{"pageNumber":"83","pageRowStart":"2050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":36989,"records":[{"id":70056026,"text":"ofr20131060 - 2013 - Sea-floor geology and topography offshore in northeastern Long Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-26T10:11:38","indexId":"ofr20131060","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-26T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1060","title":"Sea-floor geology and topography offshore in northeastern Long Island Sound","docAbstract":"Datasets of gridded multibeam bathymetry, covering approximately 52.9 square kilometers, were used to interpret character and geology of the sea floor in northeastern Long Island Sound. Although originally collected for charting purposes during National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration hydrographic survey H12012, these acoustic data and the sea-floor sampling and photography stations subsequently occupied to verify the acoustic data are interpreted (1) to define the composition and terrain of the seabed, (2) to provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitat, and (3) as part of an expanding series of studies that provide a fundamental framework for research and resource management (for example, cables, pipelines, and dredging) activities in this major east coast estuary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131060","collaboration":"Also available in DVD-ROM format; see <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1060/title_page.html\" target=\"_blank\">Open-File Report 2013-1060</a> for ordering information.","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., McMullen, K., Ackerman, S., and Glomb, K., 2013, Sea-floor geology and topography offshore in northeastern Long Island Sound: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1060, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131060.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-044630","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279784,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131060.GIF"},{"id":279782,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1060/"},{"id":279783,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1060/title_page.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut;New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-72.40061964236243, 41.221039699120766], [-72.24182293597879, 41.25788919031744], [-72.15439394393304, 41.260297737976906], [-72.1465243042542, 41.25951206200242], [-72.14514615131536, 41.257180793946965], [-72.14803125653313, 41.24904067565398], [-72.40118635945878, 41.19922109091135], [-72.40061964236243, 41.221039699120766]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-72.4021781143774, 41.19922109091135, -72.14495295230523, 41.260297737976906], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091986\"}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5295c301e4b0becc369c7d05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMullen, K.Y.","contributorId":51857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMullen","given":"K.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ackerman, S.D.","contributorId":88843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glomb, K.A.","contributorId":67996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glomb","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70056041,"text":"ofr20131245 - 2013 - Extreme ground motions and Yucca Mountain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-26T09:37:02","indexId":"ofr20131245","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-26T09:13:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1245","title":"Extreme ground motions and Yucca Mountain","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain is the designated site of the underground repository for the United States' high-level radioactive waste (HLW), consisting of commercial and military spent nuclear fuel, HLW derived from reprocessing of uranium and plutonium, surplus plutonium, and other nuclear-weapons materials. Yucca Mountain straddles the western boundary of the Nevada Test Site, where the United States has tested nuclear devices since the 1950s, and is situated in an arid, remote, and thinly populated region of Nevada, ~100 miles northwest of Las Vegas.\n\nYucca Mountain was originally considered as a potential underground repository of HLW because of its thick units of unsaturated rocks, with the repository horizon being not only ~300 m above the water table but also ~300 m below the Yucca Mountain crest. The fundamental rationale for a geologic (underground) repository for HLW is to securely isolate these materials from the environment and its inhabitants to the greatest extent possible and for very long periods of time. Given the present climate conditions and what is known about the current hydrologic system and conditions around and in the mountain itself, one would anticipate that the rates of infiltration, corrosion, and transport would be very low—except for the possibility that repository integrity might be compromised by low-probability disruptive events, which include earthquakes, strong ground motion, and (or) a repository-piercing volcanic intrusion/eruption.\n\nExtreme ground motions (ExGM), as we use the phrase in this report, refer to the extremely large amplitudes of earthquake ground motion that arise at extremely low probabilities of exceedance (hazard). They first came to our attention when the 1998 probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Yucca Mountain was extended to a hazard level of 10<sup>-8</sup>/yr (a 10-4/yr probability for a 10<sup>4</sup>-year repository “lifetime”). The primary purpose of this report is to summarize the principal results of the ExGM research program as they have developed over the past 5 years; what follows will be focused on Yucca Mountain, but not restricted to it.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131245","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., Abrahamson, N., Baker, J., Boore, D.M., Board, M., Brune, J.N., Cornell, C.A., and Whitney, J.W., 2013, Extreme ground motions and Yucca Mountain: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1245, viii, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131245.","productDescription":"viii, 106 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042445","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279107,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1245"},{"id":279720,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1245/pdf/of2013-1245.pdf"},{"id":279722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131245.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.470633,36.836351 ], [ -116.470633,36.839716 ], [ -116.466255,36.839716 ], [ -116.466255,36.836351 ], [ -116.470633,36.836351 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5295c2fde4b0becc369c7cd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C. 0000-0003-0928-0056 thanks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-0056","contributorId":3065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","email":"thanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahamson, Norman A.","contributorId":45202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"Norman A.","affiliations":[{"id":13174,"text":"Pacific Gas & Electric","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":486305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Jack W.","contributorId":62113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Jack W.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":486306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Board, Mark","contributorId":74291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Board","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brune, James N.","contributorId":76304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brune","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cornell, C. Allin","contributorId":106791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Whitney, John W. 0000-0003-3824-3692 jwhitney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-3692","contributorId":804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"John","email":"jwhitney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70057473,"text":"ofr20131254 - 2013 - Petrologic and isotopic data from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone (Mesaverde Group), Wasatch Plateau, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-25T11:41:26","indexId":"ofr20131254","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-25T11:03:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1254","title":"Petrologic and isotopic data from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone (Mesaverde Group), Wasatch Plateau, Utah","docAbstract":"The presence of discrete minerals associated with coal—whether (1) detrital or authigenic constituents of the coals or in thin mudstone or siltstone units interbedded with coals, or (2) authigenic phases that formed along cleats—might influence its utilization as an energy resource. The build-up of sintered ash deposits on the surfaces of heat exchangers in coal-fired power plants, due to the alteration of minerals during combustion of the coal, can seriously affect the functioning of the boiler and enhance corrosion of combustion equipment. In particular, the presence of sodium in coals has been considered a key factor in the fouling of boilers; however, other elements (such as calcium or magnesium) and the amount of discrete minerals burned with coal can also play a significant role in the inefficiency of and damage to boilers. \n\nPrevious studies of the quality of coals in the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation of the Wasatch Plateau, Utah, revealed that the sodium content of the coals varied across the region. To better understand the origin and distribution of sodium in these coals, petrologic studies were undertaken within a sedimentological framework to evaluate the timing and geochemical constraints on the emplacement of sodium-bearing minerals, particularly analcime, which previously had been identified in coals in the Blackhawk Formation. Further, the study was broadened to include not just coals in the Blackhawk Formation from various localities across the Wasatch Plateau, but also sandstones interbedded with the coals as well as sandstones in the underlying Star Point Sandstone. The alteration history of the sandstones in both formations was considered a key component of this study because it records the nature and timing of fluids passing through them and the associated precipitation of sodium-bearing minerals; thus, the alteration history could place constraints on the distribution and timing of sodium mineralization in the interbedded or overlying Blackhawk coals. Although some preliminary results were previously presented at scientific meetings, the petrologic and geochemical data have not been fully compiled and reported. The purpose of this report is to present the methods of data acquisition and the results of petrologic and isotopic analyses on coal and sandstone samples from the Blackhawk Formation as well as sandstones of the underlying Star Point Sandstone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131254","usgsCitation":"Fishman, N.S., Turner, C., and Peterson, F., 2013, Petrologic and isotopic data from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone (Mesaverde Group), Wasatch Plateau, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1254, Report: iii, 15 p.; Plate: 47.38 inches x 28.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131254.