{"pageNumber":"832","pageRowStart":"20775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40782,"records":[{"id":70041614,"text":"70041614 - 2009 - Diffusion-equation representations of landform evolution in the simplest circumstances: Appendix C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-29T10:03:39","indexId":"70041614","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-08T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":13,"text":"Handbook"},"title":"Diffusion-equation representations of landform evolution in the simplest circumstances: Appendix C","docAbstract":"<p>The diffusion equation is one of the three great partial differential equations of classical physics. It describes the flow or diffusion of heat in the presence of temperature gradients, fluid flow in porous media in the presence of pressure gradients, and the diffusion of molecules in the presence of chemical gradients. [The other two equations are the wave equation, which describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves (including light), acoustic (sound) waves, and elastic (seismic) waves radiated from earthquakes; and LaPlace&rsquo;s equation, which describes the behavior of electric, gravitational, and fluid potentials, all part of potential field theory. The diffusion equation reduces to LaPlace&rsquo;s equation at steady state, when the field of interest does not depend on t. Poisson&rsquo;s equation is LaPlace&rsquo;s equation with a source term.]</p>\n<p>Joseph Fourier developed the diffusion equation for heat conduction in 1807, and it has significant associations with probability theory (Narasimhan, 2009), as we will see shortly. In a novel and fascinating application, Gene Humphreys has employed solutions of the diffusion equation to describe the density of desert tortoises in the presence of population gradients caused by new dirt roads cut in the Mojave Desert. These new dirt roads induce an immediate line sink for unsuspecting tortoises. As of this writing in early September, I am not sure whether Gene has published this work.</p>\n<p>Most of us here know that the diffusion equation has also been used to describe the evolution through time of scarp-like landforms, including fault scarps, shoreline scarps, or a set of marine terraces. The methods, models, and data employed in such studies have been described in the literature many times over the past 25 years. For most situations, everything you will ever need (or want) to know can be found in Hanks et al. (1984) and Hanks (2000), the latter being a review of numerous studies of the 1980s and 1990s and a summary of available estimates of the mass diffusivity &kappa;. The geometric parameterization of scarp-like landforms is shown in Figure 1.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Friends of the Pleistocene 2009 Pacific Cell Field Trip: Paleoseismic, geomorphic, and geodetic studies across the Central Great Basin: Exploring active deformation along the eastern edge of the Pacific/North American plate boundary.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":13,"text":"Handbook"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., 2009, Diffusion-equation representations of landform evolution in the simplest circumstances: Appendix C, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-016448","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56334338e4b048076347eebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C. 0000-0003-0928-0056 thanks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-0056","contributorId":3065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","email":"thanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70047288,"text":"70047288 - 2009 - Converting nonstandard fish sampling data to standardized data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-04T16:44:48.968639","indexId":"70047288","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T21:25:04","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"12","title":"Converting nonstandard fish sampling data to standardized data","docAbstract":"<p>Fishery biologists spend considerable effort over multiple years collecting data on fish population and community status using a particular sampling method or set of methods. However, new (and often more effective) sampling methods and technologies are continuously being developed. To incorporate these new sampling techniques, fishery biologists need a means for converting sample data collected using old methods so they can be compared with data collected using new methods. Similarly, fishery biologists often need a means to compare fish sample data collected using the same method over time (e.g., from year to year) and space (e.g., between sample sites). If fish abundance, species presence, or richness are estimated using an unbiased statistical estimator, the estimates can be validly compared, even if the fish sample data were collected with different methods. However, if unbiased statistical estimators were not used, biologists need methods for adjusting fish sampling data collected using different methods or using the same method collected under different sampling conditions. In this chapter, we describe and provide examples of statistical techniques for converting nonstandard fish sampling data to standardized data and for making comparisons of fish sampling data collected at different times or at different locations. We define standard fish sampling data as data collected using the standardized fish sampling methods described throughout this book. Any other sampling methods and associated data are thus defined as nonstandard. Before delving into the details of the statistical modeling techniques, we describe the nature of fish sample data, their uses, and their limitations.</p><p>Catch-effort measures, such as relative abundance and catch per unit effort (CPUE), are more formally described as indices. Here, we define an index as any measure or count of a species or community (e.g., species richness) based on direct observation without an estimate of the ability to count individuals or species. Indices have some very desirable characteristics for use in fisheries research and management. In general (but not always), indices require less effort to collect and are usually more precise than unbiased population estimators (e.g., CPUE versus capture–recapture estimates of abundance). The proper use of indices for assessment of fish populations or communities, however, requires that the relationship between an index and the true value (e.g., fish density, species richness) is relatively constant (1) across the observable range of true values, (2) through time when evaluating trends at a single location, and (3) across space when making comparisons among locations.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.47886/9781934874103.ch12","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., and Paukert, C.P., 2009, Converting nonstandard fish sampling data to standardized data, chap. 12 <i>of</i> Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes, p. 195-216, https://doi.org/10.47886/9781934874103.ch12.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"216","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78ee5e4b02e26443a9367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, James T. 0000-0002-7709-8590 james_peterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-8590","contributorId":2111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"James","email":"james_peterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paukert, Craig P. 0000-0002-9369-8545 cpaukert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-8545","contributorId":879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"Craig","email":"cpaukert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70046837,"text":"70046837 - 2009 - Climate and hydrological changes in the northeastern United States: recent trends and implications for forested and aquatic ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T23:03:45.826356","indexId":"70046837","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T11:25:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate and hydrological changes in the northeastern United States: recent trends and implications for forested and aquatic ecosystems","docAbstract":"<p><span>We review twentieth century and projected twenty-first century changes in climatic and hydrologic conditions in the northeastern United States and the implications of these changes for forest ecosystems. Climate warming and increases in precipitation and associated changes in snow and hydrologic regimes have been observed over the last century, with the most pronounced changes occurring since 1970. Trends in specific climatic and hydrologic variables differ in their responses spatially (e.g., coastal vs. inland) and temporally (e.g., spring vs. summer). Trends can differ depending on the period of record analyzed, hinting at the role of decadal-scale climatic variation that is superimposed over the longer-term trend. Model predictions indicate that continued increases in temperature and precipitation across the northeastern United States can be expected over the next century. Ongoing increases in growing season length (earlier spring and later autumn) will most likely increase evapotranspiration and frequency of drought. In turn, an increase in the frequency of drought will likely increase the risk of fire and negatively impact forest productivity, maple syrup production, and the intensity of autumn foliage coloration. Climate and hydrologic changes could have profound effects on forest structure, composition, and ecological functioning in response to the changes discussed here and as described in related articles in this issue of the Journal.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Press","doi":"10.1139/X08-116","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., Richardson, A., McGuire, K.J., and Hayhoe, K., 2009, Climate and hydrological changes in the northeastern United States: recent trends and implications for forested and aquatic ecosystems: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 39, no. 2, p. 199-212, https://doi.org/10.1139/X08-116.