In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) initiated a long-term research program to improve understanding of tsunami hazard levels for nuclear facilities in the United States. For this effort, the US NRC organized a collaborative research program with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other key researchers for the purpose of assessing tsunami hazard on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. The initial phase of this work consisted principally of collection, interpretation, and analysis of available offshore data and information. Necessarily, the US NRC research program includes both seismic- and landslide-based tsunamigenic sources in both the near and the far fields. The inclusion of tsunamigenic landslides, an important category of sources that impact tsunami hazard levels for the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts over the long time periods of interest to the US NRC is a key difference between this program and most other tsunami hazard assessment programs. Although only a few years old, this program is already producing results that both support current US NRC activities and look toward the long-term goal of probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment. This paper provides a summary of results from several areas of current research. An overview of the broader US NRC research program is provided in a companion paper in this conference.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The 14th world conference on earthquake engineering","conferenceDate":"October 12-17, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Beijing, China","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kammerer, A., ten Brink, U., Twitchell, D.C., Geist, E.L., Chaytor, J., Locat, J., Lee, H.J., Buczkowski, B.J., and Sansoucy, M., 2008, Preliminary results of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission collaborative research program to assess tsunami hazard for nuclear power plants on the Atlantic and gulf coasts, in Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China, October 12-17, 2008, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-009977","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345351,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.14wcee.org/Proceedings/isv7/main.htm"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59a7ced0e4b0fd9b77d09290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kammerer, A.M.","contributorId":64383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kammerer","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12528,"text":"US Nuclear Regulatory Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":709090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":709091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twitchell, David C.","contributorId":139589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Twitchell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":709092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chaytor, Jason D. jchaytor@usgs.gov","contributorId":4961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"Jason D.","email":"jchaytor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":709094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Locat, J.","contributorId":56392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Locat","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25484,"text":"Université Laval, Québec City, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":709096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, H. J.","contributorId":190472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":709097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Buczkowski, Brian J. bbuczkowski@usgs.gov","contributorId":3524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buczkowski","given":"Brian","email":"bbuczkowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":709098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sansoucy, M.","contributorId":75360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sansoucy","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25484,"text":"Université Laval, Québec City, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":709099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70032843,"text":"70032843 - 2008 - Characterizing the marsh dieback spectral response at the plant and canopy level with hyperspectral and temporal remote sensing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032843","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Characterizing the marsh dieback spectral response at the plant and canopy level with hyperspectral and temporal remote sensing data","docAbstract":"We describe newly developed remote sensing tools to map the localized occurrences and regional distribution of the marsh dieback in coastal Louisiana (Fig. 1). As a final goal of our research and development, we identified what spectral features accompanied the onset of dieback and could be directly linked to the optical signal measured at the satellite. In order to accomplish our research goal, we carried out two interlinked objectives. First, we determined the spectral features within the hyperspectral spectra of the impacted plant that could be linked to the spectral return. This was accomplished by measuring the differences in leaf optical properties of impacted and non impacted marsh plants in such a way that the measured differences could be linked to the dieback onset and progression. The spectral analyses were constrained to selected wavelengths (bands of reflectance data) historically associated with changes in leaf composition and structure caused by changes in the plant biophysical environment. Second, we determined what changes in the canopy reflectance (canopy signal sensed at the satellite) could be linked to dieback onset and progression. Third, we transformed a suite of six Landsat Thematic Mapper images collected before, during, and in the final stages of dieback to maps of dieback occurrences. ??2008 IEEE.","largerWorkTitle":"US/EU-Baltic International Symposium: Ocean Observations, Ecosystem-Based Management and Forecasting - Provisional Symposium Proceed","conferenceTitle":"US/EU-Baltic International Symposium: Ocean Observations, Ecosystem-Based Management and Forecasting, BALTIC","conferenceDate":"27 May 2008 through 29 May 2008","conferenceLocation":"Tallinn","language":"English","doi":"10.1109/BALTIC.2008.4625515","isbn":"9781424422685","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., and Rangoonwala, A., 2008, Characterizing the marsh dieback spectral response at the plant and canopy level with hyperspectral and temporal remote sensing data, in US/EU-Baltic International Symposium: Ocean Observations, Ecosystem-Based Management and Forecasting - Provisional Symposium Proceed, Tallinn, 27 May 2008 through 29 May 2008, https://doi.org/10.1109/BALTIC.2008.4625515.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213989,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/BALTIC.2008.4625515"},{"id":241671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f501e4b0c8380cd4c034","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, E. 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":91310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":438201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rangoonwala, A. 0000-0002-0556-0598","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-0598","contributorId":95248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangoonwala","given":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":438202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032981,"text":"70032981 - 2008 - Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T10:16:24","indexId":"70032981","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1754,"text":"Geochemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing","title":"Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing","docAbstract":"Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos (Cameroon) before and during controlled degassing is described using results of regular monitoring obtained during the last 21 years. The CO2(aq) profiles soon after the limnic eruptions were estimated for Lakes Monoun and Nyos using the CTD data obtained in October and November 1986, respectively. Based on the CO2(aq)profiles through time, the CO2 content and its change over time were calculated for both lakes. The CO2 accumulation rate calculated from the pre-degassing data, was constant after the limnic eruption at Lake Nyos (1986-2001), whereas the rate appeared initially high (1986-1996) but later slowed down (1996-2003) at Lake Monoun. The CO2 concentration at 58 m depth in Lake Monoun in January 2003 was very close to saturation due to the CO2 accumulation. This situation is suggestive of a mechanism for the limnic eruption , because it may take place spontaneously without receiving an external trigger. The CO2 content of the lakes decreased significantly after