Estimates of mean annual streamflow are needed for a variety of hydrologic assessments. Away from gage locations, regional regression equations that are a function of upstream area, precipitation, and temperature are commonly used. Geographic information systems technology has facilitated their use for projects, but traditional approaches using the polygon overlay operator have been too inefficient for national scale applications. As an alternative, the Elevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA) database was used as a framework for a fully distributed implementation of mean annual streamflow regional regression equations. The raster “flow accumulation” operator was used to efficiently achieve spatially continuous parameterization of the equations for every 30 m grid cell of the conterminous United States (U.S.). Results were confirmed by comparing with measured flows at stations of the Hydro-Climatic Data Network, and their applications value demonstrated in the development of a national geospatial hydropower assessment. Interactive tools at the EDNA website make possible the fast and efficient query of mean annual streamflow for any location in the conterminous U.S., providing a valuable complement to other national initiatives (StreamStats and the National Hydrography Dataset Plus).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00258.x","issn":"10934","usgsCitation":"Verdin, K., and Worstell, B., 2008, A fully distributed implementation of mean annual streamflow regional regression equations: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 44, no. 6, p. 1537-1547, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00258.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1537","endPage":"1547","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213116,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00258.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3e4e4b0c8380cd462aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, K.L.","contributorId":66438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Worstell, B. 0000-0001-8927-3336","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":92059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033430,"text":"70033430 - 2008 - Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded anthracite mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 2. Laboratory evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033430","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2745,"text":"Mine Water and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded anthracite mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 2. Laboratory evaluation","docAbstract":"Acidic mine drainage (AMD) containing elevated concentrations of dissolved iron and other metals can be neutralized to varying degrees by reactions with limestone in passive treatment systems. We evaluated the chemical and mineralogical characteristics and the effectiveness of calcitic and dolomitic limestone for the neutralization of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden AMD from a flooded anthracite mine. The calcitic limestone, with CaCO3 and MgCO3 contents of 99.8 and <0.1 wt%, respectively, and the dolomitic limestone, with CaCO3 and MgCO3 contents of 60.3 and 40.2 wt%, were used to construct a downflow treatment system in 2003 at the Bell Mine, a large source of AMD and baseflow to the Schuylkill River in the Southern Anthracite Coalfield, in east-central Pennsylvania. In the winter of 2002-2003, laboratory neutralization-rate experiments evaluated the evolution of effluent quality during 2 weeks of continuous contact between AMD from the Bell Mine and the crushed calcitic or dolomitic limestone in closed, collapsible containers (cubitainers). The cubitainer tests showed that: (1) net-alkaline effluent could be achieved with detention times greater than 3 h, (2) effluent alkalinities and associated dissolution rates were equivalent for uncoated and Fe(OH)3-coated calcitic limestone, and (3) effluent alkalinities and associated dissolution rates for dolomitic limestone were about half those for calcitic limestone. The dissolution rate data for the cubitainer tests were used with data on the volume of effuent and surface area of limestone in the treatment system at the Bell Mine to evaluate the water-quality data for the first 1.5 years of operation of the treatment system. These rate models supported the interpretation of field results and indicated that treatment benefits were derived mainly from the dissolution of calcitic limestone, despite a greater quantity of dolomitic limestone within the treatment system. The dissolution-rate models were extrapolated on a decadal scale to indicate the expected decreases in the mass of limestone and associated alkalinities resulting from the long-term reaction of AMD with the treatment substrate. The models indicated the calcitic limestone would need to be replenished approaching the 5-year anniversary of treatment operations to maintain net-alkaline effluent quality. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mine Water and the Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10230-008-0031-y","issn":"10259112","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C., Ward, S., and Hammarstrom, J.M., 2008, Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded anthracite mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 2. Laboratory evaluation: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 27, no. 2, p. 86-99, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0031-y.","startPage":"86","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214270,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0031-y"},{"id":241975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b1e4b0c8380cd505f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, S.J.","contributorId":12702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033420,"text":"70033420 - 2008 - Sulfide oxidation and distribution of metals near abandoned copper mines in coastal environments, Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033420","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfide oxidation and distribution of metals near abandoned copper mines in coastal environments, Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"The oxidation of sulfide-rich rocks, mostly leftover debris from Cu mining in the early 20th century, is contributing to metal contamination of local coastal environments in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Analyses of sulfide, water, sediment, precipitate and biological samples from the Beatson, Ellamar, and Threeman mine sites show that acidic surface waters generated from sulfide weathering are pathways for redistribution of environmentally important elements into and beyond the intertidal zone at each site. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits composed of pyrrhotite and (or) pyrite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite with subordinate galena, arsenopyrite, and cobaltite represent potent sources of Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Co, Cd, and Hg. The resistance to oxidation among the major sulfides increases in the order pyrrhotite ??? sphalerite < chalcopyrite ??? pyrite; thus, pyrrhotite-rich rocks are typically more oxidized than those dominated by pyrite. The pervasive alteration of pyrrhotite begins with rim replacement by marcasite followed by replacement of the core by sulfur, Fe sulfate, and Fe-Al sulfate. The oxidation of chalcopyrite and pyrite involves an encroachment by colloform Fe oxyhydroxides at grain margins and along crosscutting cracks that gradually consumes the entire grain. The complete oxidation of sulfide-rich samples results in a porous aggregate of goethite, lepidocrocite and amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxide enclosing hydrothermal and sedimentary silicates. An inverse correlation between pH and metal concentrations is evident in water data from all three sites. Among all waters sampled, pore waters from Ellamar beach gravels have the lowest pH (???3) and highest concentrations of base metals (to ???25,000 ??g/L), which result from oxidation of abundant sulfide-rich debris in the sediment. High levels of dissolved Hg (to 4100 ng/L) in the pore waters probably result from oxidation of sphalerite-rich rocks. The low-pH and high concentrations of dissolved Fe, Al, and SO4 are conducive to precipitation of interstitial jarosite in the intertidal gravels. Although pore waters from the intertidal zone at the Threeman mine site have circumneutral pH values, small amounts of dissolved Fe2+ in the pore waters are oxidized during mixing with seawater, resulting in precipitation of Fe-oxyhydroxide flocs along the beach-seawater interface. At the Beatson site, surface waters funneled through the underground mine workings and discharged across the waste dumps have near-neutral pH (6.7-7.3) and a relatively small base-metal load; however, these streams probably play a role in the physical transport of metalliferous particulates into intertidal and offshore areas during storm events. Somewhat more acidic fluids, to pH 5.3, occur in stagnant seeps and small streams emerging from the Beatson waste dumps. Amorphous Fe precipitates in stagnant waters at Beatson have high Cu (5.2 wt%) and Zn (2.3 wt%) concentrations that probably reflect adsorption onto the extremely high surface area of colloidal particles. Conversely, crystalline precipitates composed of ferrihydrite and schwertmannite that formed in the active flow of small streams have lower metal contents, which are attributed to their smaller surface area and, therefore, fewer reactive sorption sites. Seeps containing precipitates with high metal contents may contribute contaminants to the marine environment during storm-induced periods of high runoff. Preliminary chemical data for mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from Beatson, Ellamar, and Threeman indicate that bioaccumulation of base metals is occurring in the marine environment at all three sites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.007","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Koski, R., Munk, L., Foster, A., Shanks, W.C., and Stillings, L., 2008, Sulfide oxidation and distribution of metals near abandoned copper mines in coastal environments, Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 23, no. 2, p. 227-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.007.","startPage":"227","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213196,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.007"},{"id":240799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dc7e4b08c986b31da98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, R.A.","contributorId":16006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munk, L.","contributorId":45889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munk","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, A. L. 0000-0003-1362-0068","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":17190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stillings, L.L.","contributorId":52229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stillings","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033067,"text":"70033067 - 2008 - Limited change in dune mobility in response to a large decrease in wind power in semi-arid northern China since the 1970s","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033067","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limited change in dune mobility in response to a large decrease in wind power in semi-arid northern China since the 1970s","docAbstract":"The climatic controls on dune mobility, especially the relative importance of wind strength, remain incompletely understood. This is a key research problem in semi-arid northern China, both for interpreting past dune activity as evidence of paleoclimate and for predicting future environmental change. Potential eolian sand transport, which is approximately proportional to wind power above the threshold for sand entrainment, has decreased across much of northern China since the 1970s. Over the same period, effective moisture (ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) has not changed significantly. This \"natural experiment\" provides insight on the relative importance of wind power as a control on dune mobility in three dunefields of northern China (Mu Us, Otindag, and Horqin), although poorly understood and potentially large effects of human land use complicate interpretation. Dune forms in these three regions are consistent with sand transport vectors inferred from weather station data, suggesting that wind directions have remained stable and the stations adequately represent winds that shaped the dunes. The predicted effect of weaker winds since the 1970s would be dune stabilization, with lower sand transport rates allowing vegetation cover to expand. Large portions of all three dunefields remained stabilized by vegetation in the 1970s despite high wind power. Since the 1970s, trends in remotely sensed vegetation greenness and change in mobile dune area inferred from sequential Landsat images do indicate widespread dune stabilization in the eastern Mu Us region. On the other hand, expansion of active dunes took place farther west in the Mu Us dunefield and especially in the central Otindag dunefield, with little overall change in two parts of the Horqin dunes. Better ground truth is needed to validate the remote sensing analyses, but results presented here place limits on the relative importance of wind strength as a control on dune mobility in the study areas. High wind power alone does not completely destabilize these dunes. A large decrease in wind power either has little short-term effect on the dunes, or more likely its effect is sufficiently small that it is obscured by human impacts on dune stability in many parts of the study areas. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.004","issn":"01695","usgsCitation":"Mason, J., Swinehart, J.B., Lu, H., Miao, X., Cha, P., and Zhou, Y., 2008, Limited change in dune mobility in response to a large decrease in wind power in semi-arid northern China since the 1970s: Geomorphology, v. 102, no. 3-4, p. 351-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.004.","startPage":"351","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213421,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.004"},{"id":241045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a478de4b0c8380cd678c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, J.A.","contributorId":31507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swinehart, J. B.","contributorId":25244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinehart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, H.","contributorId":49936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miao, X.","contributorId":60753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miao","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cha, P.","contributorId":103090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cha","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhou, Y.","contributorId":70526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033431,"text":"70033431 - 2008 - Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded Anthracite Mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 