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"212","ipdsId":"IP-007939","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.76562799774103,\n              44.78638100318139\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.71521412449565,\n              45.7390749139181\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.78405189315127,\n              47.19537529525098\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.18472105717075,\n              47.46177792217094\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.88591256477002,\n              45.21710520692787\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.38665022904647,\n              45.25189230614373\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.54749484632615,\n              45.06178728633918\n            ],\n            [\n              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thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, Andrew D.","contributorId":105199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Andrew D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, Kevin J.","contributorId":69870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayhoe, Katharine","contributorId":35624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayhoe","given":"Katharine","affiliations":[{"id":16625,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":480425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70043459,"text":"70043459 - 2009 - Demographics of an experimentally released population of elk in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-13T12:32:19","indexId":"70043459","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographics of an experimentally released population of elk in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","docAbstract":"<p>We assessed the potential for reestablishing elk (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), USA, by estimating vital rates of experimentally released animals from 2001 to 2006. Annual survival rates for calves ranged from 0.333 to 1.0 and averaged 0.592. Annual survival for subadult and adult elk (i.e., &ge;1 yr of age) ranged from 0.690 to 0.933, depending on age and sex. We used those and other vital rates to model projected population growth and viability using a stochastic individual-based model. The annual growth rate (&lambda;) of the modeled population over a 25-year period averaged 0.996 and declined from 1.059 the first year to 0.990 at year 25. The modeled population failed to attain a positive 25-year mean growth rate in 46.0% of the projections. Poor calf recruitment was an important determinant of low population growth. Predation by black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) was the dominant calf mortality factor. Most of the variance of growth projections was due to demographic variation resulting from the small population size (<i>n</i>  =  61). Management actions such as predator control may help increase calf recruitment, but our projections suggest that the GSMNP elk population may be at risk for some time because of high demographic variation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/2008-573","usgsCitation":"Murrow, J.L., Clark, J.D., and Delozier, E.K., 2009, Demographics of an experimentally released population of elk in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 8, p. 1261-1268, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-573.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1261","endPage":"1268","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-014862","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.013902,35.425845 ], [ -84.013902,35.842391 ], [ -83.042485,35.842391 ], [ -83.042485,35.425845 ], [ -84.013902,35.425845 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"73","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5177ad64e4b095699adf2751","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murrow, Jennifer L.","contributorId":92945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murrow","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delozier, E. Kim","contributorId":95359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delozier","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70004012,"text":"70004012 - 2009 - Past climate variability and change in the Arctic and at high latitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-17T12:53:21.152226","indexId":"70004012","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":290,"text":"Synthesis and Assessment Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"1.2","title":"Past climate variability and change in the Arctic and at high latitudes","docAbstract":"Paleoclimate records play a key role in our understanding of Earth's past and present climate system and in our confidence in predicting future climate changes. Paleoclimate data help to elucidate past and present active mechanisms of climate change by placing the short instrumental record into a longer term context and by permitting models to be tested beyond the limited time that instrumental measurements have been available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Climate Change Science Program","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Alley, R.B., Brigham-Grette, J., Miller, G.H., Polyak, L., U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Subcommittee on Global Change Research, and Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Past climate variability and change in the Arctic and at high latitudes: Synthesis and Assessment Product 1.2, 257 p.","productDescription":"257 p.","numberOfPages":"270","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258137,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/reports/sap-12-past-climate-variability-and-change-arctic-and-high-latitudes","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7584e4b0c8380cd77bbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, Richard B.","contributorId":34365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13035,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham-Grette, Julie","contributorId":76176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham-Grette","given":"Julie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Gifford H.","contributorId":69402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Gifford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Polyak, Leonid","contributorId":48014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polyak","given":"Leonid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"U.S. Climate Change Science Program","contributorId":128212,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Climate Change Science Program","id":535125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Subcommittee on Global Change Research","contributorId":128024,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Subcommittee on Global Change Research","id":535123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70003341,"text":"70003341 - 2009 - Multiple origins of linear dunes on Earth and Titan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-04T12:43:26","indexId":"70003341","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-03T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple origins of linear dunes on Earth and Titan","docAbstract":"Dunes with relatively long and parallel crests are classified as linear dunes. On Earth, they form in at least two environmental settings: where winds of bimodal direction blow across loose sand, and also where single-direction winds blow over sediment that is locally stabilized, be it through vegetation, sediment cohesion or topographic shelter from the winds. Linear dunes have also been identified on Titan, where they are thought to form in loose sand. Here we present evidence that in the Qaidam Basin, China, linear dunes are found downwind of transverse dunes owing to higher cohesiveness in the downwind sediments, which contain larger amounts of salt and mud. We also present a compilation of other settings where sediment stabilization has been reported to produce linear dunes. We suggest that in this dune-forming process, loose sediment accumulates on the dunes and is stabilized; the stable dune then functions as a topographic shelter, which induces the deposition of sediments downwind. We conclude that a model in which Titan's dunes formed similarly in cohesive sediments cannot be ruled out by the existing data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/ngeo610","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., and Hesp, P.A., 2009, Multiple origins of linear dunes on Earth and Titan: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, p. 653-658, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo610.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo610","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6070e4b0c8380cd7146f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":346957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hesp, Patrick A.","contributorId":67764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesp","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70003362,"text":"70003362 - 2009 - Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T18:36:07.567184","indexId":"70003362","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-27T11:42:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs","docAbstract":"Turquoise Lake is a water-supply reservoir located north of the historic Sugarloaf Mining district near Leadville, Colorado, USA. Elevated water levels in the reservoir may increase flow of low-quality water from abandoned mine tunnels in the Sugarloaf District and degrade water quality downstream. The objective of this study was to understand the sources of water to Dinero mine drainage tunnel and evaluate whether or not there was a direct hydrologic connection between Dinero mine tunnel and Turquoise Lake from late 2002 to early 2008. This study utilized hydrograph data from nearby draining mine tunnels and the lake, and stable isotope (&delta;<sup>18</sup>O and &delta;<sup>2</sup>H) data from the lake, nearby draining mine tunnels, imported water, and springs to characterize water sources in the study area. Hydrograph results indicate that flow from the Dinero mine tunnel decreased 26% (2006) and 10% (2007) when lake elevation (above mean sea level) decreased below approximately 3004 m (approximately 9855 feet). Results of isotope analysis delineated two meteoric water lines in the study area. One line characterizes surface water and water imported to the study area from the western side of the Continental Divide. The other line characterizes groundwater including draining mine tunnels, springs, and seeps. Isotope mixing calculations indicate that water from Turquoise Lake or seasonal groundwater recharge from snowmelt represents approximately 10% or less of the water in Dinero mine tunnel. However, most of the water in Dinero mine tunnel is from deep groundwater having minimal isotopic variation. The asymmetric shape of the Dinero mine tunnel hydrograph may indicate that a limited mine pool exists behind a collapse in the tunnel and attenutates seasonal recharge. Alternatively, a conceptual model is presented (and supported with MODFLOW simulations) that is consistent with current and previous data collected in the study area, and illustrates how fluctuating lake levels change the local water-table elevation which can affect discharge from the Dinero mine tunnel without physical transfer of water between the two locations.