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This belt, which is about 50 miles long, extends from the region just west of Boulder southwestward across the Front Range. From 1859, when placer gold was discovered in Idaho Springs and lode gold in Central City, through 1959, ores valued at about <span>$</span>200 million were shipped from a 50-square-mile area that includes the Idaho Springs and adjacent districts to the north, west, and southwest. The adjacent Central City district, which produced ores valued at more than <span>\\$</span>100 million, is clearly the most important district in the mineral belt. The Idaho Springs district from 1860 to 1959 produced ores valued at about $65 million, and the districts to the west and southwest produced smaller amounts. Gold has accounted for about 60 percent of the value of the ore, but in some areas silver provides the chief values, and copper, lead, and zinc add value to the ores in most areas. Mining activity in the Idaho Springs and adjacent districts was at its 'heyday' in the late 1800's, it declined sharply after 1914, it was somewhat renewed during the 1930's, and it greatly declined during World War II. In the 1950's uranium prospecting stimulated some mining activity. No uranium was produced, however, and at the close of the decade only one mine--the Bald Eagle--was being worked for its precious- and base-metal ores. In this report, 135 mines and prospects are described. The mines and prospects described are those that were accessible at the time of this study, as well as a few inaccessible properties for which some information was available. Most of the data for the inaccessible or unimportant properties were obtained from Bastin and Hill (1917) and Spurr, Garrey, and Ball (1908). The following list shows, in alphabetical order, the names of about 325 openings of mines and prospects, their coordinate location on the district map (fig. 1), the page of this report on which their description starts, and the number of the illustration, if any, referring to them.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr6687","usgsCitation":"Moench, R.H., and Drake, A., 1966, Mines and prospects, Idaho Springs district, Clear Creek and Gilpin counties, Colorado -- Descriptions and maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 66-87, Report: 213 p.; 81 Plates: 40.0 x 62.0 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6687.","productDescription":"Report: 213 p.; 81 Plates: 40.0 x 62.0 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological 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County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.3945,39.7499],[-105.396,39.6506],[-105.3973,39.5644],[-105.4063,39.5645],[-105.4426,39.5651],[-105.4534,39.5652],[-105.4976,39.5653],[-105.5017,39.5654],[-105.5268,39.5655],[-105.5739,39.5652],[-105.6056,39.5653],[-105.6139,39.5653],[-105.6199,39.5653],[-105.7118,39.5656],[-105.7195,39.5656],[-105.7261,39.5656],[-105.8275,39.5649],[-105.8311,39.5658],[-105.8341,39.5676],[-105.8353,39.5708],[-105.8341,39.5744],[-105.8299,39.5776],[-105.8239,39.5789],[-105.8114,39.5798],[-105.8048,39.5843],[-105.8012,39.5893],[-105.7869,39.5965],[-105.7773,39.6033],[-105.7749,39.606],[-105.7761,39.6097],[-105.7796,39.6151],[-105.7808,39.621],[-105.7826,39.6278],[-105.7856,39.631],[-105.7921,39.6328],[-105.8059,39.6338],[-105.816,39.6329],[-105.8178,39.6333],[-105.8208,39.637],[-105.8238,39.6379],[-105.8303,39.637],[-105.8339,39.6374],[-105.8375,39.6392],[-105.8453,39.6442],[-105.85,39.6492],[-105.8566,39.6601],[-105.8607,39.6628],[-105.8679,39.6647],[-105.8733,39.6633],[-105.8847,39.6583],[-105.8882,39.6579],[-105.8918,39.6588],[-105.8954,39.662],[-105.899,39.6624],[-105.9062,39.662],[-105.9103,39.6624],[-105.9133,39.6633],[-105.9217,39.6729],[-105.9235,39.6765],[-105.9229,39.6792],[-105.9193,39.6851],[-105.9187,39.6869],[-105.9181,39.6887],[-105.9187,39.6924],[-105.9193,39.6946],[-105.9211,39.6969],[-105.9211,39.7005],[-105.9193,39.7069],[-105.9157,39.7109],[-105.9103,39.7155],[-105.9055,39.7205],[-105.9043,39.725],[-105.9025,39.7277],[-105.8995,39.7291],[-105.8911,39.7295],[-105.8863,39.7318],[-105.8821,39.7349],[-105.8803,39.7381],[-105.8803,39.7422],[-105.8809,39.7463],[-105.8821,39.7495],[-105.8821,39.7517],[-105.8803,39.7553],[-105.8785,39.7585],[-105.8785,39.7603],[-105.8803,39.7621],[-105.8827,39.7653],[-105.8851,39.7712],[-105.8857,39.7748],[-105.8887,39.7785],[-105.8898,39.7812],[-105.8892,39.7835],[-105.8856,39.788],[-105.8856,39.7907],[-105.8856,39.7934],[-105.885,39.7962],[-105.8814,39.7971],[-105.8737,39.797],[-105.8569,39.7961],[-105.8539,39.7948],[-105.8485,39.7898],[-105.8473,39.7884],[-105.8449,39.7884],[-105.8408,39.7884],[-105.8264,39.7861],[-105.8222,39.7861],[-105.8156,39.7879],[-105.8108,39.7906],[-105.806,39.7961],[-105.8018,39.7997],[-105.7982,39.8015],[-105.7934,39.8019],[-105.7862,39.8015],[-105.7779,39.7992],[-105.7755,39.7983],[-105.7659,39.7951],[-105.7623,39.7951],[-105.7539,39.7973],[-105.7414,39.8009],[-105.7359,39.8032],[-105.733,39.8054],[-105.7311,39.8086],[-105.7257,39.8149],[-105.7203,39.8204],[-105.7167,39.8258],[-105.7161,39.8312],[-105.7143,39.8349],[-105.7125,39.8362],[-105.7095,39.8362],[-105.7053,39.8348],[-105.7005,39.8348],[-105.6963,39.8357],[-105.6927,39.838],[-105.6909,39.8434],[-105.6903,39.847],[-105.6884,39.8507],[-105.6908,39.8548],[-105.6926,39.8634],[-105.6955,39.8734],[-105.6961,39.8783],[-105.6955,39.8861],[-105.6955,39.8892],[-105.6925,39.8933],[-105.6895,39.8978],[-105.6864,39.9064],[-105.684,39.91],[-105.6804,39.9141],[-105.6798,39.9182],[-105.6779,39.9241],[-105.6743,39.93],[-105.6089,39.9302],[-105.4968,39.9298],[-105.4728,39.9302],[-105.4638,39.9292],[-105.4584,39.9297],[-105.4398,39.9364],[-105.4362,39.9364],[-105.4296,39.9327],[-105.426,39.9318],[-105.4212,39.9309],[-105.3966,39.9326],[-105.3968,39.9117],[-105.3958,39.8827],[-105.3939,39.8251],[-105.3945,39.7499]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clear Creek\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Robert Hadley","contributorId":28238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Hadley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, Avery Jr.","contributorId":62582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38848,"text":"pp543B - 1966 - Geomorphic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 in the Martin-Bering Rivers area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38848,"text":"pp543B - 1966 - Geomorphic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 in the Martin-Bering Rivers area, Alaska","indexId":"pp543B","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geomorphic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 in the Martin-Bering Rivers area, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T20:06:22.524544","indexId":"pp543B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"543","chapter":"B","title":"Geomorphic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 in the Martin-Bering Rivers area, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, caused widespread geomorphic changes in the Martin-Bering Rivers area-900 square miles of uninhabited mountains, alluvial flatlands, and marshes north of the Gulf of Alaska, and east of the Copper River. This area is at lat 60°30’ N. and long 144°22’ W., 32 miles east of Cordova, and approximately 130 miles east-southeast of the epicenter of the earthquake.\n\nThe geomorphic effects observed were: (1) earthquake-induced ground fractures, (2) mudvent deposits, (3) “earthquake-fountain” craters, (4) subsidence, (5) mudcones, (6) avalanches, (7) subaqueous landslides, (8) turbidity changes in ice-basined lakes on the Martin River glacier, (9) filling of ice-walled sinkholes, (10) gravel-coated snow cones, (11) lake ice fractures, and (12) uplift accompanied the earthquake.\n\nIn addition to geomorphic effects, the earthquake affected the animal populations of the area. These include migratory fish, terrestrial mollusks, fur-bearing animals, and man.\n\nThe Alaska earthquake clearly delineated areas of alluvial fill, snow and rock avalanche corridors, and deltas of the deeper lakes as unsuitable for future construction.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Regional effects (Professional Paper 543)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp543B","usgsCitation":"Tuthill, S.J., and Laird, W.M., 1966, Geomorphic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 in the Martin-Bering Rivers area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 543, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp543B.","productDescription":"28 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":65809,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543b/pp543b_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277696,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543b/index.html"},{"id":120234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396178,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99027.