{"pageNumber":"820","pageRowStart":"20475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68927,"records":[{"id":98070,"text":"sir20095173 - 2009 - Geohydrology and Water Quality of the Valley-Fill Aquifer System in the Upper Sixmile Creek and West Branch Owego Creek Valleys in the Town of Caroline, Tompkins County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095173","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5173","title":"Geohydrology and Water Quality of the Valley-Fill Aquifer System in the Upper Sixmile Creek and West Branch Owego Creek Valleys in the Town of Caroline, Tompkins County, New York","docAbstract":"In 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Town of Caroline and Tompkins County Planning Department, began a study of the valley-fill aquifer system in upper Sixmile Creek and headwaters of West Branch Owego Creek valleys in the Town of Caroline, NY. The purpose of the study is to provide geohydrologic data to county and town planners as they develop a strategy to manage and protect their water resources. The first aquifer reach investigated in this series is in the Town of Caroline and includes the upper Sixmile Creek valley and part of West Branch Owego Creek valley. The portions of the valley-fill aquifer system that are comprised of saturated coarse-grained sediments including medium to coarse sand and sandy gravel form the major aquifers. Confined sand and gravel units form the major aquifers in the western and central portions of the upper Sixmile Creek valley, and an unconfined sand and gravel unit forms the major aquifer in the eastern portion of the upper Sixmile Creek valley and in the headwaters of the West Branch Owego Creek valley.\r\n\r\nThe valley-fill deposits are thinnest near the edges of the valley where they pinch out along the till-mantled bedrock valley walls. The thickness of the valley fill in the deepest part of the valley, at the western end of the study area, is about 100 feet (ft); the thickness is greater than 165 ft on top of the Valley Heads Moraine in the central part of the valley.\r\n\r\nAn estimated 750 people live over and rely on groundwater from the valley-fill aquifers in upper Sixmile Creek and West Branch Owego Creek valleys. Most groundwater withdrawn from the valley-fill aquifers is pumped from wells with open-ended 6-inch diameter casings; the remaining withdrawals are from shallow dug wells or cisterns that collect groundwater that discharges to springs (especially in the Brooktondale area). The valley-fill aquifers are the sources of water for about 200 households, several apartment complexes, two mobile home parks, a school, and several farms and small businesses. Most groundwater that is withdrawn from pumped wells is returned to the groundwater system via septic systems.\r\n\r\nGroundwater in the upper and basal confined aquifers in the upper Sixmile Creek valley is under artesian conditions everywhere except where the water discharges to springs along bluffs in the western end of the Sixmile Creek valley. Principal sources of recharge to the confined aquifers are (1) the sides of the valley where the confined aquifers may extend up along the flank of the bedrock valley wall and crop out at land surface or are overlain and in contact with surficial coarse-grained deltaic and fluvial sediments that provide a pathway through which direct precipitation and seepage losses from tributary streams can reach the buried aquifers, or (2) where the buried aquifers are isolated and receive recharge only from adjacent fine-grained sediment and bedrock.\r\n\r\nThe base-flow and runoff components of total streamflow at two streamgages, Sixmile Creek at Brooktondale and Sixmile Creek at Bethel Grove, were calculated using hydrograph-separation techniques from 2003 to 2007 discharge records. Base flow constituted 64 and 56 percent of the total annual flow at the Brooktondale and Bethel Grove streamgages, respectively.\r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected from 2003 to 2005, with 10 surface-water samples collected seasonally during base-flow conditions at the Sixmile Creek at Brooktondale streamgage, and 12 samples were collected during base-flow conditions at several selected tributaries from 2004 to 2005. The predominant cation detected in the surface-water samples was calcium, but moderate amounts of magnesium, silica, and sodium were also detected; the major anions were bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. Sodium and chloride concentrations were relatively low in all samples but increased downstream from the Sixmile Creek sampling site at Six Hundred Road near Slaterville Springs, NY, to B","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095173","isbn":"9781411326179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Caroline and Tompkins County Planning Department","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., 2009, Geohydrology and Water Quality of the Valley-Fill Aquifer System in the Upper Sixmile Creek and West Branch Owego Creek Valleys in the Town of Caroline, Tompkins County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5173, viii, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095173.","productDescription":"viii, 57 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5173.jpg"},{"id":13304,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.75,42.166666666666664 ], [ -76.75,42.666666666666664 ], [ -76.25,42.666666666666664 ], [ -76.25,42.166666666666664 ], [ -76.75,42.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98071,"text":"ofr20081362 - 2009 - Computer programs for obtaining and analyzing daily mean streamflow data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System web site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-06T19:01:49.160563","indexId":"ofr20081362","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1362","displayTitle":"Computer Programs for Obtaining and Analyzing Daily Mean Streamflow Data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System Web Site","title":"Computer programs for obtaining and analyzing daily mean streamflow data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System web site","docAbstract":"<p>Five computer programs were developed for obtaining and analyzing streamflow from the National Water Information System (NWISWeb). The programs were developed as part of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, to develop a stochastic empirical loading and dilution model. The programs were developed because reliable, efficient, and repeatable methods are needed to access and process streamflow information and data. The first program is designed to facilitate the downloading and reformatting of NWISWeb streamflow data. The second program is designed to facilitate graphical analysis of streamflow data. The third program is designed to facilitate streamflow-record extension and augmentation to help develop long-term statistical estimates for sites with limited data. The fourth program is designed to facilitate statistical analysis of streamflow data. The fifth program is a preprocessor to create batch input files for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency DFLOW3 program for calculating low-flow statistics. These computer programs were developed to facilitate the analysis of daily mean streamflow data for planning-level water-quality analyses but also are useful for many other applications pertaining to streamflow data and statistics.</p><p>These programs and the associated documentation are included on the CD-ROM accompanying this report. This report and the appendixes on the CD-ROM describe the implementation and use of the programs and the interpretation of results from the programs. The body of this report provides an overview of the five programs included on this CD-ROM. The appendixes are the software manuals for each program. These manuals describe statistical and numerical methods used to implement each program, input-file formats, output-file formats, installation of the programs, and use of the programs. Each appendix is written as a self-contained manual because each program may have many uses alone or in tandem with other programs on the CD-ROM. Each of these programs uses graphical user interface that follows standard Microsoft Windows interface conventions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081362","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Natural and Human Environment","usgsCitation":"Granato, G., 2009, Computer programs for obtaining and analyzing daily mean streamflow data from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System web site (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1362, Available online and on CD-ROM: Report, Appendixes, ReadMe, Computer Programs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081362.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM: Report, Appendixes, ReadMe, Computer Programs","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438844,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7ZC814B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data mining and analysis software for USGS NWIS Web streamflow data"},{"id":126629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2008_1362.jpg"},{"id":392501,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1362/ofr2008-1362pdfs/ofr2008-1362_main-508w.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13305,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1362/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7b4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70226882,"text":"70226882 - 2009 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T13:18:59.405429","indexId":"70226882","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-20T07:13:56","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\"><div class=\"core-container\"><div>Among the greatest uncertainties in future energy supply and a subject of considerable environmental concern is the amount of oil and gas yet to be found in the Arctic. By using a probabilistic geology-based methodology, the United States Geological Survey has assessed the area north of the Arctic Circle and concluded that about 30% of the world’s undiscovered gas and 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil may be found there, mostly offshore under less than 500 meters of water. Undiscovered natural gas is three times more abundant than oil in the Arctic and is largely concentrated in Russia. Oil resources, although important to the interests of Arctic countries, are probably not sufficient to substantially shift the current geographic pattern of world oil production.</div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1169467","usgsCitation":"Gautier, D.L., Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T.R., Moore, T.E., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Schuenemeyer, J.H., Sorenson, K., Tennyson, M.E., Valin, Z.C., and Wandrey, C.J., 2009, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic: Science, v. 324, no. 5931, p. 1175-1179, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169467.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1175","endPage":"1179","ipdsId":"IP-015474","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393098,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"324","issue":"5931","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gautier, Donald L. gautier@usgs.gov","contributorId":1310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"Donald","email":"gautier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Charpentier, Ronald charpentier@usgs.gov","contributorId":150415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charpentier","given":"Ronald","email":"charpentier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klett, Timothy R. 0000-0001-9779-1168 tklett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-1168","contributorId":150416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"Timothy","email":"tklett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":127538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, John H.","contributorId":54227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sorenson, Kai","contributorId":11973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Kai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Tennyson, Marilyn E. 0000-0002-5166-2421 tennyson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-2421","contributorId":176582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tennyson","given":"Marilyn","email":"tennyson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Valin, Zenon C. 0000-0001-6199-6700 zenon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6199-6700","contributorId":3742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valin","given":"Zenon","email":"zenon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wandrey, Craig J. cwandrey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandrey","given":"Craig","email":"cwandrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":98062,"text":"fs20093056 - 2009 - Water Resources of Rapides Parish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"fs20093056","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3056","title":"Water Resources of Rapides Parish","docAbstract":"Rapides Parish, located in central Louisiana, contains fresh groundwater and surface-water resources. In 2005, about 443 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) were withdrawn from water sources in Rapides Parish. About 92 percent (409 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from surface water, and 8 percent (34 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from groundwater. Withdrawals for power generation accounted for 91 percent (403 Mgal/d) of the total water withdrawn. Withdrawals for other uses included public supply (27 Mgal/d), irrigation (9 Mgal/d), and aquaculture (3 Mgal/d). Water withdrawals in the parish generally increased from 1960 to 1995 and decreased from 1995 to 2005.