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.09.015","usgsCitation":"Walton-Day, K., and Poeter, E., 2009, Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 12, p. 2266-2282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.09.015.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2266","endPage":"2282","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Leadville","otherGeospatial":"Turquoise Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.4688491821289,\n              39.19581074223468\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28929138183594,\n              39.19581074223468\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28929138183594,\n              39.313581716526485\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4688491821289,\n              39.313581716526485\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4688491821289,\n              39.19581074223468\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e68e4b0c8380cd63d63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen","contributorId":24616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70038327,"text":"70038327 - 2009 - Role of invasive <i>Melilotus officinalis</i> in two native plant communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-17T01:01:41","indexId":"70038327","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-08T11:17:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of invasive <i>Melilotus officinalis</i> in two native plant communities","docAbstract":"This study examines the impact of the exotic nitrogen-fixing legume <i>Melilotus officinalis</i> (L.) Lam. on native and exotic species cover in two Great Plains ecosystems in Badlands National Park, South Dakota. <i>Melilotus</i> is still widely planted and its effects on native ecosystems are not well studied. <i>Melilotus</i> could have direct effects on native plants, such as through competition or facilitation. Alternatively, <i>Melilotus</i> may have indirect effects on natives, e.g., by favoring exotic species which in turn have a negative effect on native species. This study examined these interactions across a 4-year period in two contrasting vegetation types: Badlands sparse vegetation and western wheatgrass (<i>Pascopyrum smithii</i>) mixed-grass prairie. Structural equation models were used to analyze the pathways through which <i>Melilotus</i>, native species, and other exotic species interact over a series of 2-year time steps. <i>Melilotus</i> can affect native and exotic species both in the current year and in the years after its death (a lag effect). A lag effect is possible because the death of a <i>Melilotus</i> plant can leave an open, potentially nitrogen-enriched site on the landscape. The results showed that the relationship between <i>Melilotus</i> and native and exotic species varied depending on the habitat and the year. In Badlands sparse vegetation, there was a consistent, strong, and positive relationship between <i>Melilotus</i> cover and native and exotic species cover suggesting that <i>Melilotus</i> is acting as a nurse plant and facilitating the growth of other species. In contrast, in western wheatgrass prairie, <i>Melilotus</i> was acting as a weak competitor and had no consistent effect on other species. In both habitats, there was little evidence for a direct lag effect of <i>Melilotus</i> on other species. Together, these results suggest both facilitative and competitive roles for <i>Melilotus</i>, depending on the vegetation type it invades.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Van Riper, L.C., and Larson, D.L., 2009, Role of invasive <i>Melilotus officinalis</i> in two native plant communities: Plant Ecology, v. 200, no. 1, p. 129-139.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"139","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256868,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc/77/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Badlands National Park","volume":"200","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae56e4b0c8380cd87093","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Riper, Laura C.","contributorId":9097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Riper","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, Diane L. 0000-0001-5202-0634 dlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":2120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Diane","email":"dlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70003833,"text":"70003833 - 2009 - Trend estimation in populations with imperfect detection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:56","indexId":"70003833","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-15T15:34:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trend estimation in populations with imperfect detection","docAbstract":"<p><b>1.</b> Trends of animal populations are of great interest in ecology but cannot be directly observed owing to imperfect detection. Binomial mixture models use replicated counts to estimate abundance, corrected for detection, in demographically closed populations. Here, we extend these models to open populations and illustrate them using sand lizard <i>Lacerta agilis</i> counts from the national Dutch reptile monitoring scheme.</p> <p><b>2.</b> Our model requires replicated counts from multiple sites in each of several periods, within which population closure is assumed. Counts are described by a hierarchical generalized linear model, where the state model deals with spatio-temporal patterns in true abundance and the observation model with imperfect counts, given that true state. We used WinBUGS to fit the model to lizard counts from 208 transects with 1&ndash;10 (mean 3) replicate surveys during each spring 1994&ndash;2005.</p> <p><b>3.</b> Our state model for abundance contained two independent log-linear Poisson regressions on year for coastal and inland sites, and random site effects to account for unexplained heterogeneity. The observation model for detection of an individual lizard contained effects of region, survey date, temperature, observer experience and random survey effects.</p> <p><b>4.</b> Lizard populations increased in both regions but more steeply on the coast. Detectability increased over the first few years of the study, was greater on the coast and for the most experienced observers, and highest around 1 June. Interestingly, the population increase inland was not detectable when the observed counts were analysed without account of detectability. The proportional increase between 1994 and 2005 in total lizard abundance across all sites was estimated at 86% (95% CRI 35&ndash;151).</p> <p><b>5.</b> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Open-population binomial mixture models are attractive for studying true population dynamics while explicitly accounting for the observation process, i.e. imperfect detection. We emphasize the important conceptual benefit provided by temporal replicate observations in terms of the interpretability of animal counts.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","publisherLocation":"London, England","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01724.x","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., Dorazio, R.M., Soldaat, L., Van Strien, A., Zuiderwijk, A., and Royle, J., 2009, Trend estimation in populations with imperfect detection: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 46, no. 6, p. 1163-1172, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01724.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1163","endPage":"1172","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475981,"rank":101,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01724.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":115689,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01724.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Netherlands","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7cce4b08c986b3274b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, Marc","contributorId":38680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"Marc","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorazio, Robert M. 0000-0003-2663-0468 bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":1668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"Robert","email":"bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":349094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soldaat, Leo","contributorId":75277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soldaat","given":"Leo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Strien, Arco","contributorId":83271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Strien","given":"Arco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zuiderwijk, Annie","contributorId":59949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuiderwijk","given":"Annie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":80808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70004689,"text":"70004689 - 2009 - A 125 year history of topographic mapping and GIS in the U.S. Geological Survey 1884-2009, part 2: 1980-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"70004689","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:18:51","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":878,"text":"ArcNews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 125 year history of topographic mapping and GIS in the U.S. Geological Survey 1884-2009, part 2: 1980-2009","docAbstract":"The United States Geological Survey (USGS) entered the mainstream of developments in computer-assisted technology for mapping during the 1970s. The introduction by USGS of digital line graphs (DLGs), digital elevation models (DEMs), and land use data analysis (LUDA) nationwide land-cover data provided a base for the rapid expansion of the use of GIS in the 1980s. Whereas USGS had developed the topologically structured DLG data and the Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) for land-cover data, the Map Overlay Statistical System (MOSS), a nontopologically structured GIS software package developed by Autometric, Inc., under contract to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, dominated the use of GIS by federal agencies in the 1970s. Thus, USGS data was used in MOSS, but the topological structure, which later became a requirement for GIS vector datasets, was not used in early GIS applications. The introduction of Esri's ARC/INFO in 1982 changed that, and by the end of the 1980s, topological structure for vector data was essential, and ARC/INFO was the dominant GIS software package used by federal agencies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ArcNews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Esri","publisherLocation":"Redlands, CA","usgsCitation":"Usery, E.L., Varanka, D., and Finn, M.P., 2009, A 125 year history of topographic mapping and GIS in the U.S. Geological Survey 1884-2009, part 2: 1980-2009: ArcNews, v. 31, no. 4, p. 39-39.