Gas hydrate is a solid, naturally occurring substance consisting predominantly of methane gas and water. Recent scientific drilling programs in Japan, Canada, the United States, Korea and India have demonstrated that gas hydrate occurs broadly and in a variety of forms in shallow sediments of the outer continental shelves and in Arctic regions. Field, laboratory and numerical modelling studies conducted to date indicate that gas can be extracted from gas hydrates with existing production technologies, particularly for those deposits in which the gas hydrate exists as pore-filling grains at high saturation in sand-rich reservoirs. A series of regional resource assessments indicate that substantial volumes of gas hydrate likely exist in sand-rich deposits. Recent field programs in Japan, Canada and in the United States have demonstrated the technical viability of methane extraction from gas-hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs and have investigated a range of potential production scenarios. At present, basic reservoir depressurisation shows the greatest promise and can be conducted using primarily standard industry equipment and procedures. Depressurisation is expected to be the foundation of future production systems; additional processes, such as thermal stimulation, mechanical stimulation and chemical injection, will likely also be integrated as dictated by local geological and other conditions. An innovative carbon dioxide and methane swapping technology is also being studied as a method to produce gas from select gas hydrate deposits. In addition, substantial additional volumes of gas hydrate have been found in dense arrays of grain-displacing veins and nodules in fine-grained, clay-dominated sediments; however, to date, no field tests, and very limited numerical modelling, have been conducted with regard to the production potential of such accumulations. Work remains to further refine: (1) the marine resource volumes within potential accumulations that can be produced through exploratory drilling programs; (2) the tools for gas hydrate detection and characterisation from remote sensing data; (3) the details of gas hydrate reservoir production behaviour through additional, well-monitored and longer duration field tests and (4) the understanding of the potential environmental impacts of gas hydrate resource development. The results of future production tests, in the context of varying market and energy supply conditions around the globe, will be the key to determine the ultimate timing and scale of the commercial production of natural gas from gas hydrates.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Future energy: Improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-099424-6.00008-9","usgsCitation":"Boswell, R., Yamamoto, K., Lee, S., Collett, T.S., Kumar, P., and Dallimore, S., 2008, Methane hydrates, chap. 8 of Future energy: Improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet, p. 159-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099424-6.00008-9.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"178","ipdsId":"IP-049794","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-099424-6.00008-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":285054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Second Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594b5e4b0120853e8c07f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boswell, Ray","contributorId":12307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamamoto, Koji","contributorId":72709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamamoto","given":"Koji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Sung-Rock","contributorId":7179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Sung-Rock","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kumar, Pushpendra","contributorId":54886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"Pushpendra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dallimore, Scott","contributorId":85503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dallimore","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70047352,"text":"pp17508 - 2008 - Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:56:17","indexId":"pp17508","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:53:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-8","displayTitle":"Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005: Chapter 8 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"Beginning in October 2004, a new lava dome grew on the \nglacier-covered crater floor of Mount St. Helens, Washington, \nimmediately south of the 1980s lava dome. Seventeen digital \nelevation models (DEMs) constructed from vertical aerial \nphotographs have provided quantitative estimates of extruded \nlava volumes and total volume change. To extract volumetric \nchanges and calculate volumetric extrusion rates (magma \ndischarge rates), each DEM surface was compared to preeruption DEM reference surfaces from 1986 and 2003. Early in the \n2004-5 eruption, DEMs documented deforming glacier ice \nand crater floor that formed a prominent “welt” having a volume of 10×106 m3\n and a growth rate of 8.9 m3/s before dacite \nlava first appeared at the surface on October 11, 2004. Afterward, the rate was initially 5.9 m3/s but slowed to 2.5 m3/s by \nthe beginning of January 2005. During 2005, the extrusion rate \ndeclined gradually to about 0.7 m3/s. By December 15, 2005, \nthe new dome complex was about 900 m long and 625 m wide \nand reached 190 m above the 2003 surface. More than 73×106\nm3\n of dacite lava had extruded onto the crater floor.\nSuccessful application of aerophotogrammetry was possible during the critical earliest parts of the eruption because we \nhad baseline data and photogrammetric infrastructure in place \nbefore the eruption began. The vertical aerial photographs, \nincluding the DEMs and calculations derived from them, were \none of the most widely used data sets collected during the \n2004-5 eruption, as evidenced in numerous contributions to \nthis volume. These data were used to construct photogeologic \nmaps, deformation vector fields, and profiles of the evolving dome and glacier. Extruded volumes and rates proved to \nbe critical parameters to constrain models and hypotheses of \neruption dynamics and thus helped to assess volcano hazards.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17508","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 8 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Schilling, S.P., Thompson, R.A., Messerich, J.A., and Iwatsubo, E.Y., 2008, Use of digital aerophotogrammetry to determine rates of lava dome growth, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-8, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17508.