controlled degassing started in March 2001 at Lake Nyos and in February 2003 at Lake Monoun. The current content is lower than the content estimated soon after the limnic eruption at both lakes. At Monoun the degassing rate increased greatly after February 2006 due to an increase of the number of degassing pipes and deepening of the pipe intake depth. The current CO2 content is ∼40% of the maximum content attained just before the degassing started. At current degassing rates the lower chemocline will subside to the degassing pipe intake depth of 93 m in about one year. After this depth is reached, the gas removal rate will progressively decline because water of lower CO2(aq) concentration will be tapped by the pipes. To keep the CO2 content of Lake Monoun as small as possible, it is recommended to set up a new, simple device that sends deep water to the surface since natural recharge of CO2 will continue. Controlled degassing at Lake Nyos since 2001 has also reduced the CO2 content. It is currently slightly below the level estimated after the limnic eruption in 1986. However, the current CO2 content still amounts to 80% of the maximum level of 14.8 giga moles observed in January 2001. The depth of the lower chemocline may reach the pipe intake depth of 203 m within a few years. After this situation is reached the degassing rate with the current system will progressively decline, and it would take decades to remove the majority of dissolved gases even if the degassing system keeps working continuously. Additional degassing pipes must be installed to speed up gas removal from Lake Nyos in order to make the area safer for local populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.42.93","issn":"00167","usgsCitation":"Kusakabe, M., Ohba, T., , I., Yoshida, Y., Satake, H., Ohizumi, T., Evans, W.C., Tanyileke, G., and Kling, G., 2008, Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing: Geochemical Journal, v. 42, no. 1, p. 93-118, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.42.93.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.42.93","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cameroon","otherGeospatial":"Lake Monoun, Lake Nyos","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d77e4b0c8380cd53032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusakabe, M.","contributorId":94437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusakabe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ohba, T.","contributorId":47157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohba","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":" Issa","contributorId":35127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"Issa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoshida, Y.","contributorId":99765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshida","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Satake, H.","contributorId":60446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satake","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ohizumi, T.","contributorId":16657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohizumi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tanyileke, G.","contributorId":35882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanyileke","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kling, G.W.","contributorId":22368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70033454,"text":"70033454 - 2008 - Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033454","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Centimeter-scale measurements on several Powder River floodplains provide insights into the nature of overbank depositional processes that created the floodplains; during a 20-year period after a major flood in 1978. Rising stages initially entered across a sill at the downriver end of the floodplains. Later, as stages continued to rise, water entered the floodplains through distinct low saddles along natural levees. The annual maximum depth of water over the levee crest averaged 0.19 in from 1983 through 1996, and the estimated flow velocities were approximately 0.15 m s-1. Water ponded in the floodplain trough, a topographic low between the natural levee and the pre-flood riverbank, and mud settled as thin layers of nearly constant thickness. Mud layers alternated with sand layers, which were relatively thick near the channel. Together, these beds created a distinctive natural levee. In some locations, individual flood deposits began as a thin mud layer that gradually coarsened upwards to medium-grained sand. Coarsening-upwards sequences form initially as mud because only the uppermost layers of water in the channel supply the first overbank flows, which are rich in mud but starved of sand. At successively higher stages, fine sands and then medium sands increase in concentration in the floodwater and are deposited as fine- and medium-sand layers overlying the initial mud layer. Theoretical predictions from mathematical models of sediment transport by advection and diffusion indicate that these processes acting alone are unlikely to create the observed sand layers of nearly uniform thickness that extend across much of the floodplain. We infer that other transport processes, notably bedload transport, must be important along Powder River. Even with the centimeter-scale measurements of floodplain deposits, daily hydraulic data, and precise annual surface topographic surveys, we were unable to determine any clear correspondence between the gauged flow record of overbank floods and the depositional layers mapped in the floodplain. These results provide a detailed example of floodplain deposits and depositional processes that should prove useful for interpreting natural levee deposits in a variety of geologic settings. Copyright ?? 2008, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2110/jsr.2008.005","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Pizzuto, J., Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 2008, Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, no. 1-2, p. 16-28, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2008.005.","startPage":"16","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214158,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2008.005"},{"id":241852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebefe4b0c8380cd48f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pizzuto, J.E.","contributorId":10572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzuto","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033505,"text":"70033505 - 2008 - ALLTEM UXO detection and discrimination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033505","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ALLTEM UXO detection and discrimination","docAbstract":"ALLTEM is a multi-axis electromagnetic induction system designed for unexploded ordnance (UXO) applications. It uses a continuous triangle-wave excitation and provides good late-time signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) especially for ferrous targets. Multi-axis transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) systems such as ALLTEM provide a richer data set from which to invert for the target parameters required to distinguish between clutter and UXO. Inversions of field data over the Army's UXO Calibration Grid and Blind Test Grid at the Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Arizona in 2006 produced polarizability moment values for many buried UXO items that were reasonable and generally repeatable for targets of the same type buried at different orientations and depths. In 2007 a test stand was constructed that allows for collection of data with varying spatial data density and accurate automated position control. The behavior of inverted ALLTEM test stand data as a function of spatial data density, sensor SNR, and position error has been investigated. The results indicate that the ALLTEM inversion algorithm is more tolerant of sensor noise and position error than has been reported for single-axis systems. A high confidence level in inversion-derived target parameters is required when a target is declared to be harmless scrap metal that may safely be left in the ground. Unless high confidence can be demonstrated, state regulators will likely require that targets be dug regardless of any \"no-dig\" classifications produced from inversions, in which case remediation costs would not be decreased.","largerWorkTitle":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts","language":"English","doi":"10.1190/1.3063947","issn":"10523","usgsCitation":"Asch, T., Wright, D., Moulton, C., Irons, T., and Nabighian, M., 2008, ALLTEM UXO detection and discrimination, in SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, v. 27, no. 1, p. 