Mangrove forests of Madagascar are declining, albeit at a much slower rate than the global average. The forests are declining due to conversion to other land uses and forest degradation. However, accurate and reliable information on their present distribution and their rates, causes, and consequences of change have not been available. Earlier studies used remotely sensed data to map and, in some cases, to monitor mangrove forests at a local scale. Nonetheless, a comprehensive national assessment and synthesis was lacking. We interpreted time-series satellite data of 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2005 using a hybrid supervised and unsupervised classification approach. Landsat data were geometrically corrected to an accuracy of ?? one-half pixel, an accuracy necessary for change analysis. We used a postclassification change detection approach. Our results showed that Madagascar lost 7% of mangrove forests from 1975 to 2005, to a present extent of ???2,797 km2. Deforestation rates and causes varied both spatially and temporally. The forests increased by 5.6% (212 km2) from 1975 to 1990, decreased by 14.3% (455 km 2) from 1990 to 2000, and decreased by 2.6% (73 km2) from 2000 to 2005. Similarly, major changes occurred in Bombekota Bay, Mahajamba Bay, the coast of Ambanja, the Tsiribihina River, and Cap St Vincent. The main factors responsible for mangrove deforestation include conversion to agriculture (35%), logging (16%), conversion to aquaculture (3%), and urban development (1%). ?? 2008 by MDPI.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/s8042104","issn":"14248220","usgsCitation":"Giri, S., and Muhlhausen, J., 2008, Mangrove forest distributions and dynamics in Madagascar (1975-2005): Sensors, v. 8, no. 4, p. 2104-2117, https://doi.org/10.3390/s8042104.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2104","endPage":"2117","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8042104","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cc7e4b0c8380cd69ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giri, S.","contributorId":102621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giri","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhlhausen, J.","contributorId":78936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlhausen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033276,"text":"70033276 - 2008 - Aseismic slip and fault-normal strain along the central creeping section of the San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033276","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aseismic slip and fault-normal strain along the central creeping section of the San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"We use GPS data to measure the aseismic slip along the central San Andreas fault (CSAF) and the deformation across adjacent faults. Comparison of EDM and GPS data sets implies that, except for small-scale transients, the fault motion has been steady over the last 40 years. We add 42 new GPS, velocities along the CSAF to constrain the regional strain distribution. Shear strain rates are less than 0.083 ?? 0.010 ??strain/yr adjacent to the creeping SAF, with 1-4.5 mm/yr of contraction across the Coast Ranges. Dislocation modeling of the data gives a deep, long-term slip rate of 31-35 mm/yr and a shallow (0-12 km) creep rate of 28 mm/yr along the central portion of the CSAF, consistent with surface creep measurements. The lower shallow slip rate may be due to the effect of partial locking along the CSAF or reflect reduced creep rates late in the earthquake cycle of the adjoining SAF rupture zones. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008GL034437","issn":"00948","usgsCitation":"Rolandone, F., Burgmann, R., Agnew, D., Johanson, I., Templeton, D., d'Alessio, M., Titus, S., DeMets, C., and Tikoff, B., 2008, Aseismic slip and fault-normal strain along the central creeping section of the San Andreas fault: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, no. 14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034437.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213469,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034437"},{"id":241095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edb7e4b0c8380cd4997a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rolandone, F.","contributorId":54783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rolandone","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agnew, D.C.","contributorId":32186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johanson, I.A.","contributorId":36735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Templeton, D.C.","contributorId":89016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Templeton","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"d'Alessio, M. A.","contributorId":43159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d'Alessio","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Titus, S.J.","contributorId":101523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"DeMets, C.","contributorId":19308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMets","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tikoff, B.","contributorId":90934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tikoff","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70031758,"text":"70031758 - 2008 - Biological assessments of Appalachian streams based on predictive models for fish, macroinvertebrate, and diatom assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70031758","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological assessments of Appalachian streams based on predictive models for fish, macroinvertebrate, and diatom assemblages","docAbstract":"We developed empirical models for fish, macroinvertebrate, and diatom assemblages to assess the biological condition of 268 streams sampled from 1993 to 2002 in 7 major river basins in the Appalachian region of the USA. These models estimate the expected taxonomic composition at each site based on observed variation in taxonomic composition at reference sites. The index, O/E, is the ratio of the number of predicted taxa that were observed (O) to that expected (E) to occur at a site and is a measure of taxonomic completeness. We compared how O/E for each assemblage varied among major landuse settings and whether impaired assemblages were associated with particular physicochemical conditions. We also examined concordance among assemblages in their response to stress. Biological, chemical, and physical data were collected following consistent protocols. We used land-cover criteria, published data, and topographic maps to classify sites by major landuse setting. Fish, macroinvertebrate, and diatom assemblages had been sampled at 73, 108, and 52, respectively, of the least disturbed sites used to establish reference conditions. The models accounted for a substantial portion of the natural variation in taxonomic composition across sites that was associated with biogeographic, climatic, and basin-scale factors and generally were unbiased across the range of environmental gradients observed in the region. Assessments at nonreference sites showed that impairment of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages was most strongly associated with agriculture and urban land uses, whereas impairment of diatom assemblages was most strongly associated with mining in the basin. Concordance in assessments among assemblages was not strong. Assessments based on 2 assemblages differed in 28 to 57% of cases, and assessments were never concordant for cases where all 3 assemblages were sampled. Furthermore, only 1/2 of these cases would have been assessed as ecologically impaired had only 1 assemblage been sampled. Differences between observed and predicted frequencies of occurrence for individual taxa were generally consistent with known tolerances to environmental stressors and might aid in identifying causes of biological impairment. ?? 