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 15 p.; Plate: 47.38 inches x 28.21 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042917","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131254.jpg"},{"id":279627,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1254/pdf/of2013-1254.pdf"},{"id":279626,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1254/pdf/of2013-1254_plate1.pdf"},{"id":279617,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1254/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.2083,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,39.3641 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52947165e4b01cca2b1128ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, Neil S.","contributorId":106464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Christine E.","contributorId":27164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Christine E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, Fred fpeterson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Fred","email":"fpeterson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048999,"text":"ofr20131242 - 2013 - Mechanical properties of simulated Mars materials: gypsum-rich sandstones and lapilli tuff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-08T10:23:53","indexId":"ofr20131242","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T12:35:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1242","title":"Mechanical properties of simulated Mars materials: gypsum-rich sandstones and lapilli tuff","docAbstract":"Observations by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity, and other recent studies on diagenesis in the extensive equatorial layered deposits on Mars, suggest that the likely lithologies of these deposits are gypsum-rich sandstones and tuffaceous sediments (for example, Murchie and others, 2009; Squyres and others, 2012; Zimbelman and Scheidt, 2012). Of particular interest is how the diagenesis history of these sediments (degree of cementation and composition) influences the strength and brittle behavior of the material. For instance, fractures are more common in lower porosity materials under strain, whereas deformation bands, characterized by distributed strain throughout a broader discontinuity in a material, are common in higher porosity sedimentary materials. Such discontinuities can either enhance or restrict fluid flow; hence, failure mode plays an important role in determining the mechanics of fluid migration through sediments (Antonellini and Aydin, 1994; 1995; Taylor and Pollard, 2000; Ogilvie and Glover, 2001). As part of a larger study to characterize processes of fault-controlled fluid flow in volcaniclastic and gypsum-rich sediments on Mars, we have completed a series of laboratory experiments to focus on how gypsum clast content and degree of authigenic cementation affects the strength behavior of simulated Mars rocks. Both axial deformation and hydrostatic pressure tests were done at room temperature under dry conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131242","usgsCitation":"Morrow, C., Lockner, D., and Okubo, C., 2013, Mechanical properties of simulated Mars materials: gypsum-rich sandstones and lapilli tuff: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1242, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131242.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044873","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131242.PNG"},{"id":279396,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1242/pdf/of2013-1242.pdf"},{"id":279348,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1242/"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528f53cbe4b0660d392bed78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, Carolyn","contributorId":71874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"Carolyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, David","contributorId":21058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okubo, Chris","contributorId":36278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048894,"text":"ofr20131261 - 2013 - Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Sullivan and Wyoming Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T18:07:33","indexId":"ofr20131261","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T08:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1261","title":"Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Sullivan and Wyoming Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","docAbstract":"<p>Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells, which sometimes use the same technique, are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Sullivan County and Wyoming County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131261","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, T.E., Milheim, L., Roig-Silva, C.M., and Malizia, A.R., 2013, Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Sullivan and Wyoming Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1261, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131261.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042856","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131261.jpg"},{"id":279298,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1261/pdf/of2013-1261.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.65 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,{"id":70049027,"text":"ofr20131263 - 2013 - Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Armstrong and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T18:05:36","indexId":"ofr20131263","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T08:29:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1263","title":"Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Armstrong and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","docAbstract":"<p>Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Armstrong County and Indiana County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131263","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, T.E., Milheim, L., Roig-Silva, C.M., and Malizia, A.R., 2013, Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Armstrong and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1263, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131263.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049110","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131263.jpg"},{"id":279299,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":70055658,"text":"ofr20131172 - 2013 - Borehole-explosion and air-gun data acquired in the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project (SSIP), southern California: description of the survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-20T11:16:29","indexId":"ofr20131172","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-20T10:53:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1172","title":"Borehole-explosion and air-gun data acquired in the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project (SSIP), southern California: description of the survey","docAbstract":"<p>The Imperial and Coachella Valleys are being formed by active plate-tectonic processes. From the Imperial Valley southward into the Gulf of California, plate motions are rifting the continent apart. In the Coachella Valley, the plates are sliding past one another along the San Andreas and related faults (fig. 1). These processes build the stunning landscapes of the region, but also produce damaging earthquakes.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Rupture of the southern section of the San Andreas Fault (SAF), from the Coachella Valley to the Mojave Desert, is believed to be the greatest natural hazard that California will face in the near future. With an estimated magnitude between 7.2 and 8.1, such an event would result in violent shaking, loss of life, and disruption of infrastructure (freeways, aqueducts, power, petroleum, and communication lines) that might bring much of southern California to a standstill. As part of the nation’s efforts to avert a catastrophe of this magnitude, a number of projects have been undertaken to more fully understand and mitigate the effects of such an event. The Salton Seismic Imaging Project (SSIP), funded jointly by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), seeks to understand, through seismic imaging, the structure of the Earth surrounding the SAF, including the sedimentary basins on which cities are built.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The principal investigators (PIs) of this collaborative project represent the USGS, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps), University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), and Stanford University.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>SSIP will create images of underground structure and sediments in the Imperial and Coachella Valleys and adjacent mountain ranges to investigate the earthquake hazards posed to cities in this area. Importantly, the images will help determine the underground geometry of the SAF, how deep the sediments are, and how fast earthquake energy can travel through the sediments. All of these factors determine how hard the earth will shake during a major earthquake. If we can improve on our understanding of how and where earthquakes will occur, and how strong their resultant shaking will be, then buildings can be designed or retrofitted accordingly in order to resist damage and collapse, and emergency plans can be adequately prepared. In addition, SSIP will investigate the processes of rifting and magmatism in the Salton Trough in order to better understand this important plate-boundary region. The Salton Trough is a unique rift in that subsidence is accompanied by huge influxes of infilling sediment from the Colorado River. Volcanism that accompanies the subsidence here is muted by these influxes of sediment. The Salton Trough, in the central part of the Imperial Valley, is apparently made up of entirely new crust: young sediment in the upper crust and basaltic intrusive rocks in the mid-to-lower crust (Fuis and others, 1984).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Similar to the ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans performed by the medical industry, seismic imaging is a collection of techniques that enable scientists to obtain a picture of what is underground. The petroleum industry routinely uses these techniques to search for oil and gas at relatively shallow depths; however, the scope of this project demanded that we image as much as 30 km into the Earth’s crust. This project generated and recorded seismic waves, similar to sound waves, which move downward into the Earth and are bent (refracted) or echoed (reflected) back to the surface.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>SSIP acquired data in a series of intersecting lines that cover key areas of the Salton Trough. The sources of sound waves were detonations (shots) in deep boreholes, designed to create energy equivalent to magnitude 1–2 earthquakes. The study region routinely experiences earthquakes of these magnitudes, but earthquakes are not located in such a way as to permit us to create the detailed images we need for earthquake hazard assessment. Air gun bursts, generated in the Salton Sea along extensions of our onshore seismic lines, also were utilized as sound-wave sources. Temporary deployments of portable land seismometers, as well as ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) on the floor of the Salton Sea, recorded the energy from the land shots and air gun bursts.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>SSIP is similar to the Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiments of 1994 and 1999 (LARSE I and II, respectively; Murphy and others, 1996; Fuis and others, 2001). The LARSE surveys demonstrated that the USGS and collaborators can safely and effectively conduct seismic imaging surveys in urban and nonurban areas, on lands owned and/or managed by many different types of agencies and entities. Information was produced that could not have been obtained any other way, and this information was key to changing the leading ideas about earthquake hazards at that time in the Los Angeles region. These surveys produced no significant environmental impact or damage to structures, and they did not trigger earthquakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131172","usgsCitation":"Rose, E.J., Fuis, G.S., Stock, J.M., Hole, J.A., Kell, A.M., Kent, G., Driscoll, N.W., Goldman, M., Reusch, A.M., Han, L., Sickler, R.R., Catchings, R.D., Rymer, M.J., Criley, C.J., Scheirer, D., Skinner, S.M., Slayday-Criley, C.J., Murphy, J.M., Jensen, E.G., McClearn, R., Ferguson, A.J., Butcher, L.A., Gardner, M.A., Emmons, I., Loughran, C.L., Svitek, J.R., Bastien, P., Cotton, J.A., Croker, D.S., Harding, A.J., Babcock, J.M., Harder, S.H., and Rosa, C.M., 2013, Borehole-explosion and air-gun data acquired in the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project (SSIP), southern California: description of the survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1172, Report: vi, 84 p.; 8 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131172.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 84 p.; 8 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042942","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131172.jpg"},{"id":279236,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_I_Drill_Logs"},{"id":279234,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/"},{"id":279237,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_II_Drill_Sample_Inventory.pdf"},{"id":279238,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_III_Land_Station_Locations.pdf"},{"id":279235,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172.pdf"},{"id":279239,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_IV_OBS_Locations.pdf"},{"id":279240,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_V_Air-Gun_Shots.pdf"},{"id":279241,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_VI_SEGYs.pdf"},{"id":279242,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/downloads/of2013-1172_appendix_VII_KMZs.zip"},{"id":279243,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/downloads/of2013-1172_appendix_VIII_All_Tables.xlsx"}],"country":"United 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croker@usgs.gov","contributorId":4728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croker","given":"David","email":"croker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Harding, Alistair J.","contributorId":53270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"Alistair","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Babcock, Jeffrey M.","contributorId":80576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Harder, Steven H.","contributorId":21817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harder","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Rosa, Carla M. crosa@usgs.gov","contributorId":5306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosa","given":"Carla","email":"crosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33}]}}