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Martin-Bering Rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -144.4250,\n              60.4778\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.1942,\n              60.4778\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.1942,\n              60.575\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.4250,\n              60.575\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.4250,\n              60.4778\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuthill, Samuel J.","contributorId":17517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuthill","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laird, Wilson M.","contributorId":53473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"Wilson","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010756,"text":"70010756 - 1966 - Copper artifacts from prehistoric archeological sites in the Dakotas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-09T22:28:14.236675","indexId":"70010756","displayToPublicDate":"1966-12-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper artifacts from prehistoric archeological sites in the Dakotas","docAbstract":"<p>Thirteen archeological specimens were analyzed spectrographically, and within defined limits they were determined to be native copper. Twelve of the specimens show close elemental homogeneity and are believed to be of Lake Superior ore; the origin of the other specimen is devious.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.154.3753.1171","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hill, W., and Neuman, R., 1966, Copper artifacts from prehistoric archeological sites in the Dakotas: Science, v. 154, no. 3753, p. 1171-1173, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3753.1171.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1171","endPage":"1173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.14725194331471,\n              49.02685634355555\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.14725194331471,\n              42.94414535767345\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.06319585083641,\n              42.94414535767345\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.06319585083641,\n              49.02685634355555\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.14725194331471,\n              49.02685634355555\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"154","issue":"3753","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbf8e4b0c8380cd4e066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, W.E. Jr.","contributorId":49921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"W.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuman, R.W.","contributorId":91986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuman","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221228,"text":"70221228 - 1966 - Sulfide-mineral zoning in the basal nonesuch shale, Northern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-09T14:37:34.160911","indexId":"70221228","displayToPublicDate":"1966-11-01T08:15:22","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfide-mineral zoning in the basal nonesuch shale, Northern Michigan","docAbstract":"<p><span>A zone, 1 to 50 feet thick, at the base of the&nbsp;</span>Nonesuch<span>&nbsp;</span>Shale<span>, is relatively rich&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;copper, chiefly as chalcocite. Pyrite is the characteristic&nbsp;</span>sulfide<span>&nbsp;</span>mineral<span>&nbsp;of the overlying 400 to 600 feet of the formation. The boundary of the cupriferous zone with the pyrite zone regionally transgresses both stratigraphic layering and fades gradations indicative of ancient environmental boundaries. The top of the cupriferous zone is marked by the upward sequence, chalcocite-bornite-chalcopyrite-pyrite, and by the cadmium&nbsp;</span>sulfide<span>, greenockite. The&nbsp;</span>sulfide<span>&nbsp;</span>zoning<span>&nbsp;does not appear to be syngenetic. The regional configuration of the cupriferous zone suggests, instead, that the copper was introduced after deposition of the entire 50-foot sequence of strata. The area&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;which the top of the cupriferous zone is stratigraphically highest is related spatially, and probably genetically, to a zone of wedging&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;the underlying Copper Harbor Conglomerate.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.61.7.1171","usgsCitation":"White, W.S., and Wright, J., 1966, Sulfide-mineral zoning in the basal nonesuch shale, Northern Michigan: Economic Geology, v. 61, no. 7, p. 171-1190, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.61.7.1171.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"1190","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386281,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Northern Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.439453125,\n              44.87144275016589\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.265625,\n              44.87144275016589\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.265625,\n              47.87214396888731\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.439453125,\n              47.87214396888731\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.439453125,\n              44.87144275016589\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1966-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, W. S.","contributorId":29862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, J.C.","contributorId":79078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70190813,"text":"70190813 - 1966 - Hydrologic and climatologic data, 1965, Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-26T15:44:09","indexId":"70190813","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Hydrologic and climatologic data, 1965, Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>An investigation of the water resources of Salt Lake County, Utah, was undertaken by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey in July 1963. This investigation is a cooperative project financed equally by the State of Utah and the Federal Government in accordance with an agreement between the State Engineer and the Geological Survey. The Utah Water and Power Board, Utah Fish and Game Commission, Salt Lake County Water Conservancy District, Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Kennecott Copper Corporation, Utah Power and Light Company, Salt Lake City Chamber of Commerce, and the Central Utah Water Conservancy District. contributed funds to the State Engineer's office toward support of the project.</p><p>The investigation encompasses the collection and interpretation of a large variety of climatologic, hydrologic, and geologic data in and near Salt Lake County. Utah Basic-Data Release No. 11 contains data collected through 1964. This release contains climatologic and surface-water data for the 1965 water year (October 1964 to September 1965) and ground-water data collected during the 1965 calendar year. Similar annual releases will contain data collected during the remainder of the investigation, and interpretive reports will be prepared as the investigation proceeds. Organizations that furnished data are acknowledged in station descriptions and footnotes to tables.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The State of Utah and local organizations","usgsCitation":"Iorns, W., Mower, R.W., and Horr, C.A., 1966, Hydrologic and climatologic data, 1965, Salt Lake County, Utah: Utah Basic-Data Release 12, iii, 84 p.","productDescription":"iii, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"89","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/docview.exe?Folder=TP21-1-240&Title=Basic+Data+Report+12"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake 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,{"id":70190812,"text":"70190812 - 1966 - Hydrologic and climatologic data collected through 1964, Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T16:51:21","indexId":"70190812","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Hydrologic and climatologic data collected through 1964, Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>An investigation of the water resources of Salt Lake County, Utah, was undertaken by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey in July 1963. This investigation is a cooperative project financed equally by the State of Utah and the Federal Government in accordance with an agreement between the State Engineer and the Geological Survey. The Utah Water and Power Board, Utah Fish and Game Commission, Salt Lake County Water Conservancy District, Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Kennecott Copper Corporation, Utah Power and Light Company, and Salt Lake City Chamber of Commerce contributed funds to the State Engineer's office toward support of the project.