\n\nThis fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water resources of Rapides Parish, La. Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports listed in the references section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093056","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Griffith, J., 2009, Water Resources of Rapides Parish (Revised 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3056, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093056.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3056.jpg"},{"id":13296,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3056/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,30.583333333333332 ], [ -93,31.75 ], [ -91.91666666666667,31.75 ], [ -91.91666666666667,30.583333333333332 ], [ -93,30.583333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, J.M.","contributorId":71245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98061,"text":"sir20095232 - 2009 - Examination of Direct Discharge Measurement Data and Historic Daily Data for Selected Gages on the Middle Mississippi River, 1861-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095232","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5232","title":"Examination of Direct Discharge Measurement Data and Historic Daily Data for Selected Gages on the Middle Mississippi River, 1861-2008","docAbstract":"An examination of data from two continuous stage and discharge streamgages and one continuous stage-only gage on the Middle Mississippi River was made to determine stage-discharge relation changes through time and to investigate cause-and-effect mechanisms through evaluation of hydraulic geometry, channel elevation and water-surface elevation data. Data from discrete, direct measurements at the streamgages at St. Louis, Missouri, and Chester, Illinois, during the period of operation by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1933 to 2008 were examined for changes with time. Daily stage values from the streamgages at St. Louis (1861-2008) and Chester (1891-2008) and the stage-only gage at Cape Girardeau, Missouri (1896-2008), throughout the historic period of record also were examined for changes with time. Stage and discharge from measurements and stage-discharge relations at the streamgages at St. Louis and Chester indicate that stage for a given discharge has changed with time at both locations. An apparent increase in stage for a given discharge at increased flows (greater than flood stage) likely is caused by the raising of levees on the flood plains, and a decrease in stage for a given discharge at low flows (less than one-half flood stage) likely is caused by a combination of dikes in the channel that deepen the channel thalweg at the end of the dikes, and reduced sediment flux into the Middle Mississippi River. Since the 1960s at St. Louis, Missouri, the stage-discharge relations indicated no change or a decrease in stage for a given discharge for all discharges, whereas at Chester, Illinois, the stage-discharge relations indicate increasing stage for a given discharge above bankfull because of sediment infilling of the overflow channel.\r\n\r\nTop width and average velocity from measurements at a given discharge for the streamgage at St. Louis, Missouri, were relatively constant through time, with the only substantial change in top width resulting from the change in measurement location from the Municipal/MacArthur Bridge to the Poplar Street Bridge in 1968. The average bed elevation appeared to be lowering with time at both measurement locations at St. Louis. Flow in the Horse Island Chute overflow channel for the streamgage at Chester, Illinois had an effect on top width and average velocity from measurements, and this effect changed with time as the inflow channel to Horse Island Chute filled with sediment. Top width from measurements at a given discharge was consistent through time at the Chester streamgage when adjusted to remove the part of the flow through Horse Island Chute. Average velocity from measurements at a given discharge appears to be increasing with time, possibly as a result of a series of dikes built or extended in the channel immediately upstream from the Chester streamgage; however, the average bed elevation for all discharges less than bankfull at the Chester streamgage fluctuate around an average value from 1948 to 2000, and the fluctuations appear to be related to the occurrence of moderate and large floods.\r\n\r\nDaily stage and discharge values available for the streamgage at St. Louis, Missouri, from 1861 to 1932 display distinct, fixed relations that change slightly with time before operation by the U.S. Geological Survey, indicating daily discharge was obtained from the daily stage value during this timeframe. A sudden and substantial reduction of about 24 percent at the upper end of the ratings for discharge at a given stage occurred between 1932 and 1933 when the U.S. Geological Survey began operating the streamgage. This change likely is the result of the change to Price AA current meters from other, less-accurate methods used for discharge measurements before 1933. Based on modeling results for the Middle Mississippi River by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the findings of this study, the accuracy of the historic record before 1933 is questionable, and needs to be examined further.\r\n\r\nThe differ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2009, Examination of Direct Discharge Measurement Data and Historic Daily Data for Selected Gages on the Middle Mississippi River, 1861-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5232, viii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095232.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p.","temporalStart":"1861-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5232.jpg"},{"id":13295,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5232/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.5,36.5 ], [ -90.5,39 ], [ -88.75,39 ], [ -88.75,36.5 ], [ -90.5,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48e4e4b07f02db54f8cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98060,"text":"sir20095051 - 2009 - Aquifer chemistry and transport processes in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in Woodbury, Connecticut, 2002-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-13T12:29:12","indexId":"sir20095051","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5051","title":"Aquifer chemistry and transport processes in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in Woodbury, Connecticut, 2002-06","docAbstract":"A glacial aquifer system in Woodbury, Connecticut, was studied to identify factors that affect the groundwater quality in the zone of contribution to a community public-supply well. Water samples were collected during 2002-06 from the public-supply well and from 35 monitoring wells in glacial stratified deposits, glacial till, and fractured bedrock. The glacial aquifer is vulnerable to contamination from a variety of sources due to the short groundwater residence times and the urban land use in the contributing recharge area to the public-supply well. The distribution and concentrations of pH, major and trace elements, stable isotope ratios, recharge temperatures, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions, were used to identify recharge source areas, aquifer source material, anthropogenic sources, chemical processes, and groundwater-flow paths from recharge areas to the public-supply well, PSW-1.\r\n\r\nThe major chemical sources to groundwater and the tracers or conditions used to identify them and their processes throughout the aquifer system include (1) bedrock and glacial stratified deposits and till, characterized by high pH and concentrations of sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate, uranium (U), radon-222, and arsenic (As) relative to those of other wells, reducing redox conditions, enriched delta sulfur-34 (d34S) and delta carbon-13 (d13C) values, depleted delta oxygen-18 (d18O) and delta deuterium (dD) values, calcite near saturation, low recharge temperatures, and groundwater ages of more than about 9 years; (2) natural organic matter, either in sediments or in an upgradient riparian zone, characterized by high concentrations of DOC or manganese (Mn), low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate (NO3-), enriched d34S values, and depleted d18O and dD values; (3) road salt (halite), characterized by high concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl-), and calcium (Ca), and indicative chloride/bromide (Cl:Br) mass concentration ratios; (4) septic-system leachate, characterized by high concentrations of NO3-, DOC, Na, Cl-, Ca, and boron (B), delta nitrogen-15 (d15N) and d18O values, and indicative Cl:Br ratios; (5) organic solvent spills, characterized by detections of perchloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE); (6) gasoline station spills, characterized by detections of fuel oxygenates and occasionally benzene; and (7) surface-water leakage, characterized by enriched d18O and dD values and sometimes high DOC and Mn-reducing conditions. Evaluation of Cl- concentrations and Cl:Br ratios indicates that most samples were composed of mixtures of groundwater and some component of road salt or septic-system leachate. Leachate from septic-tank drainfields can cause locally anoxic conditions with NO3- concentrations of as much as 19 milligrams per liter (mg/L as N) and may provide up to 15 percent of the nitrogen in water from well PSW-1, based on mixing calculations with d15N of NO3-.\r\n\r\nMost of the water that contributes to PSW-1 is young (less than 7 years) and derived from the glacial stratified deposits. Typically, groundwater is oxic, but localized reducing zones that result from abundances of organic matter can affect the mobilization of trace elements and the degradation of VOCs. Groundwater from fractured bedrock beneath the valley bottom, which is old (more than 50 years), and reflects a Mn-reducing to methanic redox environment, constitutes as much as 6 percent of water samples collected from monitoring wells screened at the bottom of the glacial aquifer. Dissolved As and U concentrations generally are near the minimum reporting level (MRL) (0.2 micrograms per liter or ?g/L and 0.04 ?g/L, respectively), but water from a few wells screened in glacial deposits, likely derived from underlying organic-rich Mesozoic rocks, contain As concentrations up to 7 ?g/L. At one location, concentrations of As and U were high ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095051","isbn":"9781411325470","usgsCitation":"Brown, C., Starn, J.J., Stollenwerk, K.G., Mondazzi, R.A., and Trombley, T.J., 2009, Aquifer chemistry and transport processes in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in Woodbury, Connecticut, 2002-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5051, xiv, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095051.","productDescription":"xiv, 158 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5051.jpg"},{"id":13294,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74,40 ], [ -74,46 ], [ -69,46 ], [ -69,40 ], [ -74,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679fd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Craig J.","contributorId":104450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Craig J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starn, J. Jeffrey","contributorId":101617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mondazzi, Remo A.","contributorId":77898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mondazzi","given":"Remo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trombley, Thomas J. trombley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trombley","given":"Thomas","email":"trombley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98064,"text":"fs20093064 - 2009 - Water resources of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T20:47:25.250097","indexId":"fs20093064","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3064","title":"Water resources of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p>St. Tammany Parish, located in southeastern Louisiana, contains fresh groundwater and surface-water resources. In 2005, about 22.8 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) were withdrawn from water sources in St. Tammany Parish. Almost 100 percent (22.7 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from groundwater, and less than 1 percent (0.06 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from surface water. Withdrawals for public supplies accounted for 70 percent (16 Mgal/d) of the total water withdrawn. Withdrawals for domestic use were 28 percent (6 Mgal/d). Generally, water withdrawals in the parish increased from 1960 to 1970, decreased from 1970 to 1985, and again increased from 1985 to 2005.</p>\n<p>This fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water resources of St. Tammany Parish, La. Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports listed in the references section.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20093064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Griffith, J.M., 2009, Water resources of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana (Version 1.0: December 2009; Version 1.1: February 2012; Version 1.2: June 2015; Version 1.3: January 2017): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3064, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093064.