,{"id":70055859,"text":"ofr20131149 - 2013 - Geochemistry of soils from the San Rafael Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T19:34:25.330134","indexId":"ofr20131149","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-20T10:20:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1149","title":"Geochemistry of soils from the San Rafael Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","docAbstract":"This study was conducted to determine whether surficial geochemical methods can be used to identify subsurface mineraldeposits covered by alluvium derived from surrounding areas. The geochemical investigation focused on an anomalous geo-physical magnetic high located in the San Rafael Valley in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. The magnetic high, inferred to be asso-ciated with a buried granite intrusion, occurs beneath Quaternary alluvial and terrace deposits. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 10 to 30 centimeters below land surface along transects that traverse the inferred granite. The samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and by the partial-leach Mobile Metal Ion™ method. Principal component and factor analyses showed a strong correlation between the soils and source rocks hosting base-metal replacement deposits in the Harshaw and Patagonia Mining Districts. Factor analysis also indicated areas of high metal concentrations associated with the Meadow Valley Flat. Although no definitive geochemical signature was identified for the inferred granite, concentrations otungsten and iron in the surrounding area were slightly elevated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131149","usgsCitation":"Folger, H.W., and Gray, F., 2013, Geochemistry of soils from the San Rafael Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1149, Report: vi, 30 p.; 5 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131149.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; 5 Tables","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-033576","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279226,"rank":8,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131149.jpg"},{"id":279062,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149"},{"id":279223,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table3.xls","text":"Table 3"},{"id":279224,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table2.xls","text":"Table 2"},{"id":279221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table1.xls","text":"Table 1"},{"id":279220,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/pdf/of2013-1149.pdf"},{"id":279222,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table4.xls","text":"Table 4"},{"id":279225,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table5.xls","text":"Table 5"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"San Rafael Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.450142,31.299327 ], [ -111.450142,31.930394 ], [ -110.400193,31.930394 ], [ -110.400193,31.299327 ], [ -111.450142,31.299327 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a6402fe4b0a6d6958823d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folger, Helen W. 0000-0003-1376-5996 hfolger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-5996","contributorId":3219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"Helen","email":"hfolger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966 fgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","email":"fgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70055736,"text":"ofr20131273 - 2013 - Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-18T14:35:05","indexId":"ofr20131273","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-18T11:57:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1273","title":"Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho","docAbstract":"A preliminary hazard assessment was developed for debris-flow hazards in the 465 square-kilometer (115,000 acres) area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek fire near Hailey in central Idaho. The burn area covers all or part of six watersheds and selected basins draining to the Big Wood River and is at risk of substantial post-fire erosion, such as that caused by debris flows. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned basins throughout the Intermountain Region in Western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence, potential volume of debris flows, and the combined debris-flow hazard ranking along the drainage network within the burn area and to estimate the same for analyzed drainage basins within the burn area. Input data for the empirical models included topographic parameters, soil characteristics, burn severity, and rainfall totals and intensities for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 2-year storm (13 mm); (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 10-year storm (19 mm); and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 25-year storm (22 mm). Estimated debris-flow probabilities for drainage basins upstream of 130 selected basin outlets ranged from less than 1 to 78 percent with the probabilities increasing with each increase in storm magnitude. Probabilities were high in three of the six watersheds. For the 25-year storm, probabilities were greater than 60 percent for 11 basin outlets and ranged from 50 to 60 percent for an additional 12 basin outlets. Probability estimates for stream segments within the drainage network can vary within a basin. For the 25-year storm, probabilities for stream segments within 33 basins were higher than the basin outlet, emphasizing the importance of evaluating the drainage network as well as basin outlets. Estimated debris-flow volumes for the three modeled storms range from a minimal debris flow volume of 10 cubic meters [m<sup>3</sup>]) to greater than 100,000 m<sup>3</sup>. Estimated debris-flow volumes increased with basin size and distance downstream. For the 25-year storm, estimated debris-flow volumes were greater than 100,000 m<sup>3</sup> for 4 basins and between 50,000 and 100,000 m<sup>3</sup> for 10 basins. The debris-flow hazard rankings did not result in the highest hazard ranking of 5, indicating that none of the basins had a high probability of debris-flow occurrence and a high debris-flow volume estimate. The hazard ranking was 4 for one basin using the 10-year-recurrence storm model and for three basins using the 25-year-recurrence storm model. The maps presented herein may be used to prioritize areas where post-wildfire remediation efforts should take place within the 2- to 3-year period of increased erosional vulnerability.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131273","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Blaine County, Idaho","usgsCitation":"Skinner, K.D., 2013, Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1273, Report: iv, 12 p.; Table: XLSX file; 9 plates: 24 inches x 31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131273.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Table: XLSX file; 9 plates: 24 inches x 31 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052301","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131273.PNG"},{"id":279121,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/"},{"id":279129,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/downloads/ofr2013-1273_table1.xlsx"},{"id":279130,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate1.pdf"},{"id":279131,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate3.pdf"},{"id":279128,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273.pdf"},{"id":279132,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate2.pdf"},{"id":279133,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate4.pdf"},{"id":279134,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate5.pdf"},{"id":279135,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate6.pdf"},{"id":279136,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate7.pdf"},{"id":279137,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate8.pdf"},{"id":279138,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate9.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.67495,43.499756 ], [ -114.67495,43.699651 ], [ -114.311371,43.699651 ], [ -114.311371,43.499756 ], [ -114.67495,43.499756 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528b370ae4b031f8c843947a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, Kenneth D. 0000-0003-1774-6565 kskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-6565","contributorId":1836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"Kenneth","email":"kskinner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70049018,"text":"ofr20131250 - 2013 - MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-13T15:02:31","indexId":"ofr20131250","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-13T14:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1250","title":"MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox","docAbstract":"<p>Seasonal change is important to consider when managing conservation areas at landscape scales. The study of such patterns throughout the year is referred to as phenology. Recurring life-cycle events that are initiated and driven by environmental factors include animal migration and plant flowering. Phenological events capture public attention, such as fall color change in deciduous forests, the first flowering in spring, and for those with allergies, the start of the pollen season. These events can affect our daily lives, provide clues to help understand and manage ecosystems, and provide evidence of how climate variability can affect the natural cycle of plants and animals. Phenological observations can be gathered at a range of scales, from plots smaller than an acre to landscapes of hundreds to thousands of acres. Linking these observations to diverse disciplines such as evolutionary biology or climate sciences can help further research in species and ecosystem responses to climate change scenarios at appropriate scales.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A cooperative study between the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been exploring how satellite information can be used to summarize phenological patterns observed at the park or landscape scale and how those summaries can be presented to both park managers and visitors. This study specifically addressed seasonal changes in plants, including the onset of growth, photosynthesis in the spring, and the senescence of deciduous vegetation in the fall. The primary objective of the work is to demonstrate that seasonality even in protected areas changes considerably across years. A major challenge is to decouple natural variability from possible trends—directional change that can lead to a permanent and radically different ecosystem state. Trends can be either a gradual degradation of the landscape (often from external influences) or steady improvement (by implementing long-term conservation plans). In either case, it is important to first grasp the magnitude of natural variation so that it is not confused with actual trends.