The complex tectonics surrounding the Philippine Islands are dominated by the interactions of the Pacific, Sunda, and Eurasia plates with the Philippine Sea plate (PSP). The latter is unique because it is almost exclusively surrounded by zones of plate convergence.
\nAt its eastern and southeastern edges, the Pacific plate is subducted beneath the PSP at the Izu-Bonin, Mariana, and Yap trenches. Here, the subduction zone exhibits high rates of seismic activity to depths of over 600 km, though no great earthquakes (M>8.0) have been observed, likely because of weak coupling along the plate interface.
\nIn the northeast, the PSP subducts beneath Japan and the eastern margin of the Eurasia plate at the Nankai and Ryukyu trenches, extending westward to Taiwan. The Nankai portion of this subduction zone has hosted some of the largest earthquakes along the margins of the PSP, including a pair of Mw8.1 megathrust events in 1944 and 1946.
\nAlong its western margin, the convergence of the PSP and the Sunda plate is responsible for a broad and active plate boundary system extending along both sides of the Philippine Islands chain. The region is characterized by opposite-facing subduction systems on the east and west sides of the islands, and the archipelago is cut by a major transform structure: the Philippine Fault. Subduction of the Philippine Sea plate occurs at the eastern margin of the islands along the Philippine Trench and its northern extension, the East Luzon Trough. On the west side of Luzon, the Sunda Plate subducts eastward along a series of trenches, including the Manila Trench in the north, the smaller Negros Trench in the central Philippines, and the Sulu and Cotabato trenches in the south.
\nTwentieth and early twentyfirst century seismic activity along the boundaries of the Philippine Sea plate has produced seven great (M>8.0) earthquakes and 250 large (M>7) events. Among the most destructive events were the 1923 Kanto, the 1948 Fukui, and the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquakes; the 1935 and the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquakes; and the 1976 M7.6 Moro Gulf and 1990 M7.6 Luzon, Philippines, earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101083M","usgsCitation":"Smoczyk, G.M., Hayes, G.P., Hamburger, M., Benz, H.M., Villasenor, A.H., and Furlong, K.P., 2013, Seismicity of the Earth 1900-2012 Philippine Sea plate and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1083, Report: 37.24 inches x 25.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101083M.","productDescription":"Report: 37.24 inches x 25.01 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051306","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20101083m.jpg"},{"id":280234,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1083/m/"},{"id":280236,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1083/m/pdf/of2010-1083m.pdf"}],"scale":"10000000","projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic","country":"China;Indonesia;Japan;Papua New Guinea;Philippines","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 115.2200,-6.000000 ], [ 115.2200,38.000000 ], [ 151.9200,38.000000 ], [ 151.9200,-6.000000 ], [ 115.2200,-6.000000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a83808e4b027f847da5911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoczyk, Gregory M. 0000-0002-6591-4060 gsmoczyk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6591-4060","contributorId":5239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoczyk","given":"Gregory","email":"gsmoczyk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Gavin P. 0000-0003-3323-0112 ghayes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-0112","contributorId":842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Gavin","email":"ghayes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamburger, Michael W.","contributorId":77012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamburger","given":"Michael W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Villasenor, Antonio H. 0000-0001-8592-4832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8592-4832","contributorId":38186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villasenor","given":"Antonio","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Furlong, Kevin P. 0000-0002-2674-5110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-5110","contributorId":19576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furlong","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70056154,"text":"ofr20121007 - 2013 - National assessment of shoreline change: historical shoreline change along the Pacific Northwest coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-06T11:40:13","indexId":"ofr20121007","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-09T08:55:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1007","title":"National assessment of shoreline change: historical shoreline change along the Pacific Northwest coast","docAbstract":"Beach erosion is a chronic problem along most open ocean shores of the United States. As coastal populations continue to increase and infrastructure is threatened by erosion, there is increased demand for accurate information regarding past and present trends and rates of shoreline movement. There is also a need for a comprehensive analysis of shoreline movement that is consistent from one coastal region to another. To meet these national needs, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting an analysis of historical shoreline changes along the open-ocean sandy shores of the conterminous United States and parts of Hawaii, Alaska, and the Great Lakes. One purpose of this work is to develop standard, repeatable methods for mapping and analyzing shoreline movement so that periodic, systematic, and internally consistent updates regarding coastal erosion and land loss can be made nationally. In the case of the analysis of shoreline change in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), the shoreline is the interpreted boundary between the ocean water surface and the sandy beach.
\nThis report on the PNW coasts of Oregon and Washington is the seventh in a series of regionally focused reports on historical shoreline change. Previous investigations include analyses and descriptive reports of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (Morton and others, 2004), the southeastern Atlantic (Morton and Miller, 2005), the sandy shorelines (Hapke and others, 2006) and coastal cliffs (Hapke and Reid, 2007) of California, the New England and mid-Atlantic coasts (Hapke and others, 2011), and parts of the Hawaii coast (Fletcher and others, 2012). Like the earlier reports in this series, this report summarizes the methods of analysis, interprets the results of the analysis, provides explanations regarding long- and short-term trends and rates of shoreline change, and describes how different coastal communities are responding to coastal erosion. This report differs from the early USGS reports in the series in that those shoreline change analyses incorporated only four total shorelines to represent specific time periods. This assessment of the PNW incorporates all available shorelines that meet minimum quality standards for resolution and positional accuracy. Shoreline change evaluations are based on a comparison of historical shoreline positions digitized from maps or aerial photographic data sources with recent shorelines, at least one of which is derived from lidar surveys. The historical shorelines cover a variety of time periods ranging from the 1800s through the 1980s, whereas the lidar shoreline is from 2002. Long-term rates of change are calculated using all available shoreline data and short-term rates of change are calculated using the lidar shoreline and the historical shoreline that will produce an assessment for a 15- to 35-year period. The rates of change presented in this report represent conditions up to the date of only the most recent shoreline data and therefore are not intended for predicting future shoreline positions or rates of change.
\nThe PNW coast was subdivided into eight analysis regions for the purpose of graphically reporting regional trends in shoreline change rates. The average rate of long-term shoreline change for the entire PNW coast was 0.9 meter per year (m/yr) of progradation with an uncertainty of 0.07 m/yr. This rate is based on 8,823 individual transects, of which 36 percent was determined to be eroding. Long-term shoreline change was generally more progradational in Washington than in Oregon. This is primarily due to the influence of the Columbia River and human perturbations to the natural system, particularly the construction of jetties at both the mouth of the Columbia River and at Grays Harbor, Washington. The majority of the beaches in southwestern Washington have responded to these large-scale engineered structures by experiencing dramatic beach progradation during the past century. Although these beaches are still responding to the human effects, in several locations beaches that had been rapidly prograding are now either prograding at a slower rate or eroding.
\nThe average rate of short-term shoreline change in the PNW was also progradational at a rate of 0.9 m/yr with an uncertainty of 0.03 m/yr. This rate is based on 9,087 individual transects, of which 44 percent was determined to be eroding. Similar to the results of the long-term shoreline change analysis, the shorelines in Washington were typically more progradational than those in Oregon in the short term. However, many stretches of coast in Oregon are either less accretional, changed from accretional to erosional, or more erosional when comparing the long- and short-term rate calculations. In the long and short term, there are significantly different historical shoreline change trends for beaches deriving their modern sediments from the Columbia River in southwestern Washington and northwestern Oregon, and beaches elsewhere in the PNW. The majority of shorelines in Oregon and in Washington’s Olympic Peninsula are not influenced by the human effects to the Columbia River littoral cell and typically have not experienced the human-induced century-scale trends apparent in southwestern Washington and northwestern Oregon.