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":161,"text":"Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258189,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/winter0910articles/125-years.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2bfe4b0c8380cd45bf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Usery, E. Lynn 0000-0002-2766-2173 usery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2173","contributorId":231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.","email":"usery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Varanka, Dalia","contributorId":99654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, Michael P. 0000-0003-0415-2194 mfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-2194","contributorId":2657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Michael","email":"mfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70041337,"text":"70041337 - 2009 - Simulations of cataclysmic outburst floods from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-30T07:51:52","indexId":"70041337","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulations of cataclysmic outburst floods from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula","docAbstract":"Using a flow domain that we constructed from 30 m digital-elevation model data of western United States and Canada and a two-dimensional numerical model for shallow-water flow over rugged terrain, we simulated outburst floods from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula. We modeled a large, but not the largest, flood, using initial lake elevation at 1250 m instead of 1285 m. Rupture of the ice dam, centered on modern Lake Pend Oreille, catastrophically floods eastern Washington and rapidly fills the broad Pasco, Yakima, and Umatilla Basins. Maximum flood stage is reached in Pasco and Yakima Basins 38 h after the dam break, whereas maximum flood stage in Umatilla Basin occurs 17 h later. Drainage of these basins through narrow Columbia gorge takes an additional 445 h. For this modeled flood, peak discharges in eastern Washington range from 10 to 20 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/s. However, constrictions in Columbia gorge limit peak discharges to <6 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/s and greatly extend the duration of flooding. We compare these model results with field observations of scabland distribution and high-water indicators. Our model predictions of the locations of maximum scour (product of bed shear stress and average flow velocity) match the distribution of existing scablands. We compare model peak stages to high-water indicators from the Rathdrum-Spokane valley, Walulla Gap, and along Columbia gorge. Though peak stages from this less-than-maximal flood model attain or exceed peak-stage indicators along Rathdrum-Spokane valley and along Columbia gorge, simulated peak stages near Walulla Gap are 10–40 m below observed peak-stage indicators. Despite this discrepancy, our match to field observations in most of the region indicates that additional sources of water other than Glacial Lake Missoula are not required to explain the Missoula floods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/B26454.1","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R.P., and O’Connell, D.R., 2009, Simulations of cataclysmic outburst floods from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, no. 5-6, p. 678-689, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26454.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"678","endPage":"689","ipdsId":"IP-007425","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263714,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B26454.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","city":"Missoula","otherGeospatial":"Pasco Basin;Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula;Umatilla Basin;Walulla Gap;Yakima Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.0,44.1 ], [ -116.0,49.0 ], [ -108.0,49.0 ], [ -108.0,44.1 ], [ -116.0,44.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"122","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bfbdcee4b01744973f782f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connell, D. R. H.","contributorId":53606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70041525,"text":"70041525 - 2009 - Geophysical setting of western Utah and eastern Nevada between latitudes 37°45′ and 40°N","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-14T11:20:13","indexId":"70041525","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geophysical setting of western Utah and eastern Nevada between latitudes 37°45′ and 40°N","docAbstract":"Gravity and aeromagnetic data refine the structural setting for the region of western Utah and eastern Nevada between Snake and Hamlin Valleys on the west and Tule Valley on the east. These data are used here as part of a regional analysis. An isostatic gravity map shows large areas underlain by gravity lows, the most prominent of which is a large semi-circular low associated with the Indian Peak caldera complex in the southwestern part of the study area. Another low underlies the Thomas caldera in the northeast, and linear lows elsewhere indicate low-density basin-fill in all major north-trending graben valleys. Gravity highs reflect pre-Cenozoic rocks mostly exposed in the mountain ranges. In the Confusion Range, however, the gravity high extends about 15 km east of the range front to Coyote Knolls, indicating a broad pediment cut on upper Paleozoic rocks and covered by a thin veneer of alluvium. Aeromagnetic highs sharply delineate Oligocene and Miocene volcanic rocks and intracaldera plutons associated with the Indian Peak caldera complex and the Pioche–Marysvale igneous belt. Jurassic to Eocene plutons and volcanic rocks elsewhere in the study area, however, have much more modest magnetic signatures. Some relatively small magnetic highs in the region are associated with outcrops of volcanic rock, and the continuation of those anomalies indicates that the rocks are probably extensive in the subsurface. A gravity inversion method separating the isostatic gravity anomaly into fields representing pre-Cenozoic basement rocks and Cenozoic basin deposits was used to calculate depth to basement and estimate maximum amounts of alluvial and volcanic fill within the valleys. Maximum depths within the Indian Peak caldera complex average about 2.5 km, locally reaching 3 km. North of the caldera complex, thickness of valley fill in most graben valleys ranges from 1.5 to 3 km thick, with Hamlin and Pine Valleys averaging ~3 km. The main basin beneath Tule Valley is relatively shallow (~0.6 km), reaching a maximum depth of ~1 km over a small area northeast of Coyote Knolls. Maximum horizontal gradients were calculated for both long-wavelength gravity and magnetic-potential data, and these were used to constrain major density and magnetic lineaments. These lineaments help delineate deep-seated crustal structures that separate major tectonic domains, potentially localizing Cenozoic tectonic features that may control regional ground-water flow.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and Geologic Resources and Issues of Western Utah, UGA-38","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Utah Geological Association","publisherLocation":"http://www.utahgeology.org","collaboration":"This book is available in CD-ROM format at <a href=\"http://www.mapstore.utah.gov/uga38.html/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.mapstore.utah.gov/uga38.html/</a>","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., and McKee, E.H., 2009, Geophysical setting of western Utah and eastern Nevada between latitudes 37°45′ and 40°N, chap. <i>of</i> Geology and Geologic Resources and Issues of Western Utah, UGA-38, p. 271-286.","productDescription":"16 p.; CD-ROM Chapter","startPage":"271","endPage":"286","ipdsId":"IP-012963","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264040,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/uga/data/081/081001/271_ugs810271.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada;Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.01,40.0 ], [ -120.01,37.75 ], [ -109.04,37.75 ], [ -109.04,40.0 ], [ -120.01,40.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cc58d2e4b00ab7c548c697","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tripp, Bryce","contributorId":113835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"Bryce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509108,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krahulec, Ken","contributorId":113293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krahulec","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509107,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jordan, Lucy","contributorId":111392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Lucy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509106,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":469902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70003838,"text":"70003838 - 2009 - Temporal and maternal effects on reproductive ecology of the giant gartersnake (<i>Thamnophis gigas</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T09:50:09","indexId":"70003838","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-18T15:07:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and maternal effects on reproductive ecology of the giant gartersnake (<i>Thamnophis gigas</i>)","docAbstract":"We used mixed-effects models to examine relationships of reproductive characteristics of the giant gartersnake (<i>Thamnophis gigas</i>) to improve population modeling and conservation planning for this species. Neonates from larger litters had lower mass, and mass of neonates also was affected by random variation among mothers. Length of mother did not affect relative mass of litters; however, our data suggest that longer mothers expended less reproductive effort per offspring than shorter mothers. We detected random variation in length of neonates among mothers, but these lengths were not related to length of mother or size of litter. Mean size of litter varied among years, but little evidence existed for a relationship between size of litter or mass of litter and length of mother. Sex ratios of neonates did not differ from 1:1.","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.1894/GC-205.1","usgsCitation":"Halstead, B., Wylie, G.D., Casazza, M.L., and Coates, P.S., 2009, Temporal and maternal effects on reproductive