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This work used existing and freely available remote sensing data, specifically the NASA-funded 250-meter (m) spatial resolution land-surface phenology product for North America. This product is calculated from an annual record of vegetation health observed by NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. The land-surface phenology product is, in essence, a method to summarize all the observations throughout a year into a few key, ecologically relevant “metrics”.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131250","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative","usgsCitation":"Talbert, C., Kern, T., Morisette, J., Brown, D., and James, K., 2013, MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1250, iii, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131250.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045950","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131250.jpg"},{"id":279058,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1250/pdf/of2013-1250.pdf"},{"id":279057,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1250/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52849f61e4b063f258e57461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbert, Colin talbertc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbert","given":"Colin","email":"talbertc@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kern, Tim J. kernt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Tim J.","email":"kernt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morisette, Jeff","contributorId":20640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Don","contributorId":73490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, Kevin","contributorId":106787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70048860,"text":"ofr20131251 - 2013 - Estimation of missing water-level data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN), 2013 update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:26:26","indexId":"ofr20131251","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-07T10:19:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1251","title":"Estimation of missing water-level data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN), 2013 update","docAbstract":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network is an integrated network of real-time water-level gaging stations, a \nground-elevation model, and a water-surface elevation model \ndesigned to provide scientists, engineers, and water-resource \nmanagers with water-level and water-depth information \n(1991-2013) for the entire freshwater portion of the Greater \nEverglades. The U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades \nPriority Ecosystems Science provides support for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network in order for the Network \nto provide quality-assured monitoring data for the U.S. Army \nCorps of Engineers Comprehensive Everglades Restoration \nPlan. In a previous study, water-level estimation equations \nwere developed to fill in missing data to increase the accuracy of the daily water-surface elevation model. During this \nstudy, those equations were updated because of the addition \nand removal of water-level gaging stations, the consistent use \nof water-level data relative to the North American Vertical \nDatum of 1988, and availability of recent data (March 1, 2006, \nto September 30, 2011). Up to three linear regression equations were developed for each station by using three different \ninput stations to minimize the occurrences of missing data \nfor an input station. Of the 667 water-level estimation equations developed to fill missing data at 223 stations, more than \n72 percent of the equations have coefficients of determination \ngreater than 0.90, and 97 percent have coefficients of determination greater than 0.70.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131251","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science","usgsCitation":"Petkewich, M.D., and Conrads, P., 2013, Estimation of missing water-level data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN), 2013 update: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1251, iv, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131251.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278909,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1251/"},{"id":278910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131251.jpg"},{"id":278908,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1251/pdf/of2013-1251.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.8106,25.1872 ], [ -81.8106,26.3864 ], [ -80.0415,26.3864 ], [ -80.0415,25.1872 ], [ -81.8106,25.1872 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527cb931e4b0850ea050a8cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048857,"text":"ofr20131087 - 2013 - Physical, chemical, and isotopic data from groundwater in the watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 1983 to 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T16:11:31","indexId":"ofr20131087","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-07T08:22:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1087","title":"Physical, chemical, and isotopic data from groundwater in the watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 1983 to 1997","docAbstract":"Research on the hydrogeologic setting of Mirror Lake near West Thornton, New Hampshire (43° 56.5’ N, 71° 41.5’ W), includes the study of the physical, chemical, and isotopic characteristics of groundwater in the vicinity of the lake and nearby Hubbard Brook. Presented here are those physical, chemical, and isotopic data for the period 1983 to 1997. Data were collected from observation wells installed in glacial drift and bedrock, as well as from one domestic well in the general area of the lake and Hubbard Brook. Also presented are data for Mirror Lake for August 1, 1993, to place groundwater data in context with chemical and isotopic characteristics of the lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Institute of Ecosystem Studies","usgsCitation":"LaBaugh, J.W., Harte, P.T., Shapiro, A.M., Hsieh, P.A., Johnson, C.D., Goode, D., Wood, W., Buso, D.C., Likens, G.E., and Winter, T.C., 2013, Physical, chemical, and isotopic data from groundwater in the watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 1983 to 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1087, viii, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131087.","productDescription":"viii, 147 p.","numberOfPages":"155","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131087.gif"},{"id":278893,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1087/"},{"id":278894,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1087/pdf/of2013-1087.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake;West Thornton","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.847,43.852 ], [ -71.847,44.03 ], [ -71.560,44.03 ], [ -71.560,43.852 ], [ -71.847,43.852 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527cb954e4b0850ea050a8d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":485752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Buso, Donald C.","contributorId":33212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buso","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Likens, Gene E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70048820,"text":"ofr20131264 - 2013 - Principal facts and an approach to collecting gravity data using near-real-time observations in the vicinity of Barstow, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T16:17:56.493053","indexId":"ofr20131264","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-06T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1264","title":"Principal facts and an approach to collecting gravity data using near-real-time observations in the vicinity of Barstow, California","docAbstract":"A gravity survey was done in the vicinity of Barstow, California, in which data were processed and analyzed in the field. The purpose of the data collection was to investigate possible changes in gravity across mapped Quaternary faults and to improve regional gravity coverage, adding to the existing national gravity database. Data were collected, processed, analyzed, and interpreted in the field in order to make decisions about where to collect data for the remainder of the survey. Geological targets in the Barstow area included the Cady Fault, the Manix Fault, and the Yermo Hills. Upon interpreting initial results, additional data were collected to more completely define the fault targets, rather than collecting data to improve the regional gravity coverage in an adjacent area. Both the Manix and Cady Faults showed gravitational expression of the subsurface in the form of steep gravitational gradients that we interpret to represent down-dropped blocks. The gravitational expression of the Cady Fault is on trend with the linear projection of the mapped fault, and the gravitational expression of the Manix Fault is north of the current northernmost mapped strand of the fault. The relative gravitational low over the Yermo Hills was confirmed and better constrained, indicating a significant thickness of sediments at the junction of the Calico, Manix, and Tin Can Alley Faults.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131264","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G., Cronkite-Ratcliff, C., and Klofas, L., 2013, Principal facts and an approach to collecting gravity data using near-real-time observations in the vicinity of Barstow, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1264, iii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131264.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417514,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99271.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":278887,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131264.jpg"},{"id":278886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1264/pdf/ofr2013-1264.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":278885,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1264/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Barstow","otherGeospatial":"Cady Fault, Calico Fault, Manix Fault, Tin Can Alley Fault, Yermo Hills","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.119959,34.698518 ], [ -117.119959,35.280012 ], [ -116.129793,35.280012 ], [ -116.129793,34.698518 ], [ -117.119959,34.698518 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527b650fe4b0a7295d9b55ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G.","contributorId":80171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, C.","contributorId":87408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronkite-Ratcliff","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klofas, L.","contributorId":87058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klofas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048793,"text":"ofr20131252 - 2013 - Magnetotelluric survey to locate the Archean-Proterozoic suture zone in the northeastern Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:59:33","indexId":"ofr20131252","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-05T13:12:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1252","title":"Magnetotelluric survey to locate the Archean-Proterozoic suture zone in the northeastern Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and Idaho","docAbstract":"North-central Nevada contains a large amount of gold in linear belts, the origin of which is not fully understood. During July 2008, September 2009, and August 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey, as part of the Assessment Techniques for Concealed Mineral Resources project, collected twenty-three magnetotelluric soundings along two profiles in Box Elder County, Utah; Elko County, Nevada; and Cassia, Minidoka, and Blaine Counties, Idaho. The main twenty-sounding north-south magnetotelluric profile begins south of Wendover, Nev., but north of the Deep Creek Range. It continues north of Wendover and crosses into Utah, with the north profile terminus in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. A short, three-sounding east-west segment crosses the main north-south profile near the northern terminus of the profile. The magnetotelluric data collected in this study will be used to better constrain the location and strike of the concealed suture zone between the Archean crust and the Paleoproterozoic Mojave province. This report releases the magnetotelluric sounding data that was collected. No interpretation of the data is included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131252","usgsCitation":"Sampson, J.A., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2013, Magnetotelluric survey to locate the Archean-Proterozoic suture zone in the northeastern Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1252, iv, 195 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131252.","productDescription":"iv, 195 p.","numberOfPages":"199","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131252.gif"},{"id":278713,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1252/"},{"id":278714,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1252/pdf/of2013-1252.