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17508.jpg"},{"id":275759,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter08.pdf"},{"id":275758,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca85e4b04b00e3d89137","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509461,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509463,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509462,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Ren A. 0000-0002-3044-3043 rathomps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-3043","contributorId":1265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Ren","email":"rathomps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Messerich, James A. jmesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messerich","given":"James","email":"jmesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwatsubo, Eugene Y.","contributorId":16308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwatsubo","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047417,"text":"pp175030 - 2008 - Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:50:56","indexId":"pp175030","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:28:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-30","displayTitle":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: Chapter 30 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","docAbstract":"Eighteen years after dome-forming eruptions ended in \n1986, and with little warning, Mount St. Helens began to \nerupt again in October 2004. During the ensuing two years, \nthe volcano extruded more than 80×106\n m3\n of gas-poor, \ncrystal-rich dacite lava. The 2004-6 dacite is remarkably \nuniform in bulk-rock composition and, at 65 percent SiO2\n, \namong the richest in silica and most depleted in incompatible \nelements of the magmas erupted at Mount St. Helens during the past 500 years. Since shortly after the first spine of \nlava appeared, samples have been collected using a steel box \ndredge (“Jaws”) suspended 20-35 m below a helicopter and, \noccasionally, by hand sampling. As of the spring of 2006, 25 \nage-controlled samples have been collected from the seven \nspines of the new lava dome. Samples were obtained from \nboth the interiors of spines and from their carapaces, which \nare composed of fault gouge and cataclasite 1-2 m thick. The \ndacite lava is crystal rich, with 40-50 percent phenocrysts. \nThe groundmass is extensively crystallized to a cotectic \nassemblage of quartz, tridymite, and Na- and K-rich feldspar \nmicrolites, raising the total crystal content to more than 80 \npercent on a vesicle-free basis in all but the earliest erupted samples. Early samples and those collected from near the \nspine margin are more glassy and vesicular that those collected later and from the interior of the spines. Oxide thermobarometer determinations for the earliest erupted samples \nwe collected cluster at temperatures of approximately 850°C \nand at an oxygen fugacity one log unit above the nickel-nickel \noxide (NNO) buffer curve. In contrast, samples from relatively glass-poor samples erupted in late 2004 and early 2005 \nhave zoned oxides with apparent temperatures that range to \ngreater than 950°C. The higher temperatures in these microlite-rich rocks are attributed to latent heat evolved during \nextensive and rapid groundmass crystallization. Low volatile \ncontents of matrix glasses and presence of tridymite and \nquartz in the high-silica rhyolite matrix glass indicate extensive shallow (<1 km) crystallization of the matrix, driven by \ndegassing of water and solidifying the magma below the level \nof the vent. The mode of eruption of the dacite as a series of \nfault-gouge-mantled spines is explained by this process of \nextensive subvent degassing and solidification.\nAlthough the dacite from this eruption is more silica \nrich than 1980-86 dome rocks, most major and trace element \nconcentrations of the 1980-86 and 2004-6 magma batches are \nsimilar, and magmatic gas emissions have been low and have \nhad similar ratios to those of the 1980s, raising the possibility \nthat the magma might be residual from the 1980–86 reservoir. \nHowever, titanium and chromium are enriched slightly relative \nto the most recent 1980-86 and Goat Rocks (A.D. 1800-1857) \neruptive cycles, and heavy rare-earth-element abundances are \nslightly depleted relative to those erupted during the past 500 \nyears at Mount St. Helens. These data suggest either addition \nof new gas-poor dacite magma or tapping of a region of the \npreexisting reservoir that was not erupted previously.\nA relatively low pressure of last phenocryst growth \nsuggests that the magma was derived from near the apex of \nthe Mount St. Helens magma reservoir at a depth of about 5 km. Viewed in the context of seismic, deformation, and \ngas-emission data, the petrologic and geochemical data can \nbe explained by ascent of a geochemically distinct batch \nof magma into the apex of the reservoir during the period \n1987-97, followed by upward movement of magma into a new \nconduit beginning in late September 2004.\nThe question of new versus residual magma has implications for the long-term eruptive behavior of Mount St. Helens, \nbecause arrival of a new batch of dacitic magma from the deep \ncrust could herald the beginning of a new long-term cycle of \neruptive activity. It is also important to our understanding of \nwhat triggered the eruption and its future course. Two hypotheses for triggering are considered: (1) top-down fracturing \nrelated to the shallow groundwater system and (2) an increase \nin reservoir pressure brought about by recent magmatic replenishment. With respect to the future course of the eruption, \nsimilarities between textures and character of eruption of the \n2004-6 dome and the long-duration (greater than 100 years) \npre-1980 summit dome, along with the low eruptive rate of the \ncurrent eruption, suggest that the eruption could continue sluggishly or intermittently for years to come.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175030","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 30 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J.S., Thornber, C.R., Cashman, K., Clynne, M.A., Lowers, H., Mandeville, C., Brownfield, I.K., and Meeker, G.P., 2008, Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-30, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175030.