{"pageNumber":"833","pageRowStart":"20800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68927,"records":[{"id":97661,"text":"sir20095126 - 2009 - Identifying Hydrologic Processes in Agricultural Watersheds Using Precipitation-Runoff Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20095126","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5126","title":"Identifying Hydrologic Processes in Agricultural Watersheds Using Precipitation-Runoff Models","docAbstract":"Understanding the fate and transport of agricultural chemicals applied to agricultural fields will assist in designing the most effective strategies to prevent water-quality impairments. At a watershed scale, the processes controlling the fate and transport of agricultural chemicals are generally understood only conceptually. To examine the applicability of conceptual models to the processes actually occurring, two precipitation-runoff models - the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Model (WEBMOD) - were applied in different agricultural settings of the contiguous United States. Each model, through different physical processes, simulated the transport of water to a stream from the surface, the unsaturated zone, and the saturated zone. Models were calibrated for watersheds in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska. The calibrated sets of input parameters for each model at each watershed are discussed, and the criteria used to validate the models are explained.\r\n\r\nThe SWAT and WEBMOD model results at each watershed conformed to each other and to the processes identified in each watershed's conceptual hydrology. In Maryland the conceptual understanding of the hydrology indicated groundwater flow was the largest annual source of streamflow; the simulation results for the validation period confirm this. The dominant source of water to the Indiana watershed was thought to be tile drains. Although tile drains were not explicitly simulated in the SWAT model, a large component of streamflow was received from lateral flow, which could be attributed to tile drains. Being able to explicitly account for tile drains, WEBMOD indicated water from tile drains constituted most of the annual streamflow in the Indiana watershed. The Nebraska models indicated annual streamflow was composed primarily of perennial groundwater flow and infiltration-excess runoff, which conformed to the conceptual hydrology developed for that watershed. The hydrologic processes represented in the parameter sets resulting from each model were comparable at individual watersheds, but varied between watersheds. The models were unable to show, however, whether hydrologic processes other than those included in the original conceptual models were major contributors to streamflow. Supplemental simulations of agricultural chemical transport could improve the ability to assess conceptual models.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095126","usgsCitation":"Linard, J.I., Wolock, D.M., Webb, R., and Wieczorek, M., 2009, Identifying Hydrologic Processes in Agricultural Watersheds Using Precipitation-Runoff Models: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5126, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095126.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5126.jpg"},{"id":12812,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.25,39.166666666666664 ], [ -97.25,41.916666666666664 ], [ -75.83333333333333,41.916666666666664 ], [ -75.83333333333333,39.166666666666664 ], [ -97.25,39.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f88e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Richard M. T. 0000-0001-9531-2207","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9531-2207","contributorId":35772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Richard M. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wieczorek, Michael mewieczo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Michael","email":"mewieczo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97662,"text":"sir20085213 - 2009 - Trends in Streamflow and Nutrient and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes River Basins, 1975-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:29:24","indexId":"sir20085213","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5213","title":"Trends in Streamflow and Nutrient and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes River Basins, 1975-2004","docAbstract":"Many actions have been taken to reduce nutrient and suspended-sediment concentrations and the amount of nutrients and sediment transported in streams as a result of the Clean Water Act and subsequent regulations. This report assesses how nutrient and suspended-sediment concentrations and loads in selected streams have changed during recent years to determine if these actions have been successful.\r\n\r\nFlow-adjusted and overall trends in concentrations and trends in loads from 1993 to 2004 were computed for total nitrogen, dissolved ammonia, total organic nitrogen plus ammonia, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total suspended material (total suspended solids or suspended sediment), and total suspended sediment for 49 sites in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes Basins. Changes in total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended-material loads were examined from 1975 to 2003 at six sites to provide a longer term context for the data examined from 1993 to 2004.\r\n\r\nFlow-adjusted trends in total nitrogen concentrations at 19 of 24 sites showed tendency toward increasing concentrations, and overall trends in total nitrogen concentrations at 16 of the 24 sites showed a general tendency toward increasing concentrations. The trends in these flow-adjusted total nitrogen concentrations are related to the changes in fertilizer nitrogen applications. Flow-adjusted trends in dissolved ammonia concentrations from 1993 to 2004 showed a widespread tendency toward decreasing concentrations. The widespread, downward trends in dissolved ammonia concentrations indicate that some of the ammonia reduction goals of the Clean Water Act are being met. Flow-adjusted and overall trends in total organic plus ammonia nitrogen concentrations from 1993 to 2004 did not show a distinct spatial pattern. Flow-adjusted and overall trends in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations from 1993 to 2004 also did not show a distinct spatial pattern. Flow-adjusted trends in total phosphorus concentrations were upward at 24 of 40 sites. Overall trends in total phosphorus concentrations were mixed and showed no spatial pattern. Flow-adjusted and overall trends in dissolved phosphorus concentrations were consistently downward at all of the sites in the eastern part of the basins studied. The reduction in phosphorus fertilizer use and manure production east of the Mississippi River could explain most of the observed trends in dissolved phosphorus.\r\n\r\nFlow-adjusted trends in total suspended-material concentrations showed distinct spatial patterns of increasing tendencies throughout the western part of the basins studied and in Illinois and decreasing concentrations throughout most of Wisconsin, Iowa, and in the eastern part of the basins studied. Flow-adjusted trends in total phosphorus were strongly related to the flow-adjusted trends in suspended materials. The trends in the flow-adjusted suspended-sediment concentrations from 1993 to 2004 resembled those for suspended materials.\r\n\r\nThe long-term, nonmonotonic trends in total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and suspended-material loads for 1975 to 2003 were described by local regression, LOESS, smoothing for six sites. The statistical significance of those trends cannot be determined; however, the long-term changes found for annual streamflow and load data indicate that the monotonic trends from 1993 to 2004 should not be extrapolated backward in time.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085213","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D.L., Robertson, D.M., Hall, D.W., and Saad, D.A., 2009, Trends in Streamflow and Nutrient and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio, Red, and Great Lakes River Basins, 1975-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5213, x, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085213.","productDescription":"x, 82 p.","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12813,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5213.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,35 ], [ -104,50 ], [ -71.83333333333333,50 ], [ -71.83333333333333,35 ], [ -104,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e649a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, David W.","contributorId":39362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97663,"text":"sim3080 - 2009 - Land Area Change and Overview of Major Hurricane Impacts in Coastal Louisiana, 2004-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:25","indexId":"sim3080","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3080","title":"Land Area Change and Overview of Major Hurricane Impacts in Coastal Louisiana, 2004-08","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed changes in land and water coverage in coastal Louisiana within 2 months of Hurricane Gustav (September 1, 2008) and Hurricane Ike (September 13, 2008) by using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to provide preliminary information on land-water area changes in coastal Louisiana shortly after Hurricanes Ike and Gustav made landfall and (2) to contrast these changes with prior, widespread land area changes caused by Hurricane Katrina (August 29, 2005) and Hurricane Rita (September 24, 2005) 3 years earlier. Hurricane Gustav's physical surge impacts were not as severe as those observed from Hurricane Katrina. The largest observed changes were the reversion of recovery vegetation in Upper Breton Sound to an immediate post-Katrina appearance. Hurricane Ike's surge impacts were similar, although of somewhat lesser magnitude than Hurricane Rita's surge impacts. Major surge-removed marsh occurred in similar locations with similar morphologies from the two westward tracking storms. Although the net reduction in land from 2004 to 2008 (849.5 km2) exceeded that from 1978 to 2004 (743.3 km2), it is likely that the 2004-08 estimate will decrease, given time for the coast to recover from those hurricane seasons. Nevertheless, it is likely that the cumulative loss from these hurricane seasons will remain significant. Estimation of permanent losses cannot be made until several growing seasons have passed and the transitory impacts of the hurricanes are accounted for.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3080","usgsCitation":"Barras, J., 2009, Land Area Change and Overview of Major Hurricane Impacts in Coastal Louisiana, 2004-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3080, Map Sheet: 80 x 42 inches; Pamphlet: iv, 6 p.; Presentation (ppt); Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3080.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 80 x 42 inches; Pamphlet: iv, 6 p.; Presentation (ppt); Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3080.jpg"},{"id":12814,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3080/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0fbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barras, John A. jbarras@usgs.gov","contributorId":2425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barras","given":"John A.","email":"jbarras@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97659,"text":"sir20095020 - 2009 - Physical and Vegetative Characteristics of a Newly Constructed Wetland and Modified Stream Reach, Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 2000-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"sir20095020","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5020","title":"Physical and Vegetative Characteristics of a Newly Constructed Wetland and Modified Stream Reach, Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 2000-2006","docAbstract":"To compensate for authorized disturbance of naturally occurring wetlands and streams during roadway improvements to U.S. Highway 202 in Chester and Montgomery Counties, Pa., the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) constructed 0.42 acre of emergent wetland and 0.94 acre of scrub-shrub/forested wetland and modified sections of a 1,600-foot reach of Valley Creek with woody riparian plantings and streambank-stabilization structures (including rock deflectors). In accordance with project permits and additional guidance issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with PennDOT, collected data from 2000 through 2006 to quantify changes in 1) the vegetation, soils, and extent of emergent and scrub-shrub/forested parts of the constructed wetland, 2) the profile, dimension, and substrate in the vicinity of rock deflectors placed at two locations within the modified stream reach, and 3) the woody vegetation within the planted riparian buffer. The data for this investigation were collected using an approach adapted from previous investigations so that technology and findings may be more easily transferred among projects with similar objectives.\r\n\r\nAreal cover by planted and non-planted vegetation growing within the emergent and scrub-shrub/forested parts of the constructed wetland exceeded 85 percent at the end of each growing season, a criterion in special condition 25c in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project permit. Areal cover of vegetation in emergent and scrub-shrub/forested parts of the constructed wetland exceeded 100 percent in all but one growing season. Frequent and long-lasting soil saturation favored obligate-wetland species like Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) and Scirpus validus (great bulrush), both of which maintained dominance in the emergent wetland throughout the study (percent cover was 20 and 78 percent, respectively, in 2006). Echinocloa crusgalli (barnyard grass), an annual invasive from Eurasia, initially established in the newly disturbed soils of the scrub-shrub/forested wetland (areal cover was 56 percent in 2000), but by 2002, E. crusgalli was not growing in any sample plots and other species including Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass), Festuca rubra (red fescue), Cornus spp. (dogwood species), and Salix nigra (black willow) were becoming more common. Sal. nigra contributed 30-percent cover in the scrub-shrub/forested wetland part by fall 2003. Rapid colonization of this species in subsequent years increased annual cover through 2006, when 15- to 25-foot tall Sal. nigra trees dominated the tree/shrub stratum (48 percent of the areal cover in 2006). The understory of the scrub-shrub/forested wetland was mostly shaded because of the canopy of Sal. nigra trees. Herbaceous species growing under and near the margins of the canopy included Ag. stolonifera and Ty. latifolia (29- and 23-percent areal cover, respectively).\r\n\r\nFlows in Valley Creek are responsible for transporting sediment and shaping the channel. Annual mean streamflow during the period the modified stream reach was monitored ranged from 15.2 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) in the 2002 water year to 53.0 ft3/s in the 2004 water year. This is a range of about 55 percent lower to 58 percent higher than the annual mean streamflow for the period of record. Despite the variability in streamflow, longitudinal profiles surveyed near rock deflectors in two short (100-foot) reaches within the modified stream reach maintained a constant slope throughout the monitoring period, most likely because of the presence of bedrock control. Cross-section geometry in the upstream reach was virtually unchanged during the monitoring period but 10 feet of bank migration was measured downstream, leaving the rock deflectors in mid-stream. As indicated by the change in channel morphology at the downstream reach, it is apparent that the rock deflectors were ineffective at adequately protecting the bank","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District 6-0","usgsCitation":"Chaplin, J.J., White, K., and Olson, L.E., 2009, Physical and Vegetative Characteristics of a Newly Constructed Wetland and Modified Stream Reach, Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 2000-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5020, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095020.