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Nevada;Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.64,34.24 ], [ -122.64,43.5 ], [ -111.34,43.5 ], [ -111.34,34.24 ], [ -122.64,34.24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a1368e4b051792d01489e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sampson, Jay A.","contributorId":13939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sampson","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048790,"text":"ofr20131027 - 2013 - Bedrock geologic and joint trend map of the Pinardville quadrangle, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-15T21:49:29.087519","indexId":"ofr20131027","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-05T11:16:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1027","title":"Bedrock geologic and joint trend map of the Pinardville quadrangle, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The bedrock geology of the Pinardville quadrangle includes the Massabesic Gneiss Complex, exposed in the core of a regional northeast-trending anticlinorium, and highly deformed metasedimentary rocks of the Rangeley Formation, exposed along the northwest limb of the anticlinorium. Both formations were subjected to high-grade metamorphism and partial melting: the Rangeley during the middle Paleozoic Acadian orogeny, and the Massabesic Gneiss Complex during both the Acadian and the late Paleozoic Alleghanian orogeny. Granitoids produced during these orogenies range in age from Devonian (Spaulding Tonalite) to Permian (granite at Damon Pond), each with associated pegmatite. In the latest Paleozoic the Massabesic Gneiss Complex was uplifted with respect to the Rangeley Formation along the ductile Powder Hill fault, which also had a left-lateral component. Uplift continued into the early Mesozoic, producing the 2-kilometer-wide Campbell Hill fault zone, which is marked by northwest-dipping normal faults and dilational map-scale quartz bodies. Rare, undeformed Jurassic diabase dikes cut all older lithologies and structures. A second map is a compilation of joint orientations measured at all outcrops in the quadrangle. There is a great diversity of strike trends, with northeast perhaps being the most predominant.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131027","usgsCitation":"Burton, W.C., and Armstrong, T.R., 2013, Bedrock geologic and joint trend map of the Pinardville quadrangle, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1027, 1 Plate: 47.19 × 34.28  inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131027.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 47.19 × 34.28  inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131027.gif"},{"id":398884,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99278.htm"},{"id":278701,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1027/pdf/ofr2013-1027.pdf"},{"id":278702,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1027/Downloads/"},{"id":278700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1027/"}],"scale":"24000","datum":"1983 North American Datum","country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Hillsborough County","otherGeospatial":"Pinardville quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.625,42.875 ], [ -71.625,43.0 ], [ -71.5,43.0 ], [ -71.5,42.875 ], [ -71.625,42.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a135ee4b051792d014885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, Thomas R.","contributorId":40637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048789,"text":"ofr20131165 - 2013 - Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast, version 3 (UCERF3): the time-independent model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-14T14:46:38","indexId":"ofr20131165","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-05T10:36:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1165","title":"Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast, version 3 (UCERF3): the time-independent model","docAbstract":"In this report we present the time-independent component of the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 3 (UCERF3), which provides authoritative estimates of the magnitude, location, and time-averaged frequency of potentially damaging earthquakes in California. The primary achievements have been to relax fault segmentation assumptions and to include multifault ruptures, both limitations of the previous model (UCERF2). The rates of all earthquakes are solved for simultaneously, and from a broader range of data, using a system-level \"grand inversion\" that is both conceptually simple and extensible. The inverse problem is large and underdetermined, so a range of models is sampled using an efficient simulated annealing algorithm. The approach is more derivative than prescriptive (for example, magnitude-frequency distributions are no longer assumed), so new analysis tools were developed for exploring solutions. Epistemic uncertainties were also accounted for using 1,440 alternative logic tree branches, necessitating access to supercomputers. The most influential uncertainties include alternative deformation models (fault slip rates), a new smoothed seismicity algorithm, alternative values for the total rate of M≥5 events, and different scaling relationships, virtually all of which are new. As a notable first, three deformation models are based on kinematically consistent inversions of geodetic and geologic data, also providing slip-rate constraints on faults previously excluded because of lack of geologic data. The grand inversion constitutes a system-level framework for testing hypotheses and balancing the influence of different experts. For example, we demonstrate serious challenges with the Gutenberg-Richter hypothesis for individual faults. UCERF3 is still an approximation of the system, however, and the range of models is limited (for example, constrained to stay close to UCERF2). Nevertheless, UCERF3 removes the apparent UCERF2 overprediction of M6.5–7 earthquake rates and also includes types of multifault ruptures seen in nature. Although UCERF3 fits the data better than UCERF2 overall, there may be areas that warrant further site-specific investigation. Supporting products may be of general interest, and we list key assumptions and avenues for future model improvements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131165","collaboration":"CGS Special Report 228, Southern California Earthquake Center Publication 1792","usgsCitation":"Field, E.H., Biasi, G.P., Bird, P., Dawson, T.E., Felzer, K., Jackson, D.D., Johnson, K.M., Jordan, T.H., Madden, C., Michael, A.J., Milner, K.R., Page, M.T., Parsons, T., Powers, P.M., Shaw, B., Thatcher, W.R., Weldon, R.J., Zeng, Y., and Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2013, Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast, version 3 (UCERF3): the time-independent model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1165, Report: xvi, 97 p.; Appendixes A-T; Table B1; Earthquake Catalog; 3 Supplemental Materials; Fault Section Data; Pre-inversion Analysis, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131165.","productDescription":"Report: xvi, 97 p.; Appendixes A-T; Table B1; Earthquake Catalog; 3 Supplemental Materials; Fault Section Data; Pre-inversion Analysis","numberOfPages":"115","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131165.jpg"},{"id":278704,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1165/"},{"id":278705,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1165/pdf/ofr2013-1165.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.02,30.97 ], [ -125.02,42.98 ], [ -113.49,42.98 ], [ -113.49,30.97 ], [ -125.02,30.97 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a1368e4b051792d0148a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biasi, Glenn P.","contributorId":20436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biasi","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bird, Peter","contributorId":78643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. 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II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Zeng, Yuehua zeng@usgs.gov","contributorId":1623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"Yuehua","email":"zeng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities","contributorId":128141,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities","id":535606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70048777,"text":"ofr20131230 - 2013 - Geomorphology and groundwater origin of amphitheater-shaped gullies at Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2010-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:42:17","indexId":"ofr20131230","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-04T12:40:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1230","title":"Geomorphology and groundwater origin of amphitheater-shaped gullies at Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2010-2012","docAbstract":"Seven amphitheater-shaped gullies at valley heads in the northern part of Fort Gordon, Georgia, were identified by personnel from Fort Gordon and the U.S. Geological Survey during a field investigation of environmental contamination near the cantonment area between 2008 and 2010. Between 2010 and 2012, the amphitheater-shaped gullies were photographed, topographic features were surveyed using a global positioning system device, and the extent of erosion was estimated using Light Detection and Ranging imagery. The seven gullies are distributed across a broad area (and most likely are not the only examples) and have a similar geomorphology that includes (1) an amphitheater (semicircular) shaped escarpment at the upgradient end on a plateau of Upper Eocene sands of no readily discernible elevated catchment area or natural surface-water drainage; (2) a narrow, trench-shaped, flat-bottomed incisement of low-permeability marl at the downgradient end; and (3) steep-sided valley walls, some formed by landslides. Surface-water runoff is an unlikely cause for the amphitheater-shaped gullies, because each valley has a relatively small drainage area of sandy terrain even at those gullies that have recently received discharge from stormwater drains. Also, presumed high rates of runoff and gully formation associated with historic land uses, such as clearcutting, cotton production, and silviculture, would have occurred no later than when the fort was established in the early 1900s. The lack of an elevated catchment area at the headward scarps, the amphitheater shape, and presence of low permeability marl at the base of each feature provides the most convincing lines of evidence for headward erosion by groundwater sapping. The absence of current (2013) seeps and springs at most of the amphitheater-shaped gullies indicates that the gullies may have been formed previously by groundwater sapping under conditions of higher and (or) sustained precipitation amounts, local water-table altitudes, and seepage than current (2013) conditions. One gully characterized by groundwater seepage may support a unique ecological niche that, if assessed to contain endangered species or rare plants, could require protection under State laws.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office of the U.S. Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., and Wellborn, J.B., 2013, Geomorphology and groundwater origin of amphitheater-shaped gullies at Fort Gordon, Georgia, 2010-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1230, v, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131230.","productDescription":"v, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131230.gif"},{"id":278686,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1230/"},{"id":278687,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1230/pdf/of2013-1230.