2892-2896, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3063947.","startPage":"2892","endPage":"2896","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214361,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3063947"},{"id":242082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62be4b0c8380cd471e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asch, T.H.","contributorId":90552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asch","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moulton, C.W.","contributorId":81681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irons, T.P.","contributorId":35965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nabighian, M.N.","contributorId":62724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nabighian","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033431,"text":"70033431 - 2008 - Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded Anthracite Mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 1. Field evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033431","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2745,"text":"Mine Water and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded Anthracite Mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 1. Field evaluation","docAbstract":"Passive-treatment systems that route acidic mine drainage (AMD) through crushed limestone and/or organic-rich substrates have been used to remove the acidity and metals from various AMD sources, with a wide range of effects. This study evaluates treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden AMD with limestone alone, and with organic-rich compost layered with the limestone. In the fall of 2003, a treatment system consisting of two parallel, 500-m2 downflow cells followed by a 400-m2 aerobic settling pond and wetland was installed to neutralize the AMD from the Bell Mine, a large source of AMD and baseflow to the Schuylkill River in the Southern Anthracite Coalfield, in east-central Pennsylvania. Each downflow cell consisted of a lower substrate layer of 1,090 metric tons (t) of dolomitic limestone (60 wt% CaCO3) and an upper layer of 300 t of calcitic limestone (95 wt% CaCO3); one of the downflow cells also included a 0.3 m thick layer of mushroom compost over the limestone. AMD with pH of 3.5-4.3, dissolved oxygen of 6.6-9.9 mg/L, iron of 1.9-5.4 mg/L, and aluminum of 0.8-1.9 mg/L flooded each cell to a depth 0.65 m above the treatment substrates, percolated through the substrates to underlying, perforated outflow pipes, and then flowed through the aerobic pond and wetland before discharging to the Schuylkill River. Data on the flow rates and chemistry of the effluent for the treatment system indicated substantial neutralization by the calcitic limestone but only marginal effects from the dolomitic limestone or compost. Because of its higher transmissivity, the treatment cell containing only limestone neutralized greater quantities of acidity than the cell containing compost and limestone. On average, the treatment system removed 62% of the influent acidity, 47% of the dissolved iron, 34% of the dissolved aluminum, and 8% of the dissolved manganese. Prior to treatment of the Bell Discharge, the Schuylkill River immediately below its confluence with the discharge had pH as low as 4.1 and supported few, if any, fish. However, within the first year of treatment, the pH was maintained at values of 5.0 or greater and native brook trout were documented immediately below the treatment system, though not above. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mine Water and the Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10230-008-0029-5","issn":"10259112","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C., and Ward, S., 2008, Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded Anthracite Mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 1. Field evaluation: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 27, no. 2, p. 67-85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0029-5.","startPage":"67","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214271,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0029-5"},{"id":241976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b0e4b0c8380cd505ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, S.J.","contributorId":12702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032158,"text":"70032158 - 2008 - The release of dissolved actinium to the ocean: A global comparison of different end-members","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032158","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The release of dissolved actinium to the ocean: A global comparison of different end-members","docAbstract":"The measurement of short-lived 223Ra often involves a second measurement for supported activities, which represents 227Ac in the sample. Here we exploit this fact, presenting a set of 284 values on the oceanic distribution of 227Ac, which was collected when analyzing water samples for short-lived radium isotopes by the radium delayed coincidence counting system. The present work compiles 227Ac data from coastal regions all over the northern hemisphere, including values from ground water, from estuaries and lagoons, and from marine end-members. Deep-sea samples from a continental slope off Puerto Rico and from an active vent site near Hawaii complete the overview of 227Ac near its potential sources. The average 227Ac activities of nearshore marine end-members range from 0.4??dpm m- 3 at the Gulf of Mexico to 3.0??dpm m- 3 in the coastal waters of the Korean Strait. In analogy to 228Ra, we find the extension of adjacent shelf regions to play a substantial role for 227Ac activities, although less pronounced than for radium, due to its weaker shelf source. Based on previously published values, we calculate an open ocean 227Ac inventory of 1.35 * 1018??dpm 227Acex in the ocean, which corresponds to 37??moles, or 8.4??kg. This implies a flux of 127??dpm m-2 y- 1 from the deep-sea floor. For the shelf regions, we obtain a global inventory of 227Ac of 4.5 * 1015??dpm, which cannot be converted directly into a flux value, as the regional loss term of 227Ac to the open ocean would have to be included. Ac has so far been considered to behave similarly to Ra in the marine environment, with the exception of a strong Ac source in the deep-sea due to 231Paex. Here, we present evidence of geochemical differences between Ac, which is retained in a warm vent system, and Ra, which is readily released [Moore, W.S., Ussler, W. and Paull, C.K., 2008-this issue. Short-lived radium isotopes in the Hawaiian margin: Evidence for large fluid fluxes through the Puna Ridge. Marine Chemistry]. Another potential mechanism of producing deviations in 227Ac/228Ra and daughter isotope ratios from the expected production value of lithogenic material is observed at reducing environments, where enrichment in uranium may occur. The presented data here may serve as a reference for including 227Ac in circulation models, and the overview provides values for some end-members that contribute to the global Ac distribution. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2007.07.005","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Geibert, W., Charette, M., Kim, G., Moore, W., Street, J., Young, M., and Paytan, A., 2008, The release of dissolved actinium to the ocean: A global comparison of different end-members: Marine Chemistry, v. 109, no. 3-4, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.07.005.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476820,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/c9355a11-73c0-487f-a1da-217421fe62ca","text":"External Repository"},{"id":214788,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.07.005"},{"id":242539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf2fe4b08c986b3245f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geibert, W.","contributorId":76960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geibert","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charette, M.","contributorId":72606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charette","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kim, G.","contributorId":102237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, W.S.","contributorId":90875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Street, J.","contributorId":81321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Street","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Young, M.","contributorId":57428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Paytan, A.","contributorId":98926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paytan","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70032147,"text":"70032147 - 2008 - Predicting recolonization patterns and interactions between potamodromous and anadromous salmonids in response to dam removal in the Elwha River, Washington State, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T14:27:50","indexId":"70032147","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting recolonization patterns and interactions between potamodromous and anadromous salmonids in response to dam removal in the Elwha River, Washington State, USA","docAbstract":"The