</p><p>The investigation encompasses the collection and interpretation of a large variety of climatologic, hydrologic, and geologic data in and near Salt Lake County. This basic-data report sets forth climatologic and surface-water data collected by project personnel and others during the water year beginning October 1, 1963, and ending September 30, 1964, and ground-water data collected by project personnel and others for the period July 1, 1963, through December 31, 1964. Included also are some earlier ground-water data not previously published. Organizations that furnished data are acknowledged in station descriptions and footnotes to tables. Data collected during the period of investigation will be published in annual basic-data releases and an interpretative report will be published at the completion of the investigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The State of Utah and local organizations","usgsCitation":"Iorns, W., Mower, R.W., and Horr, C.A., 1966, Hydrologic and climatologic data collected through 1964, Salt Lake County, Utah: Utah Basic-Data Release 11, ii, 91 p.","productDescription":"ii, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345784,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":70010734,"text":"70010734 - 1966 - Shattuckite and plancheite: A crystal chemical study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-19T14:12:17","indexId":"70010734","displayToPublicDate":"1966-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shattuckite and plancheite: A crystal chemical study","docAbstract":"<p><span>The orthorhombic crystal structures of shattuckite, Cu</span><sub>5</sub><span>( SiO</span><sub>3</sub><span>)</span><sub>4</sub><span>(OH)</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and planch&eacute;tite, Cu</span><sub>8</sub><span>(Si</span><sub>4</sub><span>0</span><sub>11</sub><span>)</span><sub>2</sub><span>(OH)</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, have been solved. Shattuckite contains silicate chains similar to pyroxene in a complex association with copper atoms, while the closely related planch&eacute;ite contains silicate chains similar to amphibole.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.154.3748.506","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., and Mrose, M.E., 1966, Shattuckite and plancheite: A crystal chemical study: Science, v. 154, no. 3748, p. 506-507, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3748.506.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"506","endPage":"507","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"3748","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e53e4b08c986b31888f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, Howard T. Jr.","contributorId":70852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Howard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mrose, Mary E.","contributorId":84750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mrose","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32611,"text":"pp543C - 1966 - Gravity survey and regional geology of the Prince William Sound epicentral region, Alaska","indexId":"pp543C","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Gravity survey and regional geology of the Prince William Sound epicentral region, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":32628,"text":"pp543A - 1966 - Slide-induced waves, seiching and ground fracturing caused by the earthquake of March 27, 1964 at Kenai Lake, Alaska","indexId":"pp543A","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Slide-induced waves, seiching and ground fracturing caused by the earthquake of March 27, 1964 at Kenai Lake, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 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,{"id":15761,"text":"ofr65142 - 1965 - Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15761,"text":"ofr65142 - 1965 - Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"ofr65142","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35708,"text":"b1287 - 1969 - Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"b1287","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35708,"text":"b1287 - 1969 - Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"b1287","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T19:22:29.519521","indexId":"ofr65142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-142","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>In the central York Mountains, carbonate rocks of Lower and Middle Ordovician age and aggregating at least 8,000 feet thick are thrust northward over slate and argillaceous limestone of pre-Ordovician age which were intruded by gabbro in pre-Ordovician time. Normal faults of four distinct systems cut the thrust plates, and in Late Cretaceous time, stocks of biotite granite, abnormally rich in beryllium, tin, boron and certain other trace elements, pierced the thrust plates. In part following the intrusion of the granites, a strong set of normal faults developed striking N. 60°-85° E. through the central York Mountains and locally these faults cut the granites. Dikes of granite, rhyolite porphyry, and lamprophyre were injected into some of these faults, the lamprophyres being younger. Trace elements in the lamprophyres prove they are mafic rocks probably derived from the lama, and that they cannot be related genetically to granite. Shortly after the intrusion of lamprophyre dikes, ore deposits of tin, beryllium, and fluorite were formed from solutions probably derived from deeply-buried hot granite where the granite was ruptured by normal faults. Ore shoots were localized beneath thrust faults where the faults are intruded by dikes, and a major ore-bearing structure, the Rapid River fault, is mineralized for half its length for a distance of eight miles. The tin deposits contain cassiterite and stannite in topaz greisen with abundant sulfides of copper, lead, zinc, and iron, as well as wolframite. The beryllium deposits contain fluorite, chrysoberyl, diaspore, muscovite, and tourmaline, with trace to small amounts of euclase, bertrandite, helvite, phenikite(?), todorokite and hematite. Beryl occurs sparingly in late veins of quartz and fluorite. Chrysoberyl is the earliest and commonest beryllium mineral, followed by euclase and bertrandite, and then phenakite(?) and beryl. Helvite is restricted to banded skarns near granite, and which consist of magnetite and fluorite. Throughout the district, a strong zonation is displayed from tin deposits in greisen through transitional veins of sulfide minerals with fluorite and chrysoberyl to fluorite-beryllium deposits and thence to barren veins of silica and fluorite with trace amounts of beryllium. This zonal arrangement of deposits probably will be found elsewhere in the world where greisen tin deposits occur in carbonate rocks. The geochemical cycle of the trace elements Be, Sn, W, B, Li, Cu, Pb, Zn and Nb shows that these elements were enriched in the biotite granites and were strongly fractionated among the minerals of granites. Fran the granites, these rare elements moved outward into contact rocks and ore deposits. During the supergene cycle, clear geochemical anomalies were formed in stream sediments, soils and plants near ore deposits, and geochemical prospecting led to the discovery of the beryllium lodes. With the possible exception of zinc and niobium, the rare elements that are associated in the rocks and ores remain associated in the supergene processes. Fixation of zinc in clay soil and tundra plants may account for the relatively small amount of zinc in strew sediments.</p><p>Datable Pleistocene events in the York Mountains begin with the Yarmouth Interglaciation when the York Terrace, a wide marine platform, was cut. In Illinoian time, the York Terrace was uplifted almost 400 feet, and during the Sangamon Interglaciation a second marine platform (Lost River Terrace) was cut and is not deformed. During Wisconsin time the widespread York Glaciation was followed by the more restricted Mint River Glaciation. Because uplift of the York Terrace extended into the Bering Strait, it is probable that prior to the uplift in Illinoian time the Bering Strait was a seaway and a barrier to land migration rather than a land bridge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr65142","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., 1965, Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-142, Report: 149 p.; 15 Plates: 20.55 x 27.89 inches or smaller; 8 Tables: 20.88 x 30.29 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr65142.","productDescription":"Report: 149 p.; 15 Plates: 20.55 x 27.89 inches or smaller; 8 Tables: 20.88 x 30.29 inches or 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States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -167.56430004060184,\n              65.60933402498489\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.56430004060184,\n              65.36714034542257\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.82167890236178,\n              65.36714034542257\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.82167890236178,\n              65.60933402498489\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.56430004060184,\n              65.60933402498489\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  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,{"id":70221190,"text":"70221190 - 1965 - Gamma-ray spectrometer studies of hydro-thermally altered rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-04T18:58:38.973435","indexId":"70221190","displayToPublicDate":"1965-06-01T13:55:22","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gamma-ray spectrometer studies of hydro-thermally altered rocks","docAbstract":"<p><span>The uranium, thorium, and potassium content of hydrothermally&nbsp;</span>altered<span>&nbsp;</span>rocks<span>&nbsp;in the vicinity of several copper and copper-lead-zinc deposits in Arizona was determined by chemical analysis. Potassium in the more intensely&nbsp;</span>altered<span>&nbsp;zones is about twice that in unaltered areas. There is no corresponding increase in thorium, so a higher potassium/thorium ratio also results from alteration; abnormally high uranium, locally in secular disequilibrium, was observed at the Bagdad porphyry copper deposit. A truck-mounted gammarray&nbsp;</span>spectrometer<span>&nbsp;was used to obtain a spectrum of&nbsp;</span>gamma<span>&nbsp;emission at each sample location. Equating the spectrometric with the chemical data gave standard errors of 0.6 percent potassium, 3 ppm thorium, and 10 ppm uranium for the outcrop analyses with the&nbsp;</span>spectrometer<span>. The amount of potassium introduced by hydrothermal alteration is thought sufficient in quantity to be detected by either surface or aerial spectrometry; spectrometric detection of anomalous uranium is probably marginal, owing to the disequilibrium. The potassium/thorium ratio may provide a means of distinguishing, in such surveys, between hydrothermally&nbsp;</span>altered<span>&nbsp;high-potassium zones and unaltered extrinsically high-potassium intrusives.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.60.4.653","usgsCitation":"Moxham, R., Foote, R., and Bunker, C.M., 1965, Gamma-ray spectrometer studies of hydro-thermally altered rocks: Economic Geology, v. 60, no. 4, p. 653-671, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.60.4.653.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"671","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1965-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moxham, R.M.","contributorId":42234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moxham","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foote, R.S.","contributorId":259302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunker, C. M.","contributorId":75138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70221203,"text":"70221203 - 1965 - Structural geology of aconcagua province and its relationship to the central Valley Graben, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-04T21:40:36.084822","indexId":"70221203","displayToPublicDate":"1965-01-01T16:34:40","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural geology of aconcagua province and its relationship to the central Valley Graben, Chile","docAbstract":"<p>Aconcagua<span>&nbsp;</span>Province<span>&nbsp;is herein divided into three major&nbsp;</span>structural<span>&nbsp;provinces which, for the sake of simplicity, are named the Coastal Cordillera,&nbsp;</span>Central<span>&nbsp;</span>Valley<span>&nbsp;</span>graben<span>, and Andean Cordillera&nbsp;</span>structural<span>&nbsp;provinces to correspond to the three geomorphic provinces recognized farther south. The coastal&nbsp;</span>structural<span>&nbsp;</span>province<span>&nbsp;includes the Coastal Cordillera which is underlain mainly by layered sedimentary and effusive rocks that strike north and dip homoclinally to the east, range from Triassic to Late Cretaceous in age, and are intruded by Cretaceous granodioritic and dioritic rocks. Igneous and metamorphic rocks largely of Paleozoic age comprise the western coastal margin, Along the eastern edge of the&nbsp;</span>province<span>&nbsp;is the Los Angeles fault zone, a wide, poorly defined band of semiparallel, arcuate faults which show downward displacement to the east and which appear to have resulted mainly from intrusion and uplift on the west. The Coastal Cordillera, therefore, may be considered a large horst with an intrusive granodiorite core. The&nbsp;</span>Central<span>&nbsp;</span>Valley<span>&nbsp;</span>graben<span>&nbsp;is bounded on the west by the Los Angeles fault zone and on the east by the Pocuro fault zone. Between these two fault zones is an area 20-30 km wide in which volcanic rocks of Late Cretaceous age are flat lying to gently folded and block faulted. In places, pipelike stocks of andesitic to dioritic igneous rock intrude the area. The Pocuro fault zone is a prominent lineament that marks the eastern limit of the&nbsp;</span>Central<span>&nbsp;</span>Valley<span>&nbsp;at Santiago and has been traced northward for 150 km. It may, however, have a mappable length of more than 1200 km. Vertical displacement downward to the west has been measured near Los Andes to be at least 2000 m. Consequently, this fault zone may rank among the major faults of the world. The Andean&nbsp;</span>structural<span>&nbsp;</span>province<span>&nbsp;is subdivided into the Las Ollas and Juncal subprovinces. The Las Ollas is a mountainous front range that lies east of the Pocuro fault and extends eastward for about 25 km. Upper Cretaceous volcanic strata are gently warped into broad, open, north-trending folds, with local sharp flexures and faulted mainly by normal faults. The eastern part of the subprovince is cut by a narrow belt of Tertiary plutonic rocks, some of which are associated with porphyry copper deposits. The Juncal&nbsp;</span>structural<span>&nbsp;subprovince extends eastward into Argentina. It is typified by close, overturned folding, vertical bedding, and thrust faulting. In general,&nbsp;</span>structural<span>&nbsp;deformation increases in intensity from west to east, with imbricate overthrusting to the east in Argentina. Present evidence indicates that major&nbsp;</span>graben<span>&nbsp;formation began during early Tertiary (pre-Miocene) time as a result of tensional stress developed by strain release of earlier compressional forces that folded the Andes. Post-Miocene uplift of the&nbsp;</span>central<span>&nbsp;Andean region renewed tensional stress and opened deep-seated, north-striking fractures and reinitiated volcanism. Most of the active volcanos of&nbsp;</span>Chile<span>&nbsp;may be aligned along such fractures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[651:SGOAPA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., and Aguilar, L., 1965, Structural geology of aconcagua province and its relationship to the central Valley Graben, Chile: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 76, no. 6, p. 651-664, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[651:SGOAPA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"664","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.43359375,\n              -17.434510551522894\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.6201171875,\n              -18.437924653474393\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.6201171875,\n              -23.079731762449878\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.54296874999999,\n              -29.075375179558346\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.65234375,\n              -37.33522435930639\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.619140625,\n              -43.61221676817571\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51953125,\n              -50.28933925329178\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.7841796875,\n              -55.10351605801966\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5439453125,\n              -56.02294807962743\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.64257812499999,\n              -52.961875059076014\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.90625,\n              -52.133488040771475\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.982421875,\n              -51.86292391360244\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.421875,\n              -50.68079714532164\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.279296875,\n              -44.496505331093466\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.9716796875,\n              -38.444984668894705\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.873046875,\n              -33.43144133557529\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.291015625,\n              -26.74561038219901\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.9287109375,\n              -22.715390019335942\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.763671875,\n              -22.79643932091949\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.466796875,\n              -19.352610894378625\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.43359375,\n              -17.434510551522894\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, W. D.","contributorId":75633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aguilar, Luis","contributorId":192543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aguilar","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010523,"text":"70010523 - 1965 - Vacuum-jacketed hydrofluoric acid solution calorimeter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T00:24:12.732825","indexId":"70010523","displayToPublicDate":"1965-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3276,"text":"Review of Scientific Instruments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vacuum-jacketed hydrofluoric acid solution calorimeter","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"NLM_paragraph\">A vacuum‐jacketed metal<span>&nbsp;</span>calorimeter<span>&nbsp;</span>for determining heats of solution in aqueous HF was constructed. The reaction vessel was made of<span>&nbsp;</span>copper<span>&nbsp;</span>and was heavily<span>&nbsp;</span>gold<span>&nbsp;</span>plated. The<span>&nbsp;</span>calorimeter<span>&nbsp;</span>has a cooling constant of 0.6 cal‐deg<sup>−1</sup>‐min<sup>−1</sup>, approximately ¼ that of the air‐jacketed<span>&nbsp;</span>calorimeters<span>&nbsp;</span>most commonly used with HF. It reaches equilibrium within 10 min after turning off the<span>&nbsp;</span>heater<span>&nbsp;</span>current. Measurements of the heat of solution of reagent grade KCl(−100 mesh dried 2 h at 200°C) at a mole ratio of 1 KCl to 200 H<sub>2</sub>O gave Δ<i>H</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 4198±11 cal at 25°C.