\nAn increase in erosion hazards in much of Oregon may be related to the effects of sea-level rise and increasing storm wave heights. Of importance, particularly in the short term, is the alongshore variability in land uplift rates due to tectonics, which results in an alongshore varying rate of relative sea level rise that appears to at least partially control the regional variability in short-term shoreline change rates. Other climate related processes, such as the occurrence of major El Niño events, also significantly affect the shoreline changes in the region. Major El Niño events elevate monthly mean sea levels by tens of centimeters throughout the winter and produce a shift in the storm tracks, resulting in alongshore redistributions in sand volumes on the beaches, leading to hotspot beach erosion and property losses north of headlands and tidal inlets to bays and estuaries. There are limited modern-day sources of sand to Oregon’s beaches, with much of the sand being relict in having arrived thousands of years ago at a time of lowered sea levels when headlands did not prevent the alongshore movement of the beach sediments, the result being that many beaches today are deficient in sand volumes and therefore do not provide sufficient buffer protection to backshore properties during winter storms.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121007","usgsCitation":"Ruggerio, P., Kratzmann, M., Himmelstoss, E., Reid, D., Allan, J., and Kaminsky, G., 2013, National assessment of shoreline change: historical shoreline change along the Pacific Northwest coast: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1007, xi, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121007.","productDescription":"xi, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"76","ipdsId":"IP-034232","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121007.jpg"},{"id":280211,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1007/"},{"id":280212,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1007/pdf/ofr2012-1007.pdf"}],"scale":"70000","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River;Olympic Peninsula;Pacific Northwest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.97,41.87 ], [ -125.97,48.65 ], [ -121.2,48.65 ], [ -121.2,41.87 ], [ -125.97,41.87 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a717f3e4b0de1a6d2d96f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruggerio, Peter","contributorId":67403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggerio","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratzmann, Meredith G.","contributorId":11565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzmann","given":"Meredith G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Himmelstoss, Emily A.","contributorId":24736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelstoss","given":"Emily A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reid, David","contributorId":63888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allan, Jonathan","contributorId":46847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allan","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[{"id":7198,"text":"Oregon Department Geology and Mineral Industries","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":486355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaminsky, George","contributorId":60262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70048947,"text":"ofr20121008 - 2013 - The National assessment of shoreline change—A GIS compilation of vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the Pacific Northwest coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-19T18:15:42.5153","indexId":"ofr20121008","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-09T08:55:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1008","title":"The National assessment of shoreline change—A GIS compilation of vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the Pacific Northwest coast","docAbstract":"Sandy ocean beaches are a popular recreational destination and are often surrounded by communities that consist of valuable real estate. Development along sandy coastal areas is increasing despite the fact that coastal infrastructure may be repeatedly subjected to flooding and erosion. As a result, the demand for accurate information regarding past and present shoreline changes is increasing. Investigators with the U.S. Geological Survey's National Assessment of Shoreline Change Project have compiled a comprehensive database of digital vector shorelines and rates of shoreline change for the Pacific Northwest coast including the states of Washington and Oregon. No widely accepted standard for analyzing shoreline change currently exists. Current measurement and methods for calculating rates of change vary from study to study, precluding the combination of study results into statewide or regional assessments. The impetus behind the national assessment was to develop a standardized method that is consistent from coast to coast for measuring changes in shoreline position. The goal was to facilitate the process of periodically and systematically updating the measurements in an internally consistent manner. A detailed report on shoreline change for the Pacific Northwest coast that contains a discussion of the data presented here is available and cited in the Geospatial Data section of this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121008","usgsCitation":"Kratzmann, M.G., Himmelstoss, E., Ruggiero, P., Thieler, E.R., and Reid, D., 2013, The National assessment of shoreline change—A GIS compilation of vector shorelines and associated shoreline change data for the Pacific Northwest coast: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1008, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121008.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-034231","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280214,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1008/"},{"id":280215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1008/title_page.html"},{"id":280216,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121008.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.7857,41.9918 ], [ -124.7857,49.0024 ], [ -116.9156,49.0024 ], [ -116.9156,41.9918 ], [ -124.7857,41.9918 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a717f5e4b0de1a6d2d9703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzmann, Meredith G. 0000-0002-2513-2144 mkratzmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-2144","contributorId":4950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzmann","given":"Meredith","email":"mkratzmann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Himmelstoss, Emily A.","contributorId":24736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelstoss","given":"Emily A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruggiero, Peter","contributorId":15709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":485833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thieler, E. Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reid, David","contributorId":63888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70058444,"text":"ofr20131286 - 2013 - Satellite images of the September 2013 flood event in Lyons, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-06T16:31:44","indexId":"ofr20131286","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-06T15:46:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1286","title":"Satellite images of the September 2013 flood event in Lyons, Colorado","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Special Applications Science Center (SASC) produced an image base map showing high-resolution remotely sensed data over Lyons, Colorado—a city that was severely affected by the flood event that occurred throughout much of the Colorado Front Range in September of 2013. The 0.5-meter WorldView-2 data products were created from imagery collected by DigitalGlobe on September 13 and September 24, 2013, during and following the flood event.\n\nThe images shown on this map were created to support flood response efforts, specifically for use in determining damage assessment and mitigation decisions. The raw, unprocessed imagery were orthorectified and pan-sharpened to enhance mapping accuracy and spatial resolution, and reproduced onto a cartographic base map. These maps are intended to provide a snapshot representation of post-flood ground conditions, which may be useful to decisionmakers and the general public.\n\nThe SASC also provided data processing and analysis support for other Colorado flood-affected areas by creating cartographic products, geo-corrected electro-optical and radar image mosaics, and GIS water cover files for use by the Colorado National Guard, the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and the flood response community. All products for this International Charter event were uploaded to the USGS Hazards Data Distribution System (HDDS) website (http://hdds.usgs.gov/hdds2/) for distribution.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131286","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Cole, C.J., Friesen, B.A., Wilds, S., Noble, S., Warner, H., and Wilson, E.M., 2013, Satellite images of the September 2013 flood event in Lyons, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1286, Report: 40.01 x 20.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131286.","productDescription":"Report: 40.01 x 20.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051862","costCenters":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280222,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131286.jpg"},{"id":280220,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1286/"},{"id":280221,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1286/pdf/of2013-1286.pdf"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"UTM Projection","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Lyons","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.283333,40.208333 ], [ -105.283333,40.233333 ], [ -105.25,40.233333 ], [ -105.25,40.208333 ], [ -105.283333,40.208333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a6406fe4b0a6d69588265c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Christopher J. cjcole@usgs.gov","contributorId":2163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Christopher","email":"cjcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friesen, Beverly A. bafriesen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"Beverly","email":"bafriesen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilds, Stanley","contributorId":99877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilds","given":"Stanley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noble, Suzanne","contributorId":83438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Suzanne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warner, Harumi hwarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":2881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Harumi","email":"hwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilson, Earl M. emwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Earl","email":"emwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70058474,"text":"ofr20131246 - 2013 - Geomorphic and vegetation processes of the Willamette River floodplain, Oregon: current understanding and unanswered science questions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-24T15:36:58","indexId":"ofr20131246","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-06T09:29:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1246","title":"Geomorphic and vegetation processes of the Willamette River floodplain, Oregon: current understanding and unanswered science questions","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the current understanding of floodplain processes and landforms for the Willamette River and its major tributaries. The area of focus encompasses the main stem Willamette River above Newberg and the portions of the Coast Fork Willamette, Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and North, South and main stem Santiam Rivers downstream of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams. These reaches constitute a large portion of the alluvial, salmon-bearing rivers in the Willamette Basin.