1. Field evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033431","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2745,"text":"Mine Water and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded Anthracite Mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 1. Field evaluation","docAbstract":"Passive-treatment systems that route acidic mine drainage (AMD) through crushed limestone and/or organic-rich substrates have been used to remove the acidity and metals from various AMD sources, with a wide range of effects. This study evaluates treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden AMD with limestone alone, and with organic-rich compost layered with the limestone. In the fall of 2003, a treatment system consisting of two parallel, 500-m2 downflow cells followed by a 400-m2 aerobic settling pond and wetland was installed to neutralize the AMD from the Bell Mine, a large source of AMD and baseflow to the Schuylkill River in the Southern Anthracite Coalfield, in east-central Pennsylvania. Each downflow cell consisted of a lower substrate layer of 1,090 metric tons (t) of dolomitic limestone (60 wt% CaCO3) and an upper layer of 300 t of calcitic limestone (95 wt% CaCO3); one of the downflow cells also included a 0.3 m thick layer of mushroom compost over the limestone. AMD with pH of 3.5-4.3, dissolved oxygen of 6.6-9.9 mg/L, iron of 1.9-5.4 mg/L, and aluminum of 0.8-1.9 mg/L flooded each cell to a depth 0.65 m above the treatment substrates, percolated through the substrates to underlying, perforated outflow pipes, and then flowed through the aerobic pond and wetland before discharging to the Schuylkill River. Data on the flow rates and chemistry of the effluent for the treatment system indicated substantial neutralization by the calcitic limestone but only marginal effects from the dolomitic limestone or compost. Because of its higher transmissivity, the treatment cell containing only limestone neutralized greater quantities of acidity than the cell containing compost and limestone. On average, the treatment system removed 62% of the influent acidity, 47% of the dissolved iron, 34% of the dissolved aluminum, and 8% of the dissolved manganese. Prior to treatment of the Bell Discharge, the Schuylkill River immediately below its confluence with the discharge had pH as low as 4.1 and supported few, if any, fish. However, within the first year of treatment, the pH was maintained at values of 5.0 or greater and native brook trout were documented immediately below the treatment system, though not above. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mine Water and the Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10230-008-0029-5","issn":"10259112","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C., and Ward, S., 2008, Downflow limestone beds for treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden drainage from a flooded Anthracite Mine, Pennsylvania, USA: 1. Field evaluation: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 27, no. 2, p. 67-85, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0029-5.","startPage":"67","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214271,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0029-5"},{"id":241976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b0e4b0c8380cd505ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, S.J.","contributorId":12702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031896,"text":"70031896 - 2008 - Climate controls on C3 vs. C4 productivity in North American grasslands from carbon isotope composition of soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T12:00:04","indexId":"70031896","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate controls on C3 vs. C4 productivity in North American grasslands from carbon isotope composition of soil organic matter","docAbstract":"We analyzed the ??13 C of soil organic matter (SOM) and fine roots from 55 native grassland sites widely distributed across the US and Canadian Great Plains to examine the relative production of C3 vs. C4 plants (hereafter %C4) at the continental scale. Our climate vs. %C4 results agreed well with North American field studies on %C4, but showed bias with respect to %C4 from a US vegetation database (statsgo) and weak agreement with a physiologically based prediction that depends on crossover temperature. Although monthly average temperatures have been used in many studies to predict %C4, our analysis shows that high temperatures are better predictors of %C4. In particular, we found that July climate (average of daily high temperature and month's total rainfall) predicted %C4 better than other months, seasons or annual averages, suggesting that the outcome of competition between C3 and C4 plants in North American grasslands was particularly sensitive to climate during this narrow window of time. Root ??13 C increased about 1??? between the A and B horizon, suggesting that C 4 roots become relatively more common than C3 roots with depth. These differences in depth distribution likely contribute to the isotopic enrichment with depth in SOM where both C3 and C4 grasses are present. ?? 2008 The Authors Journal compilation ?? 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01552.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"von Fischer, J., Tieszen, L., and Schimel, D.S., 2008, Climate controls on C3 vs. C4 productivity in North American grasslands from carbon isotope composition of soil organic matter: Global Change Biology, v. 14, no. 5, p. 1141-1155, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01552.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1141","endPage":"1155","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214895,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01552.x"}],"volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f650e4b0c8380cd4c6aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Fischer, J.C.","contributorId":107955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Fischer","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schimel, D. S.","contributorId":84104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031908,"text":"70031908 - 2008 - Soil nutrient-landscape relationships in a lowland tropical rainforest in Panama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70031908","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil nutrient-landscape relationships in a lowland tropical rainforest in Panama","docAbstract":"Soils play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles as spatially distributed sources and sinks of nutrients. Any spatial patterns depend on soil forming processes, our understanding of which is still limited, especially in regards to tropical rainforests. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of landscape properties, with an emphasis on the geometry of the land surface, on the spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical properties, and to test the suitability of soil-landscape modeling as an appropriate technique to predict the spatial variability of exchangeable K and Mg in a humid tropical forest in Panama. We used a design-based, stratified sampling scheme to collect soil samples at 108 sites on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Stratifying variables are lithology, vegetation and topography. Topographic variables were generated from high-resolution digital elevation models with a grid size of 5 m. We took samples from five depths down to 1 m, and analyzed for total and exchangeable K and Mg. We used simple explorative data analysis techniques to elucidate the importance of lithology for soil total and exchangeable K and Mg. Classification and Regression Trees (CART) were adopted to investigate importance of topography, lithology and vegetation for the spatial distribution of exchangeable K and Mg and with the intention to develop models that regionalize the point observations using digital terrain data as explanatory variables. Our results suggest that topography and vegetation do not control the spatial distribution of the selected soil chemical properties at a landscape scale and lithology is important to some degree. Exchangeable K is distributed equally across the study area indicating that other than landscape processes, e.g. biogeochemical processes, are responsible for its spatial distribution. Lithology contributes to the spatial variation of exchangeable Mg but controlling variables could not be detected. The spatial variation of soil total K and Mg is mainly influenced by lithology. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.089","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Barthold, F., Stallard, R., and Elsenbeer, H., 2008, Soil nutrient-landscape relationships in a lowland tropical rainforest in Panama: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 255, no. 3-4, p. 1135-1148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.089.","startPage":"1135","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215049,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.089"},{"id":242818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"255","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b920fe4b08c986b319c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barthold, F.K.","contributorId":80917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barthold","given":"F.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elsenbeer, H.","contributorId":72177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elsenbeer","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031919,"text":"70031919 - 2008 - Eruption dynamics at Mount St. Helens imaged from broadband seismic waveforms: Interaction of the shallow magmatic and hydrothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T10:19:11","indexId":"70031919","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruption dynamics at Mount St. Helens imaged from broadband seismic waveforms: Interaction of the shallow magmatic and hydrothermal systems","docAbstract":"The current eruption at Mount St. Helens is characterized by dome building and shallow, repetitive, long-period (LP) earthquakes. Waveform cross-correlation reveals remarkable similarity for a majority of the earthquakes over periods of several weeks. Stacked spectra of these events display multiple peaks between 0.5 and 2 Hz that are common to most stations. Lower-amplitude very-long-period (VLP) events commonly accompany the LP events. We model the source mechanisms of LP and VLP events in the 0.5-4 s and 8-40 s bands, respectively, using data recorded in July 2005 with a 19-station temporary broadband network. The source mechanism of the LP events includes: 1) a volumetric component modeled as resonance of a gently NNW-dipping, steam-filled crack located directly beneath the actively extruding part of the new dome and within 100 m of the crater floor and 2) a vertical single force attributed to movement of the overlying dome. The VLP source, which also includes volumetric and single-force components, is 250 m deeper and NNW of the LP source, at the SW edge of the 1980s lava dome. The volumetric component points to the compression and expansion of a shallow, magma-filled sill, which is subparallel to the hydrothermal crack imaged at the LP source, coupled with a smaller component of expansion and compression of a dike. The single-force components are due to mass advection in the magma conduit. The location, geometry and timing of the sources suggest the VLP and LP events are caused by perturbations of a common crack system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005259","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Waite, G., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2008, Eruption dynamics at Mount St. Helens imaged from broadband seismic waveforms: Interaction of the shallow magmatic and hydrothermal systems: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 113, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005259.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476811,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005259","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214676,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005259"}],"volume":"113","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a4be4b0c8380cd522be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, G.P.","contributorId":82121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033347,"text":"70033347 - 2008 - Longitudinal gradients along a reservoir cascade","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033347","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Longitudinal gradients along a reservoir cascade","docAbstract":"Reservoirs have traditionally been regarded as spatially independent entities rather than as longitudinal segments of a river system that are connected upstream and downstream to the river and other reservoirs. This view has frustrated advancement in reservoir science by impeding adequate organization of available information and by hindering interchanges with allied disciplines that often consider impounded rivers at the basin scale. We analyzed reservoir morphology, water quality, and fish assemblage data collected in 24 reservoirs of the Tennessee River; we wanted to describe longitudinal changes occurring at the scale of the entire reservoir series (i.e., cascade) and to test the hypothesis that fish communities and environmental factors display predictable gradients like those recognized for unimpounded rivers. We used a data set collected over a 7-year period; over 3 million fish representing 94 species were included in the data set. Characteristics such as reservoir mean depth, relative size of the limnetic zone, water retention time, oxygen stratification, thermal stratification, substrate size, and water level fluctuations increased in upstream reservoirs. Conversely, reservoir area, extent of riverine and littoral zones, access to floodplains and associated wetlands, habitat diversity, and nutrient and sediment inputs increased in downstream reservoirs. Upstream reservoirs included few, largely lacustrine, ubiquitous fish taxa that were characteristic of the lentic upper reaches of the basin. Fish species richness increased in a downstream direction from 12 to 67 species/ reservoir as riverine species became more common. Considering impoundments at a basin scale by viewing them as sections in a river or links in a chain may generate insight that is not always available when the impoundments are viewed as isolated entities. Basin-scale variables are rarely controllable but constrain the expression of processes at smaller scales and can facilitate the organization of reservoir management efforts. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T07-262.1","issn":"00028","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L., Habrat, M., and Miyazono, S., 2008, Longitudinal gradients along a reservoir cascade: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 137, no. 6, p. 1851-1865, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-262.1.","startPage":"1851","endPage":"1865","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213351,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T07-262.1"},{"id":240968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49c2e4b0c8380cd68877","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Habrat, M.D.","contributorId":50361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Habrat","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miyazono, S.","contributorId":79310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miyazono","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033349,"text":"70033349 - 2008 - Remote sensing and GIS approach for water-well site selection, southwest Iran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:35","indexId":"70033349","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing and GIS approach for water-well site selection, southwest Iran","docAbstract":"The Pabdeh-Lali Anticline of northern Khuzestan province is located in southwestern Iran and occupies 790 km2. This structure is situated in the Zagros folded belt. As a result of well-developed karst systems in the anticlinal axis, the water supply potential is high and is drained by many peripheral springs. However, there is a scarcity of water for agriculture and population centers on the anticlinal flanks, which imposes a severe problem in terms of area development. This study combines remotely sensed (RS) data and a geographical information system (GIS) into a RSGIS technique to delineate new areas for groundwater development and specific sites for drilling productive water wells. Toward these goals, RS data were used to develop GIS layers for lithology, structural geology, topographic slope, elevation, and drainage density. Field measurements were made to create spring-location and groundwater-quality GIS layers. Subsequently, expert choice and relational methods were used in a GIS environment to conjunctively analyze all layers to delineate preferable regions and 43 individual sites in which to drill water wells. Results indicate that the most preferred areas are, in preferential order, within recent alluvial deposits, the Bakhtiyari Conglomerates, and the Aghajari Sandstone. The Asmari Limestone and other units have much lower potential for groundwater supplies. Potential usefulness of the RSGIS method was indicated when six out of nine producing wells recently drilled by the Khozestan Water and Power Authority (which had no knowledge of this study) were located in areas preferentially selected by this technique.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Engineering Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.14.4.315","issn":"10787","usgsCitation":"Rangzan, K., Charchi, A., Abshirini, E., and Dinger, J., 2008, Remote sensing and GIS approach for water-well site selection, southwest Iran: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 14, no. 4, p. 315-326, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.14.4.315.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213376,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.14.4.315"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6f1e4b0c8380cd85129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rangzan, K.","contributorId":39589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rangzan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charchi, A.","contributorId":82928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charchi","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abshirini, E.","contributorId":22972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abshirini","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dinger, J.","contributorId":69788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033351,"text":"70033351 - 2008 - Assessing habitat use by breeding Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) on the Upper Mississippi River, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T18:07:03.075397","indexId":"70033351","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Assessing habitat use by breeding Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) on the Upper Mississippi River, USA","title":"Assessing habitat use by breeding Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) on the Upper Mississippi River, USA","docAbstract":"Approximately 7,610 to 3,175 pairs of Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) nested along 420 river km of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) from 1993 to 2003. Numbers declined precipitously in the mid-1990s stabilizing somewhat in the early 2000s. The average number of nests in colonies was 349 (SD = 283). Annual colony turn over rate for the eleven year period was 0.15 and ranged from 0.06 to 0.29 each year. The number of years that a colony was active was positively correlated with the average number of nests present while the colony was active. Of the eight colonies active in 1993 that averaged more than 349 nests, four were abandoned by 2003. Only one colony grew to greater than 349 nests during the study period. Custer et al. (2004) suggested that herons on the UMR may be limited by forage resources or foraging habitat and social factors, as evidenced by the even spacing of colonies that reflects the maximum feeding range of herons on the river. To rule out nesting and foraging habitat limitation, landscape habitat features of terrestrial and aquatic areas were examined for colony areas and areas without colonies. Available fish monitoring data were used to examine potential interactions between herons and forage resources. Colony areas did not differ from areas without colonies in any habitat feature. Indices of potential heron forage fish increased from 1993 to 2002, although low indices of fish abundance in 1993 were likely influenced by flood conditions that year. Although fish availability to herons is related to flows and water levels, available data suggested that herons did not negatively impact their potential forage base. Numbers of herons were not correlated with indices of fish abundance from the preceding year on a pool-wide scale. Indices of fish abundance were higher within 5 km of colonies than farther than 5 km from colonies, and indices of fish abundance increased from June through August both near and far from colonies. Numbers of herons and locations and sizes of colonies varied annually, whereas landscape features typically vary little if at all from year to year. Indices of fish abundance also varied greatly by sample location and year. Disturbance, particularly by humans in this highly used river, should be examined in relation to limiting foraging opportunities and influencing behavior (colony and individual) and productivity in colonies.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2008)31[252:AHUBBG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kirsch, E., Ickes, B., and Olsen, D., 2008, Assessing habitat use by breeding Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) on the Upper Mississippi River, USA: Waterbirds, v. 31, no. 2, p. 252-267, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2008)31[252:AHUBBG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 40.1452892956766\n ],\n [\n -90.02197265625,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -89.93408203124999,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -90.98876953125,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -90.98876953125,\n 44.10336537791152\n ],\n [\n -92.83447265624999,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 45.5679096098613\n ],\n [\n -93.31787109374999,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -92.63671875,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 43.628123412124616\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 43.052833917627936\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 42.4234565179383\n ],\n [\n -90.68115234375,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -91.7138671875,\n 40.36328834091583\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 