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20093064.jpg"},{"id":406645,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_89337.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333135,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3064/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"2.01 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"FS 2009-3064 Version History"},{"id":301138,"rank":99,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3064/pdf/fs2009-3064_.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016-3064"},{"id":13298,"rank":98,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3064/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","county":"St. 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,{"id":98059,"text":"sir20095254 - 2009 - Real-Time River Channel-Bed Monitoring at the Chariton and Mississippi Rivers in Missouri, 2007-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095254","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5254","title":"Real-Time River Channel-Bed Monitoring at the Chariton and Mississippi Rivers in Missouri, 2007-09","docAbstract":"Scour and depositional responses to hydrologic events have been important to the scientific community studying sediment transport as well as potential effects on bridges and other hydraulic structures within riverine systems. A river channel-bed monitor composed of a single-beam transducer was installed on a bridge crossing the Chariton River near Prairie Hill, Missouri (structure L-344) as a pilot study to evaluate channel-bed change in response to the hydrologic condition disseminated from an existing streamgage. Initial results at this location led to additional installations in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation at an upstream Chariton River streamgage location at Novinger, Missouri (structure L-534) and a Mississippi River streamgage location near Mehlville, Missouri (structures A-1850 and A-4936). In addition to stage, channel-bed elevation was collected at all locations every 15 minutes and transmitted hourly to a U.S. Geological Survey database. Bed elevation data for the Chariton River location at Novinger and the Mississippi River location near Mehlville were provided to the World Wide Web for real-time monitoring. Channel-bed data from the three locations indicated responses to hydrologic events depicted in the stage record; however, notable bedforms apparent during inter-event flows also may have affected the relation of scour and deposition to known hydrologic events. Throughout data collection periods, Chariton River locations near Prairie Hill and Novinger reflected bed changes as much as 13 feet and 5 feet. Nearly all of the bed changes correlated well with the hydrographic record at these locations. The location at the Mississippi River near Mehlville indicated a much more stable channel bed throughout the data collection period. Despite missing data resulting from damage to one of the river channel-bed monitors from ice accumulation at the upstream nose of the bridge pier early in the record, the record from the downstream river channel-bed monitor demonstrated a good correlation (regardless of a 7 percent high bias) between bedform movement and the presence of bedforms surrounding the bridge as indicated by coincident bathymetric surveys using multibeam sonar.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095254","isbn":"9781411326347","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Rydlund, P.H., 2009, Real-Time River Channel-Bed Monitoring at the Chariton and Mississippi Rivers in Missouri, 2007-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5254, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095254.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5254.jpg"},{"id":13293,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96,36 ], [ -96,41 ], [ -89,41 ], [ -89,36 ], [ -96,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rydlund, Paul H. Jr. 0000-0001-9461-9944 prydlund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-9944","contributorId":3840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rydlund","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"prydlund@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98058,"text":"ofr20091287 - 2009 - Distribution, Health, and Development of Larval and Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in the Williamson River Delta Restoration Project and Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2008 Annual Data Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:49","indexId":"ofr20091287","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1287","title":"Distribution, Health, and Development of Larval and Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in the Williamson River Delta Restoration Project and Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2008 Annual Data Summary","docAbstract":"Federally endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris were once abundant throughout their range but populations have declined; they have been extirpated from several lakes, and may no longer reproduce in others. Poor recruitment into the adult spawning populations is one of several reasons cited for the decline and lack of recovery of these species, and may be the consequence of high mortality during juvenile life stages. High larval and juvenile sucker mortality may be exacerbated by an insufficient quantity of suitable rearing habitat. Within Upper Klamath Lake, a lack of marshes also may allow larval suckers to be swept from suitable rearing areas downstream into the seasonally anoxic waters of the Keno Reservoir. \r\n\r\nThe Nature Conservancy (TNC) flooded about 3,600 acres to the north of the Williamson River mouth (Tulana Unit) in October 2007, and about 1,400 acres to the south and east of the Williamson River mouth (Goose Bay Unit) a year later, to retain larval suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, create nursery habitat for suckers, and improve water quality. In collaboration with TNC, the Bureau of Reclamation, and Oregon State University, we began a long-term collaborative research and monitoring program in 2008 to assess the effects of the Williamson River Delta restoration on the early life-history stages of Lost River and shortnose suckers. Our approach includes two equally important aspects. One component is to describe habitat use and colonization processes by larval and juvenile suckers and non-sucker fish species. The second is to evaluate the effects of the restored habitat on the health and condition of juvenile suckers. This report contains a summary of the first year of data collected as a part of this monitoring effort.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091287","usgsCitation":"Burdick, S.M., Ottinger, C., Brown, D.T., VanderKooi, S., Robertson, L., and Iwanowicz, D.D., 2009, Distribution, Health, and Development of Larval and Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers in the Williamson River Delta Restoration Project and Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2008 Annual Data Summary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1287, viii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091287.","productDescription":"viii, 77 p.","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1287.jpg"},{"id":13292,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1287/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e841","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burdick, Summer M. 0000-0002-3480-5793 sburdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-5793","contributorId":3448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"Summer","email":"sburdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher","contributorId":26037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Daniel T.","contributorId":11303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanderKooi, Scott P.","contributorId":106584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKooi","given":"Scott P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, Laura","contributorId":95580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Deborah D. 0000-0002-9613-8594 diwanowicz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9613-8594","contributorId":2253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Deborah","email":"diwanowicz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":98063,"text":"fs20093063 - 2009 - Water Resources of Ascension Parish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"fs20093063","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3063","title":"Water Resources of Ascension Parish","docAbstract":"Ascension Parish, located along the banks of the Mississippi River in south-central Louisiana, contains fresh groundwater and surface-water resources. In 2005, about 202 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) were withdrawn from water sources in Ascension Parish. About 94 percent (190 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from surface water, and 6 percent (12 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from groundwater. Additional water is supplied to Ascension Parish for public-supply use from East Baton Rouge Parish. Withdrawals for industrial use accounted for 95 percent (192 Mgal/d) of the total water withdrawn. Withdrawals for other uses included public-supply (4 Mgal/d), rural-domestic (3 Mgal/d), and aquaculture (3 Mgal/d). Water withdrawals in the parish generally increased from 1960 to 1995 and decreased from 1995 to 2005.\n\nThis fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water resources of Ascension Parish, La. Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports listed in the references section.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093063","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Griffith, J., and Fendick, R., 2009, Water Resources of Ascension Parish (Revised 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3063, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093063.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3063.jpg"},{"id":13297,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3063/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.16666666666667,30 ], [ -91.16666666666667,30.5 ], [ -90.58333333333333,30.5 ], [ -90.58333333333333,30 ], [ -91.16666666666667,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, J.M.","contributorId":71245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fendick, R.B.","contributorId":19556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98065,"text":"fs20093086 - 2009 - Water Resources of Ouachita Parish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"fs20093086","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3086","title":"Water Resources of Ouachita Parish","docAbstract":"Ouachita Parish, located in north-central Louisiana, contains fresh groundwater and surface-water resources. In 2005, about 152 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) were withdrawn from water sources in Ouachita Parish. About 84 percent (128 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from surface water, and 16 percent (24 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from groundwater. Power generation (87 Mgal/d) accounted for 58 percent of the total water withdrawn. Withdrawals for other uses included public supply (22 Mgal/d), industrial (24 Mgal/d), and irrigation (18 Mgal/d).\n\nThis fact sheet summarizes basic information on the water resources of Ouachita Parish, La. Information on groundwater and surface-water availability, quality, development, use, and trends is based on previously published reports.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093086","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Tomaszewski, D.J., Lovelace, J.K., and Griffith, J.M., 2009, Water Resources of Ouachita Parish (Revised 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3086, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093086.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3086.jpg"},{"id":13299,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.5,32.166666666666664 ], [ -92.5,32.833333333333336 ], [ -91.75,32.833333333333336 ], [ -91.75,32.166666666666664 ], [ -92.5,32.