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5020.jpg"},{"id":12810,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.4675,40.05083333333333 ], [ -79.4675,40.1 ], [ -74.43333333333334,40.1 ], [ -74.43333333333334,40.05083333333333 ], [ -79.4675,40.05083333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaplin, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-0617-5050 jchaplin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-5050","contributorId":147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jchaplin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Kirk E. kewhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":2107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Kirk E.","email":"kewhite@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Leif E. leolson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Leif","email":"leolson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97657,"text":"sir20085222 - 2009 - Assessment of Ground-Water Resources in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:27","indexId":"sir20085222","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5222","title":"Assessment of Ground-Water Resources in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Numerical ground-water-flow models were developed for a 160-square-mile area of coastal New Hampshire to provide insight into the recharge, discharge, and availability of ground water. Population growth and increasing water use prompted concern for the sustainability of the region's ground-water resources. Previously, the regional hydraulic characteristics of the fractured bedrock aquifer in the Seacoast region of New Hampshire were not well known. In the current study, the ground-water-flow system was assessed by using two different models developed and calibrated under steady-state seasonal low-flow and transient monthly conditions to ground-water heads and base-flow discharges. The models were, (1) a steady-state model representing current (2003-04) seasonal low-flow conditions used to simulate current and future projected water use during low-flow conditions; and (2) a transient model representing current average and estimated future monthly conditions over a 2-year period used to simulate current and future projected climate-change conditions. \r\nThe analysis by the ground-water-flow models indicates that the Seacoast aquifer system is a transient flow system with seasonal variations in ground-water flow. A pseudosteady- state condition exists in the fall when the steady-state model was calibrated. The average annual recharge during the period analyzed, 2000-04, was approximately 51 percent of the annual precipitation. The average net monthly recharge rate between 2003 and 2004 varied from 5.5 inches per month in March, to zero in July, and to about 0.3 inches per month in August and September. Recharge normally increases to about 2 inches per month in late fall and early winter (November through December) and declines to about 1.5 inches per month in late winter (January and February). About 50 percent of the annual recharge coincides with snowmelt in the spring (March and April), and 20 percent occurs in the late fall and early winter (November through February). Net recharge, calculated as infiltration of precipitation minus evapotranspiration, can be negative during summer months (particularly July).\r\n\r\nRegional bulk hydraulic conductivities of the bedrock aquifer were estimated to be about 0.1 to 1.0 feet per day. Estimated hydraulic conductivities in model areas representing the Rye Complex and the Kittery Formation were higher (0.5 to 1 foot per day) than in areas representing the Eliot Formation, the Exeter Diorite, and the Newburyport Complex, which have estimated hydraulic conductivities of 0.1 to 0.2 foot per day. A northeast-southwest regional anisotropy of about 5:1 was estimated in some areas of the model; this pattern is parallel to the regional structural trend and predominant fracture orientation. In areas of the model with more observation data, the upper and lower 95-percent confidence intervals for the estimated bedrock hydraulic conductivity were about half an order of magnitude above and below the parameter, respectively, and the estimated confidence intervals for estimated specific storage were within an order of magnitude of the parameter. In areas of the model with few data points, or few stresses, confidence intervals were several orders of magnitude. Estimated model parameters and their confidence intervals are a function of the conceptual model design, observation data, and the weights placed on the data. \r\n\r\nThe amount of recharge that enters the bedrock aquifer at a specific point depends on (1) the location of the point in the flow field; (2) the hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock (or the connectivity of fractures); and (3) the stresses within the bedrock aquifer. In addition, ground water stored in unconsolidated overburden sediments, including till and other fine-grained sediments, may constitute a large percentage of the water available from storage to the bedrock aquifer. Recharge into the bedrock aquifer at a point can range from zero to nearly all the recharge at the surface dependin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085222","isbn":"9781411323667","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Coastal Program, and Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 2009, Assessment of Ground-Water Resources in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5222, Total: 192 p.; Report: x, 52 p., 10 Appendixes: 126 p. (pgs 53-178), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085222.","productDescription":"Total: 192 p.; Report: x, 52 p., 10 Appendixes: 126 p. (pgs 53-178)","costCenters":[{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438848,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P909PUIP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT Upgrade and Preliminary-Assessment of a Groundwater-Flow Model of the Seacoast Bedrock Aquifer, New Hampshire"},{"id":125583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5222.jpg"},{"id":12808,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5222/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.08333333333333,42.78333333333333 ], [ -71.08333333333333,43.166666666666664 ], [ -70.63333333333334,43.166666666666664 ], [ -70.63333333333334,42.78333333333333 ], [ -71.08333333333333,42.78333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67295d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97653,"text":"sir20095077 - 2009 - Water Quality and Hydrology of Silver Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin, With Special Emphasis on Responses of a Terminal Lake to Changes in Phosphorus Loading and Water Level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:30:13","indexId":"sir20095077","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5077","title":"Water Quality and Hydrology of Silver Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin, With Special Emphasis on Responses of a Terminal Lake to Changes in Phosphorus Loading and Water Level","docAbstract":"Silver Lake is typically an oligotrophic-to-mesotrophic, soft-water, terminal lake in northwestern Wisconsin. A terminal lake is a closed-basin lake with surface-water inflows but no surface-water outflows to other water bodies. After several years with above-normal precipitation, very high water levels caused flooding of several buildings near the lake and erosion of soil around much of the shoreline, which has been associated with a degradation in water quality (increased phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations and decreased water clarity). To gain a better understanding of what caused the very high water levels and degradation in water quality and collect information to better understand the lake and protect it from future degradation, the U.S. Geological Survey did a detailed study from 2004 to 2008. This report describes results of the study; specifically, lake-water quality, historical changes in water level, water and phosphorus budgets for the two years monitored in the study, results of model simulations that demonstrate how changes in phosphorus inputs affect lake-water quality, and the relative importance of changes in hydrology and changes in the watershed to the water quality of the lake.\r\n\r\nFrom 1987 to about 1996, water quality in Silver Lake was relatively stable. Since 1996, however, summer average total phosphorus concentrations increased from about 0.008 milligrams per liter (mg/L) to 0.018 mg/L in 2003, before decreasing to 0.011 mg/L in 2008. From 1996 to 2003, Secchi depths decreased from about 14 to 7.4 feet, before increasing to about 19 feet in 2008. Therefore, Silver Lake is typically classified as oligotrophic to mesotrophic; however, during 2002-4, the lake was classified as mesotrophic to eutrophic.\r\n\r\nBecause productivity in Silver Lake is limited by phosphorus, phosphorus budgets for the lake were constructed for monitoring years 2005 and 2006. The average annual input of phosphorus was 216 pounds: 78 percent from tributary and nearshore runoff and 22 percent from atmospheric deposition. Because Silver Lake is hydraulically mounded above the local groundwater system, little or no input of phosphorus to the lake is from groundwater and septic systems. Silver Lake had previously been incorrectly described as a groundwater flowthrough lake. Phosphorus budgets were constructed for a series of dry years (low water levels) and a series of wet years (high water levels). About 6 times more phosphorus was input to the lake during wet years with high water levels than during the dry years. Phosphorus from erosion represented 13-20 percent of the phosphorus input during years with very high water levels.\r\n\r\nResults from the Canfield and Bachman eutrophication model and Carlson trophic state index equations demonstrated that water quality in Silver Lake directly responds to changes in external phosphorus input, with the percent change in chlorophyll a being about 80 percent of the percent change in total phosphorus input and the change in Secchi depth and total phosphorus concentrations being about 40 and 50 percent of the percent change in input, respectively. Therefore, changes in phosphorus input should impact water quality. Specific scenarios were simulated with the models to describe the effects of natural (climate-driven) and anthropogenic (human-induced) changes. Results of these scenarios demonstrated that several years of above-normal precipitation cause sustained high water levels and a degradation in water quality, part of which is due to erosion of the shoreline. Results also demonstrated that 1) changes in tributary and nearshore runoff have a dramatic effect on lake-water quality, 2) diverting water into the lake to increase the water level is expected to degrade the water quality, and 3) removal of water to decrease the water level of the lake is expected to have little effect on water quality.\r\n\r\nFluctuations in water levels since 1967, when records began for the lake, are representative ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Barron County Soil and Water Conservation Department","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Rose, W., and Fitzpatrick, F.A., 2009, Water Quality and Hydrology of Silver Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin, With Special Emphasis on Responses of a Terminal Lake to Changes in Phosphorus Loading and Water Level: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5077, viii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095077.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5077.jpg"},{"id":12802,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5077/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92,45.56666666666667 ], [ -92,45.666666666666664 ], [ -91.88333333333334,45.666666666666664 ], [ -91.88333333333334,45.56666666666667 ], [ -92,45.56666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97654,"text":"fs20093046 - 2009 - Fifty-year record of glacier change reveals shifting climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-06T18:53:03.387847","indexId":"fs20093046","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3046","title":"Fifty-year record of glacier change reveals shifting climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Fifty years of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research on glacier change shows recent dramatic shrinkage of glaciers in three climatic regions of the United States. These long periods of record provide clues to the climate shifts that may be driving glacier change. \r\n\r\nThe USGS Benchmark Glacier Program began in 1957 as a result of research efforts during the International Geophysical Year (Meier and others, 1971). Annual data collection occurs at three glaciers that represent three climatic regions in the United States: South Cascade Glacier in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State; Wolverine Glacier on the Kenai Peninsula near Anchorage, Alaska; and Gulkana Glacier in the interior of Alaska (fig. 1).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093046","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Fifty-year record of glacier change reveals shifting climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3046, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093046.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3046.jpg"},{"id":12803,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403088,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86815.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.71679687499999,\n              47.635783590864854\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.607421875,\n              47.754097979680026\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.94726562499999,\n              53.330872983017066\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.12109375,\n              59.355596110016315\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.55859375,\n              61.438767493682825\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.193359375,\n              62.186013857194226\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.962890625,\n              59.265880628258095\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.658203125,\n              57.89149735271034\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.451171875,\n              51.23440735163459\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.71679687499999,\n              47.635783590864854\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70230300,"text":"70230300 - 2009 - Chapter 7 using liquefaction‐induced and other soft‐sediment features for paleoseismic analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:59:08.913073","indexId":"70230300","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-03T11:55:25","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5944,"text":"International Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 7 using liquefaction‐induced and other soft‐sediment features for paleoseismic analysis","docAbstract":"<p><span>This chapter focuses on the methodology for determining whether observed sediment deformation had a seismic shaking or a nonseismic origin. The chapter emphasizes features developed from the process of&nbsp;liquefaction, which is the transformation of a&nbsp;granular material&nbsp;from a solid state into a liquefied state as a consequence of increased&nbsp;pore-water&nbsp;pressure.&nbsp;</span>Geophysical methods<span>&nbsp;including electrical resistivity and electromagnetic induction and ground-penetrating radar are refined sufficiently to be used with some success to locate buried liquefaction features. Paleoliquefaction investigations are useful to engineers and planners because of the high shaking threshold required to develop liquefaction features. The threshold is a horizontal acceleration on the order of 0.1 g for strong earthquakes, even in highly susceptible sediment. Features having a liquefaction origin can be developed at earthquake magnitudes as low as about 5 but a magnitude of about 5.5–6 is the lower limit at which liquefaction effects become relatively common. Seismic liquefaction effects described in the chapter are caused mainly by cyclic shaking of level or nearly level ground. Primary seismological factors contributing to liquefaction are the amplitude of the cyclic shear stresses and the number of applications of the shear stresses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(09)95007-0","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S.F., 2009, Chapter 7 using liquefaction‐induced and other soft‐sediment features for paleoseismic analysis: International Geophysics, v. 95, p. 497-564, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(09)95007-0.","productDescription":"68 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"564","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":398232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, Stephen F.","contributorId":102482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97648,"text":"sir20095093 - 2009 - Quality characteristics of ground water in the Ozark aquifer of northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma, 2006-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-14T20:29:10.15813","indexId":"sir20095093","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5093","title":"Quality characteristics of ground water in the Ozark aquifer of northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma, 2006-07","docAbstract":"Because of water quantity and quality concerns within the Ozark aquifer, the State of Kansas in 2004 issued a moratorium on most new appropriations from the aquifer until results were made available from a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Kansas Water Office. The purposes of the study were to develop a regional ground-water flow model and a water-quality assessment of the Ozark aquifer in northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma (study area). In 2006 and 2007, water-quality samples were collected from 40 water-supply wells completed in the Ozark aquifer and spatially distributed throughout the study area. Samples were analyzed for physical properties, dissolved solids and major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and selected isotopes. This report presents the results of the water-quality assessment part of the cooperative study.