39.198205348894795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd7e4b0c8380cd49a3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirsch, E.M.","contributorId":87486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirsch","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ickes, B.","contributorId":87371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ickes","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, D.A.","contributorId":10377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033354,"text":"70033354 - 2008 - Late Pleistocene Hansel Valley basaltic ash, northern Lake Bonneville, Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:35","indexId":"70033354","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pleistocene Hansel Valley basaltic ash, northern Lake Bonneville, Utah, USA","docAbstract":"The Hansel Valley ash bed lies within 5 cm of the base of deposits of Lake Bonneville (???28 ka) in the vicinity of Great Salt Lake and provides a useful stratigraphic marker for this area of the lake basin. However, it has not been matched to an eruptive edifice, presumably because such an edifice was eroded by waves of Lake Bonneville. We present data for the chemical composition of the tephra and for possible matching lavas and tephras of the region, as well as grain size data for the tephra in an attempt to identify the location of the eruption. Matches with other tephras are negative, but lavas near the coarsest ash deposits match well with the distinctive high values of TiO2 and P2O5 of the ash. Neither chemistry nor grain size data points uniquely to a source area, but an area near the northwest shore of Great Salt Lake and within Curlew Valley is most likely. The Hansel Valley ash is an example of an ash that has no direct numerical date from proximal deposits, despite considerable study, yet nonetheless is useful for stratigraphic studies by virtue of its known stratigraphic position and approximate age. Basaltic tephras commonly are not as widespread as their rhyolitic counterparts, and in some cases apparently are produced by eruptive sources that are short lived and whose edifices are not persistent. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.016","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Miller, D., Oviatt, C.G., and Nash, B., 2008, Late Pleistocene Hansel Valley basaltic ash, northern Lake Bonneville, Utah, USA: Quaternary International, v. 178, no. 1, p. 238-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.016.","startPage":"238","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213378,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.016"},{"id":240999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4507e4b0c8380cd66f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, D. M. 0000-0003-3711-0441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":104422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":36580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nash, B.P.","contributorId":35115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033360,"text":"70033360 - 2008 - Evaluation and comparison of the IRS-P6 and the landsat sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T12:39:55","indexId":"70033360","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation and comparison of the IRS-P6 and the landsat sensors","docAbstract":"The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6), also called ResourceSat-1, was launched in a polar sun-synchronous orbit on October 17, 2003. It carries three sensors: the highresolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-IV), the mediumresolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-III), and the Advanced Wide-Field Sensor (AWiFS). These three sensors provide images of different resolutions and coverage. To understand the absolute radiometric calibration accuracy of IRS-P6 AWiFS and LISS-III sensors, image pairs from these sensors were compared to images from the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced TM Plus (ETM+) sensors. The approach involves calibration of surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed nearly simultaneously by the two sensors. This paper also evaluated the viability of data from these nextgeneration imagers for use in creating three National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) products: land cover, percent tree canopy, and percent impervious surface. Individual products were consistent with previous studies but had slightly lower overall accuracies as compared to data from the Landsat sensors.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2007.907426","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Coan, M., and Scaramuzza, P.L., 2008, Evaluation and comparison of the IRS-P6 and the landsat sensors: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 46, no. 1, p. 209-221, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.907426.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213407,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.907426"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c06e4b0c8380cd529da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coan, M.J.","contributorId":47884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scaramuzza, P. L. 0000-0002-2616-8456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":107504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033258,"text":"70033258 - 2008 - Trends in abundance of collared lemmings near Cape Churchill, Manitoba, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:35","indexId":"70033258","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in abundance of collared lemmings near Cape Churchill, Manitoba, Canada","docAbstract":"Regular, multiannual cycles observed in the population abundance of small mammals in many arctic and subarctic ecosystems have stimulated substantial research, particularly among population ecologists. Hypotheses of mechanisms generating regular cycles include predator-prey interactions, limitation of food resources, and migration or dispersal, as well as abiotic factors such as cyclic climatic variation and environmental stochasticity. In 2004 and 2005, we used indirect methods to estimate trends in population size of Richardson's collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx richardsoni) retrospectively, and evaluated the extent of synchrony between lemming populations at 2 coastal tundra study areas separated by approximately 60 km near Cape Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. We collected scars on willow plants (Salix) resulting from lemming feeding. Ages of scars ranged from 0 to 13 years at both study areas. Scar-age frequency appeared cyclic and we used nonlinear Poisson regression to model the observed scar-age frequency. Lemming populations cycled with 2.8-year periodicity and the phase of the cycle was synchronous between the 2 study areas. We suggest that our approach could be applied in multiple settings and may provide the most efficient way to gather data on small mammals across both space and time in a diversity of landscapes. ?? 