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Fort Gordon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.413940,33.269695 ], [ -82.413940,33.446339 ], [ -82.093964,33.446339 ], [ -82.093964,33.269695 ], [ -82.413940,33.269695 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5278c1e1e4b0c04ac3417a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wellborn, John B.","contributorId":24822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellborn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048693,"text":"ofr20131156 - 2013 - Characterization of cyanophyte biomass in a Bureau of Reclamation reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T16:17:18","indexId":"ofr20131156","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-30T09:07:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1156","title":"Characterization of cyanophyte biomass in a Bureau of Reclamation reservoir","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to characterize the cyanophyte Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, (UKL) and, based on this description, explore uses for AFA, which would have commercial value. AFA collected from UKL in 2010 from eight sites during a period of approximately 2 weeks were similar in composition spatially and temporally. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the samples indicated that the AFA samples contained a broad range of phosphorus-containing compounds. The largest variation in organic phosphorus compounds was found in a sample collected from Howard Bay compared with samples collected the sites at Pelican Marina, North Buck Island, Eagle Ridge, Eagle Ridge South, Shoalwater Bay, and Agency Lake South. <sup>31</sup>P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance data indicated that the average ratio of inorganic phosphorus (orthophosphate) to organic phosphorus in the AFA samples was approximately 60:40 in extraction solutions of either water or a more rigorous solution of sodium hydroxide plus ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. This indicates that when AFA cells senesce, die and lyse, cell contents added to the water column contain a broad spectrum of phosphorus-containing compounds approximately 50 percent of which are organic phosphorus compounds. The organic phosphorus content of AFA is directly and significantly related to the total carbon content of AFA. Total concentrations of the elements Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti and Zn were similar in all samples with the exception of elevated iron in the July 27, 2010, sample from Pelican Marina. Iron concentration in the July 27, 2010, Pelican Marina sample was elevated; the concentration of iron in the August 9, 2010, sample from Pelican Marina was indistinguishable from iron in the other AFA samples that were collected. The carbon to nitrogen ratio in all AFA samples that were analyzed was 5.4 plus or minus 0.04 as compared with the Redfield ratio of carbon to nitrogen ratio of 6.6, which could be attributed to the large concentrations of nitrogen (protein) in AFA or to optimal growth rate.  In UKL there is a concern that microcystin, the toxin produced by microcystis, might be present in what appears to be predominantly AFA in the lake water. Experiments preformed as part of this study identified a process that reduces the toxicity of microcystin when it is present in water slurry containing AFA. The process combines (1) the inhibition of the α, ß-unsaturated carbonyl in microcystin with (2) the breakdown of proteins in AFA using the protease activity of plant enzymes. Protease enzymes can break peptide bonds in microcystin, which results in destruction of the cyclic structure of the microcystin polypeptide. Laboratory conditions used in this study resulted in the inactivation of approximately 60 percent of the activity of microcystin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131156","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Simon, N.S., Ali, A.A., Samperton, K.M., Korson, C.S., Fischer, K., and Hughes, M.L., 2013, Characterization of cyanophyte biomass in a Bureau of Reclamation reservoir: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1156, ix, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131156.","productDescription":"ix, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131156.gif"},{"id":278575,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1156/"},{"id":278576,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1156/of2013-1156.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.106,42.233 ], [ -122.106,42.599 ], [ -121.802,42.599 ], [ -121.802,42.233 ], [ -122.106,42.233 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52721c52e4b0ce70249c6262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, Nancy S. 0000-0003-2706-7611 nssimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2706-7611","contributorId":838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Nancy","email":"nssimon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ali, Ahmad Abdul","contributorId":25853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ali","given":"Ahmad","email":"","middleInitial":"Abdul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samperton, Kyle Michael","contributorId":11926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samperton","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Korson, Charles S.","contributorId":85494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fischer, Kris","contributorId":54101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Kris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hughes, Michael L.","contributorId":43265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70048673,"text":"ofr20131260 - 2013 - Emergency assessment of post-fire debris-flow hazards for the 2013 Rim Fire, Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T18:02:06","indexId":"ofr20131260","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-29T10:56:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1260","title":"Emergency assessment of post-fire debris-flow hazards for the 2013 Rim Fire, Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"Wildfire can significantly alter the hydrologic response of a watershed to the extent that even modest rainstorms can produce dangerous flash floods and debris flows. In this report, empirical models are used to predict the probability and magnitude of debris-flow occurrence in response to a 10-year rainstorm for the 2013 Rim fire in Yosemite National Park and the Stanislaus National Forest, California. Overall, the models predict a relatively high probability (60–80 percent) of debris flow for 28 of the 1,238 drainage basins in the burn area in response to a 10-year recurrence interval design storm. Predictions of debris-flow volume suggest that debris flows may entrain a significant volume of material, with 901 of the 1,238 basins identified as having potential debris-flow volumes greater than 10,000 cubic meters. These results of the relative combined hazard analysis suggest there is a moderate likelihood of significant debris-flow hazard within and downstream of the burn area for nearby populations, infrastructure, wildlife, and water resources. Given these findings, we recommend that residents, emergency managers, and public works departments pay close attention to weather forecasts and National-Weather-Service-issued Debris Flow and Flash Flood Outlooks, Watches and Warnings and that residents adhere to any evacuation orders.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131260","usgsCitation":"Staley, D.M., 2013, Emergency assessment of post-fire debris-flow hazards for the 2013 Rim Fire, Stanislaus National Forest and Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1260, Report: iv, 11 p.; 3 Plates: 54.67 x 43.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131260.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 11 p.; 3 Plates: 54.67 x 43.39 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278521,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131260.gif"},{"id":278517,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1260/pdf/of2013-1260.pdf"},{"id":278518,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1260/pdf/of2013-1260_Plate1.pdf"},{"id":278519,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1260/pdf/of2013-1260_Plate2.pdf"},{"id":278520,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1260/pdf/of2013-1260_Plate3.pdf"},{"id":278516,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1260/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Stanislaus National Forest;Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.319948,37.550566 ], [ -120.319948,38.250044 ], [ -119.629869,38.250044 ], [ -119.629869,37.550566 ], [ -120.319948,37.550566 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5270cafbe4b0f7a10664c770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staley, Dennis M. 0000-0002-2239-3402 dstaley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-3402","contributorId":4134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","email":"dstaley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70048616,"text":"ofr20131233 - 2013 - Seepage investigations of the Rio Grande from below Leasburg Dam, Leasburg, New Mexico, to above American Dam, El Paso, Texas, 2006-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:57:11","indexId":"ofr20131233","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-25T10:39:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1233","title":"Seepage investigations of the Rio Grande from below Leasburg Dam, Leasburg, New Mexico, to above American Dam, El Paso, Texas, 2006-13","docAbstract":"<p>Seepage investigations were conducted annually by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1988 to 1998 and from 2004 to 2013 along a 64-mile reach of the Rio Grande from below Leasburg Dam, Leasburg, New Mexico, to above American Dam, El Paso, Texas, as part of the Mesilla Basin monitoring program. Results of studies conducted from 2006 to 2013 are presented in this report. Seepage investigations were conducted over a period of 1–2 days in February of each year, during low-flow conditions in the non-irrigation season. During the seepage investigations, discharge was measured at as many as 24 sites along the Rio Grande and as many as 20 inflow sites within the study reach.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Net seepage gain or loss was computed for each subreach by subtracting the discharge measured at the upstream location from the discharge measured at the closest downstream location along the river and then subtracting any inflow to the river within the subreach. An estimated gain or loss was determined to be significant when it exceeded the cumulative measurement uncertainty associated with the net seepage computation. Study reaches during 2006 to 2013 ranged from 20.2 to 64 miles in length, and seepage losses ranged from 8.2 ± 3.1 to 47.9 ± 8.2 cubic feet per second.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131233","usgsCitation":"Crilley, D., Matherne, A., Thomas, N., and Falk, S., 2013, Seepage investigations of the Rio Grande from below Leasburg Dam, Leasburg, New Mexico, to above American Dam, El Paso, Texas, 2006-13: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1233, Report: viii, 34 p.; Tables 1-10 and Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131233.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 34 p.; Tables 1-10 and Appendix 1","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278422,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1233/downloads/of2013-1233_Tables1-10_App1.xlsx"},{"id":278420,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1233/"},{"id":278423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131233.gif"},{"id":278421,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1233/pdf/of2013-1233.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico;Texas","city":"El Paso;Leasburg","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.9986,31.7492 ], [ -106.9986,32.6 ], [ -106.463,32.6 ], [ -106.463,31.7492 ], [ -106.9986,31.7492 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526b8531e4b058918d0a99c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crilley, D.M. 0000-0003-0432-5948","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-5948","contributorId":19874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crilley","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matherne, A.M.","contributorId":69467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matherne","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Nicole nithomas@usgs.gov","contributorId":5649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nicole","email":"nithomas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Falk, S.E.","contributorId":81404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70048599,"text":"ofr20131162 - 2013 - Qualilty, isotopes, and radiochemistry of water sampled from the Upper Moenkopi Village water-supply wells, Coconino County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T13:48:08.819677","indexId":"ofr20131162","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-25T08:32:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1162","title":"Qualilty, isotopes, and radiochemistry of water sampled from the Upper Moenkopi Village water-supply wells, Coconino County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Hopi Tribe Water Resources Program has granted contracts for studies to evaluate water supply conditions for the Moenkopi villages in Coconino County, Arizona. The Moenkopi villages include Upper Moenkopi Village and the village of Lower Moencopi, both on the Hopi Indian Reservation south of the Navajo community of Tuba City. These investigations have determined that water supplies are limited and vulnerable to several potential sources of contamination, including the Tuba City Landfill and a former uranium processing facility known as the Rare Metals Mill. Studies are ongoing to determine if uranium and other metals in groundwater beneath the landfill are greater than regional groundwater concentrations.