\r\n\r\nWater-quality characteristics were evaluated relative to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards. Secondary Drinking-Water Regulations were exceeded for dissolved solids (11 wells), sulfate and chloride (2 wells each), fluoride (3 wells), iron (4 wells), and manganese (2 wells). Maximum Contaminant Levels were exceeded for turbidity (3 wells) and fluoride (1 well). The Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for lead (0 milligrams per liter) was exceeded in water from 12 wells.\r\n\r\nAnalyses of isotopes in water from wells along two 60-mile long ground-water flow paths indicated that water in the Ozark aquifer was at least 60 years old but the upper age limit is uncertain. The source of recharge water for the wells along the flow paths appeared to be of meteoric origin because of isotopic similarity to the established Global Meteoric Water Line and a global precipitation relation. Additionally, analysis of hydrogen-3 (3H) and carbon-14 (14C) indicated that there was possible leakage of younger ground water into the lower part of the Ozark aquifer. This may be caused by cracks or fissures in the confining unit that separates the upper and lower parts of the aquifer, poorly constructed or abandoned wells, or historic mining activities.\r\n\r\nAnalyses of major ions in water from wells along the flow paths indicated a transition from freshwater in the east to saline water in the west. Generally, ground water along flow paths evolved from a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type to a sodium calcium bicarbonate or a sodium calcium chloride bicarbonate type as water moved from recharge areas in Missouri into Kansas. Much of this evolution occurred within the last 20 to 25 miles of the flow paths along a water-quality transition zone near the Kansas-Missouri State line and west. The water quality of the Kansas part of the Ozark aquifer is degraded compared to the Missouri part.\r\n\r\nGeophysical and well-bore flow information and depth-dependent water-quality samples were collected from a large-capacity (1,900-2,300 gallons per minute) municipal-supply well to evaluate vertical ground-water flow accretion and variability in water-quality characteristics at different levels. Although the 1,050-foot deep supply well had 500 feet of borehole open to the Ozark aquifer, 77 percent of ground-water flow entering the borehole came from two 20-foot thick rock layers above the 1,000-foot level. For the most part, water-quality characteristics changed little from the deepest sample to the well-head sample, and upwelling of saline water from deeper geologic formations below the well was not evident. However, more saline water may be present below the bottom of the well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095093","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., Mehl, H.E., and Coiner, R., 2009, Quality characteristics of ground water in the Ozark aquifer of northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma, 2006-07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5093, viii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095093.","productDescription":"viii, 61 p.","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420806,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86780.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12797,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5093/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5093.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozark aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.6667,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.6667,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5833,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5833,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.6667,\n              38\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65570a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, L. M.","contributorId":71939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mehl, H. E.","contributorId":13941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coiner, R.L.","contributorId":64212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coiner","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70148182,"text":"70148182 - 2009 - Multi-state succession in wetlands: a novel use of state and transition models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T15:26:01","indexId":"70148182","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-state succession in wetlands: a novel use of state and transition models","docAbstract":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><span>The complexity of ecosystems and mechanisms of succession are often simplified by linear and mathematical models used to understand and predict system behavior. Such models often do not incorporate multivariate, nonlinear feedbacks in pattern and process that include multiple scales of organization inherent within real-world systems. Wetlands are ecosystems with unique, nonlinear patterns of succession due to the regular, but often inconstant, presence of water on the landscape. We develop a general, nonspatial state and transition (S and T) succession conceptual model for wetlands and apply the general framework by creating annotated succession/management models and hypotheses for use in impact analysis on a portion of an imperiled wetland. The S and T models for our study area, Water Conservation Area 3A South (WCA3), Florida, USA, included hydrologic and peat depth values from multivariate analyses and classification and regression trees. We used the freeware Vegetation Dynamics Development Tool as an exploratory application to evaluate our S and T models with different management actions (equal chance [a control condition], deeper conditions, dry conditions, and increased hydrologic range) for three communities: slough, sawgrass (</span><i><span>Cladium jamaicense</span></i><span>), and wet prairie. Deeper conditions and increased hydrologic range behaved similarly, with the transition of community states to deeper states, particularly for sawgrass and slough. Hydrology is the primary mechanism for multi-state transitions within our study period, and we show both an immediate and lagged effect on vegetation, depending on community state. We consider these S and T succession models as a fraction of the framework for the Everglades. They are hypotheses for use in adaptive management, represent the community response to hydrology, and illustrate which aspects of hydrologic variability are important to community structure. We intend for these models to act as a foundation for further restoration management and experimentation which will refine transition and threshold concepts.&nbsp;</span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Brooklyn, NY","doi":"10.1890/08-1392.1","usgsCitation":"Zweig, C.L., and Kitchens, W.M., 2009, Multi-state succession in wetlands: a novel use of state and transition models: Ecology, v. 90, no. 7, p. 1900-1909, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1392.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1900","endPage":"1909","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-011697","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades, Water Conservation Area 3A","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.88272094726561,\n              25.764030136696327\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.88272094726561,\n              26.33280692289788\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37872314453125,\n              26.33280692289788\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37872314453125,\n              25.764030136696327\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.88272094726561,\n              25.764030136696327\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5565994ce4b0d9246a9eb631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zweig, Christa L.","contributorId":99767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zweig","given":"Christa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":547542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97647,"text":"sir20085225 - 2009 - Gas, Oil, and Water Production in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20085225","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5225","title":"Gas, Oil, and Water Production in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Gas, oil, and water production data were collected from the Fuller Reservoir, Cooper Reservoir, Frenchie Draw, Cave Gulch, and Madden fields in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming. These fields produce from the Mississippian Madison Limestone, the Upper Cretaceous Cody Shale and Mesaverde Formation, and the Paleocene lower unnamed member and Shotgun Member of the Fort Union Formation.\r\n\r\nDiagrams of water and gas production from tight gas accumulations in three formations in the Madden field show that (1) water production either increased or decreased with time in all three formations, (2) increases and decreases in water production were greater in the Cody Shale than in either the Mesaverde Formation or the lower unnamed member of the Fort Union Formation, (3) the gas production rate declined more slowly in the lower part of the Fort Union Formation than in the Cody Shale or the Mesaverde Formation, (4) changes in gas and water production were not related to their initial production rates, and (5) there appears to be no relation between well location and the magnitudes or trends of gas and water production. \r\n\r\nTo explain the apparent independence of gas and water production in the Cody Shale and Mesaverde Formation, a two-step scenario is proposed: gas was generated and emplaced under the compressive stress regime resulting from Laramide tectonism; then, fractures formed during a subsequent period of stress relaxation and extension. Gas is produced from the pore and fracture system near the wellbore, whereas water is produced from a larger scale system of extension fractures. The distribution of gas and water in the lower Fort Union resulted from a similar scenario, but continued generation of gas during post-Laramide extension may have allowed its more widespread distribution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085225","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., Trainor, P.K., and Finn, T.M., 2009, Gas, Oil, and Water Production in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5225, Report: vi, 24 p.; 8 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085225.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; 8 Plates","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5225.jpg"},{"id":12796,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,42 ], [ -110.5,44 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -106,42 ], [ -110.5,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Philip H. pnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Philip","email":"pnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trainor, Patrick K.","contributorId":34220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, Thomas M. 0000-0001-6396-9351 finn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Thomas","email":"finn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97644,"text":"sir20095143 - 2009 - Groundwater/surface-water interactions in the Tunk, Bonaparte, Antoine, and Tonasket Creek Subbasins, Okanogan River Basin, North-Central Washington, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-22T01:01:40","indexId":"sir20095143","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5143","title":"Groundwater/surface-water interactions in the Tunk, Bonaparte, Antoine, and Tonasket Creek Subbasins, Okanogan River Basin, North-Central Washington, 2008","docAbstract":"An investigation into groundwater/surface-water interactions in four tributary subbasins of the Okanogan River determined that streamflows and shallow groundwater levels beneath the streams varied seasonally and by location. Streamflows measured in June 2008 indicated net losses of streamflow along 10 of 17 reaches, and hydraulic gradients measured between streams and shallow groundwater indicated potential recharge of surface water to groundwater at 11 of 21 measurement sites. In September 2008, net losses of streamflow were indicated along 9 of 17 reaches, and potential recharge of surface water to groundwater was indicated at 18 of 21 measurement sites. The greatest losses of streamflow occurred near the confluences with the Okanogan River, likely due to the presence of thick layers of unconsolidated deposits in the flood plain of the Okanogan River.\n\nBased on available geologic information compiled from drillers' logs, a surficial geologic map, and streamflow records, the extensive and thick deposits of unconsolidated material in the Tunk and Bonaparte Creek subbasins are factors in sustaining the almost perennial streamflow in those creeks. The less extensive and generally thinner unconsolidated deposits in the Tonasket and Antoine subbasins are contributing factors to the occasional extended periods of zero flow (a dry stream channel) in those creeks.\n\nEven though groundwater withdrawals would affect streamflows, relatively low precipitation in the area, along with limited groundwater storage capacity and the presence of permeable, unconsolidated deposits underlying the stream channels, would likely lead to loss of surface water to the groundwater system without any withdrawals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Okanogan Conservation District and the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Sumioka, S.S., and Dinicola, R., 2009, Groundwater/surface-water interactions in the Tunk, Bonaparte, Antoine, and Tonasket Creek Subbasins, Okanogan River Basin, North-Central Washington, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5143, vi, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095143.","productDescription":"vi, 27 p.","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12793,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.25,48 ], [ -120.25,49 ], [ -118.83333333333333,49 ], [ -118.83333333333333,48 ], [ -120.25,48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635e84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumioka, S. S.","contributorId":20747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumioka","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinicola, R.S.","contributorId":64290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97643,"text":"fs20093050 - 2009 - Availability of Groundwater Data for California, Water Year 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"fs20093050","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3050","title":"Availability of Groundwater Data for California, Water Year 2008","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the groundwater resources of California each water year (October 1-September 30). These data constitute a valuable database for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. \r\n\r\nThis Fact Sheet serves as an index to groundwater data for water year 2008. The 2-page report contains a map of California showing the number of wells (by county) with available water-level and water-quality data for water year 2008 (fig. 1) and instructions for obtaining this and other groundwater information contained in the databases of the U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center.\r\n\r\nFrom 1985 to 1993, data were published in the annual report 'Water Resources Data for California, Volume 5. Ground-Water Data'; prior to 1985, the data were published in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093050","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Availability of Groundwater Data for California, Water Year 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3050, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093050.","productDescription":"2 p.","temporalStart":"2007-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3050.jpg"},{"id":12792,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3050/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97642,"text":"pp1766 - 2009 - Groundwater availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-19T14:10:36","indexId":"pp1766","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1766","title":"Groundwater availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California","docAbstract":"California's Central Valley covers about 20,000 square miles and is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. More than 250 different crops are grown in the Central Valley with an estimated value of $17 billion per year. This irrigated agriculture relies heavily on surface-water diversions and groundwater pumpage. Approximately one-sixth of the Nation's irrigated land is in the Central Valley, and about one-fifth of the Nation's groundwater demand is supplied from its aquifers. \r\n\r\nThe Central Valley also is rapidly becoming an important area for California's expanding urban population. Since 1980, the population of the Central Valley has nearly doubled from 2 million to 3.8 million people. The Census Bureau projects that the Central Valley's population will increase to 6 million people by 2020. This surge in population has increased the competition for water resources within the Central Valley and statewide, which likely will be exacerbated by anticipated reductions in deliveries of Colorado River water to southern California. In response to this competition for water, a number of water-related issues have gained prominence: conservation of agricultural land, conjunctive use, artificial recharge, hydrologic implications of land-use change, and effects of climate variability.