2008 by The North American Benthological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1899/06-081.1","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D., Hawkins, C., Meador, M.R., Potapova, M., and Falcone, J., 2008, Biological assessments of Appalachian streams based on predictive models for fish, macroinvertebrate, and diatom assemblages: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 27, no. 1, p. 16-37, https://doi.org/10.1899/06-081.1.","startPage":"16","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/06-081.1"},{"id":239978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f164e4b0c8380cd4ac2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, D.M.","contributorId":81059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawkins, C.P.","contributorId":64454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Potapova, M.","contributorId":74569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potapova","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Falcone, J.","contributorId":20548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032772,"text":"70032772 - 2008 - Using the Model Coupling Toolkit to couple earth system models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T18:57:12","indexId":"70032772","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using the Model Coupling Toolkit to couple earth system models","docAbstract":"Continued advances in computational resources are providing the opportunity to operate more sophisticated numerical models. Additionally, there is an increasing demand for multidisciplinary studies that include interactions between different physical processes. Therefore there is a strong desire to develop coupled modeling systems that utilize existing models and allow efficient data exchange and model control. The basic system would entail model \"1\" running on \"M\" processors and model \"2\" running on \"N\" processors, with efficient exchange of model fields at predetermined synchronization intervals. Here we demonstrate two coupled systems: the coupling of the ocean circulation model Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to the surface wave model Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN), and the coupling of ROMS to the atmospheric model Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Prediction System (COAMPS). Both coupled systems use the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT) as a mechanism for operation control and inter-model distributed memory transfer of model variables. In this paper we describe requirements and other options for model coupling, explain the MCT library, ROMS, SWAN and COAMPS models, methods for grid decomposition and sparse matrix interpolation, and provide an example from each coupled system. Methods presented in this paper are clearly applicable for coupling of other types of models. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Modelling and Software","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.03.002","issn":"13648152","usgsCitation":"Warner, J., Perlin, N., and Skyllingstad, E., 2008, Using the Model Coupling Toolkit to couple earth system models: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 23, no. 10-11, p. 1240-1249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.03.002.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1240","endPage":"1249","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0b0e4b08c986b32a281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, J.C.","contributorId":46644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perlin, N.","contributorId":25004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlin","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skyllingstad, E.D.","contributorId":57670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skyllingstad","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032773,"text":"70032773 - 2008 - Modelling the impact of wind stress and river discharge on Danshuei River plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032773","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":840,"text":"Applied Mathematical Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling the impact of wind stress and river discharge on Danshuei River plume","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional, time-dependent, baroclinic, hydrodynamic and salinity model, UnTRIM, was performed and applied to the Danshuei River estuarine system and adjacent coastal sea in northern Taiwan. The model forcing functions consist of tidal elevations along the open boundaries and freshwater inflows from the main stream and major tributaries in the Danshuei River estuarine system. The bottom friction coefficient was adjusted to achieve model calibration and verification in model simulations of barotropic and baroclinic flows. The turbulent diffusivities were ascertained through comparison of simulated salinity time series with observations. The model simulation results are in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The validated model was then used to investigate the influence of wind stress and freshwater discharge on Dasnhuei River plume. As the absence of wind stress, the anticyclonic circulation is prevailed along the north to west coast. The model results reveal when winds are downwelling-favorable, the surface low-salinity waters are flushed out and move to southwest coast. Conversely, large amounts of low-salinity water flushed out the Danshuei River mouth during upwelling-favorable winds, as the buoyancy-driven circulation is reversed. Wind stress and freshwater discharge are shown to control the plume structure. ?? 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Mathematical Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apm.2007.03.009","issn":"0307904X","usgsCitation":"Liu, W., Chen, W., Cheng, R.T., and Hsu, M., 2008, Modelling the impact of wind stress and river discharge on Danshuei River plume: Applied Mathematical Modelling, v. 32, no. 7, p. 1255-1280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2007.03.009.","startPage":"1255","endPage":"1280","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487694,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2007.03.009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213985,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2007.03.009"},{"id":241667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c77e4b0c8380cd6fd08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, W.-C.","contributorId":9468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"W.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, W.-B.","contributorId":62413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"W.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsu, M.-H.","contributorId":28074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsu","given":"M.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033394,"text":"70033394 - 2008 - Distribution of icy particles across Enceladus' surface as derived from Cassini-VIMS measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033394","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of icy particles across Enceladus' surface as derived from Cassini-VIMS measurements","docAbstract":"The surface of Enceladus consists almost completely of water ice. As the band depths of water ice absorptions are sensitive to the size of particles, absorptions can be used to map variations of icy particles across the surface. The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed Enceladus with a high spatial resolution during three Cassini flybys in 2005 (orbits EN 003, EN 004 and EN 011). Based on these data we measured the band depths of water ice absorptions at 1.04, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 ??m. These band depths were compared to water ice models that represent theoretically calculated reflectance spectra for a range of particle diameters between 2 ??m and 1 mm. The agreement between the experimental (VIMS) and model values supports the assumption that pure water ice characterizes the surface of Enceladus and therefore that variations in band depth correspond to variations in water ice particle diameters. Our measurements show that the particle diameter of water ice increases toward younger tectonically altered surface units with the largest particles exposed in relatively \"fresh\" surface material. The smallest particles were generally found in old densely cratered terrains. The largest particles (???0.2 mm) are concentrated in the so called \"tiger stripes\" at the south pole. In general, the particle diameters are strongly correlated with geologic features and surface ages, indicating a stratigraphic evolution of the surface that is caused by cryovolcanic resurfacing and impact gardening. ?? 