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175030.png"},{"id":276043,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276044,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter30.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c965e4b009d47a4c23a7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509527,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509529,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509528,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brownfield, Isabelle K.","contributorId":97108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Isabelle","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70156428,"text":"70156428 - 2008 - Towards monitoring land-cover and land-use changes at a global scale: the global land survey 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-17T10:17:09","indexId":"70156428","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Towards monitoring land-cover and land-use changes at a global scale: the global land survey 2005","docAbstract":"Land cover is a critical component of the Earth system, infl uencing land-atmosphere interactions, greenhouse gas fl uxes, ecosystem health, and availability of food, fi ber, and energy for human populations. The recent Integrated Global Observations of Land (IGOL) report calls for the generation of maps documenting global land cover at resolutions between 10m and 30m at least every fi ve years (Townshend et al., in press). Moreover, despite 35 years of Landsat observations, there has not been a unifi ed global analysis of land-cover trends nor has there been a global assessment of land-cover change at Landsat-like resolution. Since the 1990s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have supported development of data sets based on global Landsat observations (Tucker et al., 2004). These land survey data sets, usually referred to as GeoCover ™, provide global, orthorectifi ed, typically cloud-free Landsat imagery centered on the years 1975, 1990, and 2000, with a preference for leaf-on conditions. Collectively, these data sets provided a consistent set of observations to assess land-cover changes at a decadal scale. These data are freely available via the Internet from the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) (see http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov or http://glovis.usgs.gov). This has resulted in unprecedented downloads of data, which are widely used in scientifi c studies of land-cover change (e.g., Boone et al., 2007; Harris et al., 2005; Hilbert, 2006; Huang et al. 2007; Jantz et al., 2005, Kim et al., 2007; Leimgruber, 2005; Masek et al., 2006). NASA and USGS are continuing to support land-cover change research through the development of GLS2005 - an additional global Landsat assessment circa 20051 . Going beyond the earlier initiatives, this data set will establish a baseline for monitoring changes on a 5-year interval and will pave the way toward continuous global land-cover monitoring at Landsat-like resolution in the next decade.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Gutman, G., Byrnes, R.A., Masek, J., Covington, S., Justice, C., Franks, S., and Headley, R., 2008, Towards monitoring land-cover and land-use changes at a global scale: the global land survey 2005: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 74, no. 1, p. 6-10.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8811e4b0824b2d149db7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutman, G.","contributorId":146850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gutman","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrnes, Raymond A. rbyrnes@usgs.gov","contributorId":4779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrnes","given":"Raymond","email":"rbyrnes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":569143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masek, J.","contributorId":88563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masek","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Covington, S.","contributorId":13111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covington","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Justice, C.","contributorId":146851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Justice","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Franks, S.","contributorId":40803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franks","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Headley, Rachel rheadley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Headley","given":"Rachel","email":"rheadley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":569148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70047377,"text":"pp175016 - 2008 - Instrumentation in remote and dangerous settings; examples using data from GPS “spider” deployments during the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:49:36","indexId":"pp175016","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T12:04:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-16","displayTitle":"Instrumentation in remote and dangerous settings; examples using data from GPS “spider” deployments during the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 16 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Instrumentation in remote and dangerous settings; examples using data from GPS “spider” deployments during the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Self-contained, single-frequency GPS instruments fitted \non lightweight stations suitable for helicopter-sling payloads \nbecame a critical part of volcano monitoring during the \nSeptember 2004 unrest and subsequent eruption of Mount St. \nHelens. Known as “spiders” because of their spindly frames, \nthe stations were slung into the crater 29 times from September 2004 to December 2005 when conditions at the volcano \nwere too dangerous for crews to install conventional equipment. Data were transmitted in near-real time to the Cascades \nVolcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington. Each fully \nequipped unit cost about $2,500 in materials and, if not \ndestroyed by natural events, was retrieved and redeployed as \nneeded. The GPS spiders have been used to track the growth \nand decay of extruding dacite lava (meters per day), thickening \nand accelerated flow of Crater Glacier (meters per month), and \nmovement of the 1980-86 dome from pressure and relaxation \nof the newly extruding lava dome (centimeters per day).