\r\n\r\nTo provide information to stakeholders addressing these issues, the USGS Groundwater Resources Program made a detailed assessment of groundwater availability of the Central Valley aquifer system, that includes: (1) the present status of groundwater resources; (2) how these resources have changed over time; and (3) tools to assess system responses to stresses from future human uses and climate variability and change. This effort builds on previous investigations, such as the USGS Central Valley Regional Aquifer System and Analysis (CV-RASA) project and several other groundwater studies in the Valley completed by Federal, State and local agencies at differing scales. The principal product of this new assessment is a tool referred to as the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM) that accounts for integrated, variable water supply and demand, and simulates surface-water and groundwater-flow across the entire Central Valley system. \r\n\r\nThe development of the CVHM comprised four major elements: (1) a comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS) to compile, analyze and visualize data; (2) a texture model to characterize the aquifer system;(3) estimates of water-budget components by numerically modeling the hydrologic system with the Farm Process (FMP); and (4) simulations to assess and quantify hydrologic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1766","usgsCitation":"2009, Groundwater availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1766, xvi, 227 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1766.","productDescription":"xvi, 227 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486674,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KEZJQS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Relative distance of California's Central Valley from trough to valley edge and supporting data"},{"id":124767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1766.jpg"},{"id":12791,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1766/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":346946,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F79S1PX3","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW2000_FMP1_1 model used to simulate the groundwater flow of the Central Valley Aquifer, California"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,34 ], [ -124,41 ], [ -118,41 ], [ -118,34 ], [ -124,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63bd59","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":505742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97640,"text":"sir20095137 - 2009 - Potential for microbial degradation of cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride in streambed sediment at the U.S. Department of Energy, Kansas City Plant, Missouri, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-16T06:38:50","indexId":"sir20095137","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5137","title":"Potential for microbial degradation of cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride in streambed sediment at the U.S. Department of Energy, Kansas City Plant, Missouri, 2008","docAbstract":"A series of carbon-14 (14C) radiotracer-based microcosm experiments was conducted to assess the mechanisms and products of degradation of cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) in streambed sediments at the U.S. Department of Energy, Kansas City Plant in Kansas City, Missouri. The focus of the investigation was the potential for biotic and abiotic cis-DCE and VC degradation in surficial and underlying hyporheic sediment from the Blue River and its tributaries, Indian Creek and Boone Creek.\r\n\r\nSubstantial degradation of [1,2-14C] cis-DCE and [1,2-14C] VC to 14C-carbon dioxide (14CO2) was observed in all viable surficial sediment microcosms prepared under oxic conditions. No significant accumulation of reductive dechlorination products was observed under these oxic incubation conditions. The results indicate that microbial mineralization processes involving direct oxidation or co-metabolic oxidation are the primary mechanisms of cis-DCE and VC biodegradation in oxic stream sediment at the Kansas City Plant.\r\n\r\nSubstantial mineralization of [1,2-14C] VC also was observed in all viable surficial sediment microcosms incubated in the absence of detectable oxygen (dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 25 micrograms per liter). In general, the accumulation of mineralization products (14CO2 and 14C-methane [14CH4]) predominated with only trace-level detection of the reductive dechlorination product, 14C-ethene. In contrast, microbial degradation of [1,2-14C] cis-DCE by reductive dechlorination or mineralization was not significant in the absence of detectable oxygen.\r\n\r\nThe potential for [1,2-14C] VC biodegradation also was significant in sediments from the deeper hyporheic zones under oxic conditions and in the absence of detectable oxygen. In this study, microbial degradation of [1,2-14C] cis-DCE was not significant in hyporheic sediment treatments under either oxygen condition.\r\n\r\nTaken together, the results indicate that microbial mineralization processes in streambed sediments at the Kansas City Plant can be an important component of cis-DCE and VC degradation under oxic conditions and of VC degradation even in the absence of detectable oxygen. These results demonstrate that an evaluation of the efficiency of in situ cis-DCE and VC biodegradation in streambed sediments, based solely on observed accumulations of reduced daughter products, may underestimate substantially the total extent of contaminant biodegradation and, thus, the potential importance of the hyporheic zone and streambed sediments as barriers to the discharge of contaminated groundwater.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, Kansas City Plant","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P.M., 2009, Potential for microbial degradation of cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride in streambed sediment at the U.S. Department of Energy, Kansas City Plant, Missouri, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5137, vi, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095137.","productDescription":"vi, 12 p.","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12787,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.63333333333334,38.916666666666664 ], [ -94.63333333333334,39 ], [ -94.5,39 ], [ -94.5,38.916666666666664 ], [ -94.63333333333334,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97635,"text":"fs20093041 - 2009 - Redox Conditions in Selected Principal Aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"fs20093041","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3041","title":"Redox Conditions in Selected Principal Aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"Reduction/oxidation (redox) processes affect the quality of groundwater in all aquifer systems. Redox processes can alternately mobilize or immobilize potentially toxic metals associated with naturally occurring aquifer materials, contribute to the degradation or preservation of anthropogenic contami-nants, and generate undesirable byproducts, such as dissolved manganese (Mn2+), ferrous iron (Fe2+), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methane (CH4). Determining the kinds of redox processes that occur in an aquifer system, documenting their spatial distribution, and understanding how they affect concentrations of natural or anthropogenic contaminants are central to assessing and predicting the chemical quality of groundwater. \r\n\r\nThis Fact Sheet extends the analysis of U.S. Geological Survey authors to additional principal aquifer systems by applying a framework developed by the USGS to a larger set of water-quality data from the USGS national water databases. For a detailed explanation, see the 'Introduction' in the Fact Sheet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093041","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Cowdery, T., Chapelle, F.H., and Jurgens, B., 2009, Redox Conditions in Selected Principal Aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3041, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093041.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3041.jpg"},{"id":12781,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3041/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63526a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jurgens, B.C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":90410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97636,"text":"ofr20091114 - 2009 - Modeling of selenium for the San Diego Creek watershed and Newport Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T08:59:16","indexId":"ofr20091114","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1114","title":"Modeling of selenium for the San Diego Creek watershed and Newport Bay, California","docAbstract":"The San Diego Creek watershed and Newport Bay in southern California are contaminated with selenium (Se) as a result of groundwater associated with urban development overlying a historical wetland, the Swamp of the Frogs. The primary Se source is drainage from surrounding seleniferous marine sedimentary formations. An ecosystem-scale model was employed as a tool to assist development of a site-specific Se objective for the region. The model visualizes outcomes of different exposure scenarios in terms of bioaccumulation in predators using partitioning coefficients, trophic transfer factors, and site-specific data for food-web inhabitants and particulate phases. Predicted Se concentrations agreed well with field observations, validating the use of the model as realistic tool for testing exposure scenarios. Using the fish tissue and bird egg guidelines suggested by regulatory agencies, allowable water concentrations were determined for different conditions and locations in the watershed and the bay. The model thus facilitated development of a site-specific Se objective that was locally relevant and provided a basis for step-by-step implementation of source control.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091114","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., and Luoma, S.N., 2009, Modeling of selenium for the San Diego Creek watershed and Newport Bay, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1114, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091114.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":633,"text":"Water Resources National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12782,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,33.5 ], [ -118,33.8 ], [ -117.8,33.8 ], [ -117.8,33.5 ], [ -118,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97637,"text":"sir20085240 - 2009 - Factors affecting water quality in selected carbonate aquifers in the United States, 1993-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T21:47:51.399082","indexId":"sir20085240","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5240","title":"Factors affecting water quality in selected carbonate aquifers in the United States, 1993-2005","docAbstract":"<p>Carbonate aquifers are an important source of water in the United States; however, these aquifers can be particularly susceptible to contamination from the land surface. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program collected samples from wells and springs in 12 carbonate aquifers across the country during 1993–2005; water-quality results for 1,042 samples were available to assess the factors affecting ground-water quality. These aquifers represent a wide range of climate, land-use types, degrees of confinement, and other characteristics that were compared and evaluated to assess the effect of those factors on water quality. Differences and similarities among the aquifers were also identified. Samples were analyzed for major ions, radon, nutrients, 47 pesticides, and 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs).</p><p>Geochemical analysis helped to identify dominant processes that may contribute to the differences in aquifer susceptibility to anthropogenic contamination. Differences in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and dissolved organic carbon and in ground-water age were directly related to the occurrence of anthropogenic contaminants. Other geochemical indicators, such as mineral saturation indexes and calcium-magnesium molar ratio, were used to infer residence time, an indirect indicator of potential for anthropogenic contamination. Radon exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 300 picocuries per liter in 423 of 735 wells sampled, of which 309 were drinking-water wells.</p><p>In general, land use, oxidation-reduction (redox) status, and degree of aquifer confinement were the most important factors affecting the occurrence of anthropogenic contaminants. Although none of these factors individually accounts for all the variation in water quality among the aquifers, a combination of these characteristics accounts for the majority of the variation. Unconfined carbonate aquifers that had high&nbsp;percentages of urban or agricultural land, or a combination of both, had higher concentrations and higher frequency of detections for most of the anthropogenic contaminants than areas with other combinations of land use and degree of aquifer confinement. Redox status is an indicator of more recently recharged water and affects the fate of some contaminants.</p><p>Median concentrations of nitrate were highest in the Valley and Ridge and Piedmont aquifers and lowest in the Biscayne and Silurian-Devonian/Upper carbonate aquifers. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in unconfined aquifers than in confined aquifers and semiconfined/mixed confined aquifers (wells in aquifers with breached confining layers or wells open to both a confined and an unconfined aquifer). Water recharged after 1953 had significantly higher concentrations of nitrate than water recharged prior to 1953. Redox status was also a key factor affecting nitrate concentrations; in recently recharged waters, samples in oxic waters had significantly higher concentrations of nitrate than anoxic waters, regardless of land use in the area around the well. Samples from 54 wells (5&nbsp;percent) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MCL of 10&nbsp;mg/L for nitrate in drinking water. Most of the samples exceeding the drinking-water standard (52 samples, or 5&nbsp;percent) were in domestic supply wells in agricultural areas. The Piedmont and Valley and Ridge aquifers had the largest number of samples (45) exceeding the MCL; in the remaining aquifers only 9 samples had concentrations of nitrate that exceeded the MCL (about 1&nbsp;percent). None of the water recharged prior to 1953 and only a single sample from a confined aquifer had nitrate concentrations that exceeded 10&nbsp;mg/L as N.</p><p>Wells were sampled for a minimum of 47 pesticides. Detection frequencies and comparisons varied depending on the assessment level used. At least 1 of the 47 pesticides was detected at 510 (50&nbsp;percent) of the 1,027 sites where pesticide data were available using the ‘all detections’ assessment level—that is, including any quantified detection as well as any estimated values where the compound was definitively detected. Multiple pesticides were frequently detected in a sample of water from a site; 34&nbsp;percent of the samples had two to five pesticides detected in the same sample, and 4&nbsp;percent of the samples had six or more pesticides detected. Dieldrin was detected at 20 sites, 9 of which were from either domestic or public supply wells, at a concentration above the Health-Based Screening Level (HBSL) of 0.002&nbsp;µg/L. Diazinon was detected at a concentration greater than the HBSL of 1&nbsp;µg/L at a single site, which was also a domestic supply well. These are the only samples where a pesticide exceeded a human-health benchmark.</p><p>The most frequently occurring pesticide compounds were four herbicides—atrazine, simazine, metolachlor, and prometon—and deethylatrazine, a degradate of atrazine. These pesticides typically were detected at concentrations that were less than 10&nbsp;percent of a human-health benchmark. Of the four frequently occurring pesticides, only samples for atrazine (3&nbsp;percent) and simazine (0.1&nbsp;percent) had concentrations that exceeded 10&nbsp;percent of the human-health benchmark; most of these cases were in agricultural areas. It is important to note, however, that the most frequently occurring pesticide degradate compound—deethylatrazine—has no human-health benchmark. Using a common assessment level of 0.01&nbsp;µg/L, four of the aquifers—Biscayne, Mississippian, Piedmont, and Valley and Ridge—had at least one of these five compounds detected in more than 30&nbsp;percent of the wells sampled. These four aquifers, along with the Ordovician, Ozark Plateaus, and Prairie du Chien aquifers were the aquifers or aquifer systems that had concentrations of pesticides that exceeded 10&nbsp;percent of a human-health benchmark. Water recharged after 1953 had a significantly higher&nbsp;percentage of detections of pesticides than water recharged before 1953, and water from unconfined aquifers had a significantly higher&nbsp;percentage of detections of pesticides than water from confined or semiconfined/mixed confined aquifers. Water from sites in unconfined aquifers, where land use was agricultural or urban, accounted for the vast majority of detections of pesticides. Dissolved oxygen concentration was positively related to pesticide occurrence, which likely reflects the positive association between dissolved oxygen concentration and recently recharged water.