\nThe geomorphic, or historical, floodplain of these rivers has two zones - the active channel where coarse sediment is mobilized and transported during annual flooding and overbank areas where fine sediment is deposited during higher magnitude floods. Historically, characteristics of the rivers and geomorphic floodplain (including longitudinal patterns in channel complexity and the abundance of side channels, islands and gravel bars) were controlled by the interactions between floods and the transport of coarse sediment and large wood. Local channel responses to these interactions were then shaped by geologic features like bedrock outcrops and variations in channel slope.
\nOver the last 150 years, floods and the transport of coarse sediment and large wood have been substantially reduced in the basin. With dam regulation, nearly all peak flows are now confined to the main channels. Large floods (greater than 10-year recurrence interval prior to basinwide flow regulation) have been largely eliminated. Also, the magnitude and frequency of small floods (events that formerly recurred every 2–10 years) have decreased substantially. The large dams trap an estimated 50–60 percent of bed-material sediment—the building block of active channel habitats—that historically entered the Willamette River. They also trap more than 80 percent of the estimated bed material in the lower South Santiam River and Middle and Coast Forks of the Willamette River. Downstream, revetments further decrease bed-material supply by an unknown amount because they limit bank erosion and entrainment of stored sediment.
\nThe rivers, geomorphic floodplain, and vegetation within the study area have changed noticeably in response to the alterations in floods and coarse sediment and wood transport. Widespread decreases have occurred in the rates of meander migration and avulsions and the number and diversity of landforms such as gravel bars, islands, and side channels. Dynamic and, in some cases, multi-thread river segments have become stable, single-thread channels. Preliminary observations suggest that forest area has increased within the active channel, further reducing the area of unvegetated gravel bars.
\nAlterations to floods and sediment transport and ongoing channel, floodplain, and vegetation responses result in a modern Willamette River Basin. Here, the floodplain influenced by the modern flow and sediment regimes, or the functional floodplain, is narrower and inset with the broader and older geomorphic floodplain. The functional floodplain is flanked by higher elevation relict floodplain features that are no longer inundated by modern floods. The corridor of present- day active channel surfaces is narrower, enabling riparian vegetation to establish on formerly active gravel bar surfaces.
\nThe modern Willamette River Basin with its fundamental changes in the flood, sediment transport, and large wood regimes has implications for future habitat conditions. System-wide future trends probably include narrower floodplains and a lower diversity of landforms and habitats along the Willamette River and its major tributaries compared to historical patterns and today.
\nFurthermore, specific conditions and future trends will probably vary between geologically stable, anthropogenically stable, and dynamic reaches. The middle and lower segments of the Willamette River are geologically stable, whereas the South Santiam and Middle Fork Willamette Rivers were historically dynamic, but are now largely stable in response to flow regulation and revetment construction. The upper Willamette and North Santiam Rivers retain some dynamic characteristics, and provide the greatest diversity of aquatic and riparian habitats under the current flow and sediment regime. The McKenzie River has some areas that are more dynamic, whereas other sections are stable due to geology or revetments.
\nHistorical reductions in channel dynamism also have implications for ongoing and future recruitment and succession of floodplain forests. For instance, the succession of native plants like black cottonwood is currently limited by (1) fewer low-elevation gravel bars for stand initiation; (2) altered streamflow during seed release, germination, and stand initiation; (3) competition from introduced plant species; and (4) frequent erosion of young vegetation in some locations because scouring flows are concentrated within a narrow channel corridor.
\nDespite past alterations, the Willamette River Basin has many of the physical and ecological building blocks necessary for highly functioning rivers. Management strategies, including environmental flow programs, river and floodplain restoration, revetment modifications, and reclamation of gravel mines, are underway to mitigate some historical changes. However, there are some substantial gaps in the scientific understanding of the modern Willamette basin that is needed to efficiently integrate these blocks and to establish realistic objectives for future conditions. Unanswered questions include:
\n\n1. What is the distribution and diversity of landforms and habitats along the Willamette River and its tributaries?
\n2. What is the extent of today’s functional floodplain—the part of the river corridor actively formed and modified by fluvial processes?
\n3. How are landforms and habitats in the Willamette River Basin created and sustained by present-day flow and sediment conditions?
\n4. How is the succession of native floodplain vegetation shaped by present-day flow and sediment conditions?
Answering these questions will produce baseline data on the current distributions of landforms and habitats (question 1), the extent of the functional floodplain (question 2), and the effects of modern flow and sediment regimes on future floodplain landforms, habitats, and vegetation succession (questions 3 and 4). Addressing questions 1 and 2 is a logical next step because they underlie questions 3 and 4. Addressing these four questions would better characterize the modern Willamette Basin and help in implementing and setting realistic targets for ongoing management strategies, demonstrating their effectiveness at the site and basin scales, and anticipating future trends and conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Benton County Soil and Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Wallick, J., Jones, K.L., O'Connor, J., Keith, M., Hulse, D., and Gregory, S.V., 2013, Geomorphic and vegetation processes of the Willamette River floodplain, Oregon: current understanding and unanswered science questions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1246, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131246.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049307","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131246.jpg"},{"id":280208,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1246/"},{"id":280209,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1246/pdf/ofr2013-1246.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Newberg","otherGeospatial":"Mckenzie River;Santiam River;Willamette Basin;Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4202,42.9986 ], [ -124.4202,46.077 ], [ -120.9155,46.077 ], [ -120.9155,42.9986 ], [ -124.4202,42.9986 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a64033e4b0a6d6958823f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallick, J. 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These species are the subject of substantial management interest on the Missouri River for several reasons. First, ecosystem recovery is a goal for management agencies that seek to maintain or restore natural functions and native biological communities for the Missouri River system. Terns and plovers are recognized as important ecosystem components that are linked with the river’s ecological functions. Second, although both species breed beyond the Missouri River system, the Missouri River is one of the principal breeding areas in the Northern Great Plains; thus, the river system is a focal area for recovery actions targeted at regional population goals. Third, a Biological Opinion for Missouri River operations established annual productivity goals for terns and plovers, and the recovery plan for each species established annual population goals. Meeting these goals is a key motivation in management decision making and implementation with regard to both species. A myriad of conservation and management interests necessitate understanding numbers, distribution, and productivity of terns and plovers on the Missouri River system. To this end, a Tern and Plover Monitoring Program (TPMP) was implemented by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (hereafter “Corps”) in 1986, and has since provided annual estimates of tern and plover numbers and productivity for five Missouri River reservoirs and four river reaches (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1993). The TPMP has served as the primary source of information about the status of terns and plovers on the Missouri River, and TPMP data have been used for a wide variety of purposes. In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center (NPWRC) was tasked by the Corps to evaluate the accuracy of the TPMP and provide guidance on revising the program to assess tern and plover numbers and reproductive success. Accordingly, NPWRC studied terns and plovers on two river reaches and one reservoir (hereafter “the evaluation”), and used the results of those studies to help understand properties and potential limitations of TPMP data and to provide guidance for TPMP revisions. The purpose of this report is to present an overview and evaluation of the TPMP data, the results of our intensive monitoring, and propose an alternative idea that provides a framework for making decisions about how to monitor terns and plovers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, T.L., Sherfy, M.H., Anteau, M.J., Stucker, J.H., Sovada, M.A., Roche, E.A., Wiltermuth, M.T., Buhl, T.K., and Dovichin, C.M., 2013, Accuracy of the Missouri River Least Tern and Piping Plover Monitoring Program: considerations for the future: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1176, Report: xi, 74 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131176.