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.013","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Jaumann, R., Stephan, K., Hansen, G.B., Clark, R.N., Buratti, B.J., Brown, R.H., Baines, K.H., Newman, S., Bellucci, G., Filacchione, G., Coradini, A., Cruikshank, D.P., Griffith, C., Hibbitts, C.A., McCord, T.B., Nelson, R., Nicholson, P.D., Sotin, C., and Wagner, R., 2008, Distribution of icy particles across Enceladus' surface as derived from Cassini-VIMS measurements: Icarus, v. 193, no. 2, p. 407-419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.013.","startPage":"407","endPage":"419","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487781,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00499083","text":"External Repository"},{"id":213165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.013"},{"id":240763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"193","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02dae4b0c8380cd5021a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephan, K.","contributorId":8976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, G. B.","contributorId":98478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Newman, S.F.","contributorId":35551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bellucci, G.","contributorId":46256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellucci","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Filacchione, G.","contributorId":48740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filacchione","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Coradini, A.","contributorId":34679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coradini","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Cruikshank, D. P.","contributorId":51434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Griffith, C.A.","contributorId":10141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hibbitts, C. A.","contributorId":21703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hibbitts","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Wagner, R.","contributorId":88859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":70033454,"text":"70033454 - 2008 - Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033454","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Centimeter-scale measurements on several Powder River floodplains provide insights into the nature of overbank depositional processes that created the floodplains; during a 20-year period after a major flood in 1978. Rising stages initially entered across a sill at the downriver end of the floodplains. Later, as stages continued to rise, water entered the floodplains through distinct low saddles along natural levees. The annual maximum depth of water over the levee crest averaged 0.19 in from 1983 through 1996, and the estimated flow velocities were approximately 0.15 m s-1. Water ponded in the floodplain trough, a topographic low between the natural levee and the pre-flood riverbank, and mud settled as thin layers of nearly constant thickness. Mud layers alternated with sand layers, which were relatively thick near the channel. Together, these beds created a distinctive natural levee. In some locations, individual flood deposits began as a thin mud layer that gradually coarsened upwards to medium-grained sand. Coarsening-upwards sequences form initially as mud because only the uppermost layers of water in the channel supply the first overbank flows, which are rich in mud but starved of sand. At successively higher stages, fine sands and then medium sands increase in concentration in the floodwater and are deposited as fine- and medium-sand layers overlying the initial mud layer. Theoretical predictions from mathematical models of sediment transport by advection and diffusion indicate that these processes acting alone are unlikely to create the observed sand layers of nearly uniform thickness that extend across much of the floodplain. We infer that other transport processes, notably bedload transport, must be important along Powder River. Even with the centimeter-scale measurements of floodplain deposits, daily hydraulic data, and precise annual surface topographic surveys, we were unable to determine any clear correspondence between the gauged flow record of overbank floods and the depositional layers mapped in the floodplain. These results provide a detailed example of floodplain deposits and depositional processes that should prove useful for interpreting natural levee deposits in a variety of geologic settings. Copyright ?? 2008, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2110/jsr.2008.005","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Pizzuto, J., Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 2008, Anatomy and dynamics of a floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 78, no. 1-2, p. 16-28, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2008.005.","startPage":"16","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214158,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2008.005"},{"id":241852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebefe4b0c8380cd48f9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pizzuto, J.E.","contributorId":10572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzuto","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033473,"text":"70033473 - 2008 - Observations and interpretation of fundamental mode Rayleigh wavefields recorded by the Transportable Array (USArray)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033473","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations and interpretation of fundamental mode Rayleigh wavefields recorded by the Transportable Array (USArray)","docAbstract":"Broadband recordings of the dense Transportable Array (TA) in the western United States provide unparalleled detailed images of long-period seismic surface wavefields. With 400 stations spanning most of the western United States, wavefronts of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves may be visualized coherently across the array at periods ???40 s. In order to constrain the Rayleigh wave phase velocity structure in the western United States, I assemble a data set of vertical component seismograms from 53 teleseismic events recorded by the TA from April 2006 to October 2007. Complex amplitude spectra from these recordings at peni ods 27-100 s are interpreted using the multiplane wave tomographic method of Friederich and Wielandt (1995) and Pollitz (1999). This analysis yields detailed surface wave phase velocity and three-dimensional shear wave velocity patterns across the North American plate boundary zone, elucidating the active processes in the highly heterogeneous western U.S. upper mantle.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005556","issn":"01480","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2008, Observations and interpretation of fundamental mode Rayleigh wavefields recorded by the Transportable Array (USArray): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 113, no. 