</p><p>Water samples were collected for analysis of VOCs at 793 sites—154 samples were analyzed for 54 VOCs from 1993 through 1995 and 639 samples were analyzed for 86 VOCs from 1996 through 2005. Twenty&nbsp;percent of samples contained one or more VOCs at concentrations greater than or equal to 0.2&nbsp;µg/L (159 of 793 samples). The aquifers with the highest&nbsp;percentage of samples containing one or more VOCs were the Castle Hayne (about 41&nbsp;percent of samples) and Biscayne aquifers (34&nbsp;percent). The most frequently detected VOCs were chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, tetrachloroethene (PCE), toluene, acetone, ethylmethylketone, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and trichloroethene (TCE). Low-level concentrations of VOCs occurred in a much larger&nbsp;percentage of a subset of the data (the 639 samples analyzed using a low-level analytical method). In these samples, 69&nbsp;percent of the 639 samples contained 1 or more VOCs, indicating the vulnerability of the carbonate aquifers to low-level VOC contamination. Four VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding their respective MCLs in five samples, all of which were from drinking-water wells. Vinyl chloride concentrations exceeded the MCL of 2&nbsp;µg/L in two samples from urban areas in the unconfined Biscayne aquifer. PCE, TCE, and 1,2-dichloropropane each had one sample with a concentration greater than their MCLs of 5&nbsp;µg/L; these samples were from agricultural and urban areas in the unconfined Mississippian aquifer.</p><p><span>Water quality in the 12 carbonate aquifers was highly variable. Most of the samples met drinking-water standards. The occurrence of anthropogenic contaminants was related to contaminant sources but also was affected by degree of aquifer confinement, ground-water age, and redox status. Areas with higher amounts of agricultural or urban land in unconfined aquifers were the most likely to have elevated concentrations of anthropogenic contaminants.</span><br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085240","isbn":"9781411323636","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., Berndt, M., Katz, B.G., Ardis, A.F., and Skach, K.A., 2009, Factors affecting water quality in selected carbonate aquifers in the United States, 1993-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5240, xii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085240.","productDescription":"xii, 117 p.","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396052,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86786.htm"},{"id":12783,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5240/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.64,\n                48.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.32914,\n                48.67074\n              ],\n              [\n                -93.63087,\n                48.60926\n              ],\n              [\n                -92.61,\n                48.45\n              ],\n              [\n                -91.64,\n                48.14\n              ],\n              [\n                -90.83,\n                48.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.6,\n                48.01\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.27292,\n                48.01981\n              ],\n              [\n                -88.37811,\n                48.30292\n              ],\n              [\n                -87.43979,\n                47.94\n              ],\n              [\n                -86.46199,\n                47.55334\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.65236,\n                47.22022\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.87608,\n                46.90008\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.77924,\n                46.6371\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.54375,\n                46.53868\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.6049,\n                46.4396\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.3367,\n                46.40877\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.14212,\n                46.51223\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.09185,\n                46.27542\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.89077,\n                46.11693\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.61613,\n                46.11693\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.46955,\n                45.99469\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.59285,\n                45.81689\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.55092,\n                45.34752\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.33776,\n                44.44\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.13764,\n                43.57109\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.43,\n                42.98\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.9,\n                42.43\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.12,\n                42.08\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.142,\n                41.97568\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.02981,\n                41.8328\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.69009,\n                41.67511\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.43928,\n                41.67511\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.27775,\n                42.20903\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.24745,\n                42.3662\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.93936,\n                42.86361\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.92,\n                42.965\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.01,\n                43.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.17167,\n                43.46634\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.72028,\n                43.62509\n              ],\n              [\n                -77.73789,\n                43.62906\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.82003,\n                43.62878\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.5,\n                44.01846\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.375,\n                44.09631\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.31821,\n                44.81645\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.867,\n                45.00048\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.34783,\n                45.00738\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.50506,\n                45.0082\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.405,\n                45.255\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.08482,\n                45.30524\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.66,\n                45.46\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.305,\n                45.915\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.99997,\n                46.69307\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.23722,\n                47.44778\n              ],\n              [\n                -68.905,\n                47.185\n              ],\n              [\n                -68.23444,\n                47.35486\n              ],\n              [\n                -67.79046,\n                47.06636\n              ],\n              [\n                -67.79134,\n                45.70281\n              ],\n              [\n                -67.13741,\n                45.13753\n              ],\n              [\n                -66.96466,\n                44.8097\n              ],\n              [\n                -68.03252,\n                44.3252\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.06,\n                43.98\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.11617,\n                43.68405\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.64548,\n                43.09024\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.81489,\n                42.8653\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.825,\n                42.335\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.495,\n                41.805\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.08,\n                41.78\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.185,\n                42.145\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.88497,\n                41.92283\n              ],\n              [\n                -69.96503,\n                41.63717\n              ],\n              [\n                -70.64,\n                41.475\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.12039,\n                41.49445\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.86,\n                41.32\n              ],\n              [\n                -72.295,\n                41.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -72.87643,\n                41.22065\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.71,\n                40.9311\n              ],\n              [\n                -72.24126,\n                41.11948\n              ],\n              [\n                -71.945,\n                40.93\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.345,\n                40.63\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.982,\n                40.628\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.95232,\n                40.75075\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.25671,\n                40.47351\n              ],\n              [\n                -73.96244,\n                40.42763\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.17838,\n                39.70926\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.90604,\n                38.93954\n              ],\n              [\n                -74.98041,\n                39.1964\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.20002,\n                39.24845\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.52805,\n                39.4985\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.32,\n                38.96\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.07183,\n                38.78203\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.05673,\n                38.40412\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.37747,\n                38.01551\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.94023,\n                37.21689\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.03127,\n                37.2566\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.72205,\n                37.93705\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.23287,\n                38.31921\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.35,\n                39.15\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.54272,\n                38.71762\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.32933,\n                38.08326\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.99,\n                38.23999\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.30162,\n                37.91794\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.25874,\n                36.9664\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.9718,\n                36.89726\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.86804,\n                36.55125\n              ],\n              [\n                -75.72749,\n                35.55074\n              ],\n              [\n                -76.36318,\n                34.80854\n              ],\n              [\n                -77.39763,\n                34.51201\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.05496,\n                33.92547\n              ],\n              [\n                -78.55435,\n                33.86133\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.06067,\n                33.49395\n              ],\n              [\n                -79.20357,\n                33.15839\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.30132,\n                32.50935\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.86498,\n                32.0333\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.33629,\n                31.44049\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.49042,\n                30.72999\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.31371,\n                30.03552\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.98,\n                29.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.53558,\n                28.47213\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.53,\n                28.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.05654,\n                26.88\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.08801,\n                26.20576\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.13156,\n                25.81677\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.38103,\n                25.20616\n              ],\n              [\n                -80.68,\n                25.08\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.17213,\n                25.20126\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.33,\n                25.64\n              ],\n              [\n                -81.71,\n                25.87\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.24,\n                26.73\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.70515,\n                27.49504\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.85526,\n                27.88624\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.65,\n                28.55\n              ],\n              [\n                -82.93,\n                29.1\n              ],\n              [\n                -83.70959,\n                29.93656\n              ],\n              [\n                -84.1,\n                30.09\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.10882,\n                29.63615\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.28784,\n                29.68612\n              ],\n              [\n                -85.7731,\n                30.15261\n              ],\n              [\n                -86.4,\n                30.4\n              ],\n              [\n                -87.53036,\n                30.27433\n              ],\n              [\n                -88.41782,\n                30.3849\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.18049,\n                30.31598\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.59383,\n                30.15999\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.41373,\n                29.89419\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.43,\n                29.48864\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.21767,\n                29.29108\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.40823,\n                29.15961\n              ],\n              [\n                -89.77928,\n                29.30714\n              ],\n              [\n                -90.15463,\n                29.11743\n              ],\n              [\n                -90.88022,\n                29.14854\n              ],\n              [\n                -91.62678,\n                29.677\n              ],\n              [\n                -92.49906,\n                29.5523\n              ],\n              [\n                -93.22637,\n                29.78375\n              ],\n              [\n                -93.84842,\n                29.71363\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.69,\n                29.48\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.60026,\n                28.73863\n              ],\n              [\n                -96.59404,\n                28.30748\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.14,\n                27.83\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.37,\n                27.38\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.38,\n                26.69\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.33,\n                26.21\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.14,\n                25.87\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.53,\n                25.