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175016","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 16 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"LaHusen, R.G., Swinford, K.J., Logan, M., and Lisowski, M., 2008, Instrumentation in remote and dangerous settings; examples using data from GPS “spider” deployments during the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-16, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175016.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275947,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter16.pdf"},{"id":275946,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4e4e4b0296e5a4b5c53","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509485,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509487,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509486,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swinford, Kelly J. kjswinfo@usgs.gov","contributorId":636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinford","given":"Kelly","email":"kjswinfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, Matthew 0000-0002-3558-2405 mlogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-2405","contributorId":638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Matthew","email":"mlogan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047372,"text":"pp175015 - 2008 - Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:49:05","indexId":"pp175015","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:54:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-15","displayTitle":"Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 15 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Detecting far-field deformation at Mount St. Helens \nsince the crater-forming landslide and blast in 1980 has been \ndifficult despite frequent volcanic activity and improved \nmonitoring techniques. Between 1982 and 1991, the systematic extension of line lengths in a regional GPS trilateration network is consistent with recharge of a deep magma \nchamber during that interval. The rate of extension, however, \naverages only 3 mm/yr, and some of this apparent deformation may result from systematic scale error in the electronic \ndistance measurements. Subsequent GPS surveys and data \nfrom a continuous GPS station, located 9 km north of Mount \nSt. Helens and operating since 1997, show no significant \nvolcanic deformation until the start of unrest on September \n23, 2004. The current eruption has been accompanied by \nsubtle but widespread inward and downward movement of \nGPS monitoring stations, exponentially decreasing with time \nand totaling as much as 30 mm. The observed deformation is \nconsistent with the predictions of an elastic half-space model \nof a vertically elongate magma chamber with its center at \na depth of around 7 to 8 km and with a total cavity-volume \nloss of about 16–24×106 m3\n. The discrepancy between the \nestimated cavity-volume loss and the >83×106-m3\n volume \nof the erupted dome can be explained, for the most part, by \nexsolution of gas in the stored magma and by minor input of \nnew magma during the eruption.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175015","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 15 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Lisowski, M., Dzurisin, D., Denlinger, R.P., and Iwatsubo, E.Y., 2008, Analysis of GPS-measured deformation associated with the 2004-2006 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-15, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175015.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275943,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275944,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter15.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4dfe4b0296e5a4b5c0b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519985,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519987,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":519986,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iwatsubo, Eugene Y.","contributorId":16308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwatsubo","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047409,"text":"pp175028 - 2008 - The Pleistocene eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, from 300,000 to 12,800 years before present","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:45:41","indexId":"pp175028","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:47:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-28","displayTitle":"The Pleistocene eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, from 300,000 to 12,800 years before present: Chapter 28 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"The Pleistocene eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, from 300,000 to 12,800 years before present","docAbstract":"We report the results of recent geologic mapping and radiometric dating that add considerable detail to our understanding of the eruptive history of Mount St. Helens before its latest, or Spirit Lake, stage. New data and reevaluation of earlier work indicate at least two eruptive periods during the earliest, or Ape Canyon, stage, possibly separated by a long hiatus: one about 300-250 ka and a second about 160–35 ka. Volcanism during this stage included eruption of biotite- and quartz-bearing dacite domes and pyroclastic flows in the area west of and beneath the present-day edifice, accompanied by the deposition of set C tephras. Ape Canyon-stage rocks are compositionally similar to younger Mount St. Helens dacite. The Cougar stage, about 28-18 ka, was probably the most active eruptive stage in Mount St. Helens’ history before the Spirit Lake stage. During the Cougar stage, a debris avalanche buried the area south of the present-day edifice, and voluminous pyroclastic flows, dacite domes, tephra, and a large volume pyroxene andesite lava flow were erupted. Two tephra sets, M and K, were deposited midway through this stage. Swift Creek-stage deposits were emplaced in two phases, beginning about 16 ka and ending about 12.8 ka. During the first phase, set S tephras and three large fans and at least one smaller fan of dacitic fragmental material were deposited on the northwest, west, south, and southeast flanks of Mount St. Helens. The fans are dominated by lithic pyroclastic-flow deposits associated with dome building but include both primary and reworked material from pumiceous pyroclastic flows and lahars. One Swift Creek-age dome on the west flank of the volcano has been located, and others must have been nearby. During the second phase, set J tephras were deposited, but no pyroclastic flows or domes are known to be associated with the andesitic set J tephras. Preliminary petrographic analysis of these older rocks suggests that the volcano’s magmatic system was simpler during the Ape Canyon stage than during subsequent stages and that the magmatic system has evolved from relatively simple to more complex as the volcano matured. Compositional cycles as envisioned by C.A. Hopson and W.G. Melson for the Spirit Lake stage probably did not occur during the Ape Canyon stage but developed later during the Cougar and Swift Creek stages.