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 74 p.; Downloads 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The imagery is currently available at no cost through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Social scientists at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center conducted an extensive survey in early 2012 to explore who uses Landsat imagery, how they use the imagery, and what the value of the imagery is to them. The survey was sent to all users registered with USGS who had accessed Landsat imagery in the year prior to the survey and over 11,000 current Landsat imagery users responded. The results of the survey revealed that respondents from many sectors use Landsat imagery in myriad project locations and scales, as well as application areas. The value of Landsat imagery to these users was demonstrated by the high importance of and dependence on the imagery, the numerous environmental and societal benefits observed from projects using Landsat imagery, the potential negative impacts on users’ work if Landsat imagery was no longer available, and the substantial aggregated annual economic benefit from the imagery. These results represent only the value of Landsat to users registered with USGS; further research would help to determine what the value of the imagery is to a greater segment of the population, such as downstream users of the imagery and imagery-derived products.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131269","usgsCitation":"Miller, H., Richardson, L.A., Koontz, S.R., Loomis, J., and Koontz, L., 2013, Users, uses, and value of Landsat satellite imagery: results from the 2012 survey of users: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1269, ix, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131269.","productDescription":"ix, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050650","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131269.jpg"},{"id":280098,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1269/pdf/of2013-1269.pdf"},{"id":280096,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1269/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"529dac19e4b0516126f66b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Holly M. 0000-0003-0914-7570 millerh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0914-7570","contributorId":4577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Holly M.","email":"millerh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, Leslie A. lrichardson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Leslie","email":"lrichardson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koontz, Stephen R.","contributorId":69272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koontz","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loomis, John","contributorId":60746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koontz, Lynne koontzl@usgs.gov","contributorId":2174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koontz","given":"Lynne","email":"koontzl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7016,"text":"Environmental Quality Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":486070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70057785,"text":"ofr20131278 - 2013 - Hydrologic monitoring and selected hydrologic and environmental studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Georgia, 2011–2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:45:04","indexId":"ofr20131278","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-27T11:11:04","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1278","title":"Hydrologic monitoring and selected hydrologic and environmental studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Georgia, 2011–2013","docAbstract":"This compendium of papers describes results of hydrologic monitoring and hydrologic and environmental studies completed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Georgia during 2011–2013. The USGS addresses a wide variety of water issues in the State of Georgia working with local, State, and Federal partners. As the primary Federal science agency for water resource information, the USGS monitors the quantity and quality of water in the Nation’s rivers and aquifers, assesses the sources and fate of contaminants in aquatic systems, collects and analyzes data on aquatic ecosystems, develops tools to improve the application of hydrologic information, and ensures that its information and tools are available to all potential users. During 2011–2013, the USGS continued a long-term program of monitoring stream and groundwater resources, including flow, water quality, and water use. In addition, a variety of hydrologic and environmental studies were completed to assess water availability, hydrologic hazards, and the impact of development on water resources. Information on USGS activities in Georgia is available online at http://ga.water.usgs.gov/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131278","usgsCitation":"Clarke, J.S., and Dalton, M., 2013, Hydrologic monitoring and selected hydrologic and environmental studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Georgia, 2011–2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1278, v, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131278.","productDescription":"v, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131278.jpg"},{"id":279864,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1278/pdf/of2013-1278.pdf"},{"id":279863,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1278/"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.25,32 ], [ -81.25,32.3 ], [ -80.833,32.3 ], [ -80.833,32 ], [ -81.25,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"529716d5e4b08e44bf66fb80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalton, Melinda J. (compiler)","contributorId":38460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"Melinda J.","suffix":"(compiler)","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70049034,"text":"ofr20131256 - 2013 - Changes in nitrogen loading to the Northeast Creek Estuary, Bar Harbor, Maine, 2000 to 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-26T14:18:10","indexId":"ofr20131256","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-26T14:02:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1256","title":"Changes in nitrogen loading to the Northeast Creek Estuary, Bar Harbor, Maine, 2000 to 2010","docAbstract":"Since 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service have been monitoring land use and nitrogen loading in a 26.3-square-kilometer (10-square-mile) estuarine watershed at Acadia National Park, Mount Desert Island, Maine. The initial study linking land use and nitrogen loads entering the Northeast Creek estuary was completed in 2000, and findings were used to develop simulations of nitrogen loading to the estuary, thereby helping to inform local land-use planning decisions. At that time, the amount of nitrogen entering the Northeast Creek estuary was relatively small, and no evidence of nutrient-related degradation was observed in the Ruppia-dominated estuarine ecosystem. A new round of water-quality monitoring and streamflow measurements was conducted to determine nitrogen loading from 2008 to 2011 as a means to evaluate the effects of increased rural residential housing within the watershed since 2000. On the basis of a 2.6-percent increase in residential-housing land use in the watershed from 2000 to 2010, simulations of nitrogen export predicted a 7-percent increase in nitrogen loading to Northeast Creek. The measurement-based loads estimated for the Northeast Creek tributaries, however, increased much more than predicted, from 1.89 kilograms per hectare per year (kg/ha/yr) in 2000 to 3.12 kg/ha/yr in the time period centered on 2010—a 66-percent increase. This increase is likely primarily a result of the prevalence of much wetter conditions during the 2008–11 sampling period than during the earlier sampling period. In addition to increasing the physical transport of nitrogen in the watershed, wet climatic conditions have been shown in other studies to increase the rates of biotic and abiotic processes that control nitrogen export from northern-latitude forested watersheds. The new loading estimates, however, also support the possibility that some portion of the increase in nitrogen loading results from the observed land-use changes, and that the increase in residential housing has, in fact, contributed to the observed increase in nitrogen loading.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131256","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Town of Bar Harbor, Maine","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M.G., 2013, Changes in nitrogen loading to the Northeast Creek Estuary, Bar Harbor, Maine, 2000 to 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1256, Report: vi, 33 p.; Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131256.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 33 p.; Table","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-049637","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131256.jpg"},{"id":279843,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1256/"},{"id":279844,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1256/pdf/ofr2013-1256.pdf"},{"id":279845,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1256/pdf/ofr2013-1256_table2.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Bar Harbor","otherGeospatial":"Acadia National Park;Mount Desert Island;Northeast Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -68.339767,44.372828 ], [ -68.339767,44.44383 ], [ -68.232393,44.44383 ], [ -68.232393,44.372828 ], [ -68.339767,44.372828 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5295c2e2e4b0becc369c7c1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Martha G. 0000-0003-3038-9400 mnielsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-9400","contributorId":4169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martha","email":"mnielsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70056026,"text":"ofr20131060 - 2013 - Sea-floor geology and topography offshore in northeastern Long Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-26T10:11:38","indexId":"ofr20131060","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-26T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1060","title":"Sea-floor geology and topography offshore in northeastern Long Island Sound","docAbstract":"Datasets of gridded multibeam bathymetry, covering approximately 52.9 square kilometers, were used to interpret character and geology of the sea floor in northeastern Long Island Sound. Although originally collected for charting purposes during National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration hydrographic survey H12012, these acoustic data and the sea-floor sampling and photography stations subsequently occupied to verify the acoustic data are interpreted (1) to define the composition and terrain of the seabed, (2) to provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitat, and (3) as part of an expanding series of studies that provide a fundamental framework for research and resource management (for example, cables, pipelines, and dredging) activities in this major east coast estuary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131060","collaboration":"Also available in DVD-ROM format; see Open-File Report 2013-1060 for ordering information.","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., McMullen, K., Ackerman, S., and Glomb, K., 2013, Sea-floor geology and topography offshore in northeastern Long Island Sound: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1060, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131060.