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -98.24,\n                26.06\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.02,\n                26.37\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.3,\n                26.84\n              ],\n              [\n                -99.52,\n                27.54\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.11,\n                28.11\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.45584,\n                28.69612\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.9576,\n                29.38071\n              ],\n              [\n                -101.6624,\n                29.7793\n              ],\n              [\n                -102.48,\n                29.76\n              ],\n              [\n                -103.11,\n                28.97\n              ],\n              [\n                -103.94,\n                29.27\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.45697,\n                29.57196\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.70575,\n                30.12173\n              ],\n              [\n                -105.03737,\n                30.64402\n              ],\n              [\n                -105.63159,\n                31.08383\n              ],\n              [\n                -106.1429,\n                31.39995\n              ],\n              [\n                -106.50759,\n                31.75452\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24,\n                31.75485\n              ],\n              [\n                -108.24194,\n                31.34222\n              ],\n              [\n                -109.035,\n                31.34194\n              ],\n              [\n                -111.02361,\n                31.33472\n              ],\n              [\n                -113.30498,\n                32.03914\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.815,\n                32.52528\n              ],\n              [\n                -114.72139,\n                32.72083\n              ],\n              [\n                -115.99135,\n                32.61239\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.12776,\n                32.53534\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.29594,\n                33.04622\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.944,\n                33.62124\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.4106,\n                33.74091\n              ],\n              [\n                -118.51989,\n                34.02778\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.081,\n                34.078\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.43884,\n                34.34848\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.36778,\n                34.44711\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.62286,\n                34.60855\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.74433,\n                35.15686\n              ],\n              [\n                -121.71457,\n                36.16153\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.54747,\n                37.55176\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.51201,\n                37.78339\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.95319,\n                38.11371\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.7272,\n                38.95166\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.86517,\n                39.76699\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39807,\n                40.3132\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.17886,\n                41.14202\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.2137,\n                41.99964\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.53284,\n                42.76599\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.14214,\n                43.70838\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.02053,\n                44.6159\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.89893,\n                45.52341\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.07963,\n                46.86475\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.39567,\n                47.72017\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.68721,\n                48.18443\n              ],\n              [\n                -124.5661,\n                48.37971\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.12,\n                48.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.58736,\n                47.096\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.34,\n                47.36\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.5,\n                48.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.84,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -120,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f89dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berndt, Marian P.","contributorId":45296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"Marian P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skach, Kenneth A. kaskach@usgs.gov","contributorId":1894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skach","given":"Kenneth","email":"kaskach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":97634,"text":"tm3C4 - 2009 - Guidelines and Procedures for Computing Time-Series Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads from In-Stream Turbidity-Sensor and Streamflow Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"tm3C4","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3-C4","title":"Guidelines and Procedures for Computing Time-Series Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads from In-Stream Turbidity-Sensor and Streamflow Data","docAbstract":"In-stream continuous turbidity and streamflow data, calibrated with measured suspended-sediment concentration data, can be used to compute a time series of suspended-sediment concentration and load at a stream site. Development of a simple linear (ordinary least squares) regression model for computing suspended-sediment concentrations from instantaneous turbidity data is the first step in the computation process. If the model standard percentage error (MSPE) of the simple linear regression model meets a minimum criterion, this model should be used to compute a time series of suspended-sediment concentrations. Otherwise, a multiple linear regression model using paired instantaneous turbidity and streamflow data is developed and compared to the simple regression model. If the inclusion of the streamflow variable proves to be statistically significant and the uncertainty associated with the multiple regression model results in an improvement over that for the simple linear model, the turbidity-streamflow multiple linear regression model should be used to compute a suspended-sediment concentration time series. The computed concentration time series is subsequently used with its paired streamflow time series to compute suspended-sediment loads by standard U.S. Geological Survey techniques.\r\n\r\nOnce an acceptable regression model is developed, it can be used to compute suspended-sediment concentration beyond the period of record used in model development with proper ongoing collection and analysis of calibration samples. Regression models to compute suspended-sediment concentrations are generally site specific and should never be considered static, but they represent a set period in a continually dynamic system in which additional data will help verify any change in sediment load, type, and source.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 4 of Book 3, Applications of Hydraulics, Section C, Sediment and Erosion Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm3C4","isbn":"9781411324107","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, P.P., Gray, J.R., Glysson, G.D., and Ziegler, A., 2009, Guidelines and Procedures for Computing Time-Series Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads from In-Stream Turbidity-Sensor and Streamflow Data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 3-C4, viii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm3C4.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_3_c4.jpg"},{"id":12780,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3c4/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a6e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Patrick P. 0000-0002-3287-6010 pras@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3287-6010","contributorId":3530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Patrick","email":"pras@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glysson, G. Douglas","contributorId":13607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ziegler, Andrew C. aziegler@usgs.gov","contributorId":433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Andrew C.","email":"aziegler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97633,"text":"sir20095089 - 2009 - Water Quality and Hydrology of Whitefish (Bardon) Lake, Douglas County, Wisconsin, With Special Emphasis on Responses of an Oligotrophic Seepage Lake to Changes in Phosphorus Loading and Water Level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:29:35","indexId":"sir20095089","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5089","title":"Water Quality and Hydrology of Whitefish (Bardon) Lake, Douglas County, Wisconsin, With Special Emphasis on Responses of an Oligotrophic Seepage Lake to Changes in Phosphorus Loading and Water Level","docAbstract":"Whitefish Lake, which is officially named Bardon Lake, is an oligotrophic, soft-water seepage lake in northwestern Wisconsin, and classified by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources as an Outstanding Resource Water. Ongoing monitoring of the lake demonstrated that its water quality began to degrade (increased phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations) around 2002 following a period of high water level. To provide a better understanding of what caused the degradation in water quality, and provide information to better understand the lake and protect it from future degradation, the U.S. Geological Survey did a detailed study from 2004 to 2008. The goals of the study were to describe the past and present water quality of the lake, quantify water and phosphorus budgets for the lake, simulate the potential effects of changes in phosphorus inputs on the lake's water quality, analyze changes in the water level in the lake since 1900, and relate the importance of changes in climate and changes in anthropogenic (human-induced) factors in the watershed to the water quality of the lake.\r\n\r\nSince 1998, total phosphorus concentrations increased from near the 0.005-milligrams per liter (mg/L) detection limit to about 0.010 mg/L in 2006, and then decreased slightly in 2007-08. During this time, chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi depths remained relatively stable at about 1.5 micrograms per liter (ug/L) and 26 feet, respectively. Whitefish Lake is typically classified as oligotrophic.\r\n\r\nBecause the productivity in Whitefish Lake is limited by phosphorus, phosphorus budgets were constructed for the lake. Because it was believed that much of its phosphorus comes from the atmosphere, phosphorus deposition was measured in this study. Phosphorus input from the atmosphere was greater than computed based on previously reported wetfall phosphorus concentrations. The concentrations and deposition rates can be used to estimate atmospheric loading in future lake studies. The average annual load of phosphorus to the lake was 232 pounds: 56 percent from precipitation, 27 percent from groundwater, and 16 percent from septic systems. During a series of dry years (low water levels) and wet years (high water levels), the inputs of water and phosphorus ranged by only 10-13 percent.\r\n\r\nResults from the Canfield and Bachmann eutrophication model and Carlson trophic-state-index equations demonstrated that the lake directly responds to changes in external phosphorus loading, with percent change in chlorophyll a being similar to the percent change in loading and the change in total phosphorus and Secchi depth being slightly smaller. Therefore, changes in phosphorus loading should affect the water quality of the lake. Specific scenarios that simulated the effects of anthropogenic (human-induced) and climatic (water level) changes demonstrated that: surface-water inflow (runoff) based on current development has little effect on pelagic water quality, changes in the inputs from septic systems and development in the watershed could have a large effect on water quality, and decreases in water and phosphorus loading during periods of low water level had little effect on water quality. Sustained high water levels, resulting from several wet years with relatively high water and phosphorus input, however, could cause a small degradation in water quality. Although high water levels may be associated with a degradation in water quality, it appears that anthropogenic changes in the watershed may be more important in affecting the future water quality of the lake.\r\n\r\nFluctuations in water levels since 1998 are representative of what has occurred since 1900, with fluctuations of about 3 feet occurring about every 15 years. Based on total phosphorus concentrations inferred from sediment core analysis, there has been little long-term change in water quality and there has been a slight deterioration in water quality following most periods of high water levels. There","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095089","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Whitefish Lake Conservation Organization (WILCO) through the Town of Wascott, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Rose, W., and Juckem, P.F., 2009, Water Quality and Hydrology of Whitefish (Bardon) Lake, Douglas County, Wisconsin, With Special Emphasis on Responses of an Oligotrophic Seepage Lake to Changes in Phosphorus Loading and Water Level: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5089, viii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095089.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5089.jpg"},{"id":12779,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5089/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.9,46.18333333333333 ], [ -91.9,46.25 ], [ -91.83416666666666,46.25 ], [ -91.83416666666666,46.18333333333333 ], [ -91.9,46.18333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Juckem, Paul F. 0000-0002-3613-1761 pfjuckem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3613-1761","contributorId":1905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"Paul","email":"pfjuckem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97631,"text":"sir20095087 - 2009 - Regression equations for estimation of annual peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped watersheds in Texas using an L-moment-based, PRESS-minimized, residual-adjusted approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-09T18:34:36.895099","indexId":"sir20095087","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5087","title":"Regression equations for estimation of annual peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped watersheds in Texas using an L-moment-based, PRESS-minimized, residual-adjusted approach","docAbstract":"<p>Annual peak-streamflow frequency estimates are needed for flood-plain management; for objective assessment of flood risk; for cost-effective design of dams, levees, and other flood-control structures; and for design of roads, bridges, and culverts. Annual peak-streamflow frequency represents the peak streamflow for nine recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, and 500 years. Common methods for estimation of peak-streamflow frequency for ungaged or unmonitored watersheds are regression equations for each recurrence interval developed for one or more regions; such regional equations are the subject of this report. The method is based on analysis of annual peak-streamflow data from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations (stations). Beginning in 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and in partnership with Texas Tech University, began a 3-year investigation concerning the development of regional equations to estimate annual peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped watersheds in Texas. The investigation focuses primarily on 638 stations with 8 or more years of data from undeveloped watersheds and other criteria. The general approach is explicitly limited to the use of L-moment statistics, which are used in conjunction with a technique of multi-linear regression referred to as PRESS minimization. The approach used to develop the regional equations, which was refined during the investigation, is referred to as the 'L-moment-based, PRESS-minimized, residual-adjusted approach'. For the approach, seven unique distributions are fit to the sample L-moments of the data for each of 638 stations and trimmed means of the seven results of the distributions for each recurrence interval are used to define the station specific, peak-streamflow frequency. As a first iteration of regression, nine weighted-least-squares, PRESS-minimized, multi-linear regression equations are computed using the watershed characteristics of drainage area, dimensionless main-channel slope, and mean annual precipitation. The residuals of the nine equations are spatially mapped, and residuals for the 10-year recurrence interval are selected for generalization to 1-degree latitude and longitude quadrangles. The generalized residual is referred to as the OmegaEM parameter and represents a generalized terrain and climate index that expresses peak-streamflow potential not otherwise represented in the three watershed characteristics. The OmegaEM parameter was assigned to each station, and using OmegaEM, nine additional regression equations are computed. Because of favorable diagnostics, the OmegaEM equations are expected to be generally reliable estimators of peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped and ungaged stream locations in Texas. The mean residual standard error, adjusted R-squared, and percentage reduction of PRESS by use of OmegaEM are 0.30log<sub>10</sub>, 0.86, and -21 percent, respectively. Inclusion of the OmegaEM parameter provides a substantial reduction in the PRESS statistic of the regression equations and removes considerable spatial dependency in regression residuals. Although the OmegaEM parameter requires interpretation on the part of analysts and the potential exists that different analysts could estimate different values for a given watershed, the authors suggest that typical uncertainty in the OmegaEM estimate might be about +or-0.10<sub>10</sub>. Finally, given the two ensembles of equations reported herein and those in previous reports, hydrologic design engineers and other analysts have several different methods, which represent different analytical tracks, to make comparisons of peak-streamflow frequency estimates for ungaged watersheds in the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Roussel, M.C., 2009, Regression equations for estimation of annual peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped watersheds in Texas using an L-moment-based, PRESS-minimized, residual-adjusted approach: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5087, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095087.