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005556.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214424,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005556"},{"id":242148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a6ce4b0c8380cd7416f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70033005,"text":"70033005 - 2008 - The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:52:10","indexId":"70033005","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica","docAbstract":"The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) is the first true-color, high-spatial-resolution image of the seventh continent. It is constructed from nearly 1100 individually selected Landsat-7 ETM+ scenes. Each image was orthorectified and adjusted for geometric, sensor and illumination variations to a standardized, almost seamless surface reflectance product. Mosaicing to avoid clouds produced a high quality, nearly cloud-free benchmark data set of Antarctica for the International Polar Year from images collected primarily during 1999-2003. Multiple color composites and enhancements were generated to illustrate additional characteristics of the multispectral data including: the true appearance of the surface; discrimination between snow and bare ice; reflectance variations within bright snow; recovered reflectance values in regions of sensor saturation; and subtle topographic variations associated with ice flow. LIMA is viewable and individual scenes or user defined portions of the mosaic are downloadable at http://lima.usgs.gov. Educational materials associated with LIMA are available at http://lima.nasa.gov.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2008.07.006","issn":"00344","usgsCitation":"Bindschadler, R., Vornberger, P., Fleming, A., Fox, A., Mullins, J., Binnie, D., Paulsen, S., Granneman, B.J., and Gorodetzky, D., 2008, The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 112, no. 12, p. 4214-4226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.07.006.","startPage":"4214","endPage":"4226","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213454,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.07.006"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","volume":"112","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7a8e4b08c986b3216f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bindschadler, Robert","contributorId":11112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bindschadler","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vornberger, P.","contributorId":29648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vornberger","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleming, A.","contributorId":103879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fox, A.","contributorId":52405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mullins, J.","contributorId":74585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Binnie, D.","contributorId":49187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binnie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Paulsen, S.J.","contributorId":84986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulsen","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Granneman, Brian J. 0000-0002-1910-0955 grann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-0955","contributorId":4209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granneman","given":"Brian","email":"grann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gorodetzky, D.","contributorId":37159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorodetzky","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70031762,"text":"70031762 - 2008 - Modeling multi-layer effects in passive microwave remote sensing of dry snow using Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory (DMRT) based on quasicrystalline approximation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70031762","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling multi-layer effects in passive microwave remote sensing of dry snow using Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory (DMRT) based on quasicrystalline approximation","docAbstract":"The Dense Media Radiative Transfer theory (DMRT) of Quasicrystalline Approximation of Mie scattering by sticky particles is used to study the multiple scattering effects in layered snow in microwave remote sensing. Results are illustrated for various snow profile characteristics. Polarization differences and frequency dependences of multilayer snow model are significantly different from that of the single-layer snow model. Comparisons are also made with CLPX data using snow parameters as given by the VIC model. ?? 2007 IEEE.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2007","conferenceDate":"23 June 2007 through 28 June 2007","conferenceLocation":"Barcelona","language":"English","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423024","isbn":"1424412129; 9781424412129","usgsCitation":"Liang, D., Xu, X., Tsang, L., Andreadis, K., and Josberger, E., 2008, Modeling multi-layer effects in passive microwave remote sensing of dry snow using Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory (DMRT) based on quasicrystalline approximation, in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Barcelona, 23 June 2007 through 28 June 2007, p. 1215-1218, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423024.","startPage":"1215","endPage":"1218","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212518,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423024"},{"id":240013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c0de4b0c8380cd6f9c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liang, D.","contributorId":66483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, X.","contributorId":55166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tsang, L.","contributorId":43950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andreadis, K.M.","contributorId":8294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreadis","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032789,"text":"70032789 - 2008 - An improved state-parameter analysis of ecosystem models using data assimilation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T12:55:03","indexId":"70032789","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An improved state-parameter analysis of ecosystem models using data assimilation","docAbstract":"Much of the effort spent in developing data assimilation methods for carbon dynamics analysis has focused on estimating optimal values for either model parameters or state variables. The main weakness of estimating parameter values alone (i.e., without considering state variables) is that all errors from input, output, and model structure are attributed to model parameter uncertainties. On the other hand, the accuracy of estimating state variables may be lowered if the temporal evolution of parameter values is not incorporated. This research develops a smoothed ensemble Kalman filter (SEnKF) by combining ensemble Kalman filter with kernel smoothing technique. SEnKF has following characteristics: (1) to estimate simultaneously the model states and parameters through concatenating unknown parameters and state variables into a joint state vector; (2) to mitigate dramatic, sudden changes of parameter values in parameter sampling and parameter evolution process, and control narrowing of parameter variance which results in filter divergence through adjusting smoothing factor in kernel smoothing algorithm; (3) to assimilate recursively data into the model and thus detect possible time variation of parameters; and (4) to address properly various sources of uncertainties stemming from input, output and parameter uncertainties. The SEnKF is tested by assimilating observed fluxes of carbon dioxide and environmental driving factor data from an AmeriFlux forest station located near Howland, Maine, USA, into a partition eddy flux model. Our analysis demonstrates that model parameters, such as light use efficiency, respiration coefficients, minimum and optimum temperatures for photosynthetic activity, and others, are highly constrained by eddy flux data at daily-to-seasonal time scales. The SEnKF stabilizes parameter values quickly regardless of the initial values of the parameters. Potential ecosystem light use efficiency demonstrates a strong seasonality. Results show that the simultaneous parameter estimation procedure significantly improves model predictions. Results also show that the SEnKF can dramatically reduce the variance in state variables stemming from the uncertainty of parameters and driving variables. The SEnKF is a robust and effective algorithm in evaluating and developing ecosystem models and in improving the understanding and quantification of carbon cycle parameters and processes. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.013","issn":"03043","usgsCitation":"Chen, M., Liu, S., Tieszen, L., and Hollinger, D., 2008, An improved state-parameter analysis of ecosystem models using data assimilation: Ecological Modelling, v. 219, no. 3-4, p. 317-326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.013.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213678,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.013"}],"volume":"219","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea73e4b0c8380cd48881","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, M.","contributorId":73417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hollinger, D.Y.","contributorId":86567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollinger","given":"D.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031764,"text":"70031764 - 2008 - Fluctuating Arctic Sea ice thickness changes estimated by an in situ learned and empirically forced neural network model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:50:20","indexId":"70031764","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluctuating Arctic Sea ice thickness changes estimated by an in situ learned and empirically forced neural network model","docAbstract":"Sea ice thickness (SIT) is a key parameter of scientific interest because understanding the natural spatiotemporal variability of ice thickness is critical for improving global climate models. In this paper, changes in Arctic SIT during 1982-2003 are examined using a neural network (NN) algorithm trained with in situ submarine ice draft and surface drilling data. For each month of the study period, the NN individually estimated SIT of each ice-covered pixel (25-km resolution) based on seven geophysical parameters (four shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes, surface air temperature, ice drift velocity, and ice divergence/convergence) that were cumulatively summed at each monthly position along the pixel's previous 3-yr drift track (or less if the ice was <3 yr old). Average January SIT increased during 1982-88 in most regions of the Arctic (+7.6 ?? 0.9 cm yr-1), decreased through 1996 Arctic-wide (-6.1 ?? 1.2 cm yr-1), then modestly increased through 2003 mostly in the central Arctic (+2.1 ?? 0.6 cm yr-1). Net ice volume change in the Arctic Ocean from 1982 to 2003 was negligible, indicating that cumulative ice growth had largely replaced the estimated 45 000 km3 of ice lost by cumulative export. Above 65??N, total annual ice volume and interannual volume changes were correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) at decadal and annual time scales, respectively. Late-summer ice thickness and total volume varied proportionally until the mid-1990s, but volume did not increase commensurate with the thickening during 1996-2002. The authors speculate that decoupling of the ice thickness-volume relationship resulted from two opposing mechanisms with different latitudinal expressions: a recent quasi-decadal shift in atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the AO's neutral state facilitated ice thickening at high latitudes while anomalously warm thermal forcing thinned and melted the ice cap at its periphery. ?? 2008 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/2007JCLI1787.1","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G., Douglas, D., and Platonov, N.G., 2008, Fluctuating Arctic Sea ice thickness changes estimated by an in situ learned and empirically forced neural network model: Journal of Climate, v. 21, no. 4, p. 716-729, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1787.1.","startPage":"716","endPage":"729","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476796,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1787.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212551,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1787.1"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1264e4b0c8380cd542af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, G. I.","contributorId":24301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belchansky","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Platonov, Nikita G.","contributorId":8791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Platonov","given":"Nikita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030677,"text":"70030677 - 2008 - Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030677","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals","docAbstract":"Deuterium isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity because global gradients of deuterium in precipitation (??DP) are expressed on a continental scale. Several authors have constructed continental scale base maps of ??DP to provide a spatial reference for studying the movement patterns of migratory species and, although they are very useful, these maps present a static, 40-year average view of the landscape that ignores much underlying inter-annual variation. To more fully understand the consequences of this underlying variation, we analyzed the GNIP deuterium data, the source for all current ??DP maps, to estimate the minimum separation in ??DP (and latitude) necessary to conclude with a given level of confidence that distinct ??DP values represent different geographic sites. Extending analyses of ??DP successfully to deuterium in tissues of living organisms, e.g., feathers in migratory birds (??DF), is dependent on the existence of geographic separation of ??DP, where every geographic location has a distribution of values associated with temporal variability in ??DP. Analyses were conducted for three distinct geographic regions: North America, eastern North America (east of longitude 100??W), and Argentina. At the 80% confidence level, the minimum separation values were 12, 7, and 14?? of latitude (equivalent to 53, 31, and 32???) for North America, eastern North America, and Argentina, respectively. Hence, in eastern North America, for example, one may not be able to accurately assign individual samples to sites separated by less than about 7?? of latitude as the distributions of ??DP were not distinct at latitudes <7?? apart. Moreover, two samples that differ by less than 31??? cannot be confidently said to originate from different latitudes. These estimates of minimum separation for ??DP do not include other known sources of variation in feather deuterium (??D F) and hence are a first order approximation that may be useful, in the absence of more specific information for the system of interest, for planning and interpreting the results of new stable isotope studies. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6","issn":"00298","usgsCitation":"Farmer, A., Cade, B., and Torres-Dowdall, J., 2008, Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals: Oecologia, v. 158, no. 2, p. 183-192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6.","startPage":"183","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6"},{"id":239428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1418e4b0c8380cd548e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farmer, A.","contributorId":20957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torres-Dowdall, J.","contributorId":13433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Dowdall","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030676,"text":"70030676 - 2008 - An assessment of the effects of cell size on AGNPS modeling of watershed runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030676","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An assessment of the effects of cell size on AGNPS modeling of watershed runoff","docAbstract":"This study investigates the changes in simulated watershed runoff from the Agricultural NonPoint Source (AGNPS) pollution model as a function of model input cell size resolution for eight different cell sizes (30 m, 60 m, 120 m, 210 m, 240 m, 480 m, 960 m, and 1920 m) for the Little River Watershed (Georgia, USA). Overland cell runoff (area-weighted cell runoff), total runoff volume, clustering statistics, and hot spot patterns were examined for the different cell sizes and trends identified. Total runoff volumes decreased with increasing cell size. Using data sets of 210-m cell size or smaller in conjunction with a representative watershed boundary allows one to model the runoff volumes within 0.2 percent accuracy. The runoff clustering statistics decrease with increasing cell size; a cell size of 960 m or smaller is necessary to indicate significant high-runoff clustering. Runoff hot spot areas have a decreasing trend with increasing cell size; a cell size of 240 m or smaller is required to detect important hot spots. Conclusions regarding cell size effects on runoff estimation cannot be applied to local watershed areas due to the inconsistent changes of runoff volume with cell size; but, optimal cells sizes for clustering and hot spot analyses are applicable to local watershed areas due to the consistent trends.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304008786140542","issn":"15230","usgsCitation":"Wu, S., Usery, E., Finn, M., and Bosch, D., 2008, An assessment of the effects of cell size on AGNPS modeling of watershed runoff: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 35, no. 4, p. 265-278, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304008786140542.","startPage":"265","endPage":"278","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212024,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304008786140542"},{"id":239427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea18e4b0c8380cd4861f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, S.-S.","contributorId":51714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, M.P.","contributorId":73246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bosch, D.D.","contributorId":10223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bosch","given":"D.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032804,"text":"70032804 - 2008 - Modeling mechanisms of vegetation change due to fire in a semi-arid ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032804","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling mechanisms of vegetation change due to fire in a semi-arid ecosystem","docAbstract":"Vegetation growth and community composition in semi-arid environments is determined by water availability and carbon assimilation mechanisms specific to different plant types. Disturbance also impacts vegetation productivity and composition dependent on area affected, intensity, and frequency factors. In this study, a new spatially explicit ecosystem model is presented for the purpose of simulating vegetation cover type changes associated with fire disturbance in the northern Chihuahuan Desert region. The model is called the Landscape and Fire Simulator (LAFS) and represents physiological activity of six functional plant types incorporating site climate, fire, and seed dispersal routines for individual grid cells. We applied this model for Big Bend National Park, Texas, by assessing the impact of wildfire on the trajectory of vegetation communities over time. The model was initialized and calibrated based on landcover maps derived from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper data acquired in 1986 and 1999 coupled with plant biomass measurements collected in the field during 2000. Initial vegetation cover change analysis from satellite data showed shrub encroachment during this time period that was captured in the simulated results. A synthetic 50-year climate record was derived from historical meteorological data to assess system response based on initial landcover conditions. This simulation showed that shrublands increased to the detriment of grass and yucca-ocotillo vegetation cover types indicating an ecosystem-level trajectory for shrub encroachment. Our analysis of simulated fires also showed that fires significantly reduced site biomass components including leaf area, stem, and seed biomass in this semi-arid ecosystem. In contrast to other landscape simulation models, this new model incorporates detailed physiological responses of functional plant types that will allow us to simulated the impact of increased atmospheric CO2 occurring with climate change coupled with fire disturbance. Simulations generated from this model are expected to be the subject of subsequent studies on landscape dynamics with specific regard to prediction of wildlife distributions associated with fire management and climate change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.02.032","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"White, J., Gutzwiller, K., Barrow, W., Randall, L., and Swint, P., 2008, Modeling mechanisms of vegetation change due to fire in a semi-arid ecosystem: Ecological Modelling, v. 214, no. 2-4, p. 181-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.02.032.","startPage":"181","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.02.032"},{"id":241570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"214","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c09e4b0c8380cd6f9b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutzwiller, K.J.","contributorId":78124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutzwiller","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrow, W.C. 0000-0003-4671-2823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":17322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Randall, L.J.","contributorId":57669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swint, P.","contributorId":37968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swint","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032805,"text":"70032805 - 2008 - Long-term changes in the phosphorus loading to and trophic state of the Salton Sea, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:19:15","indexId":"70032805","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term changes in the phosphorus loading to and trophic state of the Salton Sea, California","docAbstract":"The Salton Sea (Sea) is a eutrophic to hypereutrophic lake characterized by high nutrient concentrations, low water clarity, and high biological productivity. Based on dissolved phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations and N:P ratios, P is typically the limiting nutrient in the Sea and, therefore, should be the primary nutrient of concern when considering management efforts. Flows in the major tributaries to the Sea have been measured since 1965, whereas total P (TP) concentrations were only measured intermittently by various agencies since 1968. These data were used to estimate annual P loading from 1965 to 2002. Annual loads have increased steadily from ???940,000 kg around 1968 to ???1,450,000 kg in 2002 (???55% increase), primarily a result of increased TP concentrations and loads in the New River. Although the eutrophic condition of the Salton Sea is of great concern, only limited nutrient data are available for the Sea. It is difficult to determine whether the eutrophic state of the Sea has degraded or possibly even improved slightly in response to the change in P loading because of variability in the data and changes in the sampling and analytical methodologies. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-008-9312-5","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Schladow, S., and Holdren, G., 2008, Long-term changes in the phosphorus loading to and trophic state of the Salton Sea, California: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, no. 1, p. 21-36, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9312-5.","startPage":"21","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213930,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9312-5"}],"volume":"604","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a497ee4b0c8380cd6865c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holdren, G.C.","contributorId":63630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holdren","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033410,"text":"70033410 - 2008 - Sensitivity of June near‐surface temperatures and precipitation in the eastern United States to historical land cover changes since European settlement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:02:40","indexId":"70033410","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of June near‐surface temperatures and precipitation in the eastern United States to historical land cover changes since European settlement","docAbstract":"Land cover changes alter the near surface weather and climate. Changes in land surface properties such as albedo, roughness length, stomatal resistance, and leaf area index alter the surface energy balance, leading to differences in near surface temperatures. This study utilized a newly developed land cover data set for the eastern United States to examine the influence of historical land cover change on June temperatures and precipitation. The new data set contains representations of the land cover and associated biophysical parameters for 1650, 1850, 1920, and 1992, capturing the clearing of the forest and the expansion of agriculture over the eastern United States from 1650 to the early twentieth century and the subsequent forest regrowth. The data set also includes the inferred distribution of potentially water‐saturated soils at each time slice for use in the sensitivity tests. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, equipped with the Land Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Feedback (LEAF‐2) land surface parameterization, was used to simulate the weather of June 1996 using the 1992, 1920, 1850, and 1650 land cover representations. The results suggest that changes in surface roughness and stomatal resistance have caused present‐day maximum and minimum temperatures in the eastern United States to warm by about 0.3°C and 0.4°C, respectively, when compared to values in 1650. In contrast, the maximum temperatures have remained about the same, while the minimums have cooled by about 0.1°C when compared to 1920. Little change in precipitation was found.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006546","usgsCitation":"Strack, J.E., Pielke, R.A., Steyaert, L.T., and Knox, R.G., 2008, Sensitivity of June near‐surface temperatures and precipitation in the eastern United States to historical land cover changes since European settlement: Water Resources Research, v. 44, no. 11, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006546.","productDescription":"Article W11401; 13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006546","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d27e4b08c986b31829d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strack, John E.","contributorId":41346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strack","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, Roger A. Sr.","contributorId":32762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pielke","given":"Roger","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":440756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, Louis T.","contributorId":24689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knox, Robert G.","contributorId":2767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knox","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033412,"text":"70033412 - 2008 - Updated radiometric calibration for the Landsat-5 thematic mapper reflective bands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:22:26","indexId":"70033412","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Updated radiometric calibration for the Landsat-5 thematic mapper reflective bands","docAbstract":"The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) has been the workhorse of the Landsat system. Launched in 1984, it continues collecting data through the time frame of this paper. Thus, it provides an invaluable link to the past history of the land features of the Earth's surface, and it becomes imperative to provide an accurate radiometric calibration of the reflective bands to the user community. Previous calibration has been based on information obtained from prelaunch, the onboard calibrator, vicarious calibration attempts, and cross-calibration with Landsat-7. Currently, additional data sources are available to improve this calibration. Specifically, improvements in vicarious calibration methods and development of the use of pseudoinvariant sites for trending provide two additional independent calibration sources. The use of these additional estimates has resulted in a consistent calibration approach that ties together all of the available calibration data sources. Results from this analysis indicate a simple exponential, or a constant model may be used for all bands throughout the lifetime of Landsat-5 TM. Where previously time constants for the exponential models were approximately one year, the updated model has significantly longer time constants in bands 1-3. In contrast, bands 4, 5, and 7 are shown to be best modeled by a constant. The models proposed in this paper indicate calibration knowledge of 5% or better early in life, decreasing to nearly 2% later in life. These models have been implemented at the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) and are the default calibration used for all Landsat TM data now distributed through EROS. ?? 2008 IEEE.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2008.920966","issn":"01962","usgsCitation":"Helder, D., Markham, B.L., Thome, K.J., Barsi, J., Chander, G., and Malla, R., 2008, Updated radiometric calibration for the Landsat-5 thematic mapper reflective bands, v. 46, no. 10, p. 3309-3325, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2008.920966.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3309","endPage":"3325","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213228,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2008.920966"}],"volume":"46","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd1be4b08c986b328ecb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Malla, R.","contributorId":9866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malla","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033285,"text":"70033285 - 2008 - Using demography and movement behavior to predict range expansion of the southern sea otter.