</div></div><div class=\"article-paragraphs\"><div class=\"sectionInfo\"><h4 class=\"refHeading\"><a name=\"_i1\" class=\"mce-item-anchor\"></a></h4></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"AIP","doi":"10.1063/1.1719605","issn":"00346748","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., 1965, Vacuum-jacketed hydrofluoric acid solution calorimeter: Review of Scientific Instruments, v. 36, no. 4, p. 484-486, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1719605.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1719605","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":219618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0f6e4b08c986b32a3d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13544,"text":"ofr6449 - 1964 - Copper determinations on samples of alluvium and caliche from the rocky Range, Beaver County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-12T19:43:38.919414","indexId":"ofr6449","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"64-49","title":"Copper determinations on samples of alluvium and caliche from the rocky Range, Beaver County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>A study of the distribution of copper in transported alluvium on a pediment of the Rocky Range, Beaver County, Utah, undertaken to determine whether known copper deposits in bedrock concealed by alluvium could be detected by geochemical methods, was reported in Geological Survey Research 1960 ( Erickson, R.L., and Marrenzino, A.P., 1960, Geochemical prosecting for copper in the Rocky Range, Beaver County, Utah; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B98-E101). The attached map and table supplement that paper by giving the locations at which the samples were collected and the analytical determinations of copper in the samples.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6449","usgsCitation":"Erickson, R.L., and Marranzino, A.P., 1964, Copper determinations on samples of alluvium and caliche from the rocky Range, Beaver County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 64-49, Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 24.26 x 19.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6449.","productDescription":"Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 24.26 x 19.36 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,{"id":18393,"text":"ofr6430 - 1964 - Determination of ammonium citrate-soluble cobalt in soils and sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T21:28:55.293236","indexId":"ofr6430","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"64-30","title":"Determination of ammonium citrate-soluble cobalt in soils and sediments","docAbstract":"<p>A rapid field method for the determination of cold-extractable cobalt in soils and sediments has been developed for use in geochemical prospecting. Readily available cobalt is dissolved by treating the sample with an aqueous ammonium citrate-hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution; the filtered citrate extract is then treated with 2-nitroso1-naphthol to form a pink-colored cobalt complex which is concentrated in a floating organic layer by a 1 to 3 mixture of carbon tetrachloride and cyclohexane. After the organic extract is shaken with potassium cyanide solution to eliminate interference by copper and nickel, the intensity of the pink to red color is estimated by comparison with a standard series.</p><p>A concentration range of 1 to 60 ppm is obtained when a 0.2-g sample is used but this range is varied easily by adjustment of sample size and volume of organic solvent. A minimum of 100 determinations per 8-hour day can be made, and because only simple, readily portable items of equipment are required, the method is adapted to use under rough field conditions, at the sample site if desired.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6430","usgsCitation":"Canney, F.C., and Nowlan, G., 1964, Determination of ammonium citrate-soluble cobalt in soils and sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 64-30, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6430.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490351,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0030/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canney, Frank Cogswell","contributorId":70776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canney","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Cogswell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nowlan, G.A.","contributorId":99131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowlan","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":35039,"text":"b1108E - 1964 - Geology of the Sumdum copper-zinc prospect, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":35039,"text":"b1108E - 1964 - Geology of the Sumdum copper-zinc prospect, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b1108E","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Geology of the Sumdum copper-zinc prospect, southeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33323,"text":"b1108 - 1964 - Mineral resources of Alaska, 1959-63","indexId":"b1108","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, 1959-63"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33323,"text":"b1108 - 1964 - Mineral resources of Alaska, 1959-63","indexId":"b1108","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, 1959-63"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-15T10:40:45","indexId":"b1108E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1108","chapter":"E","title":"Geology of the Sumdum copper-zinc prospect, southeastern Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1108E","usgsCitation":"MacKevett, E., and Blake, M., 1964, Geology of the Sumdum copper-zinc prospect, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1108, Report: 31 p.; Map: 43.1 x 46.5 cm; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1108E.","productDescription":"Report: 31 p.; Map: 43.1 x 46.5 cm; Database","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":109341,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20798.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20798"},{"id":96753,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1108e/report.pdf","size":"3950","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96754,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1108e/plate-1.pdf","size":"1617","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1108e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKevett, E.M. Jr.","contributorId":58613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKevett","given":"E.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blake, M.C. Jr.","contributorId":27094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221124,"text":"70221124 - 1964 - Paleo-channels at the Guayacan copper mine, Cabildo District, Aconcagua Province, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-02T17:40:54.122219","indexId":"70221124","displayToPublicDate":"1964-11-04T12:35:41","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleo-channels at the Guayacan copper mine, Cabildo District, Aconcagua Province, Chile","docAbstract":"<p><span>An uneven erosion surface separates calcareous sedimentary rocks above and vesicular andesite porphyry below&nbsp;</span>at<span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span>Guayacan<span>&nbsp;</span>mine<span>&nbsp;of central&nbsp;</span>Chile<span>.