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomaszewski, Dan J.","contributorId":95544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomaszewski","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovelace, John K. 0000-0002-8532-2599 jlovelac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-2599","contributorId":999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelace","given":"John","email":"jlovelac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffith, Jason M. 0000-0002-8942-0380 jmgriff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-0380","contributorId":2923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Jason","email":"jmgriff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98055,"text":"sir20095263 - 2009 - Geochemistry, Comparative Analysis, and Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Thermal Waters East of Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, 2006-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:52","indexId":"sir20095263","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5263","title":"Geochemistry, Comparative Analysis, and Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Thermal Waters East of Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, 2006-09","docAbstract":"A study was conducted by the U.S Geological Survey in cooperation with the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department to characterize the source and hydrogeologic conditions responsible for thermal water in a domestic well 5.5 miles east of Hot Springs National Park, Hot Springs, Arkansas, and to determine the degree of hydraulic connectivity between the thermal water in the well and the hot springs in Hot Springs National Park. The water temperature in the well, which was completed in the Stanley Shale, measured 33.9 degrees Celsius, March 1, 2006, and dropped to 21.7 degrees Celsius after 2 hours of pumping - still more than 4 degrees above typical local groundwater temperature. A second domestic well located 3 miles from the hot springs in Hot Springs National Park was discovered to have a thermal water component during a reconnaissance of the area. This second well was completed in the Bigfork Chert and field measurement of well water revealed a maximum temperature of 26.6 degrees Celsius. Mean temperature for shallow groundwater in the area is approximately 17 degrees Celsius. The occurrence of thermal water in these wells raised questions and concerns with regard to the timing for the appearance of the thermal water, which appeared to coincide with construction (including blasting activities) of the Highway 270 bypass-Highway 70 interchange. These concerns were heightened by the planned extension of the Highway 270 bypass to the north - a corridor that takes the highway across a section of the eroded anticlinal complex responsible for recharge to the hot springs of Hot Springs National Park.\r\n\r\nConcerns regarding the possible effects of blasting associated with highway construction near the first thermal well necessitated a technical review on the effects of blasting on shallow groundwater systems. Results from available studies suggested that propagation of new fractures near blasting sites is of limited extent. Vibrations from blasting can result in rock collapse for uncased wells completed in highly fractured rock. However, the propagation of newly formed large fractures that potentially could damage well structures or result in pirating of water from production wells appears to be of limited possibility based on review of relevant studies.\r\n\r\nCharacteristics of hydraulic conductivity, storage, and fracture porosity were interpreted from flow rates observed in individual wells completed in the Bigfork Chert and Stanley Shale; from hydrographs produced from continuous measurements of water levels in wells completed in the Arkansas Novaculite, the Bigfork Chert, and Stanley Shale; and from a potentiometric-surface map constructed using water levels in wells throughout the study area. Data gathered from these three separate exercises showed that fracture porosity is much greater in the Bigfork Chert relative to that in the Stanley Shale, shallow groundwater flows from elevated recharge areas with exposures of Bigfork Chert along and into streams within the valleys formed on exposures of the Stanley Shale, and there was no evidence of interbasin transfer of groundwater within the shallow flow system.\r\n\r\nFifteen shallow wells and two cold-water springs were sampled from the various exposed formations in the study area to characterize the water quality and geochemistry for the shallow groundwater system and for comparison to the geochemistry of the hot springs in Hot Springs National Park. For the quartz formations (novaculite, chert, and sandstone formations), total dissolved solids concentrations were very low with a median concentration of 23 milligrams per liter, whereas the median concentration for groundwater from the shale formations was 184 milligrams per liter. Ten hot springs in Hot Springs National Park were sampled for the study. Several chemical constituents for the hot springs, including pH, total dissolved solids, major cations and anions, and trace metals, show similarity with the shale formations ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095263","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department","usgsCitation":"Kresse, T.M., and Hays, P.D., 2009, Geochemistry, Comparative Analysis, and Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Thermal Waters East of Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, 2006-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5263, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095263.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5263.jpg"},{"id":13289,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5263/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.06666666666666,34.483333333333334 ], [ -93.06666666666666,34.61666666666667 ], [ -92.85,34.61666666666667 ], [ -92.85,34.483333333333334 ], [ -93.06666666666666,34.483333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9e13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kresse, Timothy M. 0000-0003-1035-0672 tkresse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-0672","contributorId":2758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresse","given":"Timothy","email":"tkresse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hays, Phillip D. 0000-0001-5491-9272 pdhays@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-9272","contributorId":4145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Phillip","email":"pdhays@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98057,"text":"sir20095210 - 2009 - Diel Sampling of Groundwater and Surface Water for Trace Elements and Select Water-Quality Constituents at a Former Zinc Smelter Site near Hegeler, Illinois, August 1-3, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095210","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5210","title":"Diel Sampling of Groundwater and Surface Water for Trace Elements and Select Water-Quality Constituents at a Former Zinc Smelter Site near Hegeler, Illinois, August 1-3, 2007","docAbstract":"Surface water can exhibit substantial diel variations in the concentration of a number of constituents. Sampling regimens that do not characterize diel variations in water quality can result in an inaccurate understanding of site conditions and of the threat posed by the site to human health and the environment. Surface- and groundwater affected by acid drainage were sampled every 60 to 90 minutes over a 48-hour period at a former zinc smelter known as the Hegeler Zinc Superfund Site, in Hegeler, Ill. Groundwater-quality data from a well at the site indicate stable, low pH, weakly oxidizing geochemical conditions in the aquifer. With the exceptions of temperature and pH, no constituents exhibited diel variations in groundwater. Variations in temperature and pH likely were not representative of conditions in the aquifer.\r\n\r\nSurface water was sampled at a site on Grape Creek. Diel variations were observed in temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance, and in the concentrations of nitrite, barium, iron, lead, vanadium, and possibly uranium. Concentrations during the diel cycles varied by about an order of magnitude for nitrite and varied by about a factor of two for barium, iron, lead, vanadium, and uranium. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, nitrite, barium, lead, and uranium generally reached maximum values during the afternoon and minimum values during the night. Iron, vanadium, and pH generally reached minimum values during the afternoon and maximum values during the night. These variations would need to be accounted for during sampling of surface-water quality in similar hydrologic settings.\r\n\r\nThe temperature variations in surface water were affected by variations in air temperature. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were affected by variations in the intensity of photosynthetic activity and respiration. Nitrite likely was formed by the oxidation of ammonium by dissolved oxygen and degraded by its anaerobic oxidation by ammonium or as part of the decomposition of organic matter. Variations in pH were affected by the photoreduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ and the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides. Diel variations in concentrations of iron and vanadium were likely caused by variations in the dissolution and precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides, oxyhydroxysulfates, and hydrous sulfates, which may have been affected by in the intensity of insolation, iron photoreduction, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The concentrations of lead, uranium, and perhaps barium in Grape Creek may have been affected by competition for sorption sites on iron oxyhydroxides. Competition for sorption sites was likely affected by variations in pH and the concentration of Fe2+. Constituent concentrations likely also were affected by precipitation and dissolution of minerals that are sensitive to changes in pH, temperature, oxidation-reduction conditions, and biologic activity. The chemical and biologic processes that resulted in the diel variations observed in Grape Creek occurred within the surface-water column or in the underlying sediments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095210","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Groschen, G.E., Dupre, D.H., Drexler, T.D., Thingvold, K.L., and Rosenfeld, H.J., 2009, Diel Sampling of Groundwater and Surface Water for Trace Elements and Select Water-Quality Constituents at a Former Zinc Smelter Site near Hegeler, Illinois, August 1-3, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5210, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095210.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","temporalStart":"2007-08-01","temporalEnd":"2007-08-03","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5210.jpg"},{"id":13291,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.65083333333334,40.066944444444445 ], [ -87.65083333333334,40.06805555555556 ], [ -87.63416666666667,40.06805555555556 ], [ -87.63416666666667,40.066944444444445 ], [ -87.65083333333334,40.066944444444445 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d98c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groschen, George E.","contributorId":99132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dupre, David H. dhdupre@usgs.gov","contributorId":2782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupre","given":"David","email":"dhdupre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drexler, Timothy D.","contributorId":77806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thingvold, Karen L.","contributorId":12331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thingvold","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosenfeld, Heather J.","contributorId":15074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":98056,"text":"ds479 - 2009 - Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T12:12:41.782134","indexId":"ds479","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"479","title":"Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater quality in the approximately 1,600 square-mile Antelope Valley study unit (ANT) was investigated from January to April 2008 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within ANT, and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of groundwater quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 57 wells in Kern, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino Counties. Fifty-six of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized, grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and one additional well was selected to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding well).</p><p>The groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs], gasoline additives and degradates, pesticides and pesticide degradates, fumigants, and pharmaceutical compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), and radioactive constituents (gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, radium isotopes, and radon-222). Naturally occurring isotopes (strontium, tritium, and carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. In total, 239 constituents and water-quality indicators (field parameters) were investigated.</p><p>Quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and samples for matrix spikes) were collected at 12 percent of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that contamination was not a noticeable source of bias in the data for the groundwater samples. Differences between replicate samples generally were within acceptable ranges, indicating acceptably low variability. Matrix spike recoveries were within acceptable ranges for most compoundsThis study did not evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, or blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to water that is served to the consumer, not to raw groundwater. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw groundwater were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and drinking-water thresholds are for illustrative purposes only, and are not indicative of compliance or non-compliance with drinking water standards.