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175028","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 28 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Clynne, M.A., Calvert, A.T., Wolfe, E.W., Evarts, R.C., Fleck, R.J., and Lanphere, M.A., 2008, The Pleistocene eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, from 300,000 to 12,800 years before present: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-28, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175028.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"627","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175028.png"},{"id":276027,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter28.pdf"},{"id":276026,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c96ae4b009d47a4c23f0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509521,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509523,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509522,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, Edward W.","contributorId":79878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evarts, Russell C. revarts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evarts","given":"Russell","email":"revarts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70004408,"text":"70004408 - 2008 - Use of a groundwater flow model to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of faults in the Rialto-Colton Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-23T16:57:07.458815","indexId":"70004408","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T11:45:46","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of a groundwater flow model to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of faults in the Rialto-Colton Basin, California","docAbstract":"Faults within a groundwater basin can greatly influence the direction of groundwater flow and contaminant migration. Existing steady-state and transient groundwater flow models were used to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of two alternative fault configurations within the Rialto-Colton basin. Adjustments were made to the hydrologic properties of the faults and the location of the interface between the model cells that define the fault locations. The first configuration tested was the reorientation of Barrier H, a mapped fault that has been subject to various interpretations. The second configuration tested included the redefined Barrier H and a single composite of two previously unmapped faults. Steady-state and transient simulations for both alternative models produced good overall fits to the measured data and are similar to those of the existing model. However, the second alternative fault configuration better represents the available data.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2008: Ground water and public policy — Conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2008: Ground Water and Public Policy","conferenceDate":"May 18-21, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Golden, Colorado, United States","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., 2008, Use of a groundwater flow model to assess the location, extent, and hydrologic properties of faults in the Rialto-Colton Basin, California, in MODFLOW and More 2008: Ground water and public policy — Conference proceedings, Golden, Colorado, United States, May 18-21, 2008, p. 78-82.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"82","ipdsId":"IP-005019","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Rialto-Colton Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.3065185546875,\n 34.01396527491264\n ],\n [\n -117.11975097656249,\n 34.10611931869012\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 34.24132422972854\n ],\n [\n -117.61001586914062,\n 34.15272698011818\n ],\n [\n -117.3065185546875,\n 34.01396527491264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Poeter, Eileen","contributorId":24616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":838668,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838669,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zheng, Chunmiao","contributorId":214041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zheng","given":"Chunmiao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16675,"text":"U Alabama","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838670,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047343,"text":"pp17504 - 2008 - Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:53:59","indexId":"pp17504","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:59:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-4","displayTitle":"Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes: Chapter 4 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes","docAbstract":"This study uses a combination of absolute and relative locations from earthquake multiplets to investigate the \nseismicity associated with the eruptive sequence at Mount St. \nHelens between September 23, 2004, and November 20, 2004. \nMultiplets, a prominent feature of seismicity during this time \nperiod, occurred as volcano-tectonic, hybrid, and low-frequency earthquakes spanning a large range of magnitudes and \nlifespans. Absolute locations were improved through the use \nof a new one-dimensional velocity model with excellent shallow constraints on P-wave velocities. We used jackknife tests \nto minimize possible biases in absolute and relative locations \nresulting from station outages and changing station configurations. In this paper, we show that earthquake hypocenters shallowed before the October 1 explosion along a north-dipping \nstructure under the 1980-86 dome. Relative relocations of \nmultiplets during the initial seismic unrest and ensuing eruption showed rather small source volumes before the October 1 \nexplosion and larger tabular source volumes after October 5. \nAll multiplets possess absolute locations very close to each \nother. However, the highly dissimilar waveforms displayed by \neach of the multiplets analyzed suggest that different sources \nand mechanisms were present within a very small source \nvolume. We suggest that multiplets were related to pressurization of the conduit system that produced a stationary source \nthat was highly stable over long time periods. On the basis \nof their response to explosions occurring in October 2004, \nearthquakes not associated with multiplets also appeared to be pressure dependent. The pressure source for these earthquakes \nappeared, however, to be different from the pressure source of \nthe multiplets.