&nbsp;</span>Channel<span>-like depressions filled with sedimentary rock flank elongate, stratiform bodies of disseminated&nbsp;</span>copper<span>&nbsp;ore which impregnate the vesicular crests of andesite lava flows. The \"</span>channels<span>\" lie parallel to and mark the margins of tongues of lava. Erosional features such as scour surfaces, conglomerate and crossbedding mark some of the&nbsp;</span>channels<span>. Other&nbsp;</span>channels<span>&nbsp;show no evidence of erosion, suggesting that some,&nbsp;</span>at<span>&nbsp;least, represent depressions or spaces that were not filled during extrusion of the lava. The flows strike east. Their crests are vesicular and impregnated with&nbsp;</span>copper<span>&nbsp;sulfide minerals, mainly bornite, to depths as much as 3 m below the contact. Bornite fills vesicles and fractures, impregnates the andesite ground mass, and replaces andesine phenocrysts, mainly along cleavage planes. Chalcopyrite is mixed with bornite in the upper, more vesicular part of the flows and occurs with fine-grained pyrite as disseminations and replacing fossils in the base of the overlying sedimentary rock. The&nbsp;</span>channel<span>&nbsp;axes also strike roughly east and, in most places, are underlain by barren ground. These mappable features, when recognized, are valuable in determining the size, shape, and orientation of adjacent ore bodies and, thereby, assist in the evaluation, exploration and mining of these stratiform&nbsp;</span>copper<span>&nbsp;deposits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.59.7.1283","usgsCitation":"Carter, W.D., and Nelson, T.A., 1964, Paleo-channels at the Guayacan copper mine, Cabildo District, Aconcagua Province, Chile: Economic Geology, v. 59, no. 7, p. 1283-1292, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.59.7.1283.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1283","endPage":"1292","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386140,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.400390625,\n              -27.371767300523032\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.73046875,\n              -27.371767300523032\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.73046875,\n              -22.67484735118852\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.400390625,\n              -22.67484735118852\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.400390625,\n              -27.371767300523032\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1964-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, W. D.","contributorId":75633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, T. Aliste","contributorId":259203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Aliste","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221902,"text":"70221902 - 1964 - Deep geothermal brine near Salton Sea, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-14T12:29:50.126423","indexId":"70221902","displayToPublicDate":"1964-07-14T07:27:05","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep geothermal brine near Salton Sea, California","docAbstract":"<p>A well drilled for geothermal power near Salton Sea in Imperial Valley, Calif., is 5,232 feet deep; it is the deepest well in the world (1962) in a high-temperature hot spring area. In the lower half of the hole temperatures are too high to measure with available equipment, but are at loast 270°C, and may be as much as 370°C. For comparison, maximum temperature heretofore reported at depth (1962) for hot spring areas is 295°C.</p><p>The well taps a very saline brine of Na-Ca-K-Cl type (about 185,000 ppm Cl) with exceptionally high potassium, and with the highest content of minor alkali elements known for natural waters; Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ag, and some other metals are also exceptionally high. This brine may be connate, but present evidence favors a source in the magma chamber at depth that supplied late Quaternary rhyolite domes of the area. If the latter is correct, the brine is an undiluted magmatic water that is residual from the separation of a more volatile phase high in CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, and with some alkali halides. Elsewhere, the hypothesized volatile phase may account for near-surface hot spring activity of most thermal areas of volcanic association. The residual brine of high salinity may ordinarily remain relatively deep in the volcanic systems because of high specific gravity and low content of volatiles, seldom appearing at the surface except in a greatly diluted form.</p><p>The hot springs of Arima, Japan, may be a rare example of this type of magmatic water discharging at the surface in moderate concentration (Cl as much as 42,000 ppm). Independent evidence from fluid inclusions in minerals of high-temperature base-metal deposits also favors the existence of magmatic water high in Na, Ca, and Cl, and low in CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and other volatile components.</p><p>During a three-month production test several tons of material precipitated in the horizontal discharge pipe from the well. Amorphous silica with iron and manganese, and bornite are the dominant recognized components. This material contains the astonishingly high contents of about 20 percent copper, 2 percent silver, and notable sulfur, arsenic, bismuth, lead, antimony, and some other minor elements. Total quantities of all elements in the original whole brine are not yet known, but calculated amounts corresponding to 1 to 3 ppm of copper and 0.1 to 0.3 ppm of silver were precipitated from the brine to form the pipe deposits. The brine, therefore, may be man’s first sample of an « active » ore solution.</p><p>Equally fascinating to many geologists is the possibility that in the lower part of the hole temperatures are so high and pressures are sufficient for young sedimentary rocks to be undergoing transformation into rocks with mineral assemblages of the greenschist facies of metamorphism. Drill cores from 4,400 to 5,000 feet in depth contain chlorite, albite, K-feldspar, epidote, mica, and quartz, with some indication of increase in metamorphic grade downward. Regional geological and geophysical studies favor a depth of about 20,000 feet to pre-Tertiary basement rocks in the general area. A shallow basement or local upfaulting of old metamorphic rocks are not likely possibilities for the thermal area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02597534","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., 1964, Deep geothermal brine near Salton Sea, California: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 27, p. 369-370, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597534.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"370","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387170,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.16668701171875,\n              33.07082934859187\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.55145263671876,\n              33.07082934859187\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.55145263671876,\n              33.58259116393916\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.16668701171875,\n              33.58259116393916\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.16668701171875,\n              33.07082934859187\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010464,"text":"70010464 - 1964 - Minor-element composition and organic carbon content of marine and nonmarine shales of Late Cretaceous age in the western interior of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T00:56:34.558115","indexId":"70010464","displayToPublicDate":"1964-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minor-element composition and organic carbon content of marine and nonmarine shales of Late Cretaceous age in the western interior of the United States","docAbstract":"<p>The composition of nonmarine shales of Cretaceous age that contain less than 1 per cent organic carbon is assumed to represent the inherited minor-element composition of clayey sediments delivered to the Cretaceous sea that occupied the western interior region of North America. Differences in minor-element content between these samples and samples of</p><dl class=\"list\"><dt class=\"list-label\">1.</dt><dd class=\"list-description\"><p>(a) nonmarine carbonaceous shales (1 to 17 per cent organic carbon),</p></dd><dt class=\"list-label\">2.</dt><dd class=\"list-description\"><p>(b) nearshore marine shales (less than 1 per cent organic carbon), and</p></dd><dt class=\"list-label\">3.</dt><dd class=\"list-description\"><p>(c) offshore marine shales (as much as 8 per cent organic carbon), all of the same age, reveal certain aspects of the role played by clay minerals and organic materials in affecting the minor-element composition of the rocks.</p></dd></dl><p>The organic carbon in the nonmarine rocks occurs in disseminated coaly plant remains. The organic carbon in the marine rocks occurs predominantly in humic material derived from terrestrial plants. The close similarity in composition between the organic isolates from the marine samples and low-rank coal suggests that the amount of marine organic material in these rocks is small.