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-044630","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279784,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131060.GIF"},{"id":279782,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1060/"},{"id":279783,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1060/title_page.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut;New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-72.40061964236243, 41.221039699120766], [-72.24182293597879, 41.25788919031744], [-72.15439394393304, 41.260297737976906], [-72.1465243042542, 41.25951206200242], [-72.14514615131536, 41.257180793946965], [-72.14803125653313, 41.24904067565398], [-72.40118635945878, 41.19922109091135], [-72.40061964236243, 41.221039699120766]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-72.4021781143774, 41.19922109091135, -72.14495295230523, 41.260297737976906], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091986\"}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5295c301e4b0becc369c7d05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L. J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMullen, K. Y.","contributorId":51857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMullen","given":"K.","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ackerman, S. D.","contributorId":88843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"S.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glomb, K.A.","contributorId":67996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glomb","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70056041,"text":"ofr20131245 - 2013 - Extreme ground motions and Yucca Mountain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-26T09:37:02","indexId":"ofr20131245","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-26T09:13:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1245","title":"Extreme ground motions and Yucca Mountain","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain is the designated site of the underground repository for the United States' high-level radioactive waste (HLW), consisting of commercial and military spent nuclear fuel, HLW derived from reprocessing of uranium and plutonium, surplus plutonium, and other nuclear-weapons materials. Yucca Mountain straddles the western boundary of the Nevada Test Site, where the United States has tested nuclear devices since the 1950s, and is situated in an arid, remote, and thinly populated region of Nevada, ~100 miles northwest of Las Vegas.\n\nYucca Mountain was originally considered as a potential underground repository of HLW because of its thick units of unsaturated rocks, with the repository horizon being not only ~300 m above the water table but also ~300 m below the Yucca Mountain crest. The fundamental rationale for a geologic (underground) repository for HLW is to securely isolate these materials from the environment and its inhabitants to the greatest extent possible and for very long periods of time. Given the present climate conditions and what is known about the current hydrologic system and conditions around and in the mountain itself, one would anticipate that the rates of infiltration, corrosion, and transport would be very low—except for the possibility that repository integrity might be compromised by low-probability disruptive events, which include earthquakes, strong ground motion, and (or) a repository-piercing volcanic intrusion/eruption.\n\nExtreme ground motions (ExGM), as we use the phrase in this report, refer to the extremely large amplitudes of earthquake ground motion that arise at extremely low probabilities of exceedance (hazard). They first came to our attention when the 1998 probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Yucca Mountain was extended to a hazard level of 10-8/yr (a 10-4/yr probability for a 104-year repository “lifetime”). The primary purpose of this report is to summarize the principal results of the ExGM research program as they have developed over the past 5 years; what follows will be focused on Yucca Mountain, but not restricted to it.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131245","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., Abrahamson, N., Baker, J., Boore, D.M., Board, M., Brune, J.N., Cornell, C.A., and Whitney, J.W., 2013, Extreme ground motions and Yucca Mountain: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1245, viii, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131245.","productDescription":"viii, 106 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042445","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279107,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1245"},{"id":279720,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1245/pdf/of2013-1245.pdf"},{"id":279722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131245.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.470633,36.836351 ], [ -116.470633,36.839716 ], [ -116.466255,36.839716 ], [ -116.466255,36.836351 ], [ -116.470633,36.836351 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5295c2fde4b0becc369c7cd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C. 0000-0003-0928-0056 thanks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-0056","contributorId":3065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","email":"thanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahamson, Norman A.","contributorId":45202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"Norman A.","affiliations":[{"id":13174,"text":"Pacific Gas & Electric","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":486305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Jack W.","contributorId":62113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Jack W.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":486306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Board, Mark","contributorId":74291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Board","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brune, James N.","contributorId":76304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brune","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cornell, C. Allin","contributorId":106791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Whitney, John W. 0000-0003-3824-3692 jwhitney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-3692","contributorId":804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"John","email":"jwhitney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70057473,"text":"ofr20131254 - 2013 - Petrologic and isotopic data from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone (Mesaverde Group), Wasatch Plateau, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-25T11:41:26","indexId":"ofr20131254","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-25T11:03:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1254","title":"Petrologic and isotopic data from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone (Mesaverde Group), Wasatch Plateau, Utah","docAbstract":"The presence of discrete minerals associated with coal—whether (1) detrital or authigenic constituents of the coals or in thin mudstone or siltstone units interbedded with coals, or (2) authigenic phases that formed along cleats—might influence its utilization as an energy resource. The build-up of sintered ash deposits on the surfaces of heat exchangers in coal-fired power plants, due to the alteration of minerals during combustion of the coal, can seriously affect the functioning of the boiler and enhance corrosion of combustion equipment. In particular, the presence of sodium in coals has been considered a key factor in the fouling of boilers; however, other elements (such as calcium or magnesium) and the amount of discrete minerals burned with coal can also play a significant role in the inefficiency of and damage to boilers. \n\nPrevious studies of the quality of coals in the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation of the Wasatch Plateau, Utah, revealed that the sodium content of the coals varied across the region. To better understand the origin and distribution of sodium in these coals, petrologic studies were undertaken within a sedimentological framework to evaluate the timing and geochemical constraints on the emplacement of sodium-bearing minerals, particularly analcime, which previously had been identified in coals in the Blackhawk Formation. Further, the study was broadened to include not just coals in the Blackhawk Formation from various localities across the Wasatch Plateau, but also sandstones interbedded with the coals as well as sandstones in the underlying Star Point Sandstone. The alteration history of the sandstones in both formations was considered a key component of this study because it records the nature and timing of fluids passing through them and the associated precipitation of sodium-bearing minerals; thus, the alteration history could place constraints on the distribution and timing of sodium mineralization in the interbedded or overlying Blackhawk coals. Although some preliminary results were previously presented at scientific meetings, the petrologic and geochemical data have not been fully compiled and reported. The purpose of this report is to present the methods of data acquisition and the results of petrologic and isotopic analyses on coal and sandstone samples from the Blackhawk Formation as well as sandstones of the underlying Star Point Sandstone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131254","usgsCitation":"Fishman, N.S., Turner, C., and Peterson, F., 2013, Petrologic and isotopic data from the Cretaceous (Campanian) Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone (Mesaverde Group), Wasatch Plateau, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1254, Report: iii, 15 p.; Plate: 47.38 inches x 28.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131254.