restoration of salmonids in the Elwha River following dam removal will cause interactions between anadromous and potamodromous forms as recolonization occurs in upstream and downstream directions. Anadromous salmonids are expected to recolonize historic habitats, and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) isolated above the dams for 90 years are expected to reestablish anadromy. We summarized the distribution and abundance of potamodromous salmonids, determined locations of spawning areas, and mapped natural barriers to fish migration at the watershed scale based on data collected from 1993 to 2006. Rainbow trout were far more abundant than bull trout throughout the watershed and both species were distributed up to river km 71. Spawning locations for bull trout and rainbow trout occurred in areas where we anticipate returning anadromous fish to spawn. Nonnative brook trout were confined to areas between and below the dams, and seasonal velocity barriers are expected to prevent their upstream movements. We hypothesize that the extent of interaction between potamodromous and anadromous salmonids will vary spatially due to natural barriers that will limit upstream-directed recolonization for some species of salmonids. Consequently, most competitive interactions will occur in the main stem and floodplain downstream of river km 25 and in larger tributaries. Understanding future responses of Pacific salmonids after dam removal in the Elwha River depends upon an understanding of existing conditions of the salmonid community upstream of the dams prior to dam removal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Brenkman, S., Pess, G., Torgersen, C., Kloehn, K., Duda, J., and Corbett, S., 2008, Predicting recolonization patterns and interactions between potamodromous and anadromous salmonids in response to dam removal in the Elwha River, Washington State, USA: Northwest Science, v. 82, no. SPEC.ISS., p. 91-106.","startPage":"91","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"SPEC.ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81c4e4b0c8380cd7b6fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenkman, S.J.","contributorId":106318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenkman","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pess, G.R.","contributorId":33037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pess","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torgersen, C.E.","contributorId":34459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kloehn, K.K.","contributorId":84995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloehn","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duda, J.J. 0000-0001-7431-8634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":105073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Corbett, S.C.","contributorId":79318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbett","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70009735,"text":"70009735 - 2008 - Carbonate precipitation by the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: A model of carbon flow for an ancient microorganism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T15:42:28","indexId":"70009735","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1012,"text":"Biogeosciences Discussions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate precipitation by the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: A model of carbon flow for an ancient microorganism","docAbstract":"Microbial carbonate precipitation experiments were conducted using the archaeon bacteria Archaeoglobus fulgidus to determine chemical and isotopic fractionation of organic and inorganic carbon into mineral phases. Carbonate precipitation was induced in two different experiments using A. fulgidus to determine the relative abundance of organically derived carbon incorporated into carbonate minerals as well as to define any distinct phases or patterns that could be attributed to the precipitation process. One experiment used a medium containing 13C-depleted organic carbon and 13C-enriched inorganic carbon, and the other used a 14C-labeled organic carbon source. Results indicated that 0.9 - 24.8% organic carbon was incorporated into carbonates precipitated by A. fulgidus and that this process was mediated primarily by pH and CO2 emission from cells. Data showed that the carbon in the CO2 produced from this microorganism is incorporated into carbonates and that the rate at which precipitation occurs and the dynamics of the carbonate precipitation process are strongly mediated by the specific steps involved in the biochemical process for lactate oxidation by A. fulgidus.","language":"English","issn":"18106277","usgsCitation":"Robbins, L.L., Van Cleave, K.A., and Ostrom, P., 2008, Carbonate precipitation by the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: A model of carbon flow for an ancient microorganism: Biogeosciences Discussions, v. 5, no. 4, p. 3409-3432.","startPage":"3409","endPage":"3432","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f36fe4b0c8380cd4b7f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, L. L.","contributorId":71156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Cleave, K. A.","contributorId":94033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Cleave","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostrom, P.","contributorId":22897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrom","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033105,"text":"70033105 - 2008 - Multiple plagioclase crystal populations identified by crystal size distribution and in situ chemical data: Implications for timescales of magma chamber processes associated with the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T16:49:30","indexId":"70033105","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple plagioclase crystal populations identified by crystal size distribution and in situ chemical data: Implications for timescales of magma chamber processes associated with the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, CA","docAbstract":"Products of the 1915 Lassen Peak eruption reveal evidence for a magma recharge–magma mixing event that may have catalyzed the eruption and from which four compositional members were identified: light dacite, black dacite, andesitic inclusion, and dark andesite. Crystal size distribution, textural, and in situ chemical (major and trace element and Sr isotope) data for plagioclase from these compositional products define three crystal populations that have distinct origins: phenocrysts (long axis > 0·5 mm) that typically have core An contents between 34 and 36 mol %, microphenocrysts (long axis between 0·1 and 0·5 mm) that have core An contents of 66–69, and microlites (long axis < 0·1 mm) with variable An core contents from 64 to 52. Phenocrysts are interpreted to form in an isolated dacitic magma chamber that experienced slow cooling. Based on textural, compositional, and isotopic data for the magma represented by the dacitic component, magma recharge was not an important process until just prior to the 1915 eruption. Average residence times for phenocrysts are in the range of centuries to millennia. Microphenocrysts formed in a hybrid layer that resulted from mixing between end-member reservoir dacite and recharge magma of basaltic andesite composition. High thermal contrast between the two end-member magmas led to relatively high degrees of undercooling, which resulted in faster crystal growth rates and acicular and swallowtail crystal habits. Some plagioclase phenocrysts from the dacitic chamber were incorporated into the hybrid layer and underwent dissolution–precipitation, seen in both crystal textures and rim compositions. Average microphenocryst residence times are of the order of months. Microlites may have formed in response to decompression and/or syn-eruptive degassing as magma ascended from the chamber through the volcanic conduit. Chemical distinctions in plagioclase microlite An contents reveal that melt of the dark andesite was more mafic than the melt of the other three compositions. We suggest that mixing of an intruding basaltic andesite and reservoir dacite before magma began ascending in the conduit allowed formation of a compositionally distinct microlite population. Melt in the other three products was more evolved because it had undergone differentiation during the months following initial mixing; as a consequence, melt and microlites among these three products have similar compositions. The results of this study highlight the integrated use of crystal size distribution, textural, and in situ chemical data in identifying distinct crystal populations and linking these populations to the thermal and chemical characteristics of complex magma bodies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egn045","issn":"00223","usgsCitation":"Salisbury, M., Bohrson, W., Clynne, M., Ramos, F., and Hoskin, P., 2008, Multiple plagioclase crystal populations identified by crystal size distribution and in situ chemical data: Implications for timescales of magma chamber processes associated with the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, CA: Journal of Petrology, v. 49, no. 10, p. 1755-1780, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn045.