</p><p>The minor-element content of the two kinds of nonmarine shales is the same despite the relatively large amount of organic carbon in the carbonaceous shales. The nearshore marine shales, however, contain larger median amounts of arsenic, boron, chromium, vanadium and zinc than do the nonmarine rocks; and the offshore marine shales contain even larger amounts of these elements. Cobalt, molybdenum, lead and zirconium show insignificant differences in median content between the nonmarine and marine rocks, although as much as 25 ppm molybdenum is present in some offshore marine samples. The gallium content is lower in the marine than in the nonmarine samples. Copper and selenium contents of the two kinds of nonmarine rocks and the nearshore marine samples are the same, but those of the offshore samples are larger.</p><p>In general, arsenic, chromium, copper, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium and zinc are concentrated in those offshore marine samples having the largest amounts of organic carbon, but samples with equal amounts of vanadium, for instance, may differ by a factor of 3 in their amount of organic carbon. Arsenic and molybdenum occur in some samples chiefly in syngenetic pyrite but also are present in relatively large amounts in samples that contain little pyrite.</p><p>The data on nonmarine carbonaceous shales indicate that organic matter of terrestrial origin in marine shales contributes little to the minor-element content of such rocks. It is possible that marine organic matter, even though seemingly small in amount in marine shales, contributes to the minor-element composition of the shales. In addition to any such contribution, however, the great effectiveness in sorption processes of humic materials in conjunction with clay minerals suggests that such processes must have played an important role as these materials moved from the relatively dilute solutions of the nonmarine environment to the relatively concentrated solution of sea water. The volumes of sea water sufficient to supply for sorption the amounts of most minor elements in the offshore marine samples are insignificant compared to the volumes of water with which the clay and organic matter were in contact during their transportation and sedimentation. Consequently, the chemical characteristics of the environment in which the clay minerals and organic matter accumulated and underwent diagenesis probably were the most important factors in controlling the degree to which sorption processes and the formation of syngenetic minerals affected the final composition of the rocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(64)90008-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H.A., 1964, Minor-element composition and organic carbon content of marine and nonmarine shales of Late Cretaceous age in the western interior of the United States: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 28, no. 10-11, p. 1579-1604, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90008-0.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1604","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b29e4b0c8380cd6f38b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, H. A.","contributorId":79140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":34338,"text":"b1142I - 1963 - Geology of some copper deposits in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13553,"text":"ofr432 - 1943 - Preliminary report, Hazel Creek mine, Swain County, North Carolina","indexId":"ofr432","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report, Hazel Creek mine, Swain County, North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34338,"text":"b1142I - 1963 - Geology of some copper deposits in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama","indexId":"b1142I","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Geology of some copper deposits in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:42","indexId":"b1142I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1142","chapter":"I","title":"Geology of some copper deposits in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1142I","usgsCitation":"Espenshade, G.H., 1963, Geology of some copper deposits in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1142, p. I1-I50, ill., figures, tables, plates ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1142I.","productDescription":"p. I1-I50, ill., figures, tables, plates ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109411,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20882.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20882"},{"id":167725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62256,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62257,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62258,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62259,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62260,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62261,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62262,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1142i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Espenshade, Gilbert H.","contributorId":97474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espenshade","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13532,"text":"ofr6331 - 1963 - Geology of the salt deposits and the salt industry of northern Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T22:42:30.831456","indexId":"ofr6331","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"63-31","title":"Geology of the salt deposits and the salt industry of northern Chile","docAbstract":"<p>The study of the salt deposits of northern Chile is a cooperative project of the Institute de Investigaciones Geologicas (IIG) of Chile and the United Nations Special Fund and is part of a mineral resources survey, undertaken by these two organizations, of selected regions of northern Chile, during 1960-1963. The writer, an employee of the United States Geological Survey, worked in cooperation with the IIG and its predecessor organization, the Seccion Geologica of the Corporacion de Foment de la Produccion, during the period December 1954-March 1962, under the auspices of the United States Technical Aid program (AID). The work on salt deposits, which was started during 1961, has been under the auspices of the United Nations since April 1962, during completion of field work and preparation of this report.</p><p>This report summarizes the data gathered during the field investigation, including information on reserves, production, and composition of salts supplied by private companies and government bureaus. As such, it is in the nature of a progress report, lacking: 1) a comprehensive review of the literature which, at least in regard to the well-known nitrate deposits, is extensive; 2) completion of laboratory investigations of chemical, mineralogical, and isotopic composition; and 3) a review of theories of origin of the salts, mainly nitrate.</p><p>The salt deposits of northern Chile comprise the well-known nitrate deposits as well as salars that have been exploited principally for sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and borate; bedded salt deposits and salt domes, and secondary salt deposits formed in the oxidation zone of metalliferous sulfide deposits. This report will discuss the nitrate deposits and associated sodium sulfate deposits, salars, and those secondary deposits, such as aluminum-magnesium sulfates or iron sulfates, which have been exploited for chemical use. Bedded salt deposits and salt domes, consisting mainly of halite and evidently restricted to one small area, were not studied. The numerous and important secondary copper deposits, as well as other metalliferous salt deposits, are beyond the scope of the report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6331","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Instituto de Investigaciones Geologicas by The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs","usgsCitation":"Ericksen, G.E., 1963, Geology of the salt deposits and the salt industry of northern Chile: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 63-31, Report: xii, 164 p.; 4 Figures: 16.10 x 21.91 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6331.