are in thick sections of relatively young sediments; some are in areas that have been intensely deformed. Abnormal fluid pressures in the Gulf Coast region are associated with thick bodies of shale or mudstone, and with high hydraulic gradients across bedding. The rocks there have been buried rather rapidly and are evidently not yet fully compacted. The mechanism by which clay consolidates under pressure affords a quantitative relationship among the variables—depth, strength of clay, and fluid pressure—and this relationship indicates that the Gulf Coast examples agree fairly well with observations on depth and porosity in Paleozoic shales of Oklahoma and Tertiary shales of Venezuela. Critical data are lacking, but permeability clearly decreases tremendously as clay rocks are compacted. This decrease in permeability provides a self-sealing mechanism that greatly retards the escape of pore water from deeply buried clay rocks. The relationship between rate of compaction and the development of abnormal fluid pressures probably applies not only to clay rocks but also to carbonates and possibly to micaceous and chloritic metamorphic rocks. Conditions of geosynclinal deposition are, in general, those most favorable to the development of abnormal fluid pressures.
The hypothesis that large-scale overthrusting is facilitated by abnormal fluid pressures which, in turn, are associated with geosynclinal deposition is applied to the overthrust belt of western Wyoming and adjacent States. This is a long curving belt of several bedding-plane faults which have an aggregate horizontal displacement across the belt of 50 miles or more. The sedimentary rocks that make up the belt were evidently deposited in a major geosyncline bordered by uplands not far to the west. At any given locality, the rate of deposition of the sediments increased continuously until the beginning of intense deformation and overthrusting. The geosynclinal axis and the bordering uplands probably migrated slowly eastward across the belt. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that abnormal fluid pressures developed in this region during final stages of rapid geosynclinal sinking and that thick plates of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks sheared off from the underlying rocks and moved slowly eastward. Rate of movement probably was controlled by erosion of upfolds that arose at the front of each moving plate. The fundamental cause of the lateral stresses that propelled the overthrusts is not known, but it may be examined instructively in the light of the fluid-pressure hypothesis. The thrust sheets might, for example, have slid by simple gravitation down the western limb of the geosyncline on reasonable slopes and not improbable fluid pressure-overburden ratios. Such large-scale slumping of thrust sheets, however, seems to require gaps at the rear of the thrust sheets. The long intermontane valleys of Idaho and Utah may possibly have originated as such gaps or rifts, but no proof has yet been recognized that they were formed in this manner. An alternative possibility, regional compression, requires concentration of the lateral stresses within the upper few miles of the earth's crust; in this general region emplacement of the Idaho batholith seems the most likely source of such superficially concentrated stresses. However, this batholith is so far from the front edge of the overthrust belt that it would require extremely high fluid pressure-overburden ratios over a wide area. Perhaps some combination of the two forces—pushing wide thrust plates down a gentle slope—is the most likely explanation.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[167:ROFPIM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rubey, W.W., and Hubbert, M.K., 1959, Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: II. Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid-pressure hypothesis: GSA Bulletin, v. 70, no. 2, p. 167-206, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[167:ROFPIM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubey, William W.","contributorId":16899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbert, M. King","contributorId":50197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbert","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"King","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216342,"text":"70216342 - 1956 - The deuterium blance of Lake Maracaibo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T17:50:51.268314","indexId":"70216342","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-12T11:32:29","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The deuterium blance of Lake Maracaibo","docAbstract":"A balance sheet for the gains and losses of deuterium from Lake Maracaibo, using estimates based on climatological data for the exchanges of water and measurements of the deuterium content of lake water, rainfall, river flow, and Caribbean Sea water to obtain the volumes of the deuterium exchange, indicates that the relations are qualitatively satisfactory, although not numerically exact.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1956.1.4.0239","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., Norton, D.R., Carter, D., and Redfield, A., 1956, The deuterium blance of Lake Maracaibo: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 1, no. 4, p. 239-246, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1956.1.4.0239.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"246","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1956.1.4.0239","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Lake Maracaibo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.44384765625,\n 8.885071663468993\n ],\n [\n -70.55419921875,\n 8.885071663468993\n ],\n [\n -70.55419921875,\n 10.919617760254697\n ],\n [\n -72.44384765625,\n 10.919617760254697\n ],\n [\n -72.44384765625,\n 8.885071663468993\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norton, Daniel R.","contributorId":64265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, D.B.","contributorId":244847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carter","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Redfield, A.C.","contributorId":244848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Redfield","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70110593,"text":"tei222 - 1953 - Radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T08:32:31","indexId":"tei222","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T09:58:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"222","title":"Radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the data available on radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela accumulated by geologists of the Direccions Tecnica de Geolgia and antecedent agencies prior to June 1951, and the writers from June to November 1951.
\nThe investigation comprised preliminary study, field examination, office studies, and the preparation of this report, in which the areas and localities examined are described in detail, the uranium potentialities of Venezuela are summarized, and recommendations are made. Preliminary study was made to select areas and rock types that were known or reported to be radioactive or that geologic experience suggests would be favorable host for uranium deposits, In the office, a study of gamma-ray well logs was started as one means of amassing general radiometric data and of rapidly scanning many of ye rocks in northern Venezuela; gamma-ray logs from about 140 representative wells were examined and their peaks of gamma intensity evaluated; in addition samples were analyzed radiometrically, and petrographically.
\nRadiometic reconnaissance was made in the field during about 3 months of 1951, or about 12 areas, including over 100 localities in the State of Miranda, Carabobo, Yaracuy, Falcon, Lara, Trujillo, Zulia, Merida, Tachira, Bolivar, and Territory Delta Amacuro. During the course of the investigation, both in the filed and office, information was given about geology of uranium deposits, and in techniques used in prospecting and analysis. All studies and this report are designed to supplement and to strengthen the Direccion Tecnica de Geologias's program of investigation of radioactive source in Venezuela now in progress.
\nThe uranium potentialities of Los Estados de Venezuela are excellent for large, low-grade deposits of uraniferous phospahtic shales containing from 0.002 to 0.027 percent uranium; fair, for small or moderate-sized, low-grade placer deposits of thorium, rare-earth, and uranium minerals; poor, for high-grade hydrothermal pitchblende deposits; and highly possible for small, medium- to high-grade despots of carnotite-or copper-uranium bearing sandstone.
\nRecommendations for the Venezuelan uranium program include 1) the systematic collection of a mass general radiometric data by examining sample collections, expanding the gamma-ray program, encouraging the use of Geiger counter by field geologists, and by enlisting the aid of the general public; 2) , the examination of specific areas or localities, chosen on the basis of geologic favorability from the results of the amassing of data, or obtained by hints and rumors; 3), the organization of a unit within the Direccion Tecnica de Geologica to direct, collection, and collate metric data.
\nIt is emphasized that to be most fruitful the program requires the application of sounds and imaginative geologic theory.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei222","usgsCitation":"Wyant, D., Sharp, W.N., and Rodriguez, C.P., 1953, Radioactive source materials in Los Estados Unidos de Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 222, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei222.","productDescription":"116 p.","numberOfPages":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288255,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0222/report.pdf"}],"country":"Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.35,0.65 ], [ -73.35,12.49 ], [ -59.81,12.49 ], [ -59.81,0.65 ], [ -73.35,0.65 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b3fde4b09e18fc023a8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyant, Donald G.","contributorId":75950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyant","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, William N.","contributorId":18751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, Carlos Ponte","contributorId":26223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Carlos","email":"","middleInitial":"Ponte","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}