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12777,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5087.jpg"},{"id":373751,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5087/pdf/sir2009-5087.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.276425,26.521729],[-97.31073,26.556558],[-97.345822,26.700589],[-97.370438,26.723896],[-97.368343,26.795649],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.390078,27.156512],[-97.359963,27.304732],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-97.317277,27.46369],[-97.236882,27.598293],[-97.231383,27.632336],[-97.214099,27.631551],[-97.200743,27.650144],[-97.203474,27.684533],[-97.103326,27.789068],[-97.098874,27.82285],[-97.134489,27.825206],[-97.056713,27.842294],[-96.985745,27.954048],[-96.967807,28.020041],[-96.952618,28.01644],[-96.906004,28.076147],[-96.886233,28.084396],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.84538,28.108881],[-96.83003,28.111842],[-96.81042,28.126034],[-96.816443,28.174808],[-96.791958,28.188687],[-96.703838,28.198246],[-96.702659,28.211208],[-96.662462,28.227314],[-96.651856,28.251275],[-96.592934,28.296972],[-96.450998,28.337039],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.397846,28.343513],[-96.4137,28.327343],[-96.547774,28.270798],[-96.694666,28.18212],[-96.849624,28.064939],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.166682,27.676583],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.350398,27.268105],[-97.370941,27.161166],[-97.37913,27.047996],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.333028,26.736479],[-97.194644,26.306513],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.169842,26.077853],[-97.194458,26.27164],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-94.886539,29.510724],[-94.894747,29.52697],[-94.87675,29.507922],[-94.886539,29.510724]]],[[[-97.868235,26.056656],[-97.88653,26.066339],[-97.967358,26.051718],[-97.981335,26.067182],[-98.028759,26.06647],[-98.039239,26.041275],[-98.070021,26.047992],[-98.084755,26.070808],[-98.091038,26.059169],[-98.105505,26.067537],[-98.146622,26.049412],[-98.177897,26.074672],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.220673,26.076467],[-98.248806,26.073101],[-98.264514,26.085507],[-98.277218,26.098802],[-98.265698,26.12037],[-98.296195,26.120321],[-98.302979,26.11005],[-98.323828,26.121249],[-98.336837,26.166432],[-98.354645,26.15304],[-98.386694,26.157872],[-98.404433,26.182564],[-98.442536,26.199151],[-98.450976,26.219904],[-98.496684,26.212853],[-98.543852,26.234492],[-98.576188,26.235221],[-98.599154,26.257612],[-98.669397,26.23632],[-98.681167,26.26271],[-98.745272,26.303096],[-98.755242,26.3251],[-98.789822,26.331575],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-98.890965,26.357569],[-98.921277,26.381426],[-98.950186,26.380303],[-98.967587,26.398266],[-99.008003,26.395459],[-99.032316,26.412082],[-99.082002,26.39651],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.091635,26.476977],[-99.127782,26.525199],[-99.166742,26.536079],[-99.178064,26.620547],[-99.209948,26.693938],[-99.208907,26.724761],[-99.240023,26.745851],[-99.242444,26.788262],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.295146,26.86544],[-99.316753,26.865831],[-99.3289,26.879761],[-99.324684,26.915973],[-99.379149,26.93449],[-99.393748,26.96073],[-99.377312,26.973819],[-99.415476,27.01724],[-99.42938,27.010833],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.452316,27.062669],[-99.429209,27.090982],[-99.442123,27.106839],[-99.426348,27.176262],[-99.441549,27.24992],[-99.463309,27.268437],[-99.492407,27.264118],[-99.494604,27.303542],[-99.536443,27.312538],[-99.504837,27.338289],[-99.487521,27.412396],[-99.495104,27.451518],[-99.480419,27.481596],[-99.497519,27.500496],[-99.52582,27.496696],[-99.515978,27.572131],[-99.55495,27.614454],[-99.580006,27.602251],[-99.578099,27.619196],[-99.594038,27.638573],[-99.638929,27.626758],[-99.665948,27.635968],[-99.668942,27.659974],[-99.711511,27.658365],[-99.77074,27.732134],[-99.796342,27.735586],[-99.813086,27.773952],[-99.835127,27.762881],[-99.850877,27.793974],[-99.877677,27.799427],[-99.876003,27.837968],[-99.904385,27.875284],[-99.895828,27.904178],[-99.937142,27.940537],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-99.991447,27.99456],[-100.017914,28.064787],[-100.053123,28.08473],[-100.083393,28.144035],[-100.208059,28.190383],[-100.22363,28.235224],[-100.2462,28.234092],[-100.289384,28.273491],[-100.286471,28.312296],[-100.341869,28.384953],[-100.349586,28.402604],[-100.337797,28.44296],[-100.368288,28.477196],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.38886,28.515748],[-100.411414,28.551899],[-100.398385,28.584884],[-100.44732,28.609325],[-100.445529,28.637144],[-100.495863,28.658569],[-100.510055,28.690723],[-100.507613,28.740599],[-100.533017,28.76328],[-100.53583,28.805888],[-100.547324,28.825817],[-100.57051,28.826317],[-100.602054,28.901944],[-100.640568,28.914212],[-100.651512,28.943432],[-100.645894,28.986421],[-100.674656,29.099777],[-100.772649,29.168492],[-100.767059,29.195287],[-100.785521,29.228137],[-100.795681,29.22773],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-100.876049,29.279585],[-100.886842,29.307848],[-100.948972,29.347246],[-101.004207,29.364772],[-101.060151,29.458661],[-101.151877,29.477005],[-101.173821,29.514566],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.242023,29.592512],[-101.259127,29.607284],[-101.307332,29.587847],[-101.311219,29.648491],[-101.361756,29.657821],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-101.441059,29.753451],[-101.475269,29.780663],[-101.522695,29.759671],[-101.546797,29.796991],[-101.582562,29.771334],[-101.625958,29.771063],[-101.646418,29.754304],[-101.662453,29.77128],[-101.706636,29.762737],[-101.852604,29.801895],[-101.922585,29.790161],[-101.974548,29.810276],[-101.987539,29.801057],[-102.034759,29.804028],[-102.050044,29.78507],[-102.115682,29.79239],[-102.159601,29.814356],[-102.181894,29.846034],[-102.227553,29.843534],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.364542,29.845387],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.508313,29.783219],[-102.513381,29.76576],[-102.539417,29.751629],[-102.559343,29.760377],[-102.630151,29.734315],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.698347,29.695591],[-102.693466,29.676507],[-102.742031,29.632142],[-102.739991,29.599041],[-102.768341,29.594734],[-102.771429,29.548546],[-102.808692,29.522319],[-102.807327,29.494009],[-102.832539,29.433109],[-102.824564,29.399558],[-102.843021,29.357988],[-102.879534,29.353327],[-102.888328,29.291947],[-102.906296,29.260011],[-102.871347,29.241625],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-102.890064,29.208814],[-102.915866,29.215878],[-102.917805,29.190697],[-102.944911,29.18882],[-102.953475,29.176308],[-102.989432,29.183174],[-103.015028,29.12577],[-103.035683,29.103029],[-103.074407,29.088534],[-103.100266,29.0577],[-103.113922,28.988547],[-103.156646,28.972831],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-103.239109,28.981651],[-103.260308,28.989731],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-103.341463,29.041224],[-103.355428,29.021529],[-103.427754,29.042334],[-103.471265,29.073115],[-103.503236,29.11911],[-103.524613,29.120998],[-103.523384,29.133389],[-103.558679,29.154962],[-103.645635,29.159286],[-103.71377,29.185008],[-103.816642,29.270927],[-103.975235,29.296017],[-104.038282,29.320156],[-104.106467,29.373127],[-104.166563,29.399352],[-104.233487,29.492734],[-104.318074,29.527938],[-104.334811,29.519463],[-104.381041,29.543406],[-104.399591,29.572319],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.539761,29.676074],[-104.565688,29.770462],[-104.679772,29.924659],[-104.679661,29.975272],[-104.706874,30.050685],[-104.685003,30.085643],[-104.695366,30.13213],[-104.687296,30.179464],[-104.713166,30.237957],[-104.733822,30.261221],[-104.749664,30.26126],[-104.761634,30.301148],[-104.809794,30.334926],[-104.824314,30.370466],[-104.859521,30.390413],[-104.85242,30.418792],[-104.876787,30.511004],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-104.967167,30.608107],[-105.002057,30.680972],[-105.062334,30.686303],[-105.113816,30.746001],[-105.152362,30.751452],[-105.195144,30.792138],[-105.255416,30.797029],[-105.287238,30.822206],[-105.314863,30.816961],[-105.360672,30.847384],[-105.394242,30.852979],[-105.399609,30.888941],[-105.533088,30.984859],[-105.55743,30.990229],[-105.60333,31.082625],[-105.64189,31.098322],[-105.646731,31.113908],[-105.709491,31.136375],[-105.742678,31.164897],[-105.773257,31.166897],[-105.779725,31.191283],[-105.869353,31.288634],[-105.938452,31.318735],[-105.953943,31.364749],[-106.004926,31.392458],[-106.080258,31.398702],[-106.203969,31.465378],[-106.246203,31.541153],[-106.280811,31.562062],[-106.303536,31.620413],[-106.378039,31.72831],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-106.484642,31.747809],[-106.542097,31.802146],[-106.602727,31.825024],[-106.605845,31.846305],[-106.635926,31.866235],[-106.629197,31.883717],[-106.645296,31.894859],[-106.614346,31.918003],[-106.623933,31.925335],[-106.614702,31.956],[-106.622819,31.952891],[-106.618745,31.966955],[-106.638186,31.97682],[-106.618486,32.000495],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-103.064625,32.999899],[-103.043531,34.018014],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-100.003762,36.499699],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-99.929334,34.576714],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.399603,34.375079],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.318363,34.408296],[-99.289922,34.414731],[-99.264167,34.405149],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.273958,34.38756],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.233274,34.344101],[-99.210716,34.336304],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.19457,34.272424],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.048792,34.198209],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.952513,34.21265],[-98.909349,34.177499],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.8579,34.159627],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.749291,34.124238],[-98.735471,34.135208],[-98.696518,34.133521],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.603978,34.160249],[-98.577136,34.148962],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.384381,34.146317],[-98.367494,34.156191],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.114506,34.154727],[-98.09066,34.12198],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.099096,34.048639],[-98.104022,34.036233],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-97.978243,34.005387],[-97.947572,33.991053],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.955511,33.938186],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.877387,33.850236],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.76377,33.914241],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.589254,33.903922],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.365507,33.823763],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.315913,33.865838],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.24618,33.900344],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.179609,33.89225],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.203514,33.821825],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.087999,33.808747],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.052209,33.841737],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.979415,33.956178],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.85609,33.84749],[-96.837413,33.871349],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.704457,33.835021],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.630117,33.895422],[-96.592948,33.895616],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.625399,33.856542],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.523863,33.818114],[-96.502286,33.77346],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.309964,33.710489],[-96.294867,33.764771],[-96.277269,33.769735],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.162757,33.788769],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.138905,33.839159],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.101349,33.845721],[-96.005296,33.845505],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.951609,33.857017],[-95.936132,33.886826],[-95.831948,33.835161],[-95.821666,33.856633],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.776255,33.845145],[-95.75431,33.853992],[-95.761916,33.883402],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.669978,33.905844],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.556915,33.92702],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.461499,33.883686],[-95.464211,33.873372],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.334523,33.885788],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.280351,33.896751],[-95.255747,33.902939],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.093929,33.895963],[-95.061065,33.895292],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-94.983303,33.851354],[-94.976208,33.859847],[-94.948716,33.818023],[-94.91945,33.810176],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.762961,33.731787],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.714865,33.707261],[-94.710725,33.691654],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.659167,33.692138],[-94.646113,33.6693],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.468086,33.599436],[-94.430039,33.591124],[-94.413155,33.569368],[-94.378076,33.577019],[-94.397398,33.562314],[-94.389515,33.546778],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.345513,33.567313],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.289129,33.582144],[-94.280849,33.577187],[-94.290901,33.558872],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.245932,33.589114],[-94.237975,33.577757],[-94.250197,33.556765],[-94.226392,33.552912],[-94.205634,33.567229],[-94.193248,33.556154],[-94.192483,33.570425],[-94.217408,33.57926],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.152626,33.575923],[-94.146048,33.581975],[-94.14852,33.565678],[-94.136864,33.571],[-94.128658,33.550952],[-94.088943,33.575322],[-94.061283,33.568805],[-94.055663,33.561887],[-94.073744,33.558285],[-94.06548,33.550909],[-94.04604,33.551321],[-94.04272,31.999265],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-93.923929,31.88985],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.827451,31.777741],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.802694,31.697783],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.834924,31.586211],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.743376,31.525196],[-93.725925,31.504092],[-93.74987,31.475276],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.704879,31.410881],[-93.674117,31.397681],[-93.665052,31.363886],[-93.687851,31.309835],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.535097,31.185614],[-93.551693,31.097258],[-93.52301,31.065241],[-93.516943,31.032584],[-93.539526,31.008498],[-93.566017,31.004567],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.561666,30.807739],[-93.584265,30.796663],[-93.592828,30.763986],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.611192,30.718053],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.684329,30.592586],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.729195,30.544842],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.697828,30.443838],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.708645,30.288317],[-93.705083,30.242752],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.701252,30.137376],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.732485,30.088914],[-93.70082,30.056274],[-93.720805,30.053043],[-93.739734,30.023987],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.89847,29.771577],[-93.891637,29.744618],[-93.873941,29.73777],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.866981,29.673085],[-94.001406,29.681486],[-94.132577,29.646217],[-94.594853,29.467903],[-94.694158,29.415632],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.783131,29.375642],[-94.766848,29.393489],[-94.6724,29.476843],[-94.608557,29.483345],[-94.566674,29.531988],[-94.532348,29.5178],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.503429,29.54325],[-94.522421,29.545672],[-94.553988,29.573882],[-