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1755","endPage":"1780","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476642,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn045","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213459,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn045"}],"volume":"49","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6076e4b0c8380cd71498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salisbury, M.J.","contributorId":50362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salisbury","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohrson, W.A.","contributorId":102092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohrson","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramos, F.C.","contributorId":81698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramos","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoskin, P.","contributorId":42435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoskin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033301,"text":"70033301 - 2008 - Compositional mapping of Saturn's satellite Dione with Cassini VIMS and implications of dark material in the Saturn system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033301","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional mapping of Saturn's satellite Dione with Cassini VIMS and implications of dark material in the Saturn system","docAbstract":"Cassini VIMS has obtained spatially resolved imaging spectroscopy data on numerous satellites of Saturn. A very close fly-by of Dione provided key information for solving the riddle of the origin of the dark material in the Saturn system. The Dione VIMS data show a pattern of bombardment of fine, sub-0.5-??m diameter particles impacting the satellite from the trailing side direction. Multiple lines of evidence point to an external origin for the dark material on Dione, including the global spatial pattern of dark material, local patterns including crater and cliff walls shielding implantation on slopes facing away from the trailing side, exposing clean ice, and slopes facing the trailing direction which show higher abundances of dark material. Multiple spectral features of the dark material match those seen on Phoebe, Iapetus, Hyperion, Epimetheus and the F-ring, implying the material has a common composition throughout the Saturn system. However, the exact composition of the dark material remains a mystery, except that bound water and, tentatively, ammonia are detected, and there is evidence both for and against cyanide compounds. Exact identification of composition requires additional laboratory work. A blue scattering peak with a strong UV-visible absorption is observed in spectra of all satellites which contain dark material, and the cause is Rayleigh scattering, again pointing to a common origin. The Rayleigh scattering effect is confirmed with laboratory experiments using ice and 0.2-??m diameter carbon grains when the carbon abundance is less than about 2% by weight. Rayleigh scattering in solids is also confirmed in naturally occurring terrestrial rocks, and in previously published reflectance studies. The spatial pattern, Rayleigh scattering effect, and spectral properties argue that the dark material is only a thin coating on Dione's surface, and by extension is only a thin coating on Phoebe, Hyperion, and Iapetus, although the dark material abundance appears higher on Iapetus, and may be locally thick. As previously concluded for Phoebe, the dark material appears to be external to the Saturn system and may be cometary in origin. We also report a possible detection of material around Dione which may indicate Dione is active and contributes material to the E-ring, but this observation must be confirmed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.035","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., Curchin, J.M., Jaumann, R., Cruikshank, D.P., Brown, R.H., Hoefen, T., Stephan, K., Moore, J.N., Buratti, B.J., Baines, K.H., Nicholson, P.D., and Nelson, R., 2008, Compositional mapping of Saturn's satellite Dione with Cassini VIMS and implications of dark material in the Saturn system: Icarus, v. 193, no. 2, p. 372-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.035.","startPage":"372","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213288,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.035"},{"id":240898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"193","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f938e4b0c8380cd4d4e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curchin, J. M.","contributorId":37145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curchin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cruikshank, D. P.","contributorId":51434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoefen, T.M. 0000-0002-3083-5987","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":18143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stephan, K.","contributorId":8976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Moore, Johnnie N.","contributorId":13668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70032043,"text":"70032043 - 2008 - Using semi-permeable membrane devices and stable nitrogen isotopes to detect anthropogenic influences on the Truckee River, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032043","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1535,"text":"Environmental Engineering Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using semi-permeable membrane devices and stable nitrogen isotopes to detect anthropogenic influences on the Truckee River, USA","docAbstract":"Stable nitrogen isotopes (??15N) and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used together to provide evidence of potential anthropogenic connections to aquatic organisms in the Truckee River, which flows through the Reno/Sparks metropolitan area in Nevada. Crayfish, snail, and periphyton ??15N values, and SPMD toxicity data collected during high and low flow periods at seven primary sites on the river were used with water quality and flow data for the assessment. All biota showed an increase of ??15N on both dates at sites downstream of inflows of a water-quality impaired tributary and urban drain relative to upstream. In addition, most of the lowest ??15N values on each date occurred at the most downstream site on the river. SPMDs sample lipophilic organic contaminants and can be used to assess organic contaminant toxicity to aquatic organisms because they use a membrane that mimics organic contaminant uptake by fish. In this study, results from a fluoroscan test [pyrene index (PI)] of SPMD extracts that responds to higher molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed patterns similar to stable isotope data, although observed peaks in PI values occurred in the urban area upstream of where peak ??15N values occurred. The CYP1A biomarker test, which responds to PAHs, certain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorines, showed peak toxic equivalents (TEQ) values farther downstream of the urban area. Thus, it is likely that PAHs were contributing to toxicity in the urban area, whereas other nonurban sources of organic carbon may have been present farther downstream. The combined use of stable isotope measurements and SPMDs provided a means of simultaneously examining whether aquatic biota are incorporating constituents from potential food sources (via stable isotopes) or exposure through water (via SPMDs). ?? Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Engineering Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1089/ees.2007.0090","issn":"10928758","usgsCitation":"Saito, L., Rosen, M.R., Chandra, S., Fritsen, C., Arufe, J., and Redd, C., 2008, Using semi-permeable membrane devices and stable nitrogen isotopes to detect anthropogenic influences on the Truckee River, USA: Environmental Engineering Science, v. 25, no. 4, p. 585-600, https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2007.0090.","startPage":"585","endPage":"600","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214590,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2007.0090"},{"id":242329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc09ce4b08c986b32a20e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saito, L.","contributorId":59402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saito","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chandra, S.","contributorId":68867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandra","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fritsen, C.H.","contributorId":43979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritsen","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arufe, J.A.","contributorId":53184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arufe","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Redd, C.","contributorId":26514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redd","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033314,"text":"70033314 - 2008 - Amphipod densities and indices of wetland quality across the upper-Midwest, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70033314","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amphipod densities and indices of wetland quality across the upper-Midwest, USA","docAbstract":"Nutritional, behavioral, and diet data for lesser scaup (Aythya affinis [Eyton, 1838]) indicates that there has been a decrease in amphipod (Gammarus lacustris [G. O. Sars, 1863] and Hyalella azteca [Saussure, 1858]) density and wetland quality throughout the upper-Midwest, USA. Accordingly, we estimated densities of Gammarus and Hyalella in six eco-physiographic regions of Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota; 356 randomly selected semipermanent and permanent wetlands were sampled during springs 2004 and 2005. We also examined indices of wetland quality (e.g., turbidity, fish communities, aquatic vegetation) among regions in a random subset of these wetlands (n = 267). Gammarus and Hyalella were present in 19% and 54% of wetlands sampled, respectively. Gammarus and Hyalella densities in North Dakota were higher than those in Iowa and Minnesota. Although historical data are limited, our regional mean (1 to 12 m-3) amphipod densities (Gammarus + Hyalella) were markedly lower than any of the historical density estimates. Fish, important predators of amphipods, occurred in 31%-45% of wetlands in North Dakota, 84% of wetlands in the Red River Valley, and 74%-84% of wetlands in Iowa and Minnesota. Turbidity in wetlands of Minnesota Morainal (4.0 NTU geometric mean) and Red River Valley (6.1 NTU) regions appeared low relative to that of the rest of the upper-Midwest (13.2-17.5 NTU). We conclude that observed estimates of amphipods, fish, and turbidity are consistent with low wetland quality, which has resulted in lower food availability for various wildlife species, especially lesser scaup, which use these wetlands in the upper-Midwest. ?? 2008, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/07-53.1","issn":"02775","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M., and Afton, A., 2008, Amphipod densities and indices of wetland quality across the upper-Midwest, USA: Wetlands, v. 28, no. 1, p. 184-196, https://doi.org/10.1672/07-53.1.","startPage":"184","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213504,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/07-53.1"},{"id":241133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cae4b0c8380cd4845b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anteau, M.J.","contributorId":12807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030237,"text":"70030237 - 2008 - Overcompensatory response of a smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) population to harvest: Release from competition?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030237","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overcompensatory response of a smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) population to harvest: Release from competition?","docAbstract":"An intensive seven-year removal of adult, juvenile, and young-of-the-year smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from a north temperate lake (Little Moose Lake, New York, USA) resulted in an increase in overall population abundance, primarily due to increased abundance of immature individuals. We developed a density-dependent, stage-structured model to examine conditions under which population control through harvest could result in the increase of a targeted species. Parameter values were derived from a 54-year data set collected from another north temperate lake (Lake Opeongo, Ontario, Canada) smallmouth bass population. Sensitivity analyses identified the demographic conditions that could lead to increased abundance in response to harvest. An increase in population abundance with harvest was most likely to occur when either (i) per capita recruitment at low levels of spawner abundance was large, juvenile survivorship was high, and maturation of age-4 and older juveniles was moderately high or (ii) per capita recruitment at low levels of spawner abundance was slightly lower, yet the maturation rate of age-3 juveniles and adult survivorship were high. Our modeling results together with empirical evidence further demonstrate the importance of overcompensation as a substantial factor to consider in efforts to regulate population abundance through harvest. ?? 2008 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F08-133","issn":"07066","usgsCitation":"Zipkin, E., Sullivan, P., Cooch, E., Kraft, C., Shuter, B., and Weidel, B., 2008, Overcompensatory response of a smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) population to harvest: Release from competition?: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 10, p. 2279-2292, https://doi.org/10.1139/F08-133.","startPage":"2279","endPage":"2292","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211739,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F08-133"}],"volume":"65","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a71d4e4b0c8380cd767a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zipkin, E.F.","contributorId":52790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zipkin","given":"E.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, P.J.","contributorId":38762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooch, E.G.","contributorId":40932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooch","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kraft, C.E.","contributorId":80610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shuter, B.J.","contributorId":6661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuter","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weidel, B.C.","contributorId":47978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weidel","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033583,"text":"70033583 - 2008 - Mapping vegetation communities using statistical data fusion in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-14T09:44:30","indexId":"70033583","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping vegetation communities using statistical data fusion in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri, USA","docAbstract":"A vegetation community map was produced for the Ozark National Scenic Riverways consistent with the association level of the National Vegetation Classification System. Vegetation communities were differentiated using a large array of variables derived from remote sensing and topographic data, which were fused into independent mathematical functions using a discriminant analysis classification approach. Remote sensing data provided variables that discriminated vegetation communities based on differences in color, spectral reflectance, greenness, brightness, and texture. Topographic data facilitated differentiation of vegetation communities based on indirect gradients (e.g., landform position, slope, aspect), which relate to variations in resource and disturbance gradients. Variables derived from these data sources represent both actual and potential vegetation community patterns on the landscape. A hybrid combination of statistical and photointerpretation methods was used to obtain an overall accuracy of 63 percent for a map with 49 vegetation community and land-cover classes, and 78 percent for a 33-class map of the study area.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","doi":"10.14358/PERS.74.2.247","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Chastain, R., Struckhoff, M., He, H., and Larsen, D., 2008, Mapping vegetation communities using statistical data fusion in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri, USA: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 74, no. 2, p. 247-264, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.74.2.247.