</p><p>Most constituents that were detected in groundwater samples were found at concentrations below drinking-water thresholds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in about one-half of the samples and pesticides detected in about one-third of the samples; all detections of these constituents were below health-based thresholds. Most detections of trace elements and nutrients in samples from ANT wells were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include: one detection of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub>+NO<sub>3</sub>) above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US: 10 mg/L), five detections of arsenic above the MCL-US (6 μg/L), one detection of boron above the CDPH notification level (NL-CA: 1,000 μg/L), and two detections of vanadium above the NL-CA (50 μg/L). Most detections of radioactive constituents were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include two detections of gross alpha radioactivity (72-hour and 30-day counts) above the MCL-US (15 pCi/L). Also, radon-222 was detected above the proposed MCL-US (300 pCi/L) in 14 grid wells and the understanding well, but no wells had detections above the proposed alternative MCL-US (4,000 pCi/L). Most of the samples from ANT wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids (TDS), and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic concerns. Three samples contained sulfate and four samples contained total dissolved solids at concentrations above the SMCL-CA thresholds (250 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively). Two of the total dissolved solids detections were above the upper SMCL-CA (1,000 mg/L). Samples from four wells had field pH values above the SMCL-US (&gt;pH 8.5). Field-measured specific conductance values were above the SMCL-CA (900 μS/cm at 25°C) at eight wells with four of these measurements above the upper SMCL-CA threshold (1,600 μS/cm at 25°C).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds479","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, S., Milby Dawson, B.J., and Belitz, K., 2009, Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 479, x, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds479.","productDescription":"x, 80 p.","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-04-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_479.jpg"},{"id":404079,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_89341.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/479/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.7458,\n              34.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5167,\n              34.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5167,\n              35.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7458,\n              35.3667\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.7458,\n              34.3667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db65881e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, Stephen J.","contributorId":85283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Stephen J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milby Dawson, Barbara J.","contributorId":57133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milby Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98046,"text":"ds483 - 2009 - Riparian Land Use/Land Cover Data for Three Study Units in Group II of the Nutrient Enrichment Effects Topical Study of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"ds483","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"483","title":"Riparian Land Use/Land Cover Data for Three Study Units in Group II of the Nutrient Enrichment Effects Topical Study of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"This data set was developed as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Nutrient Enrichment Effects Topical (NEET) study. This report is concerned with three of the eight NEET study units distributed across the United States: Ozark Plateaus, Upper Mississippi River Basin, and Upper Snake River Basin, collectively known as Group II of the NEET study. Ninety stream reaches were investigated during 2006-08 in these three study units. Stream segments, with lengths equal to the base-10 logarithm of the basin area, were delineated upstream from the stream reaches through the use of digital orthophoto quarter-quadrangle (DOQQ) imagery. The analysis area for each stream segment was defined by a streamside buffer extending laterally to 250 meters from the stream segment. Delineation of landuse and land-cover (LULC) map units within stream-segment buffers was completed using on-screen digitizing of riparian LULC classes interpreted from the DOQQ. LULC units were classified using a strategy consisting of nine classes. National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data were used to aid in wetland classification. Longitudinal riparian transects (lines offset from the stream segments) were generated digitally, used to sample the LULC maps, and partitioned in accord with the intersected LULC map-unit types. These longitudinal samples yielded the relative linear extent and sequence of each LULC type within the riparian zone at the segment scale. The resulting areal and linear estimates of LULC extent filled in the spatial-scale gap between the 30-meter resolution of the 1990s National Land Cover Dataset and the reach-level habitat assessment data collected onsite routinely for NAWQA ecological sampling. The resulting data consisted of 12 geospatial data sets: LULC within 25 meters of the stream reach (polygon); LULC within 50 meters of the stream reach (polygon); LULC within 50 meters of the stream segment (polygon); LULC within 100 meters of the stream segment (polygon); LULC within 150 meters of the stream segment (polygon); LULC within 250 meters of the stream segment (polygon); frequency of gaps in woody vegetation at the reach scale (arc); stream reaches (arc); longitudinal LULC transect sample at the reach scale (arc); frequency of gaps in woody vegetation at the segment scale (arc); stream segments (arc); and longitudinal LULC transect sample at the segment scale (arc).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds483","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M., Clark, J.M., Dickinson, R.G., Sanocki, C.A., and Tranmer, A.W., 2009, Riparian Land Use/Land Cover Data for Three Study Units in Group II of the Nutrient Enrichment Effects Topical Study of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 483, Report: iv, 6 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds483.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 6 p.; Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_483.jpg"},{"id":13271,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/483/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Jimmy M. 0000-0002-3138-5738 jmclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5738","contributorId":4773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jimmy","email":"jmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickinson, Ross G. rdickins@usgs.gov","contributorId":952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Ross","email":"rdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sanocki, Christopher A. 0000-0001-6714-5421 sanocki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-5421","contributorId":3142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"Christopher","email":"sanocki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tranmer, Andrew W.","contributorId":44243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tranmer","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98054,"text":"sir20095235 - 2009 - Quality of Streams in Johnson County, Kansas, and Relations to Environmental Variables, 2003-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095235","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5235","title":"Quality of Streams in Johnson County, Kansas, and Relations to Environmental Variables, 2003-07","docAbstract":"The quality of streams and relations to environmental variables in Johnson County, northeastern Kansas, were evaluated using water, streambed sediment, land use, streamflow, habitat, algal periphyton (benthic algae), and benthic macroinvertebrate data. Water, streambed sediment, and macroinvertebrate samples were collected in March 2007 during base flow at 20 stream sites that represent 11 different watersheds in the county. In addition, algal periphyton samples were collected twice (spring and summer 2007) at one-half of the sites. Environmental data including water and streambed-sediment chemistry data (primarily nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria, and organic wastewater compounds), land use, streamflow, and habitat data were used in statistical analyses to evaluate relations between biological conditions and variables that may affect them. This report includes an evaluation of water and streambed-sediment chemistry, assessment of habitat conditions, comparison of biological community attributes (such as composition, diversity, and abundance) among sampling sites, placement of sampling sites into impairment categories, evaluation of biological data relative to environmental variables, and evaluation of changes in biological communities and effects of urbanization. This evaluation is useful for understanding factors that affect stream quality, for improving water-quality management programs, and for documenting changing conditions over time. The information will become increasingly important for protecting streams in the future as urbanization continues.\r\n\r\nResults of this study indicate that the biological quality at nearly all biological sampling sites in Johnson County has some level of impairment. Periphyton taxa generally were indicative of somewhat degraded conditions with small to moderate amounts of organic enrichment. Camp Branch in the Blue River watershed was the only site that met State criteria for full support of aquatic life in 2007. Since 2003, biological quality improved at one rural sampling site, possibly because of changes in wastewater affecting the site, and declined at three urban sites possibly because of the combined effects of ongoing development. Rural streams in the western and southern parts of the county, with land-use conditions similar to those found at the State reference site (Captain Creek), continue to support some organisms normally associated with healthy streams.\r\n\r\nSeveral environmental factors contribute to biological indicators of stream quality. The primary factor explaining biological quality at sites in Johnson County was the amount of urbanization upstream in the watershed. Specific conductance of stream water, which is a measure of dissolved solids in water and is determined primarily by the amount of groundwater contributing to streamflow, the amount of urbanization, and discharges from wastewater and industrial sites, was strongly negatively correlated with biological stream quality as indicated by macroinvertebrate metrics. Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in streambed sediment also was negatively correlated with biological stream quality. Individual habitat variables that most commonly were positively correlated with biological indicators included stream sinuosity, buffer length, and substrate cover diversity. Riffle substrate embeddedness and sediment deposition commonly were negatively correlated with favorable metric scores. Statistical analysis indicated that specific conductance, impervious surface area (a measure of urbanization), and stream sinuosity explained 85 percent of the variance in macroinvertebrate communities.\r\n\r\nManagement practices affecting environmental variables that appear to be most important for Johnson County streams include protection of stream corridors, measures that reduce the effects of impervious surfaces associated with urbanization, reduction of dissolved solids in stream water, reduction of PAHs entering streams and ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095235","isbn":"9781411326170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T.J., Poulton, B.C., and Graham, J.L., 2009, Quality of Streams in Johnson County, Kansas, and Relations to Environmental Variables, 2003-07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5235, viii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095235.","productDescription":"viii, 85 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5235.jpg"},{"id":13288,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.08333333333333,38.666666666666664 ], [ -95.08333333333333,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94.58333333333333,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94.58333333333333,38.666666666666664 ], [ -95.08333333333333,38.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa J. 0000-0002-7023-3868 rasmuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":3336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"rasmuss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98052,"text":"sir20095203 - 2009 - Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T12:02:53","indexId":"sir20095203","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5203","title":"Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, urban indicator sites were monitored to (1) characterize the stream quality from drainage basins with predominantly residential and commercial land use, and (2) determine which selected natural and anthropogenic factors affect stream quality. A total of 869 water samples were collected from 37 urban streams during 1995-2003 and were analyzed for 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The occurrence of VOCs in urban streams is described in this report for (1) all samples as a single dataset, (2) all samples grouped by streamflow pentiles, and (3) all samples grouped by warmer (April through September) and cooler (October through March) months by the detection frequency and (or) concentration of (a) any VOC, (b) VOC groups, and (c) individual compounds. An assessment level of 0.02 microgram per liter (ug/L) was used to compute the detection frequencies and concentrations of VOCs. Concentrations of VOCs were compared to (1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) drinking-water Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or Drinking Water Advisories, (2) Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs) developed by the USGS in collaboration with the USEPA and other agencies, and (3) USEPA and Canadian aquatic-life criteria.