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17504","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 4 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Thelen, W.A., Crosson, R.S., and Creager, K.C., 2008, Absolute and relative locations of earthquakes at Mount St. Helens, Washington, using continuous data: Implications for magmatic processes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-4, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17504.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17504.jpg"},{"id":275673,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275674,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter04.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca68e4b04b00e3d88f4e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509449,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509451,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509450,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Thelen, Weston A. 0000-0003-2534-5577 wthelen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-5577","contributorId":4126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelen","given":"Weston","email":"wthelen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosson, Robert S.","contributorId":29816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Creager, Kenneth C.","contributorId":32810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047342,"text":"pp17503 - 2008 - Near-real-time information products for Mount St. Helens -- tracking the ongoing eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:53:30","indexId":"pp17503","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:49:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-3","displayTitle":"Near-real-time information products for Mount St. Helens -- tracking the ongoing eruption: Chapter 3 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Near-real-time information products for Mount St. Helens -- tracking the ongoing eruption","docAbstract":"The rapid onset of energetic seismicity on September \n23, 2004, at Mount St. Helens caused seismologists at the \nPacific Northwest Seismic Network and the Cascades Volcano Observatory to quickly improve and develop techniques \nthat summarized and displayed seismic parameters for use by \nscientists and the general public. Such techniques included \nwebicorders (Web-based helicorder-like displays), graphs \nshowing RSAM (real-time seismic amplitude measurements), \nRMS (root-mean-square) plots, spectrograms, location maps, \nautomated seismic-event detectors, focal mechanism solutions, automated approximations of earthquake magnitudes, \nRSAM-based alarms, and time-depth plots for seismic events. \nMany of these visual-information products were made available publicly as Web pages generated and updated routinely. The graphs and maps included short written text that \nexplained the concepts behind them, which increased their \nvalue to the nonseismologic community that was tracking \nthe eruption. Laypeople could read online summaries of the \nscientific interpretations and, if they chose, review some of \nthe basic data, thereby providing a better understanding of the \ndata used by scientists to make interpretations about ongoing eruptive activity, as well as a better understanding of how \nscientists worked to monitor the volcano.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp17503","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 3 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Qamar, A.I., Malone, S., Moran, S.C., Steele, W.P., and Thelen, W.A., 2008, Near-real-time information products for Mount St. Helens -- tracking the ongoing eruption: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-3, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17503.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp17503.jpg"},{"id":275670,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275671,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter03.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca7ae4b04b00e3d89064","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509446,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509448,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509447,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Qamar, Anthony I.","contributorId":69040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qamar","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malone, Stephen","contributorId":14716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moran, Seth C. 0000-0001-7308-9649 smoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Seth","email":"smoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steele, William P.","contributorId":92952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thelen, Weston A. 0000-0003-2534-5577 wthelen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-5577","contributorId":4126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelen","given":"Weston","email":"wthelen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204145,"text":"70204145 - 2008 - Detecting changes in riparian habitat conditions based on patterns of greenness change: A case study from the Upper San Pedro River Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-09T10:43:23","indexId":"70204145","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:29:48","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting changes in riparian habitat conditions based on patterns of greenness change: A case study from the Upper San Pedro River Basin, USA","docAbstract":"Healthy riparian ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions exhibit shifting patterns of vegetation in response to periodic flooding. Their conditions also depend upon the amount of grazing and other human uses. Taking advantage of these system properties, we developed and tested an approach that utilizes historical Landsat data to track changes in the patterns of greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) within riparian zones. We tested the approach in the Upper San Pedro River of southeastern Arizona of the US, an unimpounded river system that flows north into the US from northern Mexico. We evaluated changes in the pattern of greenness in the San Pedro River National Conservation Area (SPRNCA), an area protected from grazing and development since 1988, and in a relatively unprotected area north of the SPRNCA (NA). The SPRNCA exhibited greater positive changes in greenness than did the NA. The SPRNCA also exhibited larger, more continuous patches of positive change than did the NA. These pattern differences may reflect greater pressures from grazing and urban sprawl in the NA than in the SPRNCA, as well as differences in floodplain width, depth to ground water, and base geology. The SPRNCA has greater amounts of ground and surface water available to support a riparian gallery forest than does the NA, and this may have influenced changes during the study period.