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 164 p.; 4 Figures: 16.10 x 21.91 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":431270,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0031/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431269,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0031/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431268,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0031/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431267,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0031/figure-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431266,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0031/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"northern Chile","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.5567567439809,\n              -18.037551813783026\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5567567439809,\n              -26.334272417972464\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.52385125176455,\n              -26.334272417972464\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.52385125176455,\n              -18.037551813783026\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5567567439809,\n              -18.037551813783026\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ericksen, George Edward","contributorId":38537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70221072,"text":"70221072 - 1963 - Studies of fluid inclusions iii: Extraction and uantitative analysis of inclusions in the milligram range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-01T17:24:34.237717","indexId":"70221072","displayToPublicDate":"1963-05-01T12:21:19","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of fluid inclusions iii: Extraction and uantitative analysis of inclusions in the milligram range","docAbstract":"<p><span>A method has been developed for the&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">extraction</span><span>&nbsp;and chemical microanalysis of individual&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">fluid</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">inclusions</span><span>, or groups of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">inclusions</span><span>,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">in</span><span>&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">milligram</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">range</span><span>. Usable quantitative analyses for Na, K, Ca, Mg, CI, B, and SO* have been obtained of mineral samples containing several milligrams of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">inclusion</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">fluid</span><span>, and with increased experimental errors, on fractional&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">milligram</span><span>&nbsp;samples. The steps involved are: 1) concentration of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">inclusions</span><span>&nbsp;by sample selection and cutting; 2) electrolytic cleaning; 3) crushing&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">in</span><span>&nbsp;soft copper sample tube&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">in</span><span>&nbsp;vacuo; 4) conversion of emitted water to hydrogen and determination of its volume; 5) mass spectrometric determination of the D/H ratio if desired; 6) leaching of the crushed mineral to dissolve soluble salts remaining; 7) microanalysis of the filtrate by sensitive colorimetric and flame photometric methods. The method has been applied to determine the composition of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">fluid</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">inclusions</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">in</span><span>&nbsp;mineral samples from several types of deposits, with special attention to a series of samples from Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.353","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., Ingram, B., and Hall, W., 1963, Studies of fluid inclusions iii: Extraction and uantitative analysis of inclusions in the milligram range: Economic Geology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 353-374, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.353.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"374","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1963-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingram, B.","contributorId":20891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, W. E.","contributorId":6431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70221071,"text":"70221071 - 1963 - Epigenetic, diplogenetic, syngenetic, and lithogene deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-01T17:20:18.286746","indexId":"70221071","displayToPublicDate":"1963-05-01T12:17:14","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epigenetic, diplogenetic, syngenetic, and lithogene deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span>Much of the disagreement over \"</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">epigenetic</span><span>\" And \"</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">Syngenetic</span><span>\"&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">Deposits</span><span>&nbsp;Is Semantic; Some Ores And altered rocks are in part&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">syngenetic</span><span>&nbsp;and in part&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">epigenetic</span><span>&nbsp;and for them the term \"</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">diplogenetic</span><span>\" is proposed. All these terms are primarily time terms related to the contemporaneity of the&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposit</span><span>&nbsp;and the enclosing rock, but in a secondary sense they are space terms; they do not, however, imply process of formation or source of the chemical constituents. Process or source terms such as \"magmatic,\" \"hydro-thermal,\" \"sedimentary\" are generally satisfactory, but the process term \"lateral secretion\" is now vague in meaning. A more precise term is needed for the process of mobilization of elements from a solid rock and their transportation and redeposition elsewhere; for this process I propose the term \"&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">lithogene</span><span>\" (\"stone-born\"), to stress the source and process as do \"magmatic\" and \"sedimentary.\" Such&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposits</span><span>&nbsp;could be derived from&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">syngenetic</span><span>,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">diplogenetic</span><span>, or&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">epigenetic</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposits</span><span>&nbsp;through the action of metamorphic, hydrothermal, supergene or other solutions. If one wishes, however, to emphasize the distance the mobilized elements have moved from the source rock, the resulting&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposit</span><span>&nbsp;can be described best as a locally derived&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">lithogene</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposit</span><span>&nbsp;(\"lateral secretion\"), or as a regionally derived&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">lithogene</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposit</span><span>&nbsp;(\"product of regional metamorphism\"). The classification of many&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposits</span><span>&nbsp;such as&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">epigenetic</span><span>&nbsp;replacement bodies of magnetite in limestone, and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">syngenetic</span><span>&nbsp;gold in recent placers is not controversial; however, where large parts of the mineral&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposit</span><span>&nbsp;are made up both of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">syngenetic</span><span>&nbsp;elements and introduced elements, the term \"</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">diplogenetic</span><span>\" is appropriate. Examples include mineral&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposits</span><span>&nbsp;in which&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">syngenetic</span><span>&nbsp;cations are united with&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">epigenetic</span><span>&nbsp;anions, as in fluorite replacements in limestones, or where the reverse relationship holds and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">epigenetic</span><span>&nbsp;cations are united to&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">syngenetic</span><span>&nbsp;sulfur or other anions-as may be true of certain black cupriferous shales of the Mansfeld type. Guides for distinguishing the various types of mineral&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposits</span><span>&nbsp;are discussed at length and include: mineralogy; texture; isotopic composition of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and perhaps other elements; form; age relations; alteration; zoning; position and quantitative adequacy of supposed source rocks; lithology; structural geology; paleogeography; and regional geologic relations. The criteria developed are used in a critical review of several examples of controversial&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposits</span><span>-including the African Copper-belt&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">deposits</span><span>&nbsp;and those of the graphitic schists of Fenno-Scandia.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.315","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., 1963, Epigenetic, diplogenetic, syngenetic, and lithogene deposits: Economic Geology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 315-331, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.315.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"331","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1963-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T. S.","contributorId":108085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}