\r\n\r\nOne or more VOCs were detected in 97.1 percent of 869 samples, and one or more VOCs were detected frequently (greater than 80 percent) at all sites. The median total VOC concentration for all samples was 0.57 ug/L, and total VOC concentrations in a single sample ranged from not detected to 698 ug/L. About 85 percent of the samples contained two or more VOCs, and about one-half contained five or more VOCs. The gasoline hydrocarbons were the most frequently occurring VOC group followed by solvents, trihalomethanes (THMs), gasoline oxygenates, organic synthesis compounds, fumigants, and refrigerants. Concentration ranges for most VOC groups were distributed over at least two orders of magnitude. Fifty-seven of the 87 VOCs analyzed were detected in at least one sample at an assessment level of 0.02 ug/L. More than one-half of the 30 VOCs not detected in samples were organic synthesis compounds. Fifteen compounds had detection frequencies greater than or equal to 10 percent. With the exception of toluene and chloroform, the median concentration of each VOC for all samples was less than the assessment level. Furthermore, the median concentrations of detections for the 15 most frequently occurring VOCs ranged from 0.03 to 3.9 ug/L, and typically were less than or equal to 0.10 ug/L.\r\n\r\nThe 869 samples from the 37 sites were stratified into five streamflow pentiles (less than 20, 20-less than 40, 40-less than 60, 60-less than 80, and greater than or equal to 80 percent of estimated long-term streamflow statistics) for comparison of the occurrence of VOCs. The detection frequency of one or more VOCs by streamflow pentile varied only slightly from 96.7 to 97.7 percent. The median total VOC concentrations in samples for the five streamflow pentiles ranged from 0.39 to 1.0 ug/L. Two or more VOCs were present in more than 80 percent of samples in each of the five pentiles. The gasoline hydrocarbons, solvents, THMs, and gasoline oxygenates occurred frequently (greater than 30 percent) in all streamflow pentiles, in contrast to the organic synthesis compounds, fumigants, and refrigerants that occurred less frequently in urban streams under all streamflow conditions. The median total VOC concentrations for gasoline hydrocarbons, solvents, gasoline oxygenates, and organic synthesis compounds generally increased as streamflow increased. In contrast, the median total VOC concentrations for THMs and fumigants generally decreased as streamflow increased. The median total VOC concentrations for refrigerants showed no pattern as streamflow increased.\r\n\r\nBecause differences between VOC occurrence and streamflow pentiles were small for most compariso","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095203","isbn":"9781411326101","usgsCitation":"Bender, D.A., Delzer, G.C., Price, C.V., and Zogorski, J.S., 2009, Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5203, xii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095203.","productDescription":"xii, 88 p.","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5203.jpg"},{"id":13286,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682edc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":98051,"text":"sir20095113 - 2009 - Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:52","indexId":"sir20095113","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5113","title":"Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida","docAbstract":"Previous studies of the hydrogeology of the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County, Florida, have focused mostly on the eastern one-half to one-third of the county in the more densely populated coastal areas. These studies have not placed the hydrogeology in a framework in which stratigraphic units in this complex aquifer system are defined and correlated between wells. Interest in the surficial aquifer system has increased because of population growth, westward expansion of urbanized areas, and increased utilization of surface-water resources in the central and western areas of the county. In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District, initiated an investigation to delineate the hydrogeologic framework of the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County, based on a lithostratigraphic framework, and to evaluate hydraulic properties and characteristics of units and permeable zones within this framework.\r\n\r\nA lithostratigraphic framework was delineated by correlating markers between all wells with data available based primarily on borehole natural gamma-ray geophysical log signatures and secondarily, lithologic characteristics. These correlation markers approximately correspond to important lithostratigraphic unit boundaries. Using the markers as guides to their boundaries, the surficial aquifer system was divided into three main permeable zones or subaquifers, which are designated, from shallowest to deepest, zones 1, 2, and 3. Zone 1 is above the Tamiami Formation in the Anastasia and Fort Thompson Formations. Zone 2 primarily is in the upper part or Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation, and zone 3 is in the Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation or its correlative equivalent. Differences in the lithologic character exist between these three zones, and these differences commonly include differences in the nature of the pore space.\r\n\r\nZone 1 attains its greatest thickness (50 feet or more) and highest transmissivity in coastal areas. Zone 2, the most transmissive and extensive zone, is thickest (80 feet or more) and most transmissive in the inland eastern areas near Florida's Turnpike. In this area, zone 1 is absent, and the semiconfining unit above zone 2 extends to the land surface with a thickness commonly ranging from 50 to 100 feet. The thickness of zone 2 decreases to zero in most wells near the coast. Zone 3 attains its greatest thickness (100 feet or more) in the southwestern and south-central areas; zone 3 is equivalent to the gray limestone aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of transmissivity was mapped by zone; however, zones 2 and 3 were commonly combined in aquifer tests. Maximum transmissivities for zone 1, zones 2 and 3, and zone 3 were 90,000, 180,000, and 70,000 ft2/d (feet-squared per day), respectively. The northern extent of the area with transmissivity greater than 50,000 ft2/d for zones 2 and 3 in the inland northeastern area along Florida's Turnpike has not been defined based on available data and could extend 5 to 10 miles farther north than mapped. Based on the thickness of zone 2 and a limited number of aquifer tests, a large area of zone 2 with transmissivity greater than 10,000 ft2/d, and possibly as much as 30,000 ft2/d, extends to the west across Water Conservation Area 1 from the inland southeastern area into the south-central area and some of the southwestern area.\r\n\r\nIn contrast to the Biscayne aquifer present to the south of Palm Beach County, zones 2 and 3 are interpreted to be present principally in the Tamiami Formation and are commonly overlain by a thick semiconfining unit of moderate permeability. These zones have been referred to as the 'Turnpike' aquifer in the inland eastern areas of Palm Beach County, and the extent of greatest thickness and transmissivity follows, or is adjacent to, Florida's Turnpike. Where it is thick and transmissive, zone 1 may be considered equivalent to the Biscayne aquifer.\r\n\r\nAreas ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095113","isbn":"9781411325500","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., and Wacker, M.A., 2009, Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5113, Report: viii, 83 p.; 2 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095113.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 83 p.; 2 Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5113.jpg"},{"id":13285,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81,26.25 ], [ -81,27 ], [ -80,27 ], [ -80,26.25 ], [ -81,26.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628d43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wacker, Michael A. mwacker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wacker","given":"Michael","email":"mwacker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98050,"text":"sir20095076 - 2009 - Mercury Loads in the South River and Simulation of Mercury Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and Shenandoah River: Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095076","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5076","title":"Mercury Loads in the South River and Simulation of Mercury Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and Shenandoah River: Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","docAbstract":"Due to elevated levels of methylmercury in fish, three streams in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia have been placed on the State's 303d list of contaminated waters. These streams, the South River, the South Fork Shenandoah River, and parts of the Shenandoah River, are downstream from the city of Waynesboro, where mercury waste was discharged from 1929-1950 at an industrial site. To evaluate mercury contamination in fish, this total maximum daily load (TMDL) study was performed in a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The investigation focused on the South River watershed, a headwater of the South Fork Shenandoah River, and extrapolated findings to the other affected downstream rivers. A numerical model of the watershed, based on Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) software, was developed to simulate flows of water, sediment, and total mercury. Results from the investigation and numerical model indicate that contaminated flood-plain soils along the riverbank are the largest source of mercury to the river. Mercury associated with sediment accounts for 96 percent of the annual downstream mercury load (181 of 189 kilograms per year) at the mouth of the South River. Atmospherically deposited mercury contributes a smaller load (less than 1 percent) as do point sources, including current discharge from the historic industrial source area. In order to determine how reductions of mercury loading to the stream could reduce methylmercury concentrations in fish tissue below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criterion of 0.3 milligrams per kilogram, multiple scenarios were simulated. Bioaccumulation of mercury was expressed with a site-specific exponential relation between aqueous total mercury and methylmercury in smallmouth bass, the indicator fish species. Simulations indicate that if mercury loading were to decrease by 98.9 percent from 189 to 2 kilograms per year, fish tissue methylmercury concentrations would drop below 0.3 milligrams per kilogram. Based on the simulations, the estimated maximum load of total mercury that can enter the South River without causing fish tissue methylmercury concentrations to rise above 0.3 milligrams per kilogram is 2.03 kilograms per year for the South River, and 4.12 and 6.06 kilograms per year for the South Fork Shenandoah River and Shenandoah River, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095076","isbn":"9781411325999","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J., 2009, Mercury Loads in the South River and Simulation of Mercury Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and Shenandoah River: Shenandoah Valley, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5076, xii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095076.","productDescription":"xii, 80 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5076.jpg"},{"id":13284,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.5,37.75 ], [ -79.5,39.5 ], [ -77.75,39.5 ], [ -77.75,37.75 ], [ -79.5,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623ca3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, Jack","contributorId":46648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98048,"text":"sim3079 - 2009 - Geologic Map of MTM 35337, 40337, and 45337 Quadrangles, Deuteronilus Mensae Region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:35:21","indexId":"sim3079","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3079","title":"Geologic Map of MTM 35337, 40337, and 45337 Quadrangles, Deuteronilus Mensae Region of Mars","docAbstract":"Deuteronilus Mensae, first defined as an albedo feature at lat 35.0 deg N., long 5.0 deg E., by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and International Astronomical Union (IAU) nomenclature, is a gradational zone along the dichotomy boundary in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars. The boundary in this location includes the transition from the rugged cratered highlands of Arabia Terra to the northern lowland plains of Acidalia Planitia. Within Deuteronilus Mensae, polygonal mesas are prominent along with features diagnostic of Martian fretted terrain, including lobate debris aprons, lineated valley fill, and concentric crater fill. Lobate debris aprons, as well as the valley and crater fill deposits, are geomorphic indicators of ground ice, and