Estimates of the direction of greenness change (positive or negative) from satellite imagery were similar to estimates derived from aerial photography, except in areas where changes were from one type of shrub community to another, and in areas with agriculture. Change estimates in these areas may be more difficult because of relatively low greenness values, and because of differences in soil moisture, sun-angle, and crop rotations among the dates of data collection. The potential for applying a satellite-based, greenness change approach to evaluate riparian ecosystem condition over broad geographic areas is also discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.01.001","usgsCitation":"Jones, K.B., Edmonds, C.M., Slonecker, E.T., Wickham, J., Neale, A., Wade, T., Riitters, K.H., and Kepner, W., 2008, Detecting changes in riparian habitat conditions based on patterns of greenness change: A case study from the Upper San Pedro River Basin, USA: Ecological Indicators, v. 8, no. 1, p. 89-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.01.001.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365378,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Upper San Pedro River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.59,\n 31.335\n ],\n [\n -110.59,\n 31.8\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 31.8\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 31.335\n ],\n [\n -110.59,\n 31.335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, K. 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Terrence 0000-0002-5793-0503 tslonecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0503","contributorId":168591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"E.","email":"tslonecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wickham, James","contributorId":140259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wickham","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":12657,"text":"EPA NEIC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neale, Anne","contributorId":43275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neale","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wade, Timothy G.","contributorId":48845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"Timothy G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Riitters, Kurt H. 0000-0003-3901-4453","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-4453","contributorId":139788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riitters","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kepner, William","contributorId":9214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepner","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70047404,"text":"pp175024 - 2008 - Hazard information management during the autumn 2004 reawakening of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:42:58","indexId":"pp175024","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:26:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-24","displayTitle":"Hazard information management during the autumn 2004 reawakening of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington: Chapter 24 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Hazard information management during the autumn 2004 reawakening of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington","docAbstract":"The 2004 reawakening of Mount St. Helens quickly \ncaught the attention of government agencies as well as the \ninternational news media and the public. Immediate concerns \nfocused on a repeat of the catastrophic landslide and blast \nevent of May 18, 1980, which remains a vivid memory for \nmany individuals. Within several days of the onset of accelerating seismicity, media inquiries increased exponentially. \nPersonnel at the U.S. Geological Survey, the Pacific Northwest \nSeismic Network, and the Gifford Pinchot National Forest \nsoon handled hundreds of press inquiries and held several \npress briefings per day. About one week into the event, a \nJoint Information Center was established to help maintain a \nconsistent hazard message and to provide a centralized information source about volcanic activity, hazards, area closures, \nand media briefings. Scientists, public-affairs specialists, and \npersonnel from emergency-management, health, public-safety, \nand land-management agencies answered phones, helped in \npress briefings and interviews, and managed media access to \ncolleagues working on science and safety issues. For scientists, in addition to managing the cycle of daily fieldwork, \nchallenges included (1) balancing accurate interpretations of \ndata under crisis conditions with the need to share information quickly, (2) articulating uncertainties for a variety of volcanic \nscenarios, (3) minimizing scientific jargon, and (4) frequently \nupdating and effectively distributing talking points. Success \nof hazard information management during a volcanic crisis \ndepends largely on scientists’ clarity of communication and \nthorough preplanning among interagency partners. All parties \nmust commit to after-action evaluation and improvement of \ncommunication plans, incorporating lessons learned during \neach event.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175024","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 24 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Driedger, C.L., Neal, C., Knappenberger, T.H., Needham, D.H., Harper, R., and Steele, W.P., 2008, Hazard information management during the autumn 2004 reawakening of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-24, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175024.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"519","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175024.png"},{"id":276003,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276004,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter24.