94.740699,29.525858],[-94.783296,29.535314],[-94.78954,29.546494],[-94.755237,29.562782],[-94.708741,29.625226],[-94.693154,29.694453],[-94.695317,29.723052],[-94.735271,29.785433],[-94.816085,29.75671],[-94.851108,29.721373],[-94.872551,29.67125],[-94.893107,29.661336],[-94.915413,29.656614],[-94.936089,29.692704],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.015636,29.639457],[-94.982936,29.60167],[-95.016889,29.548303],[-94.981916,29.511141],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.930861,29.450504],[-94.8908,29.433432],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-94.921593,29.281556],[-94.952526,29.290122],[-95.099101,29.173529],[-95.151925,29.151162],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-95.136221,29.084537],[-94.879239,29.285839],[-94.824953,29.306005],[-94.822307,29.344254],[-94.810696,29.353435],[-94.784895,29.335535],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.081773,29.111222],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-95.439594,28.859022],[-95.812504,28.664942],[-96.220376,28.491966],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-96.37596,28.401682],[-96.335119,28.437795],[-96.223825,28.495067],[-96.21505,28.509679],[-95.98616,28.606319],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-95.996338,28.658736],[-96.006516,28.648049],[-96.047737,28.649067],[-96.221784,28.580364],[-96.233998,28.596649],[-96.212624,28.622604],[-96.230944,28.641433],[-96.192267,28.687744],[-96.19583,28.69894],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.304227,28.671459],[-96.303718,28.644996],[-96.373439,28.626675],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.485907,28.607845],[-96.510844,28.61497],[-96.499648,28.635835],[-96.563262,28.644487],[-96.572931,28.667897],[-96.561226,28.696395],[-96.584091,28.722798],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.61059,28.638889],[-96.61975,28.627693],[-96.611099,28.585962],[-96.565297,28.5824],[-96.561226,28.570695],[-96.526111,28.557972],[-96.505755,28.525911],[-96.402446,28.449066],[-96.59176,28.357462],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.705247,28.348811],[-96.710336,28.406827],[-96.772209,28.408074],[-96.794554,28.365688],[-96.791761,28.31217],[-96.809573,28.290287],[-96.787181,28.255681],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-96.962755,28.123365],[-97.027014,28.148408],[-97.021303,28.1841],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.153601,28.13318],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.21535,28.076575],[-97.176444,28.059892],[-97.137421,28.057037],[-97.025693,28.11216],[-97.035528,28.084688],[-97.025859,28.041939],[-97.129168,27.919801],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.219738,27.823939],[-97.250797,27.876035],[-97.272253,27.881427],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.393291,27.782905],[-97.368355,27.741683],[-97.316446,27.712676],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.296598,27.613947],[-97.294054,27.5941],[-97.321535,27.571199],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.508304,27.275014],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.544437,27.284175],[-97.498126,27.308602],[-97.502706,27.322343],[-97.483877,27.338628],[-97.48693,27.358984],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.609068,27.285193],[-97.63146,27.28621],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.628916,27.242953],[-97.54291,27.229213],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.443673,27.116235],[-97.45665,27.099695],[-97.495836,27.094098],[-97.477515,27.066108],[-97.48693,27.057711],[-97.486676,27.03481],[-97.473444,27.02285],[-97.478533,26.999186],[-97.555378,26.99028],[-97.555378,26.93888],[-97.540874,26.90631],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.509831,26.803511],[-97.468609,26.740915],[-97.445708,26.609362],[-97.416955,26.553637],[-97.441383,26.455418],[-97.41721,26.44982],[-97.42179,26.417249],[-97.382485,26.411326],[-97.369627,26.394603],[-97.388965,26.36585],[-97.387947,26.330481],[-97.358176,26.356435],[-97.335275,26.355672],[-97.336802,26.331753],[-97.352833,26.318521],[-97.343927,26.267376],[-97.311866,26.273737],[-97.307031,26.253126],[-97.32128,26.236078],[-97.296598,26.200709],[-97.306776,26.159487],[-97.282094,26.120301],[-97.294054,26.11394],[-97.270898,26.086459],[-97.199651,26.077044],[-97.195071,26.04193],[-97.224842,26.027426],[-97.219244,25.996128],[-97.208557,25.991802],[-97.167208,26.007069],[-97.162628,26.023482],[-97.18273,26.053126],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.146294,25.955606],[-97.276707,25.952147],[-97.277163,25.935438],[-97.350398,25.925241],[-97.37443,25.907444],[-97.360082,25.868874],[-97.372864,25.840117],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.445113,25.850026],[-97.454727,25.879337],[-97.521762,25.886458],[-97.546421,25.934077],[-97.582565,25.937857],[-97.583044,25.955443],[-97.598043,25.957556],[-97.643708,26.016943],[-97.758838,26.032131],[-97.789823,26.04246],[-97.801344,26.060017],[-97.868235,26.056656]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Texas\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roussel, Meghan C. mroussel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roussel","given":"Meghan","email":"mroussel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97629,"text":"sir20095110 - 2009 - Bathymetry and Sediment-Storage Capacity Change in Three Reservoirs on the Lower Susquehanna River, 1996-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T09:31:24","indexId":"sir20095110","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5110","title":"Bathymetry and Sediment-Storage Capacity Change in Three Reservoirs on the Lower Susquehanna River, 1996-2008","docAbstract":"The Susquehanna River transports a substantial amount of the sediment and nutrient load to the Chesapeake Bay. Upstream of the bay, three large dams and their associated reservoirs trap a large amount of the transported sediment and associated nutrients. During the fall of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection completed bathymetric surveys of three reservoirs on the lower Susquehanna River to provide an estimate of the remaining sediment-storage capacity. Previous studies indicated the upper two reservoirs were in equilibrium with long-term sediment storage; only the most downstream reservoir retained capacity to trap sediments. A differential global positioning system (DGPS) instrument was used to provide the corresponding coordinate position. Bathymetry data were collected using a single beam 210 kHz (kilohertz) echo sounder at pre-defined transects that matched previous surveys. Final horizontal (X and Y) and vertical (Z) coordinates of the geographic positions and depth to bottom were used to create bathymetric maps of the reservoirs.\r\n\r\nResults indicated that from 1996 to 2008 about 14,700,000 tons of sediment were deposited in the three reservoirs with the majority (12,000,000 tons) being deposited in Conowingo Reservoir. Approximately 20,000 acre-feet or 30,000,000 tons of remaining storage capacity is available in Conowingo Reservoir. At current transport (3,000,000 tons per year) and deposition (2,000,000 tons per year) rates and with no occurrence of major scour events due to floods, the remaining capacity may be filled in 15 to 20 years. Once the remaining sediment-storage capacity in the reservoirs is filled, sediment and associated phosphorus loads entering the Chesapeake Bay are expected to increase.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Langland, M.J., 2009, Bathymetry and Sediment-Storage Capacity Change in Three Reservoirs on the Lower Susquehanna River, 1996-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5110, vi, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095110.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5110.jpg"},{"id":12775,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.75,39.416666666666664 ], [ -76.75,40.333333333333336 ], [ -76,40.333333333333336 ], [ -76,39.416666666666664 ], [ -76.75,39.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f6ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, Michael J. 0000-0002-8350-8779 langland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8779","contributorId":2347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"Michael","email":"langland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97630,"text":"sir20095103 - 2009 - Occurrence and distribution of fecal indicator bacteria, and physical and chemical indicators of water quality in streams receiving discharge from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and vicinity, North-Central Texas, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T12:57:49","indexId":"sir20095103","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5103","title":"Occurrence and distribution of fecal indicator bacteria, and physical and chemical indicators of water quality in streams receiving discharge from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and vicinity, North-Central Texas, 2008","docAbstract":"<p>This report, done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Dallas/Fort Worth International (DFW) Airport in 2008, describes the occurrence and distribution of fecal indicator bacteria (fecal coliform and Escherichia [E.] coli), and the physical and chemical indicators of water quality (relative to Texas Surface Water Quality Standards), in streams receiving discharge from DFW Airport and vicinity. At sampling sites in the lower West Fork Trinity River watershed during low-flow conditions, geometric mean E. coli counts for five of the eight West Fork Trinity River watershed sampling sites exceeded the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality E. coli criterion, thus not fully supporting contact recreation. Two of the five sites with geometric means that exceeded the contact recreation criterion are airport discharge sites, which here means that the major fraction of discharge at those sites is from DFW Airport. At sampling sites in the Elm Fork Trinity River watershed during low-flow conditions, geometric mean E. coli counts exceeded the geometric mean contact recreation criterion for seven (four airport, three non-airport) of 13 sampling sites. Under low-flow conditions in the lower West Fork Trinity River watershed, E. coli counts for airport discharge sites were significantly different from (lower than) E. coli counts for non-airport sites. Under low-flow conditions in the Elm Fork Trinity River watershed, there was no significant difference between E. coli counts for airport sites and non-airport sites. During stormflow conditions, fecal indicator bacteria counts at the most downstream (integrator) sites in each watershed were considerably higher than counts at those two sites during low-flow conditions. When stormflow sample counts are included with low-flow sample counts to compute a geometric mean for each site, classification changes from fully supporting to not fully supporting contact recreation on the basis of the geometric mean contact recreation criterion. All water temperature measurements at sampling sites in the lower West Fork Trinity River watershed were less than the maximum criterion for water temperature for the lower West Fork Trinity segment. Of the measurements at sampling sites in the Elm Fork Trinity River watershed, 95 percent were less than the maximum criterion for water temperature for the Elm Fork Trinity River segment. All dissolved oxygen concentrations were greater than the minimum criterion for stream segments classified as exceptional aquatic life use. Nearly all pH measurements were within the pH criterion range for the classified segments in both watersheds, except for those at one airport site. For sampling sites in the lower West Fork Trinity River watershed, all annual average dissolved solids concentrations were less than the maximum criterion for the lower West Fork Trinity segment. For sampling sites in the Elm Fork Trinity River, nine of the 13 sites (six airport, three non-airport) had annual averages that exceeded the maximum criterion for that segment. For ammonia, 23 samples from 12 different sites had concentrations that exceeded the screening level for ammonia. Of these 12 sites, only one non-airport site had more than the required number of exceedances to indicate a screening level concern. Stormflow total suspended solids concentrations were significantly higher than low-flow concentrations at the two integrator sites. For sampling sites in the lower West Fork Trinity River watershed, all annual average chloride concentrations were less than the maximum annual average chloride concentration criterion for that segment. For the 13 sampling sites in the Elm Fork Trinity River watershed, one non-airport site had an annual average concentration that exceeded the maximum annual average chloride concentration criterion for that segment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095103","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport","usgsCitation":"Harwell, G.R., and Mobley, C.A., 2009, Occurrence and distribution of fecal indicator bacteria, and physical and chemical indicators of water quality in streams receiving discharge from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and vicinity, North-Central Texas, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5103, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095103.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20095103.gif"},{"id":12776,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.13333333333334,32.8 ], [ -97.13333333333334,33.03333333333333 ], [ -96.9,33.03333333333333 ], [ -96.9,32.8 ], [ -97.13333333333334,32.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harwell, Glenn R. gharwell@usgs.gov","contributorId":3789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwell","given":"Glenn","email":"gharwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mobley, Craig A. 0000-0002-1599-4760 camobley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-4760","contributorId":4098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mobley","given":"Craig","email":"camobley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97626,"text":"ds453 - 2009 - Hydrographs Showing Groundwater Level Changes for Selected Wells in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ds453","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"453","title":"Hydrographs Showing Groundwater Level Changes for Selected Wells in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"Selected groundwater level hydrographs for the Chambers-Clover Creek watershed (CCCW) and vicinity, Washington, are presented in an interactive web-based map to illustrate changes in groundwater levels in and near the CCCW on a monthly and seasonal basis. Hydrographs are linked to points corresponding to the well location on an interactive map of the study area. Groundwater level data and well information from Federal, State, and local agencies were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS), Groundwater Site Inventory (GWSI) System.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds453","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pierce Conservation District, Area Public Water Suppliers, Washington State Department of Ecology, and Pierce County Surface Water Management Division","usgsCitation":"Justin, G., Julich, R., and Payne, K.L., 2009, Hydrographs Showing Groundwater Level Changes for Selected Wells in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 453, Available online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds453.","productDescription":"Available online only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12772,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/453/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6147ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Justin, G.B.","contributorId":99658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justin","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julich, R.","contributorId":16945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julich","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, K. L.","contributorId":31771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97625,"text":"fs20093014 - 2009 - USGS Capabilities to Study the Impacts of Drought and Climate Change in the Southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:30","indexId":"fs20093014","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3014","title":"USGS Capabilities to Study the Impacts of Drought and Climate Change in the Southeastern United States","docAbstract":"In the Southeast, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists are researching issues through technical studies of water availability and quality, geologic processes (marine, coastal, and terrestrial), geographic complexity, and biological resources. The USGS is prepared to tackle multifaceted questions associated with global climate change and resulting weather patterns such as drought through expert scientific skill, innovative research approaches, and accurate information technology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093014","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, USGS Capabilities to Study the Impacts of Drought and Climate Change in the Southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3014, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093014.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3014.jpg"},{"id":12771,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}