their concentration in Deuteronilus Mensae is of great interest because of their potential association with Martian climate change. The paucity of impact craters on the surfaces of debris aprons and the presence of ice-cemented mantle material imply young (for example, Amazonian) surface ages that are consistent with recent climate change in this region of Mars. \r\n\r\nNorth of Deuteronilus Mensae are the northern lowlands, a potential depositional sink that may have had large standing bodies of water or an ocean in the past. The northern lowlands have elevations that are several kilometers below the ancient cratered highlands with significantly younger surface ages. The morphologic and topographic characteristics of the Deuteronilus Mensae region record a diverse geologic history, including significant modification of the ancient highland plateau and resurfacing of low-lying regions. Previous studies of this region have interpreted a complex array of geologic processes, including eolian, fluvial and glacial activity, coastal erosion, marine deposition, mass wasting, tectonic faulting, effusive volcanism, and hydrovolcanism. \r\n\r\nThe origin and age of the Martian crustal dichotomy boundary are fundamental questions that remain unresolved at the present time. Several scenarios for its formation, including single and multiple large impact events, have been proposed and debated in the literature. Endogenic processes whereby crust is thinned by internal mantle convection and tectonic processes have also been proposed. Planetary accretion models and isotopic data from Martian meteorites suggest that the crust formed very early in Martian history. Using populations of quasi-circular depressions extracted from the topography of Mars, other studies suggest that the age difference between the highlands and lowlands could be ~100 m.y.. Furthermore, understanding the origin and age of the dichotomy boundary has been made more complicated due to significant erosion and deposition that have modified the boundary and its adjacent regions. The resulting diversity of terrains and features is likely a combined result of ancient and recent events. Detailed geologic analyses of dichotomy boundary zones are important for understanding the spatial and temporal variations in highland evolution. This information, and comparisons to other highland regions, can help elucidate the scale of potential environmental changes. \r\n\r\nPrevious geomorphic and geologic mapping investigations of the Deuteronilus Mensae region have been completed at local to global scales. The regional geology was first mapped by Lucchitta (1978) at 1:5,000,000 scale using Mariner 9 data. This study concluded that high crater flux early in Martian history formed overlapping craters and basins that were later filled by voluminous lava flows that buried the impacted surface, creating the highlands. After this period of heavy bombardment, fluvial erosion of the highlands formed the canyons and valleys, followed by dissection that created the small mesas and buttes, and later, formation of the steep escarpment marking the present-day northern highland margin. After valley dissection, mass wasting and eolian processes caused lateral retreat of mesas and buttes","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3079","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Chuang, F.C., and Crown, D., 2009, Geologic Map of MTM 35337, 40337, and 45337 Quadrangles, Deuteronilus Mensae Region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3079, Map Sheet: 37 x 44 inches; Pamphlet: 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3079.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 37 x 44 inches; Pamphlet: 17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3079.jpg"},{"id":13282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1004000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chuang, Frank C.","contributorId":35600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chuang","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crown, David A.","contributorId":102582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crown","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98047,"text":"sir20095240 - 2009 - Concentrations, and estimated loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at selected water-quality monitoring network stations in Kentucky, 1979-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T21:17:45.726514","indexId":"sir20095240","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5240","title":"Concentrations, and estimated loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at selected water-quality monitoring network stations in Kentucky, 1979-2004","docAbstract":"<p>To evaluate the State’s water quality, the Kentucky Division of Water collects data from a statewide network of primary ambient stream water-quality monitoring stations and flexible, rotating watershed-monitoring stations. This ambient stream water-quality monitoring network program is directed to assess the conditions of surface waters throughout Kentucky. Water samples were collected monthly for the majority of the stations from 1979 to 1998, which represented agricultural, undeveloped (mainly forested), and areas of mixed land use/land cover. In 1998, the number of water samples collected was reduced to a collection frequency of six times per year (every 2 months) every 4 of 5 years, because a new monitoring network was implemented involving a 5-year rotating Basin Management Unit scheme of monitoring. This report presents the results of a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet–Kentucky Division of Water, to summarize concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus and provide estimates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads and yields in 55 selected streams in Kentucky’s ambient stream water-quality monitoring network, which was operated from 1979 through 2004.</p><p>Streams in predominately agricultural basins had higher concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) than streams in predominately undeveloped (forested) basins. Streams in basins in intensely developed karst areas characterized by caves, springs, sinkholes, and sinking streams had a higher median concentration of TN (1.5 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) than streams in basins with limited or no karst areas (0.63 mg/L). As with TN, median concentrations of TP also were higher in areas of intense karst (0.05 mg/L) than in areas with limited or no karst (0.02 mg/L).</p><p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has recommended ecoregional nutrient water-quality criteria as a starting point for States to establish more precise numeric water-quality criteria for nutrients to protect aquatic life and recreational and other uses of rivers and streams. On the basis of the 25<sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>percentile of concentration data from reference stations aggregated by ecoregion, the USEPA established recommended water-quality criteria for TN and TP in the two Aggregated Ecoregions (IX and XI) in Kentucky waters. The 25<sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>percentile median values for TN and TP from this study exceeded the USEPA’s recommendations in both aggregated ecoregions in the agricultural and mixed land-use/land-cover basins, and for TN in the undeveloped land-use/land-cover basins in Aggregated Ecoregion XI. However, the 25<sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>percentile median values for TN (Aggregated Ecoregion IX) and TP in both aggregated ecoregions did not exceed the USEPA’s recommendations in the undeveloped land-use/land-cover basins.</p><p>Estimated loads and yields of TN and TP varied substantially among the individual stations. Estimated mean annual yields of TN ranged from 0.10 [tons per year per square mile (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup>] to 7.2 (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup>, and estimated mean annual yields of TP ranged from 0.02 (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 1.4 (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup>. Estimated mean annual yields of TN and TP were generally highest at stations in predominately agricultural basins, and lowest at stations in undeveloped land-use/land-cover basins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet-Kentucky Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Crain, A.S., and Martin, G.R., 2009, Concentrations, and estimated loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at selected water-quality monitoring network stations in Kentucky, 1979-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5240, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095240.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","temporalStart":"1974-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science 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,{"id":98045,"text":"sim3098 - 2009 - Modified Methodology for Projecting Coastal Louisiana Land Changes over the Next 50 Years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:30","indexId":"sim3098","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3098","title":"Modified Methodology for Projecting Coastal Louisiana Land Changes over the Next 50 Years","docAbstract":"The coastal Louisiana landscape is continually undergoing geomorphologic changes (in particular, land loss); however, after the 2005 hurricane season, the changes were intensified because of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The amount of land loss caused by the 2005 hurricane season was 42 percent (562 km2) of the total land loss (1,329 km2) that was projected for the next 50 years in the Louisiana Coastal Area (LCA), Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration Study. The purpose of this study is to provide information on potential changes to coastal Louisiana by using a revised LCA study methodology.\r\n\r\nIn the revised methodology, we used classified Landsat TM satellite imagery from 1990, 2001, 2004, and 2006 to calculate the 'background' or ambient land-water change rates but divided the Louisiana coastal area differently on the basis of (1) geographic regions ('subprovinces') and (2) specific homogeneous habitat types. Defining polygons by subprovinces (1, Pontchartrain Basin; 2, Barataria Basin; 3, Vermilion/Terrebonne Basins; and 4, the Chenier Plain area) allows for a specific erosion rate to be applied to that area. Further subdividing the provinces by habitat type allows for specific erosion rates for a particular vegetation type to be applied. Our modified methodology resulted in 24 polygons rather than the 183 that were used in the LCA study; further, actively managed areas and the CWPPRA areas were not masked out and dealt with separately as in the LCA study. This revised methodology assumes that erosion rates for habitat types by subprovince are under the influence of similar environmental conditions (sediment depletion, subsidence, and saltwater intrusion).\r\n\r\nBackground change rate for three time periods (1990-2001, 1990-2004, and 1990-2006) were calculated by taking the difference in water or land among each time period and dividing it by the time interval. This calculation gives an annual change rate for each polygon per time period. Change rates for each time period were then used to compute the projected change in each subprovince and habitat type over 50 years by using the same compound rate functions used in the LCA study. The resulting maps show projected land changes based on the revised methodology and inclusion of damage by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Comparison of projected land change values between the LCA study and this study shows that this revised methodology - that is, using a reduced polygon subset (reduced from 183 to 24) based on habitat type and subprovince - can be used as a quick projection of land loss.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3098","usgsCitation":"Hartley, S.B., 2009, Modified Methodology for Projecting Coastal Louisiana Land Changes over the Next 50 Years: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3098, Map Sheet: 77 x 37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3098.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 77 x 37 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3098.jpg"},{"id":13270,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"750000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699425","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartley, Steve B. 0000-0003-1380-2769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-2769","contributorId":18065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98044,"text":"cir1344 - 2009 - Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-31T10:31:47","indexId":"cir1344","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1344","title":"Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates of water use in the United States indicate that about 410 billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) were withdrawn in 2005 for all categories summarized in this report. This total is slightly less than the estimate for 2000, and about 5 percent less than total withdrawals in the peak year of 1980. Freshwater withdrawals in 2005 were 349 Bgal/d, or 85 percent of the total freshwater and saline-water withdrawals. Fresh groundwater withdrawals of 79.6 Bgal/day in 2005 were about 5 percent less than in 2000, and fresh surface-water withdrawals of 270 Bgal/day were about the same as in 2000. Withdrawals for thermoelectric-power generation and irrigation, the two largest uses of water, have stabilized or decreased since 1980. Withdrawals for public-supply and domestic uses have increased steadily since estimates began.