ecology of the giant gartersnake (<i>Thamnophis gigas</i>): Southwestern Naturalist, v. 56, no. 1, p. 29-34, https://doi.org/10.1894/GC-205.1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"34","ipdsId":"IP-012262","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4eae4b08c986b320681","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halstead, Brian J. 0000-0002-5535-6528 bhalstead@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-6528","contributorId":3051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halstead","given":"Brian J.","email":"bhalstead@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, Glenn D. 0000-0002-7061-6658 glenn_wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-6658","contributorId":3052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70003391,"text":"70003391 - 2009 - Modeling co-occurrence of northern spotted and barred owls: accounting for detection probability differences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:01","indexId":"70003391","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-01T12:52:56","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling co-occurrence of northern spotted and barred owls: accounting for detection probability differences","docAbstract":"Barred owls (Strix varia) have recently expanded their range and now encompass the entire range of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). This expansion has led to two important issues of concern for management of northern spotted owls: (1) possible competitive interactions between the two species that could contribute to population declines of northern spotted owls, and (2) possible changes in vocalization behavior and detection probabilities of northern spotted owls induced by presence of barred owls. We used a two-species occupancy model to investigate whether there was evidence of competitive exclusion between the two species at study locations in Oregon, USA. We simultaneously estimated detection probabilities for both species and determined if the presence of one species influenced the detection of the other species. Model selection results and associated parameter estimates provided no evidence that barred owls excluded spotted owls from territories. We found strong evidence that detection probabilities differed for the two species, with higher probabilities for northern spotted owls that are the object of current surveys. Non-detection of barred owls is very common in surveys for northern spotted owls, and detection of both owl species was negatively influenced by the presence of the congeneric species. Our results suggest that analyses directed at hypotheses of barred owl effects on demographic or occupancy vital rates of northern spotted owls need to deal adequately with imperfect and variable detection probabilities for both species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.028","usgsCitation":"Bailey, L., Reid, J.A., Forsman, E.D., and Nichols, J., 2009, Modeling co-occurrence of northern spotted and barred owls: accounting for detection probability differences: Biological Conservation, v. 142, no. 12, p. 2983-2989, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.028.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2983","endPage":"2989","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21671,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.028","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"142","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5be8e4b0c8380cd6f8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Larissa L.","contributorId":93183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Larissa L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Janice A.","contributorId":98034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forsman, Eric D.","contributorId":96792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forsman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70003546,"text":"70003546 - 2009 - Rebuttal of \"Polar bear population forecasts: a public-policy forecasting audit\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:14:51","indexId":"70003546","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2013,"text":"Interfaces","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rebuttal of \"Polar bear population forecasts: a public-policy forecasting audit\"","docAbstract":"Observed declines in the Arctic sea ice have resulted in a variety of negative effects on polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>). Projections for additional future declines in sea ice resulted in a proposal to list polar bears as a threatened species under the United States Endangered Species Act. To provide information for the Department of the Interior's listing-decision process, the US Geological Survey (USGS) produced a series of nine research reports evaluating the present and future status of polar bears throughout their range. In response, Armstrong et al. [Armstrong, J. S., K. C. Green, W. Soon. 2008. Polar bear population forecasts: A public-policy forecasting audit. Interfaces <b>38</b>(5) 382&ndash;405], which we will refer to as AGS, performed an audit of two of these nine reports. AGS claimed that the general circulation models upon which the USGS reports relied were not valid forecasting tools, that USGS researchers were not objective or lacked independence from policy decisions, that they did not utilize all available information in constructing their forecasts, and that they violated numerous principles of forecasting espoused by AGS. AGS (p. 382) concluded that the two USGS reports were \"unscientific and inconsequential to decision makers.\" We evaluate the AGS audit and show how AGS are mistaken or misleading on every claim. We provide evidence that general circulation models are useful in forecasting future climate conditions and that corporate and government leaders are relying on these models to do so. We clarify the strict independence of the USGS from the listing decision. We show that the allegations of failure to follow the principles of forecasting espoused by AGS are either incorrect or are based on misconceptions about the Arctic environment, polar bear biology, or statistical and mathematical methods. We conclude by showing that the AGS principles of forecasting are too ambiguous and subjective to be used as a reliable basis for auditing scientific investigations. In summary, we show that the AGS audit offers no valid criticism of the USGS conclusion that global warming poses a serious threat to the future welfare of polar bears and that it only serves to distract from reasoned public-policy debate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Interfaces","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"INFORMS","publisherLocation":"Hanover, MD","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Caswell, H., DeWeaver, E., Stirling, I., Douglas, D.C., Marcot, B., and Hunter, C.M., 2009, Rebuttal of \"Polar bear population forecasts: a public-policy forecasting audit\": Interfaces, v. 39, no. 4, p. 353-369.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"369","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110851,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://interfaces.journal.informs.org/content/39/4/353.full.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caswell, Hal","contributorId":104617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caswell","given":"Hal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWeaver, Eric","contributorId":105428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeaver","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stirling, Ian","contributorId":72079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marcot, Bruce G.","contributorId":58015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcot","given":"Bruce G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hunter, Christine M.","contributorId":85717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70003498,"text":"70003498 - 2009 - Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"70003498","displayToPublicDate":"2011-10-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system","docAbstract":"Modeling studies examining the effect of lakes on regional and global climate, as well as studies on the influence of climate variability and change on aquatic ecosystems, are surveyed. Fully coupled atmosphere-land surface-lake climate models that could be used for both of these types of study simultaneously do not presently exist, though there are many applications that would benefit from such models. It is argued here that current understanding of physical and biogeochemical processes in freshwater systems is sufficient to begin to construct such models, and a path forward is proposed. The largest impediment to fully representing lakes in the climate system lies in the handling of lakes that are too small to be explicitly resolved by the climate model, and that make up the majority of the lake-covered area at the resolutions currently used by global and regional climate models. Ongoing development within the hydrological sciences community and continual improvements in model resolution should help ameliorate this issue.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","usgsCitation":"MacKay, M., Neale, P., Arp, C., De Senerpont Domis, L.N., Fang, X., Gal, G., Jo, K., Kirillin, G., Lenters, J., Litchman, E., MacIntyre, S., Marsh, P., Melack, J., Mooij, W., Peeters, F., Quesada, A., Schladow, S., Schmid, M., Spence, C., and Stokes, S., 2009, Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 6, part 2, p. 2315-2329.","productDescription":"p. 2315-2329","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_54/issue_6_part_2/2315.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","volume":"54","issue":"6, part 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKay, M.D.","contributorId":79612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKay","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neale, P.J.","contributorId":41961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neale","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arp, C.D.","contributorId":54715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arp","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Senerpont Domis, L. N.","contributorId":41129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Senerpont Domis","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fang, X.","contributorId":32288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gal, G.","contributorId":36519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gal","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jo, K.D.","contributorId":84067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jo","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kirillin, G.","contributorId":33834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirillin","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lenters, J.D.","contributorId":55570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenters","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Litchman, Elena","contributorId":347496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Litchman","given":"Elena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":30217,"text":"Carnegie Institution for Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"MacIntyre, S.","contributorId":95999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacIntyre","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Marsh, P.","contributorId":99279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Melack, J.","contributorId":35453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mooij, W.M.","contributorId":79050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Peeters, F.","contributorId":35866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peeters","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Quesada, A.","contributorId":25688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quesada","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Schmid, M.","contributorId":96000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Spence, C.","contributorId":9762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Stokes, S.L.","contributorId":95166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}}