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.74.2.247","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5090e4b0c8380cd6b790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chastain, R.A. Jr.","contributorId":51109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chastain","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Struckhoff, M.A.","contributorId":84985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Struckhoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"He, H.S.","contributorId":98852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larsen, D.R.","contributorId":56051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033587,"text":"70033587 - 2008 - Collaboration tools and techniques for large model datasets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T12:24:46","indexId":"70033587","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2381,"text":"Journal of Marine Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Collaboration tools and techniques for large model datasets","docAbstract":"In MREA and many other marine applications, it is common to have multiple models running with different grids, run by different institutions. Techniques and tools are described for low-bandwidth delivery of data from large multidimensional datasets, such as those from meteorological and oceanographic models, directly into generic analysis and visualization tools. Output is stored using the NetCDF CF Metadata Conventions, and then delivered to collaborators over the web via OPeNDAP. OPeNDAP datasets served by different institutions are then organized via THREDDS catalogs. Tools and procedures are then used which enable scientists to explore data on the original model grids using tools they are familiar with. It is also low-bandwidth, enabling users to extract just the data they require, an important feature for access from ship or remote areas. The entire implementation is simple enough to be handled by modelers working with their webmasters - no advanced programming support is necessary. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Marine Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.02.013","issn":"09247963","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., Carniel, S., Chiggiato, J., Janekovic, I., Pullen, J., and Sherwood, C.R., 2008, Collaboration tools and techniques for large model datasets: Journal of Marine Systems, v. 69, no. 1-2, p. 154-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.02.013.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2050","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7abe4b0c8380cd4cc3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carniel, S.","contributorId":47504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carniel","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chiggiato, J.","contributorId":47065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiggiato","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Janekovic, I.","contributorId":69796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janekovic","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pullen, J.","contributorId":34339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pullen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033590,"text":"70033590 - 2008 - Influence of landscape structure on reef fish assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70033590","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of landscape structure on reef fish assemblages","docAbstract":"Management of tropical marine environments calls for interdisciplinary studies and innovative methodologies that consider processes occurring over broad spatial scales. We investigated relationships between landscape structure and reef fish assemblage structure in the US Virgin Islands. Measures of landscape structure were transformed into a reduced set of composite indices using principal component analyses (PCA) to synthesize data on the spatial patterning of the landscape structure of the study reefs. However, composite indices (e.g., habitat diversity) were not particularly informative for predicting reef fish assemblage structure. Rather, relationships were interpreted more easily when functional groups of fishes were related to individual habitat features. In particular, multiple reef fish parameters were strongly associated with reef context. Fishes responded to benthic habitat structure at multiple spatial scales, with various groups of fishes each correlated to a unique suite of variables. Accordingly, future experiments should be designed to test functional relationships based on the ecology of the organisms of interest. Our study demonstrates that landscape-scale habitat features influence reef fish communities, illustrating promise in applying a landscape ecology approach to better understand factors that structure coral reef ecosystems. Furthermore, our findings may prove useful in design of spatially-based conservation approaches such as marine protected areas (MPAs), because landscape-scale metrics may serve as proxies for areas with high species diversity and abundance within the coral reef landscape. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10980-007-9147-x","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Grober-Dunsmore, R., Frazer, T., Beets, J., Lindberg, W., Zwick, P., and Funicelli, N., 2008, Influence of landscape structure on reef fish assemblages: Landscape Ecology, v. 23, no. SUPPL. 1, p. 37-53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9147-x.","startPage":"37","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214550,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9147-x"},{"id":242285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b4ae4b0c8380cd623cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grober-Dunsmore, R.","contributorId":58797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grober-Dunsmore","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frazer, T.K.","contributorId":10215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frazer","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beets, J.P.","contributorId":92503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beets","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindberg, W.J.","contributorId":33134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindberg","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zwick, P.","contributorId":52804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwick","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Funicelli, N.A.","contributorId":13573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funicelli","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033591,"text":"70033591 - 2008 - Textural, mineralogical and stable isotope studies of hydrothermal alteration in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion, Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70033591","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Textural, mineralogical and stable isotope studies of hydrothermal alteration in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion, Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic offsets in the peak concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE) and base-metal sulfides in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion have, in part, been attributed to the interaction between magmatic PGE-bearing base-metal sulfide assemblages and hydrothermal fluids. In this paper, we provide mineralogical and textural evidence that indicates alteration of base-metal sulfides and mobilization of metals and S during hydrothermal alteration in both mineralized intrusions. Stable isotopic data suggest that the fluids involved in the alteration were of magmatic origin in the Great Dyke but that a meteoric water component was involved in the alteration of the Sonju Lake Intrusion. The strong spatial association of platinum-group minerals, principally Pt and Pd sulfides, arsenides, and tellurides, with base-metal sulfide assemblages in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke is consistent with residual enrichment of Pt and Pd during hydrothermal alteration. However, such an interpretation is more tenuous for the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion where important Pt and Pd arsenides and antimonides occur as inclusions within individual plagioclase crystals and within alteration assemblages that are free of base-metal sulfides. Our observations suggest that Pt and Pd tellurides, antimonides, and arsenides may form during both magmatic crystallization and subsolidus hydrothermal alteration. Experimental studies of magmatic crystallization and hydrothermal transport/deposition in systems involving arsenides, tellurides, antimonides, and base metal sulfides are needed to better understand the relative importance of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in controlling the distribution of PGE in mineralized layered intrusions of this type. ?? Springer-Verlag 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-007-0159-x","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Li, C., Ripley, E., Oberthur, T., Miller, J., and Joslin, G., 2008, Textural, mineralogical and stable isotope studies of hydrothermal alteration in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion, Minnesota, USA: Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, no. 1, p. 