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 15 p.; Plate: 47.38 inches x 28.21 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042917","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131254.jpg"},{"id":279627,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1254/pdf/of2013-1254.pdf"},{"id":279626,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1254/pdf/of2013-1254_plate1.pdf"},{"id":279617,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1254/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.2083,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,41.5524 ], [ -111.1022,39.3641 ], [ -112.2083,39.3641 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52947165e4b01cca2b1128ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, Neil S.","contributorId":106464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Christine E.","contributorId":27164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Christine E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, Fred fpeterson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Fred","email":"fpeterson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048999,"text":"ofr20131242 - 2013 - Mechanical properties of simulated Mars materials: gypsum-rich sandstones and lapilli tuff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-08T10:23:53","indexId":"ofr20131242","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T12:35:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1242","title":"Mechanical properties of simulated Mars materials: gypsum-rich sandstones and lapilli tuff","docAbstract":"Observations by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity, and other recent studies on diagenesis in the extensive equatorial layered deposits on Mars, suggest that the likely lithologies of these deposits are gypsum-rich sandstones and tuffaceous sediments (for example, Murchie and others, 2009; Squyres and others, 2012; Zimbelman and Scheidt, 2012). Of particular interest is how the diagenesis history of these sediments (degree of cementation and composition) influences the strength and brittle behavior of the material. For instance, fractures are more common in lower porosity materials under strain, whereas deformation bands, characterized by distributed strain throughout a broader discontinuity in a material, are common in higher porosity sedimentary materials. Such discontinuities can either enhance or restrict fluid flow; hence, failure mode plays an important role in determining the mechanics of fluid migration through sediments (Antonellini and Aydin, 1994; 1995; Taylor and Pollard, 2000; Ogilvie and Glover, 2001). As part of a larger study to characterize processes of fault-controlled fluid flow in volcaniclastic and gypsum-rich sediments on Mars, we have completed a series of laboratory experiments to focus on how gypsum clast content and degree of authigenic cementation affects the strength behavior of simulated Mars rocks. Both axial deformation and hydrostatic pressure tests were done at room temperature under dry conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131242","usgsCitation":"Morrow, C., Lockner, D., and Okubo, C., 2013, Mechanical properties of simulated Mars materials: gypsum-rich sandstones and lapilli tuff: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1242, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131242.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044873","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131242.PNG"},{"id":279396,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1242/pdf/of2013-1242.pdf"},{"id":279348,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1242/"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528f53cbe4b0660d392bed78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, Carolyn","contributorId":71874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"Carolyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, David","contributorId":21058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okubo, Chris","contributorId":36278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048894,"text":"ofr20131261 - 2013 - Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Sullivan and Wyoming Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T18:07:33","indexId":"ofr20131261","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T08:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1261","title":"Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Sullivan and Wyoming Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","docAbstract":"Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells, which sometimes use the same technique, are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Sullivan County and Wyoming County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131261","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, T.E., Milheim, L., Roig-Silva, C.M., and Malizia, A.R., 2013, Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Sullivan and Wyoming Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1261, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131261.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042856","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131261.jpg"},{"id":279298,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1261/pdf/of2013-1261.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":279297,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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croig@usgs.gov","contributorId":4213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roig-Silva","given":"Coral","email":"croig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malizia, Alexander R.","contributorId":83018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malizia","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70049027,"text":"ofr20131263 - 2013 - Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Armstrong and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T18:05:36","indexId":"ofr20131263","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-21T08:29:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1263","title":"Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Armstrong and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010","docAbstract":"Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Armstrong County and Indiana County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131263","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, T.E., Milheim, L., Roig-Silva, C.M., and Malizia, A.R., 2013, Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Armstrong and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1263, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131263.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049110","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131263.jpg"},{"id":279299,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1263/"},{"id":279300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1263/pdf/of2013-1263.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.30 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survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-20T11:16:29","indexId":"ofr20131172","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-20T10:53:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1172","title":"Borehole-explosion and air-gun data acquired in the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project (SSIP), southern California: description of the survey","docAbstract":"The Imperial and Coachella Valleys are being formed by active plate-tectonic processes. From the Imperial Valley southward into the Gulf of California, plate motions are rifting the continent apart. In the Coachella Valley, the plates are sliding past one another along the San Andreas and related faults (fig. 1). These processes build the stunning landscapes of the region, but also produce damaging earthquakes.
\nRupture of the southern section of the San Andreas Fault (SAF), from the Coachella Valley to the Mojave Desert, is believed to be the greatest natural hazard that California will face in the near future. With an estimated magnitude between 7.2 and 8.1, such an event would result in violent shaking, loss of life, and disruption of infrastructure (freeways, aqueducts, power, petroleum, and communication lines) that might bring much of southern California to a standstill. As part of the nation’s efforts to avert a catastrophe of this magnitude, a number of projects have been undertaken to more fully understand and mitigate the effects of such an event. The Salton Seismic Imaging Project (SSIP), funded jointly by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), seeks to understand, through seismic imaging, the structure of the Earth surrounding the SAF, including the sedimentary basins on which cities are built.
\nThe principal investigators (PIs) of this collaborative project represent the USGS, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Scripps), University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), and Stanford University.
\nSSIP will create images of underground structure and sediments in the Imperial and Coachella Valleys and adjacent mountain ranges to investigate the earthquake hazards posed to cities in this area. Importantly, the images will help determine the underground geometry of the SAF, how deep the sediments are, and how fast earthquake energy can travel through the sediments. All of these factors determine how hard the earth will shake during a major earthquake. If we can improve on our understanding of how and where earthquakes will occur, and how strong their resultant shaking will be, then buildings can be designed or retrofitted accordingly in order to resist damage and collapse, and emergency plans can be adequately prepared. In addition, SSIP will investigate the processes of rifting and magmatism in the Salton Trough in order to better understand this important plate-boundary region. The Salton Trough is a unique rift in that subsidence is accompanied by huge influxes of infilling sediment from the Colorado River. Volcanism that accompanies the subsidence here is muted by these influxes of sediment. The Salton Trough, in the central part of the Imperial Valley, is apparently made up of entirely new crust: young sediment in the upper crust and basaltic intrusive rocks in the mid-to-lower crust (Fuis and others, 1984).
\nSimilar to the ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans performed by the medical industry, seismic imaging is a collection of techniques that enable scientists to obtain a picture of what is underground. The petroleum industry routinely uses these techniques to search for oil and gas at relatively shallow depths; however, the scope of this project demanded that we image as much as 30 km into the Earth’s crust. This project generated and recorded seismic waves, similar to sound waves, which move downward into the Earth and are bent (refracted) or echoed (reflected) back to the surface.
\nSSIP acquired data in a series of intersecting lines that cover key areas of the Salton Trough. The sources of sound waves were detonations (shots) in deep boreholes, designed to create energy equivalent to magnitude 1–2 earthquakes. The study region routinely experiences earthquakes of these magnitudes, but earthquakes are not located in such a way as to permit us to create the detailed images we need for earthquake hazard assessment. Air gun bursts, generated in the Salton Sea along extensions of our onshore seismic lines, also were utilized as sound-wave sources. Temporary deployments of portable land seismometers, as well as ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) on the floor of the Salton Sea, recorded the energy from the land shots and air gun bursts.