\n\nThe source of water supply for the Upper Moenkopi Village is three public-supply wells. The wells are referred to as MSW-1, MSW-2, and MSW-3 and all three wells obtain water from the regionally extensive N aquifer. The N aquifer is the principal aquifer in this region of northern Arizona and consists of thick beds of sandstone between less permeable layers of siltstone and mudstone. The relatively fine-grained character of the N aquifer inhibits rapid movement of water and large yields to wells. In recent years, water levels have declined in the three public-supply wells, causing concern that the current water supply will not be able to accommodate peak demand and allow for residential and economic growth.\n\nAnalyses of major ions, nutrients, selected trace metals, stable and radioactive isotopes, and radiochemistry were performed on the groundwater samples from the three public-supply wells to describe general water-quality conditions and groundwater ages in and immediately surrounding the Upper Moenkopi Village area. None of the water samples collected from the public-supply wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking water standards.\n\nThe ratios of the major dissolved ions from the samples collected from MSW-1 and MSW-2 indicate water with a major ion composition of calcium and sulfate. There is no significant vertical distribution of ion concentrations in the samples collected from the upper and lower portion of the water column within the two wells. The samples collected at MSW-3 are higher in sodium and lower in calcium than the samples collected from MSW-1 and MSW-2, and contain a similar sulfate-ion percentage. There is a vertical distribution of ion concentrations in the samples collected from the upper and lower portion of the water column in MSW-3.\n\nGroundwater samples from the three water-supply wells analyzed for oxygen-18 and deuterium stable isotopes plot on a local water line that is approximately parallel to the global meteoric water line. Tritium concentrations in samples from MSW-1 and MSW-3 were equal to or less than laboratory detection limits and were interpreted to contain no modern (post-1952) water. Tritium concentration in a sample from the top of the water column at MSW-2 was 0.41 tritium units, indicating that the composition is primarily pre-bomb (pre-1952) water, but may contain a small fraction of post-bomb modern water.\n\nThe calculated carbon-14 ages of groundwater in MSW-1 and MSW-2, both completed about 140 feet into the Navajo Sandstone, are about 3,000 years before present. The calculated carbon-14 age of groundwater in MSW-3, completed about 240 feet into the Kayenta Formation-Navajo Sandstone transition zone is about 5,000 years before present in the upper portion of the water column and about 8,500 years before present in the lower portion of the water column. The gross alpha radioactivity of samples collected from the three water-supply wells ranged from 5.1 to 9.8 picocuries per liter-less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking water standard of 15 picocuries per liter. The gross beta radioactivity of samples collected from the wells ranged from 0.9 to 2.8 picocuries per liter and are not considered elevated relative to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking water standard.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131162","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Hopi Tribe","usgsCitation":"Carruth, R., Beisner, K., and Smith, G., 2013, Qualilty, isotopes, and radiochemistry of water sampled from the Upper Moenkopi Village water-supply wells, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1162, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131162.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278397,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131162.jpg"},{"id":278396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1162/"},{"id":278395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1162/pdf/ofr2013-1162.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Coconino County","otherGeospatial":"Moenkopi Village","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              35.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.5,\n              35.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.5,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5,\n              37\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526b8531e4b058918d0a99bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carruth, Rob 0000-0001-7008-2927 rlcarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-2927","contributorId":1162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carruth","given":"Rob","email":"rlcarr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beisner, Kimberly","contributorId":85284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beisner","given":"Kimberly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Greg 0000-0001-8170-9924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":15210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048591,"text":"ofr20131259 - 2013 - Postwildfire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 West Fork Fire Complex, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T18:01:35","indexId":"ofr20131259","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-25T08:03:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1259","title":"Postwildfire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 West Fork Fire Complex, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"This report presents a preliminary emergency assessment of the debris-flow hazards from drainage basins burned by the 2013 West Fork Fire Complex near South Fork in southwestern Colorado. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned basins throughout the intermountain western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence, potential volume of debris flows, and the combined debris-flow hazard ranking along the drainage network within and just downstream from the burned area, and to estimate the same for 54 drainage basins of interest within the perimeter of the burned area. Input data for the debris-flow models included topographic variables, soil characteristics, burn severity, and rainfall totals and intensities for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 2-year storm; (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 10-year storm; and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 25-year storm.\n \nEstimated debris-flow probabilities at the pour points of the 54 drainage basins of interest ranged from less than 1 to 65 percent in response to the 2-year storm; from 1 to 77 percent in response to the 10-year storm; and from 1 to 83 percent in response to the 25-year storm. Twelve of the 54 drainage basins of interest have a 30-percent probability or greater of producing a debris flow in response to the 25-year storm. Estimated debris-flow volumes for all rainfalls modeled range from a low of 2,400 cubic meters to a high of greater than 100,000 cubic meters. Estimated debris-flow volumes increase with basin size and distance along the drainage network, but some smaller drainages also were predicted to produce substantial debris flows. One of the 54 drainage basins of interest had the highest combined hazard ranking, while 9 other basins had the second highest combined hazard ranking. Of these 10 basins with the 2 highest combined hazard rankings, 7 basins had predicted debris-flow volumes exceeding 100,000 cubic meters, while 3 had predicted probabilities of debris flows exceeding 60 percent. The 10 basins with high combined hazard ranking include 3 tributaries in the headwaters of Trout Creek, four tributaries to the West Fork San Juan River, Hope Creek draining toward a county road on the eastern edge of the burn, Lake Fork draining to U.S. Highway 160, and Leopard Creek on the northern edge of the burn. The probabilities and volumes for the modeled storms indicate a potential for debris-flow impacts on structures, reservoirs, roads, bridges, and culverts located within and immediately downstream from the burned area. U.S. Highway 160, on the eastern edge of the burn area, also is susceptible to impacts from debris flows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131259","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Hinsdale County, Colorado","usgsCitation":"Verdin, K.L., Dupree, J.A., and Stevens, M.R., 2013, Postwildfire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 West Fork Fire Complex, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1259, Report: iv, 30 p.; 3 Plates: 34 x 22.31 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131259.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 30 p.; 3 Plates: 34 x 22.31 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050942","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131259.gif"},{"id":278398,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1259/pdf/of2013-1259.pdf"},{"id":278399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1259/pdf/of2013-1259_plate1.pdf"},{"id":278400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1259/pdf/of2013-1259_plate2.pdf"},{"id":278401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1259/pdf/of2013-1259_plate3.pdf"},{"id":278392,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1259/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"West Fork Complex","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.1052,37.1977 ], [ -107.1052,38.1408 ], [ -106.1574,38.1408 ], [ -106.1574,37.1977 ], [ -107.1052,37.1977 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526b852fe4b058918d0a99b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dupree, Jean A. dupree@usgs.gov","contributorId":2563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"Jean","email":"dupree@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70048571,"text":"ofr20131258 - 2013 - Transient calibration of a groundwater-flow model of Chimacum Creek Basin and vicinity, Jefferson County, Washington: a supplement to Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5160","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T18:01:01","indexId":"ofr20131258","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-24T09:16:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1258","title":"Transient calibration of a groundwater-flow model of Chimacum Creek Basin and vicinity, Jefferson County, Washington: a supplement to Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5160","docAbstract":"A steady-state groundwater-flow model described in Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5160, ”Numerical Simulation of the Groundwater-Flow System in Chimacum Creek Basin and Vicinity, Jefferson County, Washington” was developed to evaluate potential future impacts of growth and of water-management strategies on water resources in the Chimacum Creek Basin. This supplement to that report describes the unsuccessful attempt to perform a calibration to transient conditions on the model. The modeled area is about 64 square miles on the Olympic Peninsula in northeastern Jefferson County, Washington. The geologic setting for the model area is that of unconsolidated deposits of glacial and interglacial origin typical of the Puget Sound Lowlands. The hydrogeologic units representing aquifers are Upper Aquifer (UA, roughly corresponding to recessional outwash) and Lower Aquifer (LA, roughly corresponding to advance outwash). Recharge from precipitation is the dominant source of water to the aquifer system; discharge is primarily to marine waters below sea level and to Chimacum Creek and its tributaries.