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c963e4b009d47a4c238a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509509,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509511,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509510,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Driedger, Carolyn L. 0000-0002-4011-4112 driedger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-4112","contributorId":537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"Carolyn","email":"driedger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knappenberger, Tom H.","contributorId":33209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knappenberger","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Needham, Deborah H.","contributorId":12357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harper, Robert B.","contributorId":42515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steele, William P.","contributorId":92952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70236966,"text":"70236966 - 2008 - Geological and geophysical evaluation of the mechanisms of the great 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T15:19:52.287269","indexId":"70236966","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:08:45","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geological and geophysical evaluation of the mechanisms of the great 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes","docAbstract":"We have used tectonic, geologic, and seismologic observations to reevaluate the mechanisms and seismotectonic significance of the two great (Mw = 8.1 and 8.2) September 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes. In their comprehensive study of these earthquakes between 1905 and 1910, Tarr and Martin (1912) showed that these events were accompanied by shoreline changes in Yakutat Bay that ranged from 14.4 m emergence to 2.1 m submergence, uplift of about 1 m at Yakataga 160 km west of Yakutat Bay, and by several zones of surface fissures on land. Although major earthquake faults were not found, Tarr and Martin postulated that the shoreline displacements were caused by vertical movements on a system of concealed steep normal faults and that the fissure zones on ridges were along subsidiary faults. Our geologic studies in the Yakutat Bay region indicate that: (1) the emergent shorelines along Yakutat Bay define a broad upwarp roughly 50 km ́ 30 km that is primarily related to reverse slip on local concealed shallowly dipping thrust faults; (2) the reported subsidence was due largely, or entirely, to nontectonic surficial submergence of unconsolidated deposits; and (3) most, if not all, of the zones of surface fractures related to the 1899 earthquakes are “sackung” that were probably caused by large-scale gravitational slumping of steep slopes, rather than faulting. A small number of early damped seismograms and the vertical uplift data were used to constrain the fault slippage that occurred during the two great earthquakes of 1899. Seismic moments determined from 50-s surface wave amplitudes are ~2 ́x 1021 N m for these two events, equivalent to Mw 8.1. Uplift determined from raised shorelines within Yakutat Bay can be accounted for by the 10 September event alone, and these data can be fit by ~10- to 20-m dip slippage on three dextral oblique thrust faults that dip ~30° northeast or north. Faulting complexity is also shown by the S-wave seismogram of the 10 September shock, which lasted ~3 min and shows at least three distinct long-period pulses. The large seismic moment of the 4 September event and uplift of ~1 m at Yakataga suggest a 150-km westward extension of faulting along the foothills fold-and-thrust zone. Our reassessment suggests that, although some portions of the complex plate boundary zone ruptured in 1899, regional seismic hazard is currently significant.
First of all, none of the potentially tsunamigenic offshore thrust faults west of the Pamplona zone slipped in 1899. It is unlikely that all of the onshore thrust faults south of the Chugach–St. Elias thrust fault system did either. Furthermore, more than 100 years of convergence at 48 mm/yr across the region has reloaded faults that slipped in 1899 and added further strains on those that did not. Matters are much less clear for the Yakutat Bay thrusts because although they slipped in 1899, we have no good constraints on the convergence rates across these faults. The most recent pre-1899 uplift event in Yakutat Bay was at least 380 ± 70 years ago.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Active tectonics and seismic potential of Alaska","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/179GM12","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., and Thatcher, W.R., 2008, Geological and geophysical evaluation of the mechanisms of the great 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes, chap. of Active tectonics and seismic potential of Alaska, p. 215-236, https://doi.org/10.1029/179GM12.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"236","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yakutat Bay, Yakutat block","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -143,\n 57.5\n ],\n [\n -135.5,\n 57.5\n ],\n [\n -135.5,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -143,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -143,\n 57.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffery T. 0000-0003-0614-0306","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0614-0306","contributorId":244609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":852854,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852855,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wesson, Robert L. 0000-0003-2702-0012 rwesson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2702-0012","contributorId":850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"Robert","email":"rwesson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852856,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ekstrom, Goran","contributorId":248378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ekstrom","given":"Goran","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49877,"text":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University Earth Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":852857,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Wayne R. 0000-0001-6324-545X thatcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-545X","contributorId":2599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Wayne","email":"thatcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}