2008 American Society of Mammalogists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/07-MAMM-A-046.1","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Reiter, M., and Andersen, D., 2008, Trends in abundance of collared lemmings near Cape Churchill, Manitoba, Canada: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 89, no. 1, p. 138-144, https://doi.org/10.1644/07-MAMM-A-046.1.","startPage":"138","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213191,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/07-MAMM-A-046.1"},{"id":240794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7dfe4b08c986b32752f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiter, M.E.","contributorId":80065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiter","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D. E.","contributorId":27816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033165,"text":"70033165 - 2008 - Integrating remotely sensed land cover observations and a biogeochemical model for estimating forest ecosystem carbon dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T13:59:53","indexId":"70033165","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating remotely sensed land cover observations and a biogeochemical model for estimating forest ecosystem carbon dynamics","docAbstract":"Land cover change is one of the key driving forces for ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. We present an approach for using sequential remotely sensed land cover observations and a biogeochemical model to estimate contemporary and future ecosystem carbon trends. We applied the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modelling System (GEMS) for the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion in the northeastern United States for the period of 1975-2025. The land cover changes, especially forest stand-replacing events, were detected on 30 randomly located 10-km by 10-km sample blocks, and were assimilated by GEMS for biogeochemical simulations. In GEMS, each unique combination of major controlling variables (including land cover change history) forms a geo-referenced simulation unit. For a forest simulation unit, a Monte Carlo process is used to determine forest type, forest age, forest biomass, and soil C, based on the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data and the U.S. General Soil Map (STATSGO) data. Ensemble simulations are performed for each simulation unit to incorporate input data uncertainty. Results show that on average forests of the Laurentian Plains and Hills ecoregion have been sequestrating 4.2 Tg C (1 teragram = 1012 gram) per year, including 1.9 Tg C removed from the ecosystem as the consequences of land cover change. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.019","issn":"03043","usgsCitation":"Liu, J., Liu, S., Loveland, T., and Tieszen, L., 2008, Integrating remotely sensed land cover observations and a biogeochemical model for estimating forest ecosystem carbon dynamics: Ecological Modelling, v. 219, no. 3-4, p. 361-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.019.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213307,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.019"}],"volume":"219","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c80e4b0c8380cd62db7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":439652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033066,"text":"70033066 - 2008 - Alien dominance of the parasitoid wasp community along an elevation gradient on Hawai'i Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033066","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alien dominance of the parasitoid wasp community along an elevation gradient on Hawai'i Island","docAbstract":"Through intentional and accidental introduction, more than 100 species of alien Ichneumonidae and Braconidae (Hymenoptera) have become established in the Hawaiian Islands. The extent to which these parasitoid wasps have penetrated native wet forests was investigated over a 1,765 m elevation gradient on windward Hawai'i Island. For >1 year, malaise traps were used to continuously monitor parasitoid abundance and species richness in nine sites over three elevations. A total of 18,996 individuals from 16 subfamilies were collected. Overall, the fauna was dominated by aliens, with 44 of 58 species foreign to the Hawaiian Islands. Ichneumonidae was dominant over Braconidae in terms of both diversity and abundance, comprising 67.5% of individuals and 69.0% of species collected. Parasitoid abundance and species richness varied significantly with elevation: abundance was greater at mid and high elevations compared to low elevation while species richness increased with increasing elevation, with all three elevations differing significantly from each other. Nine species purposely introduced to control pest insects were found, but one braconid, Meteorus laphygmae, comprised 98.0% of this assemblage, or 28.3% of the entire fauna. Endemic species, primarily within the genera Spolas and Enicospilus, were collected almost exclusively at mid- and high-elevation sites, where they made up 22.1% and 36.0% of the total catch, respectively. Overall, 75.9% of species and 96.0% of individuals are inferred to parasitize Lepidoptera larvae and pupae. Our results support previous data indicating that alien parasitoids have deeply penetrated native forest habitats and may have substantial impacts on Hawaiian ecosystems. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Invasions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10530-008-9218-1","issn":"13873","usgsCitation":"Peck, R., Banko, P., Schwarzfeld, M., Euaparadorn, M., and Brinck, K., 2008, Alien dominance of the parasitoid wasp community along an elevation gradient on Hawai'i Island: Biological Invasions, v. 10, no. 8, p. 1441-1455, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9218-1.","startPage":"1441","endPage":"1455","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213420,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9218-1"},{"id":241044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e962e4b0c8380cd4823a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, R.W.","contributorId":96076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banko, P.C. 0000-0002-6035-9803","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":99531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarzfeld, M.","contributorId":95693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzfeld","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Euaparadorn, M.","contributorId":56448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euaparadorn","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brinck, K.W.","contributorId":25763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinck","given":"K.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031920,"text":"70031920 - 2008 - Temporal downscaling of decadal sediment load estimates to a daily interval for use in hindcast simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T09:50:12","indexId":"70031920","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal downscaling of decadal sediment load estimates to a daily interval for use in hindcast simulations","docAbstract":"In this study we used hydrologic proxies to develop a daily sediment load time-series, which agrees with decadal sediment load estimates, when integrated. Hindcast simulations of bathymetric change in estuaries require daily sediment loads from major tributary rivers, to capture the episodic delivery of sediment during multi-day freshwater flow pulses. Two independent decadal sediment load estimates are available for the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, California prior to 1959, but they must be downscaled to a daily interval for use in hindcast models. Daily flow and sediment load data to the Delta are available after 1930 and 1959, respectively, but bathymetric change simulations for San Francisco Bay prior to this require a method to generate daily sediment load estimates into the Delta. We used two historical proxies, monthly rainfall and unimpaired flow magnitudes, to generate monthly unimpaired flows to the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta for the 1851-1929 