,{"id":70003392,"text":"70003392 - 2009 - Population density estimated from locations of individuals on a passive detector array","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:57","indexId":"70003392","displayToPublicDate":"2011-10-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population density estimated from locations of individuals on a passive detector array","docAbstract":"The density of a closed population of animals occupying stable home ranges may be estimated from detections of individuals on an array of detectors, using newly developed methods for spatially explicit capture&ndash;recapture. Likelihood-based methods provide estimates for data from multi-catch traps or from devices that record presence without restricting animal movement (\"proximity\" detectors such as camera traps and hair snags). As originally proposed, these methods require multiple sampling intervals. We show that equally precise and unbiased estimates may be obtained from a single sampling interval, using only the spatial pattern of detections. This considerably extends the range of possible applications, and we illustrate the potential by estimating density from simulated detections of bird vocalizations on a microphone array. Acoustic detection can be defined as occurring when received signal strength exceeds a threshold. We suggest detection models for binary acoustic data, and for continuous data comprising measurements of all signals above the threshold. While binary data are often sufficient for density estimation, modeling signal strength improves precision when the microphone array is small.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","usgsCitation":"Efford, M.G., Dawson, D.K., and Borchers, D., 2009, Population density estimated from locations of individuals on a passive detector array: Ecology, v. 90, no. 10, p. 2676-2682.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2676","endPage":"2682","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21672,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/08-1735.1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"90","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c19a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Efford, Murray G.","contributorId":91616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Efford","given":"Murray","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Deanna K. ddawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Deanna","email":"ddawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Borchers, David L.","contributorId":31106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchers","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70003506,"text":"70003506 - 2009 - Quaternary science reviews Pacific Basin tsunami hazards associated with mass flows in the Aleutian arc of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-09T16:34:44.388424","indexId":"70003506","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary science reviews Pacific Basin tsunami hazards associated with mass flows in the Aleutian arc of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>We analyze mass-flow tsunami generation for selected areas within the Aleutian arc of Alaska using results from numerical simulation of hypothetical but plausible mass-flow sources such as submarine landslides and volcanic debris avalanches. The Aleutian arc consists of a chain of volcanic mountains, volcanic islands, and submarine canyons, surrounded by a low-relief continental shelf above about 1000–2000&nbsp;m water depth. Parts of the arc are fragmented into a series of fault-bounded blocks, tens to hundreds of kilometers in length, and separated from one another by distinctive fault-controlled canyons that are roughly normal to the arc axis. The canyons are natural regions for the accumulation and conveyance of sediment derived from glacial and volcanic processes. The volcanic islands in the region include a number of historically active volcanoes and some possess geological evidence for large-scale sector collapse into the sea. Large scale mass-flow deposits have not been mapped on the seafloor south of the Aleutian Islands, in part because most of the area has never been examined at the resolution required to identify such features, and in part because of the complex nature of erosional and depositional processes. Extensive submarine landslide deposits and debris flows are known on the north side of the arc and are common in similar settings elsewhere and thus they likely exist on the trench slope south of the Aleutian Islands. Because the Aleutian arc is surrounded by deep, open ocean, mass flows of unconsolidated debris that originate either as submarine landslides or as volcanic debris avalanches entering the sea may be potential tsunami sources.</p><p>To test this hypothesis we present a series of numerical simulations of submarine mass-flow initiated tsunamis from eight different source areas. We consider four submarine mass flows originating in submarine canyons and four flows that evolve from submarine landslides on the trench slope. The flows have lengths that range from 40 to 80&nbsp;km, maximum thicknesses of 400–800&nbsp;m, and maximum widths of 10–40&nbsp;km. We also evaluate tsunami generation by volcanic debris avalanches associated with flank collapse, at four locations (Makushin, Cleveland, Seguam and Yunaska SW volcanoes), which represent large to moderate sized events in this region. We calculate tsunami sources using the numerical model TOPICS and simulate wave propagation across the Pacific using a spherical Boussinesq model, which is a modified version of the public domain code FUNWAVE. Our numerical simulations indicate that geologically plausible mass flows originating in the North Pacific near the Aleutian Islands can indeed generate large local tsunamis as well as large transoceanic tsunamis. These waves may be several meters in elevation at distal locations, such as Japan, Hawaii, and along the North and South American coastlines where they would constitute significant hazards.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.019","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Watts, P., Shi, F., and Kirby, J.T., 2009, Quaternary science reviews Pacific Basin tsunami hazards associated with mass flows in the Aleutian arc of Alaska: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, no. 11-12, p. 1006-1019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.019.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1019","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -194.0625,\n              48.28319289548349\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              48.28319289548349\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              60.973107109199404\n            ],\n            [\n              -194.0625,\n              60.973107109199404\n            ],\n            [\n              -194.0625,\n              48.28319289548349\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689d9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Philip","contributorId":23268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shi, Fengyan","contributorId":72519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shi","given":"Fengyan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirby, James T.","contributorId":22895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70003574,"text":"70003574 - 2009 - Occupancy estimation and the closure assumption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"70003574","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occupancy estimation and the closure assumption","docAbstract":"1.  Recent advances in occupancy estimation that adjust for imperfect detection have provided substantial improvements over traditional approaches and are receiving considerable use in applied ecology. To estimate and adjust for detectability, occupancy modelling requires multiple surveys at a site and requires the assumption of 'closure' between surveys, i.e. no changes in occupancy between surveys. Violations of this assumption could bias parameter estimates; however, little work has assessed model sensitivity to violations of this assumption or how commonly such violations occur in nature.  2.  We apply a modelling procedure that can test for closure to two avian point-count data sets in Montana and New Hampshire, USA, that exemplify time-scales at which closure is often assumed. These data sets illustrate different sampling designs that allow testing for closure but are currently rarely employed in field investigations. Using a simulation study, we then evaluate the sensitivity of parameter estimates to changes in site occupancy and evaluate a power analysis developed for sampling designs that is aimed at limiting the likelihood of closure.  3.  Application of our approach to point-count data indicates that habitats may frequently be open to changes in site occupancy at time-scales typical of many occupancy investigations, with 71% and 100% of species investigated in Montana and New Hampshire respectively, showing violation of closure across time periods of 3 weeks and 8 days respectively.  4.  Simulations suggest that models assuming closure are sensitive to changes in occupancy. Power analyses further suggest that the modelling procedure we apply can effectively test for closure.  