\nSSIP is similar to the Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiments of 1994 and 1999 (LARSE I and II, respectively; Murphy and others, 1996; Fuis and others, 2001). The LARSE surveys demonstrated that the USGS and collaborators can safely and effectively conduct seismic imaging surveys in urban and nonurban areas, on lands owned and/or managed by many different types of agencies and entities. Information was produced that could not have been obtained any other way, and this information was key to changing the leading ideas about earthquake hazards at that time in the Los Angeles region. These surveys produced no significant environmental impact or damage to structures, and they did not trigger earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131172","usgsCitation":"Rose, E.J., Fuis, G.S., Stock, J.M., Hole, J.A., Kell, A.M., Kent, G., Driscoll, N.W., Goldman, M., Reusch, A.M., Han, L., Sickler, R.R., Catchings, R.D., Rymer, M.J., Criley, C.J., Scheirer, D., Skinner, S.M., Slayday-Criley, C.J., Murphy, J.M., Jensen, E.G., McClearn, R., Ferguson, A.J., Butcher, L.A., Gardner, M.A., Emmons, I., Loughran, C.L., Svitek, J.R., Bastien, P., Cotton, J.A., Croker, D.S., Harding, A.J., Babcock, J.M., Harder, S.H., and Rosa, C.M., 2013, Borehole-explosion and air-gun data acquired in the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project (SSIP), southern California: description of the survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1172, Report: vi, 84 p.; 8 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131172.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 84 p.; 8 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042942","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131172.jpg"},{"id":279236,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_I_Drill_Logs"},{"id":279234,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/"},{"id":279237,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_II_Drill_Sample_Inventory.pdf"},{"id":279238,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_III_Land_Station_Locations.pdf"},{"id":279235,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172.pdf"},{"id":279239,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_IV_OBS_Locations.pdf"},{"id":279240,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_V_Air-Gun_Shots.pdf"},{"id":279241,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/pdf/of2013-1172_appendix_VI_SEGYs.pdf"},{"id":279242,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/downloads/of2013-1172_appendix_VII_KMZs.zip"},{"id":279243,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1172/downloads/of2013-1172_appendix_VIII_All_Tables.xlsx"}],"country":"United 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croker@usgs.gov","contributorId":4728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croker","given":"David","email":"croker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Harding, Alistair J.","contributorId":53270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"Alistair","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Babcock, Jeffrey M.","contributorId":80576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Harder, Steven H.","contributorId":21817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harder","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Rosa, Carla M. crosa@usgs.gov","contributorId":5306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosa","given":"Carla","email":"crosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33}]}} ,{"id":70055859,"text":"ofr20131149 - 2013 - Geochemistry of soils from the San Rafael Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T19:34:25.330134","indexId":"ofr20131149","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-20T10:20:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1149","title":"Geochemistry of soils from the San Rafael Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","docAbstract":"This study was conducted to determine whether surficial geochemical methods can be used to identify subsurface mineraldeposits covered by alluvium derived from surrounding areas. The geochemical investigation focused on an anomalous geo-physical magnetic high located in the San Rafael Valley in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. The magnetic high, inferred to be asso-ciated with a buried granite intrusion, occurs beneath Quaternary alluvial and terrace deposits. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 10 to 30 centimeters below land surface along transects that traverse the inferred granite. The samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and by the partial-leach Mobile Metal Ion™ method. Principal component and factor analyses showed a strong correlation between the soils and source rocks hosting base-metal replacement deposits in the Harshaw and Patagonia Mining Districts. Factor analysis also indicated areas of high metal concentrations associated with the Meadow Valley Flat. Although no definitive geochemical signature was identified for the inferred granite, concentrations otungsten and iron in the surrounding area were slightly elevated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131149","usgsCitation":"Folger, H.W., and Gray, F., 2013, Geochemistry of soils from the San Rafael Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1149, Report: vi, 30 p.; 5 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131149.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; 5 Tables","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-033576","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279226,"rank":8,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131149.jpg"},{"id":279062,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149"},{"id":279223,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table3.xls","text":"Table 3"},{"id":279224,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table2.xls","text":"Table 2"},{"id":279221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table1.xls","text":"Table 1"},{"id":279220,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/pdf/of2013-1149.pdf"},{"id":279222,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table4.xls","text":"Table 4"},{"id":279225,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1149/tables/of2013-1149_Table5.xls","text":"Table 5"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"San Rafael Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.450142,31.299327 ], [ -111.450142,31.930394 ], [ -110.400193,31.930394 ], [ -110.400193,31.299327 ], [ -111.450142,31.299327 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52a6402fe4b0a6d6958823d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folger, Helen W. 0000-0003-1376-5996 hfolger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-5996","contributorId":3219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"Helen","email":"hfolger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966 fgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","email":"fgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70055736,"text":"ofr20131273 - 2013 - Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-18T14:35:05","indexId":"ofr20131273","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-18T11:57:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1273","title":"Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho","docAbstract":"A preliminary hazard assessment was developed for debris-flow hazards in the 465 square-kilometer (115,000 acres) area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek fire near Hailey in central Idaho. The burn area covers all or part of six watersheds and selected basins draining to the Big Wood River and is at risk of substantial post-fire erosion, such as that caused by debris flows. Empirical models derived from statistical evaluation of data collected from recently burned basins throughout the Intermountain Region in Western United States were used to estimate the probability of debris-flow occurrence, potential volume of debris flows, and the combined debris-flow hazard ranking along the drainage network within the burn area and to estimate the same for analyzed drainage basins within the burn area. Input data for the empirical models included topographic parameters, soil characteristics, burn severity, and rainfall totals and intensities for a (1) 2-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 2-year storm (13 mm); (2) 10-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 10-year storm (19 mm); and (3) 25-year-recurrence, 1-hour-duration rainfall, referred to as a 25-year storm (22 mm). Estimated debris-flow probabilities for drainage basins upstream of 130 selected basin outlets ranged from less than 1 to 78 percent with the probabilities increasing with each increase in storm magnitude. Probabilities were high in three of the six watersheds. For the 25-year storm, probabilities were greater than 60 percent for 11 basin outlets and ranged from 50 to 60 percent for an additional 12 basin outlets. Probability estimates for stream segments within the drainage network can vary within a basin. For the 25-year storm, probabilities for stream segments within 33 basins were higher than the basin outlet, emphasizing the importance of evaluating the drainage network as well as basin outlets. Estimated debris-flow volumes for the three modeled storms range from a minimal debris flow volume of 10 cubic meters [m3]) to greater than 100,000 m3. Estimated debris-flow volumes increased with basin size and distance downstream. For the 25-year storm, estimated debris-flow volumes were greater than 100,000 m3 for 4 basins and between 50,000 and 100,000 m3 for 10 basins. The debris-flow hazard rankings did not result in the highest hazard ranking of 5, indicating that none of the basins had a high probability of debris-flow occurrence and a high debris-flow volume estimate. The hazard ranking was 4 for one basin using the 10-year-recurrence storm model and for three basins using the 25-year-recurrence storm model. The maps presented herein may be used to prioritize areas where post-wildfire remediation efforts should take place within the 2- to 3-year period of increased erosional vulnerability.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131273","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Blaine County, Idaho","usgsCitation":"Skinner, K.D., 2013, Post-fire debris-flow hazard assessment of the area burned by the 2013 Beaver Creek Fire near Hailey, central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1273, Report: iv, 12 p.; Table: XLSX file; 9 plates: 24 inches x 31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131273.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Table: XLSX file; 9 plates: 24 inches x 31 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052301","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131273.PNG"},{"id":279121,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/"},{"id":279129,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/downloads/ofr2013-1273_table1.xlsx"},{"id":279130,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate1.pdf"},{"id":279131,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate3.pdf"},{"id":279128,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273.pdf"},{"id":279132,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate2.pdf"},{"id":279133,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate4.pdf"},{"id":279134,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate5.pdf"},{"id":279135,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate6.pdf"},{"id":279136,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate7.pdf"},{"id":279137,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate8.pdf"},{"id":279138,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1273/pdfs/ofr2013-1273_plate9.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.67495,43.499756 ], [ -114.67495,43.699651 ], [ -114.311371,43.699651 ], [ -114.311371,43.499756 ], [ -114.67495,43.499756 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528b370ae4b031f8c843947a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, Kenneth D. 0000-0003-1774-6565 kskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-6565","contributorId":1836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"Kenneth","email":"kskinner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70049018,"text":"ofr20131250 - 2013 - MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-13T15:02:31","indexId":"ofr20131250","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-13T14:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1250","title":"MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox","docAbstract":"Seasonal change is important to consider when managing conservation areas at landscape scales. The study of such patterns throughout the year is referred to as phenology. Recurring life-cycle events that are initiated and driven by environmental factors include animal migration and plant flowering. Phenological events capture public attention, such as fall color change in deciduous forests, the first flowering in spring, and for those with allergies, the start of the pollen season. These events can affect our daily lives, provide clues to help understand and manage ecosystems, and provide evidence of how climate variability can affect the natural cycle of plants and animals. Phenological observations can be gathered at a range of scales, from plots smaller than an acre to landscapes of hundreds to thousands of acres. Linking these observations to diverse disciplines such as evolutionary biology or climate sciences can help further research in species and ecosystem responses to climate change scenarios at appropriate scales.