\n\nThe model is comprised of a grid of 245 columns and 313 rows; cells are a uniform 200 feet per side. There are six model layers, each representing one hydrogeologic unit: (1) Upper Confining unit (UC); (2) Upper Aquifer unit (UA); (3) Middle Confining unit (MC); (4) Lower Aquifer unit (LA); (5) Lower Confining unit (LC); and (6) Bedrock unit (OE). The transient simulation period (October 1994–September 2009) was divided into 180 monthly stress periods to represent temporal variations in recharge, discharge, and storage.\n\nAn attempt to calibrate the model to transient conditions was unsuccessful due to instabilities stemming from oscillations in groundwater discharge to and recharge from streamflow in Chimacum Creek. The model as calibrated to transient conditions has mean residuals and standard errors of 0.06 ft ±0.45 feet for groundwater levels and 0.48 ± 0.06 cubic feet per second for flows. Although the expected seasonal trends were observed in model results, the typical observed annual variation of groundwater levels of about 2 feet was not. Streamflow at the most downstream observation point was about three times larger than simulated streamflow. Because the transient version of the model proved inherently unstable, it was not used to simulate forecast conditions for alternate hydrologic or anthropogenic changes. Adaptation of alternate stream simulation packages, such as RIV, or newer versions of MODFLOW, such as MODFLOW-NWT, could possibly assist with achieving calibration to transient conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Jefferson County and the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.L., and Johnson, K.H., 2013, Transient calibration of a groundwater-flow model of Chimacum Creek Basin and vicinity, Jefferson County, Washington: a supplement to Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5160: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1258, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131258.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131258.PNG"},{"id":278348,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1258/pdf/ofr2013-1258.pdf"},{"id":278349,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1258/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Chimacum Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.846987,47.927651 ], [ -122.846987,48.0685 ], [ -122.677922,48.0685 ], [ -122.677922,47.927651 ], [ -122.846987,47.927651 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526a3365e4b0c0d229f9bde6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Joseph L. jljones@usgs.gov","contributorId":3492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Joseph","email":"jljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth H. johnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth","email":"johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70048560,"text":"ofr20131244 - 2013 - Ecological thresholds as a basis for defining management triggers for National Park Service vital signs: case studies for dryland ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:57:52","indexId":"ofr20131244","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-22T15:16:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1244","title":"Ecological thresholds as a basis for defining management triggers for National Park Service vital signs: case studies for dryland ecosystems","docAbstract":"<p>Threshold concepts are used in research and management of ecological systems to describe and interpret abrupt and persistent reorganization of ecosystem properties (Walker and Meyers, 2004; Groffman and others, 2006). Abrupt change, referred to as a threshold crossing, and the progression of reorganization can be triggered by one or more interactive disturbances such as land-use activities and climatic events (Paine and others, 1998). Threshold crossings occur when feedback mechanisms that typically absorb forces of change are replaced with those that promote development of alternative equilibria or states (Suding and others, 2004; Walker and Meyers, 2004; Briske and others, 2008). The alternative states that emerge from a threshold crossing vary and often exhibit reduced ecological integrity and value in terms of management goals relative to the original or reference system. Alternative stable states with some limited residual properties of the original system may develop along the progression after a crossing; an eventual outcome may be the complete loss of pre-threshold properties of the original ecosystem. Reverting to the more desirable reference state through ecological restoration becomes increasingly difficult and expensive along the progression gradient and may eventually become impossible. Ecological threshold concepts have been applied as a heuristic framework and to aid in the management of rangelands (Bestelmeyer, 2006; Briske and others, 2006, 2008), aquatic (Scheffer and others, 1993; Rapport and Whitford 1999), riparian (Stringham and others, 2001; Scott and others, 2005), and forested ecosystems (Allen and others, 2002; Digiovinazzo and others, 2010). These concepts are also topical in ecological restoration (Hobbs and Norton 1996; Whisenant 1999; Suding and others, 2004; King and Hobbs, 2006) and ecosystem sustainability (Herrick, 2000; Chapin and others, 1996; Davenport and others, 1998).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Achieving conservation management goals requires the protection of resources within the range of desired conditions (Cook and others, 2010). The goal of conservation management for natural resources in the U.S. National Park System is to maintain native species and habitat unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. Achieving this goal requires, in part, early detection of system change and timely implementation of remediation. The recent National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring program (NPS I&M) was established to provide early warning of declining ecosystem conditions relative to a desired native or reference system (Fancy and others, 2009). To be an effective tool for resource protection, monitoring must be designed to alert managers of impending thresholds so that preventive actions can be taken. This requires an understanding of the ecosystem attributes and processes associated with threshold-type behavior; how these attributes and processes become degraded; and how risks of degradation vary among ecosystems and in relation to environmental factors such as soil properties, climatic conditions, and exposure to stressors. In general, the utility of the threshold concept for long-term monitoring depends on the ability of scientists and managers to detect, predict, and prevent the occurrence of threshold crossings associated with persistent, undesirable shifts among ecosystem states (Briske and others, 2006). Because of the scientific challenges associated with understanding these factors, the application of threshold concepts to monitoring designs has been very limited to date (Groffman and others, 2006). As a case in point, the monitoring efforts across the 32 NPS I&M networks were largely designed with the knowledge that they would not be used to their full potential until the development of a systematic method for understanding threshold dynamics and methods for estimating key attributes of threshold crossings.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This report describes and demonstrates a generalized approach that we implemented to formalize understanding and estimating of threshold dynamics for terrestrial dryland ecosystems in national parks of the Colorado Plateau. We provide a structured approach to identify and describe degradation processes associated with threshold behavior and to estimate indicator levels that characterize the point at which a threshold crossing has occurred or is imminent (tipping points) or points where investigative or preventive management action should be triggered (assessment points). We illustrate this method for several case studies in national parks included in the Northern and Southern Colorado Plateau NPS I&M networks, where historical livestock grazing, climatic change, and invasive species are key agents of change. The approaches developed in these case studies are intended to enhance the design, effectiveness, and management-relevance of monitoring efforts in support of conservation management in dryland systems. They specifically enhance National Park Service (NPS) capacity for protecting park resources on the Colorado Plateau but have applicability to monitoring and conservation management of dryland ecosystems worldwide.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131244","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Bowker, M.A., Miller, M.E., Belote, R.T., and Garman, S.L., 2013, Ecological thresholds as a basis for defining management triggers for National Park Service vital signs: case studies for dryland ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1244, vi, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131244.","productDescription":"vi, 94 p.","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034253","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131244.GIF"},{"id":278331,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1244/"},{"id":278335,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1244/pdf/ofr2013-1244.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.3896,32.8104 ], [ -114.3896,42.9966 ], [ -104.3481,42.9966 ], [ -104.3481,32.8104 ], [ -114.3896,32.8104 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52679064e4b0c24c90856d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowker, Matthew A. mbowker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"Matthew","email":"mbowker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Mark E.","contributorId":91580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6959,"text":"National Park Service Southeast Utah Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":485090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belote, R. Travis","contributorId":39634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belote","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garman, Steven L. 0000-0002-9032-9074 slgarman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-9074","contributorId":3741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garman","given":"Steven","email":"slgarman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70048553,"text":"ofr20131221 - 2013 - Chuckwalla Valley multiple-well monitoring site, Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:54:58","indexId":"ofr20131221","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-22T08:52:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1221","title":"Chuckwalla Valley multiple-well monitoring site, Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, is evaluating the geohydrology and water availability of the Chuckwalla Valley, California. As part of this evaluation, the USGS installed the Chuckwalla Valley multiple-well monitoring site (CWV1) in the southeastern portion of the Chuckwalla Basin. Data collected at this site provide information about the geology, hydrology, geophysics, and geochemistry of the local aquifer system, thus enhancing the understanding of the geohydrologic framework of the Chuckwalla Valley. This report presents construction information for the CWV1 multiple-well monitoring site and initial geohydrologic data collected from the site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District","usgsCitation":"Everett, R., 2013, Chuckwalla Valley multiple-well monitoring site, Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1221, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131221.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041881","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131221.jpg"},{"id":278308,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1221/"},{"id":278309,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1221/pdf/ofr2013-1221.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chuckwalla Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.9982,33.1941 ], [ -115.9982,34.0801 ], [ -114.4349,34.0801 ], [ -114.4349,33.1941 ], [ -115.9982,33.1941 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52679052e4b0c24c90856d72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Everett, Rhett R. 0000-0001-7983-6270 reverett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-6270","contributorId":843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"Rhett R.","email":"reverett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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