5.  <i>Synthesis and applications.</i> Our demonstration that sites may be open to changes in site occupancy over time-scales typical of many occupancy investigations, combined with the sensitivity of models to violations of the closure assumption, highlights the importance of properly addressing the closure assumption in both sampling designs and analysis. Furthermore, inappropriately applying closed models could have negative consequences when monitoring rare or declining species for conservation and management decisions, because violations of closure typically lead to overestimates of the probability of occurrence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","publisherLocation":"London, England","usgsCitation":"Rota, C., Fletcher, R.J., Dorazio, R.M., and Betts, M.G., 2009, Occupancy estimation and the closure assumption: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 46, no. 6, p. 1173-1181.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1173","endPage":"1181","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94182,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01734.x/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana;New Hampshire","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rota, Christopher T.","contributorId":92547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rota","given":"Christopher T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Robert J. Jr.","contributorId":41294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorazio, Robert M. 0000-0003-2663-0468 bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":1668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"Robert","email":"bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Betts, Matthew G.","contributorId":27748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betts","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70003482,"text":"70003482 - 2009 - Mid-Pliocene equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature reconstruction: a multi-proxy perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T10:41:03","indexId":"70003482","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-Pliocene equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature reconstruction: a multi-proxy perspective","docAbstract":"The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval of sustained global warmth, which can be used to examine conditions predicted for the near future. An accurate spatial representation of the low-latitude Mid-Pliocene Pacific surface ocean is necessary to understand past climate change in the light of forecasts of future change. Mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies show a strong contrast between the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) regardless of proxy (faunal, alkenone and Mg/Ca). All WEP sites show small differences from modern mean annual temperature, but all EEP sites show significant positive deviation from present-day temperatures by as much as 4.4&deg;C. Our reconstruction reflects SSTs similar to modern in the WEP, warmer than modern in the EEP and eastward extension of the WEP warm pool. The east-west equatorial Pacific SST gradient is decreased, but the pole to equator gradient does not change appreciably. We find it improbable that increased greenhouse gases (GHG) alone would cause such a heterogeneous warming and more likely that the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth is a combination of several forcings including both increased meridional heat transport and increased GHG.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society Publishing","publisherLocation":"London, England","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2008.0206","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H.J., and Robinson, M.M., 2009, Mid-Pliocene equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature reconstruction: a multi-proxy perspective: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 13, p. 109-125, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0206.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":91988,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1886/109.abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":203962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268615,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0206"}],"volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62edd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, Harry J. 0000-0003-1983-7524 hdowsett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","email":"hdowsett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Marci M. 0000-0002-9200-4097 mmrobinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-4097","contributorId":2082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","email":"mmrobinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70003852,"text":"70003852 - 2009 - Effects of experimental protocol on global vegetation model accuracy: a comparison of simulated and observed vegetation patterns for Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:53","indexId":"70003852","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of experimental protocol on global vegetation model accuracy: a comparison of simulated and observed vegetation patterns for Asia","docAbstract":"Prognostic vegetation models have been widely used to study the interactions between environmental change and biological systems. This study examines the sensitivity of vegetation model simulations to: (i) the selection of input climatologies representing different time periods and their associated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, (ii) the choice of observed vegetation data for evaluating the model results, and (iii) the methods used to compare simulated and observed vegetation. We use vegetation simulated for Asia by the equilibrium vegetation model BIOME4 as a typical example of vegetation model output. BIOME4 was run using 19 different climatologies and their associated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. The Kappa statistic, Fuzzy Kappa statistic and a newly developed map-comparison method, the Nomad index, were used to quantify the agreement between the biomes simulated under each scenario and the observed vegetation from three different global land- and tree-cover data sets: the global Potential Natural Vegetation data set (PNV), the Global Land Cover Characteristics data set (GLCC), and the Global Land Cover Facility data set (GLCF). The results indicate that the 30-year mean climatology (and its associated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration) for the time period immediately preceding the collection date of the observed vegetation data produce the most accurate vegetation simulations when compared with all three observed vegetation data sets. The study also indicates that the BIOME4-simulated vegetation for Asia more closely matches the PNV data than the other two observed vegetation data sets. Given the same observed data, the accuracy assessments of the BIOME4 simulations made using the Kappa, Fuzzy Kappa and Nomad index map-comparison methods agree well when the compared vegetation types consist of a large number of spatially continuous grid cells. The results of this analysis can assist model users in designing experimental protocols for simulating vegetation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Tang, G., Shafer, S., Barlein, P.J., and Holman, J.O., 2009, Effects of experimental protocol on global vegetation model accuracy: a comparison of simulated and observed vegetation patterns for Asia: Ecological Modelling, v. 220, no. 12, p. 1481-1491.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1481","endPage":"1491","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91768,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380009001999","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Asia","volume":"220","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615b08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tang, Guoping","contributorId":31891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"Guoping","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafer, Sarah L.","contributorId":32623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"Sarah L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":75262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holman, Justin O.","contributorId":58384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70004001,"text":"70004001 - 2009 - Ecology and the ratchet of events: climate variability, niche dimensions, and species distributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:54","indexId":"70004001","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology and the ratchet of events: climate variability, niche dimensions, and species distributions","docAbstract":"Climate change in the coming centuries will be characterized by interannual, decadal, and multidecadal fluctuations superimposed on anthropogenic trends. Predicting ecological and biogeographic responses to these changes constitutes an immense challenge for ecologists. Perspectives from climatic and ecological history indicate that responses will be laden with contingencies, resulting from episodic climatic events interacting with demographic and colonization events. This effect is compounded by the dependency of environmental sensitivity upon life-stage for many species. Climate variables often used in empirical niche models may become decoupled from the proximal variables that directly influence individuals and populations. Greater predictive capacity, and more-fundamental ecological and biogeographic understanding, will come from integration of correlational niche modeling with mechanistic niche modeling, dynamic ecological modeling, targeted experiments, and systematic observations of past and present patterns and dynamics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Jackson, S.T., Betancourt, J.L., Booth, R.K., and Gray, S., 2009, Ecology and the ratchet of events: climate variability, niche dimensions, and species distributions: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 106, no. S2, p. 19685-19692.