\nA cooperative study between the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been exploring how satellite information can be used to summarize phenological patterns observed at the park or landscape scale and how those summaries can be presented to both park managers and visitors. This study specifically addressed seasonal changes in plants, including the onset of growth, photosynthesis in the spring, and the senescence of deciduous vegetation in the fall. The primary objective of the work is to demonstrate that seasonality even in protected areas changes considerably across years. A major challenge is to decouple natural variability from possible trends—directional change that can lead to a permanent and radically different ecosystem state. Trends can be either a gradual degradation of the landscape (often from external influences) or steady improvement (by implementing long-term conservation plans). In either case, it is important to first grasp the magnitude of natural variation so that it is not confused with actual trends.
\nThis work used existing and freely available remote sensing data, specifically the NASA-funded 250-meter (m) spatial resolution land-surface phenology product for North America. This product is calculated from an annual record of vegetation health observed by NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. The land-surface phenology product is, in essence, a method to summarize all the observations throughout a year into a few key, ecologically relevant “metrics”.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131250","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative","usgsCitation":"Talbert, C., Kern, T., Morisette, J., Brown, D., and James, K., 2013, MODIS phenology image service ArcMap toolbox: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1250, iii, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131250.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045950","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131250.jpg"},{"id":279058,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1250/pdf/of2013-1250.pdf"},{"id":279057,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1250/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52849f61e4b063f258e57461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbert, Colin talbertc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbert","given":"Colin","email":"talbertc@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kern, Tim J. kernt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Tim J.","email":"kernt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":486032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morisette, Jeff","contributorId":20640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Don","contributorId":73490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, Kevin","contributorId":106787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048860,"text":"ofr20131251 - 2013 - Estimation of missing water-level data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN), 2013 update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T17:26:26","indexId":"ofr20131251","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-07T10:19:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1251","title":"Estimation of missing water-level data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN), 2013 update","docAbstract":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network is an integrated network of real-time water-level gaging stations, a \nground-elevation model, and a water-surface elevation model \ndesigned to provide scientists, engineers, and water-resource \nmanagers with water-level and water-depth information \n(1991-2013) for the entire freshwater portion of the Greater \nEverglades. The U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades \nPriority Ecosystems Science provides support for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network in order for the Network \nto provide quality-assured monitoring data for the U.S. Army \nCorps of Engineers Comprehensive Everglades Restoration \nPlan. In a previous study, water-level estimation equations \nwere developed to fill in missing data to increase the accuracy of the daily water-surface elevation model. During this \nstudy, those equations were updated because of the addition \nand removal of water-level gaging stations, the consistent use \nof water-level data relative to the North American Vertical \nDatum of 1988, and availability of recent data (March 1, 2006, \nto September 30, 2011). Up to three linear regression equations were developed for each station by using three different \ninput stations to minimize the occurrences of missing data \nfor an input station. Of the 667 water-level estimation equations developed to fill missing data at 223 stations, more than \n72 percent of the equations have coefficients of determination \ngreater than 0.90, and 97 percent have coefficients of determination greater than 0.70.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131251","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science","usgsCitation":"Petkewich, M.D., and Conrads, P., 2013, Estimation of missing water-level data for the Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN), 2013 update: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1251, iv, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131251.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278909,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1251/"},{"id":278910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131251.jpg"},{"id":278908,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1251/pdf/of2013-1251.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.8106,25.1872 ], [ -81.8106,26.3864 ], [ -80.0415,26.3864 ], [ -80.0415,25.1872 ], [ -81.8106,25.1872 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527cb931e4b0850ea050a8cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048857,"text":"ofr20131087 - 2013 - Physical, chemical, and isotopic data from groundwater in the watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 1983 to 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-14T16:11:31","indexId":"ofr20131087","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-07T08:22:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1087","title":"Physical, chemical, and isotopic data from groundwater in the watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 1983 to 1997","docAbstract":"Research on the hydrogeologic setting of Mirror Lake near West Thornton, New Hampshire (43° 56.5’ N, 71° 41.5’ W), includes the study of the physical, chemical, and isotopic characteristics of groundwater in the vicinity of the lake and nearby Hubbard Brook. Presented here are those physical, chemical, and isotopic data for the period 1983 to 1997. Data were collected from observation wells installed in glacial drift and bedrock, as well as from one domestic well in the general area of the lake and Hubbard Brook. Also presented are data for Mirror Lake for August 1, 1993, to place groundwater data in context with chemical and isotopic characteristics of the lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Institute of Ecosystem Studies","usgsCitation":"LaBaugh, J.W., Harte, P.T., Shapiro, A.M., Hsieh, P.A., Johnson, C.D., Goode, D., Wood, W., Buso, D.C., Likens, G.E., and Winter, T.C., 2013, Physical, chemical, and isotopic data from groundwater in the watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 1983 to 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1087, viii, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131087.","productDescription":"viii, 147 p.","numberOfPages":"155","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131087.gif"},{"id":278893,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1087/"},{"id":278894,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1087/pdf/of2013-1087.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake;West Thornton","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.847,43.852 ], [ -71.847,44.03 ], [ -71.560,44.03 ], [ -71.560,43.852 ], [ -71.847,43.852 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527cb954e4b0850ea050a8d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Carole D. 0000-0001-6941-1578 cjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":1891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole","email":"cjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":485750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":485752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Buso, Donald C.","contributorId":33212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buso","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Likens, Gene E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70048820,"text":"ofr20131264 - 2013 - Principal facts and an approach to collecting gravity data using near-real-time observations in the vicinity of Barstow, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T16:17:56.493053","indexId":"ofr20131264","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-06T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1264","title":"Principal facts and an approach to collecting gravity data using near-real-time observations in the vicinity of Barstow, California","docAbstract":"A gravity survey was done in the vicinity of Barstow, California, in which data were processed and analyzed in the field. The purpose of the data collection was to investigate possible changes in gravity across mapped Quaternary faults and to improve regional gravity coverage, adding to the existing national gravity database. Data were collected, processed, analyzed, and interpreted in the field in order to make decisions about where to collect data for the remainder of the survey. Geological targets in the Barstow area included the Cady Fault, the Manix Fault, and the Yermo Hills. Upon interpreting initial results, additional data were collected to more completely define the fault targets, rather than collecting data to improve the regional gravity coverage in an adjacent area. Both the Manix and Cady Faults showed gravitational expression of the subsurface in the form of steep gravitational gradients that we interpret to represent down-dropped blocks. The gravitational expression of the Cady Fault is on trend with the linear projection of the mapped fault, and the gravitational expression of the Manix Fault is north of the current northernmost mapped strand of the fault. The relative gravitational low over the Yermo Hills was confirmed and better constrained, indicating a significant thickness of sediments at the junction of the Calico, Manix, and Tin Can Alley Faults.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131264","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G., Cronkite-Ratcliff, C., and Klofas, L., 2013, Principal facts and an approach to collecting gravity data using near-real-time observations in the vicinity of Barstow, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1264, iii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131264.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417514,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99271.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":278887,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131264.jpg"},{"id":278886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1264/pdf/ofr2013-1264.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":278885,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1264/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Barstow","otherGeospatial":"Cady Fault, Calico Fault, Manix Fault, Tin Can Alley Fault, Yermo Hills","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.119959,34.698518 ], [ -117.119959,35.280012 ], [ -116.129793,35.280012 ], [ -116.129793,34.698518 ], [ -117.119959,34.698518 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527b650fe4b0a7295d9b55ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G.","contributorId":80171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, C.","contributorId":87408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronkite-Ratcliff","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klofas, L.","contributorId":87058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klofas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}