97-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0159-x.","startPage":"97","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214551,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0159-x"},{"id":242286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba602e4b08c986b320e13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, C.","contributorId":14954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ripley, E.M.","contributorId":20080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripley","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oberthur, T.","contributorId":76957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberthur","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J.D. Jr.","contributorId":18919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joslin, G.D.","contributorId":80500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joslin","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033595,"text":"70033595 - 2008 - Evaluation of an index of biotic integrity approach used to assess biological condition in western U.S. streams and rivers at varying spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:30","indexId":"70033595","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an index of biotic integrity approach used to assess biological condition in western U.S. streams and rivers at varying spatial scales","docAbstract":"Consistent assessments of biological condition are needed across multiple ecoregions to provide a greater understanding of the spatial extent of environmental degradation. However, consistent assessments at large geographic scales are often hampered by lack of uniformity in data collection, analyses, and interpretation. The index of biotic integrity (IBI) has been widely used in eastern and central North America, where fish assemblages are complex and largely composed of native species, but IBI development has been hindered in the western United States because of relatively low fish species richness and greater relative abundance of alien fishes. Approaches to developing IBIs rarely provide a consistent means of assessing biological condition across multiple ecoregions. We conducted an evaluation of IBIs recently proposed for three ecoregions of the western United States using an independent data set covering a large geographic scale. We standardized the regional IBIs and developed biological condition criteria, assessed the responsiveness of IBIs to basin-level land uses, and assessed their precision and concordance with basin-scale IBIs. Standardized IBI scores from 318 sites in the western United States comprising mountain, plains, and xeric ecoregions were significantly related to combined urban and agricultural land uses. Standard deviations and coefficients of variation revealed relatively low variation in IBI scores based on multiple sampling reaches at sites. A relatively high degree of corroboration with independent, locally developed IBIs indicates that the regional IBIs are robust across large geographic scales, providing precise and accurate assessments of biological condition for western U.S. streams. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T07-054.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., Whittier, T., Goldstein, R.M., Hughes, R.M., and Peck, D., 2008, Evaluation of an index of biotic integrity approach used to assess biological condition in western U.S. streams and rivers at varying spatial scales: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 137, no. 1, p. 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-054.1.","startPage":"13","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214132,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T07-054.1"},{"id":241826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c46e4b0c8380cd52ae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whittier, T.R.","contributorId":55296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittier","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, R. M.","contributorId":69997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peck, D.V.","contributorId":68053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033598,"text":"70033598 - 2008 - High resolution shallow geologic characterization of a late Pleistocene eolian environment using ground penetrating radar and optically stimulated luminescence techniques: North Carolina, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:30","indexId":"70033598","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High resolution shallow geologic characterization of a late Pleistocene eolian environment using ground penetrating radar and optically stimulated luminescence techniques: North Carolina, USA","docAbstract":"Geophysical surveys, sedimentology, and optically-stimulated luminescence age analyses were used to assess the geologic development of a coastal system near Swansboro, NC. This area is a significant Woodland Period Native American habitation and is designated the \"Broad Reach\" archaeological site. 2-d and 3-d subsurface geophysical surveys were performed using a ground penetrating radar system to define the stratigraphic framework and depositional facies. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for grain-size to determine depositional environments. Samples were acquired and analyzed using optically stimulated luminescence techniques to derive the depositional age of the various features. The data support a low eolian to shallow subtidal coastal depositional setting for this area. Li-DAR data reveal ridge and swale topography, most likely related to beach ridges, and eolian features including low-relief, low-angle transverse and parabolic dunes, blowouts, and a low-relief eolian sand sheet. Geophysical data reveal dominantly seaward dipping units, and low-angle mounded features. Sedimentological data reveal mostly moderately-well to well-sorted fine-grained symmetrical to coarse skewed sands, suggesting initial aqueous transport and deposition, followed by eolian reworking and bioturbation. OSL data indicate initial coastal deposition prior to ca. 45,000 yBP, followed by eolian reworking and low dune stabilization at ca. 13,000 to 11,500 yBP, and again at ca. 10,000 yBP (during, and slightly after the Younger Dryas chronozone).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Mallinson, D., Mahan, S., and Moore, C., 2008, High resolution shallow geologic characterization of a late Pleistocene eolian environment using ground penetrating radar and optically stimulated luminescence techniques: North Carolina, USA: Southeastern Geology, v. 45, no. 3, p. 161-177.","startPage":"161","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30d1e4b0c8380cd5d991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mallinson, D.","contributorId":93686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallinson","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahan, S.","contributorId":98894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Christine","contributorId":21774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033614,"text":"70033614 - 2008 - Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes during adsorption onto amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide: Experimental mixing of acid rock drainage and ambient river water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:41:42","indexId":"70033614","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes during adsorption onto amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide: Experimental mixing of acid rock drainage and ambient river water","docAbstract":"Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes during adsorption onto amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide is examined in experimental mixtures of metal-rich acid rock drainage and relatively pure river water and during batch adsorption experiments using synthetic ferrihydrite. A diverse set of Cu- and Zn-bearing solutions was examined, including natural waters, complex synthetic acid rock drainage, and simple NaNO3 electrolyte. Metal adsorption data are combined with isotopic measurements of dissolved Cu (65Cu/63Cu) and Zn (66Zn/64Zn) in each of the experiments. Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes occurs during adsorption of the metal onto amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide. The adsorption data are modeled successfully using the diffuse double layer model in PHREEQC. The isotopic data are best described by a closed system, equilibrium exchange model. The fractionation factors (αsoln–solid) are 0.99927 ± 0.00008 for Cu and 0.99948 ± 0.00004 for Zn or, alternately, the separation factors (Δsoln–solid) are −0.73 ± 0.08‰ for Cu and −0.52 ± 0.04‰ for Zn. These factors indicate that the heavier isotope preferentially adsorbs onto the oxyhydroxide surface, which is consistent with shorter metal–oxygen bonds and lower coordination number for the metal at the surface relative to the aqueous ion. Fractionation of Cu isotopes also is greater than that for Zn isotopes. Limited isotopic data for adsorption of Cu, Fe(II), and Zn onto amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide suggest that isotopic fractionation is related to the intrinsic equilibrium constants that define aqueous metal interactions with oxyhydroxide surface sites. Greater isotopic fractionation occurs with stronger metal binding by the oxyhydroxide with Cu > Zn > Fe(II).