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"19685","endPage":"19692","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":91761,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/106/suppl.2/19685.abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":203910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, Stephen T. 0000-0002-1487-4652 stjackson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-4652","contributorId":344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Stephen","email":"stjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":560,"text":"South Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booth, Robert K.","contributorId":17177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, Stephen T. sgray@usgs.gov","contributorId":221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Stephen T.","email":"sgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70003528,"text":"70003528 - 2009 - Fluorescence-based proxies for lignin in freshwater dissolved organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T16:40:24","indexId":"70003528","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorescence-based proxies for lignin in freshwater dissolved organic matter","docAbstract":"Lignin phenols have proven to be powerful biomarkers in environmental studies; however, the complexity of lignin analysis limits the number of samples and thus spatial and temporal resolution in any given study. In contrast, spectrophotometric characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is rapid, noninvasive, relatively inexpensive, requires small sample volumes, and can even be measured in situ to capture fine-scale temporal and spatial detail of DOM cycling. Here we present a series of cross-validated Partial Least Squares models that use fluorescence properties of DOM to explain up to 91% of lignin compositional and concentration variability in samples collected seasonally over 2 years in the Sacramento River/San Joaquin River Delta in California, United States. These models were subsequently used to predict lignin composition and concentration from fluorescence measurements collected during a diurnal study in the San Joaquin River. While modeled lignin composition remained largely unchanged over the diurnal cycle, changes in modeled lignin concentrations were much greater than expected and indicate that the sensitivity of fluorescence-based proxies for lignin may prove invaluable as a tool for selecting the most informative samples for detailed lignin characterization. With adequate calibration, similar models could be used to significantly expand our ability to study sources and processing of DOM in complex surface water systems.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2009JG000938","usgsCitation":"Hernes, P.J., Bergamaschi, B., Eckard, R.S., and Spencer, R., 2009, Fluorescence-based proxies for lignin in freshwater dissolved organic matter: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 114, no. G4, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG000938.","productDescription":"G00F03; 10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-022418","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jg000938","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"G4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hernes, Peter J.","contributorId":85311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eckard, Robert S.","contributorId":88863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckard","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spencer, Robert G.M.","contributorId":76061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Robert G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70003520,"text":"70003520 - 2009 - High-resolution sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve mollusk Saxidomus gigantea from Alaska and British Columbia: techniques for revealing environmental archives and archaeological seasonality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:52","indexId":"70003520","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2182,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve mollusk Saxidomus gigantea from Alaska and British Columbia: techniques for revealing environmental archives and archaeological seasonality","docAbstract":"The butter clam, Saxidomus gigantea, is one of the most commonly recovered bivalves from archaeological shell middens on the Pacific Coast of North America. This study presents the results of the sclerochronology of modern specimens of S. gigantea, collected monthly from Pender Island (British Columbia), and additional modern specimens from the Dundas Islands (BC) and Mink and Little Takli Islands (Alaska). The methods presented can be used as a template to interpret local environmental conditions and increase the precision of seasonality estimates in shellfish using sclerochronology and oxygen isotope analysis. This method can also identify, with a high degree of accuracy, the date of shell collection to the nearest fortnightly cycle, the time of day the shell was collected and the approximate tidal elevation (i.e., approx. water depth and distance from the shoreline) from which the shell was collected.\n\nLife-history traits of S. gigantea were analyzed to understand the timing of growth line formation, the duration of the growing season, the growth rate, and the reliability of annual increments. We also examine the influence of the tidal regime and freshwater mixing in estuarine locations and how these variables can affect both incremental structures and oxygen isotope values. The results of the sclerochronological analysis show that there is a latitudinal trend in shell growth that needs to be considered when using shells for seasonality studies.\n\nOxygen isotope analysis reveals clear annual cycles with the most positive values corresponding to the annual winter growth lines, and the most negative values corresponding to high temperatures during the summer. Intra-annual increment widths demonstrate clear seasonal oscillations with broadest increments in summer and very narrow increments or no growth during the winter months. This study provides new insights into the biology, geochemistry and seasonal growth of S. gigantea, which are crucial for paleoclimate reconstructions and interpreting seasonality patterns of past human collection.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Archaeological Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Hallman, N., Burchell, M., Schone, B.R., Irvine, G.V., and Maxwell, D., 2009, High-resolution sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve mollusk Saxidomus gigantea from Alaska and British Columbia: techniques for revealing environmental archives and archaeological seasonality: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2353-2364.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2353","endPage":"2364","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":24513,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440309002192","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States;Canada","state":"Alaska;British Columbia","volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68885a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hallman, Nadine","contributorId":32662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallman","given":"Nadine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burchell, Meghan","contributorId":15331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burchell","given":"Meghan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schone, Bernd R.","contributorId":58010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schone","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irvine, Gail V. girvine@usgs.gov","contributorId":2368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Gail","email":"girvine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maxwell, David","contributorId":85711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70003484,"text":"70003484 - 2009 - High-resolution seismic-reflection images across the ICDP-USGS Eyreville deep drilling site, Chesapeake Bay impact structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:58","indexId":"70003484","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution seismic-reflection images across the ICDP-USGS Eyreville deep drilling site, Chesapeake Bay impact structure","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acquired two 1.4-km-long, high-resolution (~5 m vertical resolution) seismic-reflection lines in 2006 that cross near the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP)-USGS Eyreville deep drilling site located above the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure in Virginia, USA. Five-meter spacing of seismic sources and geophones produced high-resolution images of the subsurface adjacent to the 1766-m-depth Eyreville core holes. Analysis of these lines, in the context of the core hole stratigraphy, shows that moderate-amplitude, discontinuous, dipping reflections below ~527 m correlate with a variety of Chesapeake Bay impact structure sediment and rock breccias recovered in the cores. High-amplitude, continuous, subhorizontal reflections above ~527 m depth correlate with the uppermost part of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure crater-fill sediments and postimpact Eocene to Pleistocene sediments. Reflections with ~20-30 m of relief in the uppermost part of the crater-fill and lowermost part of the postimpact section suggest differential compaction of the crater-fill materials during early postimpact time. The top of the crater-fill section also shows ~20 m of relief that appears to represent an original synimpact surface. Truncation surfaces, locally dipping reflections, and depth variations in reflection amplitudes generally correlate with the lithostrati-graphic and sequence-stratigraphic units and contacts in the core. Seismic images show apparent postimpact paleochannels that include the first possible Miocene paleochannels in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Broad downwarping in the postim-pact section unrelated to structures in the crater fill indicates postimpact sediment compaction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"Powars, D.S., Catchings, R.D., Goldman, M.R., Gohn, G., Horton, J., Edwards, L.E., Rymer, M.J., and Gandhok, G., 2009, High-resolution seismic-reflection images across the ICDP-USGS Eyreville deep drilling site, Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 458, p. 209-233.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"233","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":24515,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/458/209.abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.58333333333333,36.75 ], [ -76.58333333333333,37.583333333333336 ], [ -75.66666666666667,37.583333333333336 ], [ -75.66666666666667,36.75 ], [ -76.58333333333333,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldman, Mark R. 0000-0002-0802-829X goldman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-829X","contributorId":1521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"Mark","email":"goldman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gohn, Gregory S.","contributorId":50155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horton, J. 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