period. This step generated the shape of the monthly hydrograph. These historical monthly flows were compared to unimpaired monthly flows from the modern era (1967-1987), and a least-squares metric selected a modern water year analogue for each historical water year. The daily hydrograph for the modern analogue was then assigned to the historical year and scaled to match the flow volume estimated by dendrochronology methods, providing the correct total flow for the year. We applied a sediment rating curve to this time-series of daily flows, to generate daily sediment loads for 1851-1958. The rating curve was calibrated with the two independent decadal sediment load estimates, over two distinct periods. This novel technique retained the timing and magnitude of freshwater flows and sediment loads, without damping variability or net sediment loads to San Francisco Bay. The time-series represents the hydraulic mining period with sustained periods of increased sediment loads, and a dramatic decrease after 1910, corresponding to a reduction in available mining debris. The analogue selection procedure also permits exploration of the morphological hydrograph concept, where a limited set of hydrographs is used to simulate the same bathymetric change as the actual set of hydrographs. The final daily sediment load time-series and morphological hydrograph concept will be applied as landward boundary conditions for hindcasting simulations of bathymetric change in San Francisco Bay.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.026","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Ganju, N., Knowles, N., and Schoellhamer, D., 2008, Temporal downscaling of decadal sediment load estimates to a daily interval for use in hindcast simulations: Journal of Hydrology, v. 349, no. 3-4, p. 512-523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.026.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"512","endPage":"523","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":" California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 40.329795743702064\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -122.6513671875,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -121.48681640624999,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 37.142803443716836\n ],\n [\n -120.9814453125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -120.82763671875,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -120.56396484375,\n 35.567980458012094\n ],\n [\n -119.83886718750001,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -118.828125,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -118.6083984375,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -118.6083984375,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -118.71826171875,\n 36.29741818650811\n ],\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 36.82687474287728\n ],\n [\n -119.77294921874999,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -120.34423828125,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -120.76171875,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 39.45316112807394\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 40.66397287638688\n ],\n [\n -122.36572265625,\n 40.81380923056958\n ],\n [\n -122.73925781250001,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 40.329795743702064\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"349","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba509e4b08c986b32076d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganju, N. K. 0000-0002-1096-0465","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":64782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"N. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowles, N.","contributorId":61212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033259,"text":"70033259 - 2008 - Fall diets of red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) and walleye (Sander vitreus) in Sandusky Bay and adjacent waters of western Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:35","indexId":"70033259","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fall diets of red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) and walleye (Sander vitreus) in Sandusky Bay and adjacent waters of western Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Although published studies indicate the contrary, there is concern among many sport anglers that migrating red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator) and other waterbirds pose a competitive threat to sport fish species such as walleye (Sander vitreus) in Lake Erie. We quantified the diet of autumn-migrant mergansers and walleye during 1998-2000 in Sandusky Bay and adjacent waters of western Lake Erie. We hypothesized that the diets of both predators would be similar in species composition, but because of different foraging ecologies their diets would differ markedly in size of prey consumed. In addition to predator samples, we used trawl data from the same general area as an index of prey availability. We found that mergansers fed almost exclusively on fish (nine species). Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) and round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) were consumed in the greatest numbers, most frequently and comprised the greatest biomass. Walleye fed exclusively on fish: gizzard shad, alewife (Alosa psuedoharengus) and emerald shiner were consumed in the greatest numbers, most frequently and comprised the greatest biomass. Diet overlap between mergansers and walleye was 67% by weight and 66% by species frequency. Mean total lengths of gizzard shad, emerald shiner and round goby found in walleye stomachs exceeded those captured in trawls by 47%, on average. Mean total lengths of gizzard shad, emerald shiner and round goby were greater in walleye stomachs than in merganser stomachs. Mean total lengths of emerald shiner and round goby were less in merganser stomachs than in trawls. Our results suggest that although the diets of walleye and mergansers overlapped considerably, mergansers generally consumed smaller fish than walleye. Given the abundance and diversity of prey species available, and the transient nature of mergansers on Lake Erie during migration, we conclude that competition for food between these species is minimal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Midland Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[147:FDORMM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Bur, M., Stapanian, M., Bernhardt, G., and Turner, M., 2008, Fall diets of red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) and walleye (Sander vitreus) in Sandusky Bay and adjacent waters of western Lake Erie: American Midland Naturalist, v. 159, no. 1, p. 147-161, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[147:FDORMM]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"147","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213220,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[147:FDORMM]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":240824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"159","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ee5e4b0c8380cd53693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bur, M.T.","contributorId":58215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bur","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stapanian, M.A.","contributorId":65437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bernhardt, G.","contributorId":48837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernhardt","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, M.W.","contributorId":25424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}