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Thermoelectric-power generation water withdrawals were an estimated 201 Bgal/d in 2005, about 3 percent more than in 2000. In 2005, thermoelectric freshwater withdrawals accounted for 41 percent of all freshwater withdrawals. Nearly all of the water withdrawn for thermoelectric power was surface water used for once-through cooling at power plants. Twenty-nine percent of thermoelectric-power withdrawals were saline water from oceans and brackish coastal water bodies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Withdrawals for irrigation in 2005 were 128 Bgal/d, about 8 percent less than in 2000 and approximately equal to estimates of irrigation water use in 1970. In 2005, irrigation withdrawals accounted for 37 percent of all freshwater withdrawals and 62 percent of all freshwater withdrawals excluding thermoelectric withdrawals. Irrigated acreage increased from 25 million acres in 1950 to 58 million acres in 1980, then remained fairly constant before increasing in 2000 and 2005 to more than 60 million acres. The number of acres irrigated using sprinkler and microirrigation systems has continued to increase and in 2005 accounted for 56 percent of the total irrigated acreage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Water withdrawals for public supply were 44.2 Bgal/d in 2005, which is 2 percent more than in 2000, although the population increased by more than 5 percent during that time. Public supply accounted for 13 percent of all freshwater withdrawals in 2005 and 21 percent of all freshwater withdrawals excluding thermoelectric withdrawals. The percentage of the U.S. population obtaining drinking water from public suppliers has increased steadily from 62 percent in 1950 to 86 percent in 2005. Most of the population providing their own household water obtained their supplies from groundwater sources.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Self-supplied industrial water withdrawals continued to decline in 2005, as they have since their peak in 1970. Self-supplied industrial withdrawals were an estimated 18.2 Bgal/d in 2005, a 30-percent decrease from 1985. An estimated 4.02 Bgal/d were withdrawn for mining in 2005, which is 11 percent less than in 2000, and 18 percent less than in 1990. Withdrawals for mining were only 58 percent freshwater.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Livestock water use was estimated to be 2.14 Bgal/d in 2005, which is the smallest estimate since 1975, possibly due to the use of standardized coefficients for estimation of animal water needs. Water use for aquaculture was an estimated 8.78 Bgal/d in 2005, nearly four times the amount estimated in 1985. Part of this increase is due to the inclusion of more facilities in the estimates in 2005, and the use of standardized coefficients for estimating aquaculture use from other data.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Fresh surface water was the source for a majority of the public-supply, irrigation, aquaculture, thermoelectric, and industrial withdrawals. Nearly 30 percent of all fresh surface-water withdrawals in 2005 occurred in five States. In California, Idaho, and Colorado, most of the fresh surface-water withdrawals were for irrigation. In Texas and Illinois, most of the fresh surface-water withdrawals were for thermoelectric power generation.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>About 67 percent of fresh groundwater withdrawals in 2005 were for irrigation, and 18 percent were for public supply. More than half of fresh groundwater withdrawals in the United States in 2005 occurred in six States. In California, Texas, Nebraska, Arkansas, and Idaho, most of the fresh groundwater withdrawals were for irrigation. In Florida, 52 percent of all fresh groundwater withdrawals were for public supply, and 34 percent were for irrigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1344","isbn":"9781411326002","usgsCitation":"Kenny, J., Barber, N.L., Hutson, S.S., Linsey, K.S., Lovelace, J.K., and Maupin, M.A., 2009, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344, Report: iv, 52 p.; County-Level Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1344.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 52 p.; County-Level Data","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1344.jpg"},{"id":13269,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":289907,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/data/2005/"},{"id":289906,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/pdf/c1344.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a4c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenny, Joan F.","contributorId":69132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenny","given":"Joan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, Nancy L. 0000-0002-2952-5017 nlbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-5017","contributorId":3679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Nancy","email":"nlbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linsey, Kristin S. 0000-0001-6492-7639 kslinsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6492-7639","contributorId":3678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linsey","given":"Kristin","email":"kslinsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lovelace, John K. 0000-0002-8532-2599 jlovelac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-2599","contributorId":999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelace","given":"John","email":"jlovelac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":98053,"text":"sir20095206 - 2009 - Regional Curves of Bankfull Channel Geometry for Non-Urban Streams in the Piedmont Physiographic Province, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095206","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5206","title":"Regional Curves of Bankfull Channel Geometry for Non-Urban Streams in the Piedmont Physiographic Province, Virginia","docAbstract":"Natural-channel design involves constructing a stream channel with the dimensions, slope, and plan-view pattern that would be expected to transport water and sediment and yet maintain habitat and aesthetics consistent with unimpaired stream segments, or reaches. Regression relations for bankfull stream characteristics based on drainage area, referred to as 'regional curves,' are used in natural stream channel design to verify field determinations of bankfull discharge and stream channel characteristics. One-variable, ordinary least-squares regressions relating bankfull discharge, bankfull cross-sectional area, bankfull width, bankfull mean depth, and bankfull slope to drainage area were developed on the basis of data collected at 17 streamflow-gaging stations in rural areas with less than 20 percent urban land cover within the basin area (non-urban areas) of the Piedmont Physiographic Province in Virginia. These regional curves can be used to estimate the bankfull discharge and bankfull channel geometry when the drainage area of a watershed is known.\r\n\r\nData collected included bankfull cross-sectional geometry, flood-plain geometry, and longitudinal profile data. In addition, particle-size distributions of streambed material were determined, and data on basin characteristics were compiled for each reach. Field data were analyzed to determine bankfull cross-sectional area, bankfull width, bankfull mean depth, bankfull discharge, bankfull channel slope, and D50 and D84 particle sizes at each site. The bankfull geometry from the 17 sites surveyed during this study represents the average of two riffle cross sections for each site. Regional curves developed for the 17 sites had coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.950 for bankfull cross-sectional area, 0.913 for bankfull width, 0.915 for bankfull mean depth, 0.949 for bankfull discharge, and 0.497 for bankfull channel slope. \r\n\r\nThe regional curves represent conditions for streams with defined channels and bankfull features in the Piedmont Physiographic Province in Virginia with drainage areas ranging from 0.29 to 111 square miles. All sites included in the development of the regional curves were located on streams with current or historical U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations. These curves can be used to verify bankfull features identified in the field and bankfull stage for ungaged streams in non-urban areas.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095206","isbn":"9781411326187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Transportation Research Council","usgsCitation":"Lotspeich, R.R., 2009, Regional Curves of Bankfull Channel Geometry for Non-Urban Streams in the Piedmont Physiographic Province, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5206, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095206.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5206.jpg"},{"id":13287,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5206/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81,36 ], [ -81,40 ], [ -76.5,40 ], [ -76.5,36 ], [ -81,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lotspeich, Robert Russell 0000-0002-5572-9064 rlotspei@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-9064","contributorId":33404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lotspeich","given":"Robert","email":"rlotspei@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Russell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98043,"text":"ofr20091238 - 2009 - Holocene record of major and trace components in the sediments of an urban impoundment on the Mississippi River: Lake Pepin, Minnesota and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T20:03:24.96752","indexId":"ofr20091238","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1238","title":"Holocene record of major and trace components in the sediments of an urban impoundment on the Mississippi River: Lake Pepin, Minnesota and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Lake Pepin is a natural impoundment formed by damming of the Mississippi River about 9,180 radiocarbon years ago (19,600 calendar years) by an alluvial fan deposited by the Chippewa River, a tributary of the Mississippi in Wisconsin. Unique among 26 Mississippi River impoundments, Lake Pepin has stratigraphically preserved Holocene materials, including pollutants, that have been transported down the Mississippi. This natural Holocene record can then be compared to changes that have occurred since European settlement (ca. AD 1830), and since enactment of clean air and water legislation. The most immediate response to settlement in the sediments of Lake Pepin was an increase in bulk-sediment accumulation rate. This was accompanied by gradual increases in concentrations of phosphorus (P), and organic carbon (OC), followed by dramatic increases in these elements beginning about 1940. The increase in P was far greater than any of the minor fluctuations in P that occurred throughout the Holocene, but the increase in OC was comparable to an increase in OC that occurred in the mid-Holocene. The concentrations of several metals (for example, cadmium [Cd], and lead [Pb]) also are elevated in recent sediments. Increased Cd concentrations lasted only about two decades during the industrial era between World War II and the enactment of clean water standards in the 1970s. Increased Pb emissions, on the other hand, occurred over more than 100 years, first from burning of coal and smelting of lead ores, and then, beginning in the 1930s, burning of leaded gasoline. Concentrations of Pb in the sediments of Lake Pepin decreased to about two times preindustrial levels within a decade of enactment of unleaded gasoline restrictions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091238","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., 2009, Holocene record of major and trace components in the sediments of an urban impoundment on the Mississippi River: Lake Pepin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1238, Report: iii, 13 p.; 4 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091238.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 13 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":229,"text":"Earth Surface Processes Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1238.jpg"},{"id":13257,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1238/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_89324.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Pepin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.1038818359375,\n              44.389635634309236\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.08053588867188,\n              44.439663223436106\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.318115234375,\n              44.583620922396136\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.5433349609375,\n              44.61393394730626\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.5653076171875,\n              44.558184901080324\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.362060546875,\n              44.52196830685208\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.28240966796875,\n              44.41024041296011\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.16430664062499,\n              44.396504700115536\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.1038818359375,\n              44.389635634309236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}