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T17:36:36","indexId":"70033285","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using demography and movement behavior to predict range expansion of the southern sea otter.","docAbstract":"In addition to forecasting population growth, basic demographic data combined with movement data provide a means for predicting rates of range expansion. Quantitative models of range expansion have rarely been applied to large vertebrates, although such tools could be useful for restoration and management of many threatened but recovering populations. Using the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) as a case study, we utilized integro-difference equations in combination with a stage-structured projection matrix that incorporated spatial variation in dispersal and demography to make forecasts of population recovery and range recolonization. In addition to these basic predictions, we emphasize how to make these modeling predictions useful in a management context through the inclusion of parameter uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Our models resulted in hind-cast (1989–2003) predictions of net population growth and range expansion that closely matched observed patterns. We next made projections of future range expansion and population growth, incorporating uncertainty in all model parameters, and explored the sensitivity of model predictions to variation in spatially explicit survival and dispersal rates. The predicted rate of southward range expansion (median = 5.2 km/yr) was sensitive to both dispersal and survival rates; elasticity analysis indicated that changes in adult survival would have the greatest potential effect on the rate of range expansion, while perturbation analysis showed that variation in subadult dispersal contributed most to variance in model predictions. Variation in survival and dispersal of females at the south end of the range contributed most of the variance in predicted southward range expansion. Our approach provides guidance for the acquisition of further data and a means of forecasting the consequence of specific management actions. Similar methods could aid in the management of other recovering populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"ESA","doi":"10.1890/07-0735.1","usgsCitation":"Tinker, M.T., Doak, D., and Estes, J.A., 2008, Using demography and movement behavior to predict range expansion of the southern sea otter.: Ecological Applications, v. 18, no. 7, p. 1781-1794, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0735.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1781","endPage":"1794","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc043e4b08c986b32a013","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, D.F.","contributorId":39729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031767,"text":"70031767 - 2008 - Regularized joint inverse estimation of extreme rainfall amounts in ungauged coastal basins of El Salvador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70031767","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regularized joint inverse estimation of extreme rainfall amounts in ungauged coastal basins of El Salvador","docAbstract":"A regularized joint inverse procedure is presented and used to estimate the magnitude of extreme rainfall events in ungauged coastal river basins of El Salvador: Paz, Jiboa, Grande de San Miguel, and Goascoran. Since streamflow measurements reflect temporal and spatial rainfall information, peak-flow discharge is hypothesized to represent a similarity measure suitable for regionalization. To test this hypothesis, peak-flow discharge values determined from streamflow recurrence information (10-year, 25-year, and 100-year) collected outside the study basins are used to develop regional (country-wide) regression equations. Peak-flow discharge derived from these equations together with preferred spatial parameter relations as soft prior information are used to constrain the simultaneous calibration of 20 tributary basin models. The nonlinear range of uncertainty in estimated parameter values (1 curve number and 3 recurrent rainfall amounts for each model) is determined using an inverse calibration-constrained Monte Carlo approach. Cumulative probability distributions for rainfall amounts indicate differences among basins for a given return period and an increase in magnitude and range among basins with increasing return interval. Comparison of the estimated median rainfall amounts for all return periods were reasonable but larger (3.2-26%) than rainfall estimates computed using the frequency-duration (traditional) approach and individual rain gauge data. The observed 25-year recurrence rainfall amount at La Hachadura in the Paz River basin during Hurricane Mitch (1998) is similar in value to, but outside and slightly less than, the estimated rainfall confidence limits. The similarity in joint inverse and traditionally computed rainfall events, however, suggests that the rainfall observation may likely be due to under-catch and not model bias. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11069-007-9179-1","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"Friedel, M., 2008, Regularized joint inverse estimation of extreme rainfall amounts in ungauged coastal basins of El Salvador: Natural Hazards, v. 46, no. 1, p. 15-34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007-9179-1.","startPage":"15","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212609,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007-9179-1"},{"id":240121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a5d5e4b0e8fec6cdc023","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedel, M.J.","contributorId":90823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70031928,"text":"70031928 - 2008 - Efficacy of algal metrics for assessing nutrient and organic enrichment in flowing waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T13:21:07","indexId":"70031928","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of algal metrics for assessing nutrient and organic enrichment in flowing waters","docAbstract":"1. Algal-community metrics were calculated for periphyton samples collected from 976 streams and rivers by the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Programme during 1993–2001 to evaluate national and regional relations with water chemistry and to compare whether algal-metric values differ significantly among undeveloped and developed land-use classifications.
\n2. Algal metrics with significant positive correlations with nutrient concentrations included indicators of trophic condition, organic enrichment, salinity, motility and taxa richness. The relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing algae was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentrations, and the abundance of diatom species associated with high dissolved oxygen concentrations was negatively correlated with both nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Median algal-metric values and nutrient concentrations were significantly lower at undeveloped sites than those draining agricultural or urban catchments.
\n3. Total algal biovolume did not differ significantly among major river catchments or land-use classifications, and was only weakly correlated with nitrate (positive) and suspended-sediment (negative) concentrations. Estimates of periphyton chlorophyll a indicated an oligotrophic–mesotrophic boundary of about 21 mg m−2 and a mesotrophic–eutrophic boundary of about 55 mg m−2 based on upper and lower quartiles of the biovolume data distribution.
\n4. Although algal species tolerance to nutrient and organic enrichment is well documented, additional taxonomic and autecological research on sensitive, endemic algal species would further enhance water-quality assessments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01951.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Porter, S.D., Mueller, D., Spahr, N., Munn, M., and Dubrovsky, N., 2008, Efficacy of algal metrics for assessing nutrient and organic enrichment in flowing waters: Freshwater Biology, v. 53, no. 5, p. 1036-1054, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01951.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1036","endPage":"1054","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214840,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01951.x"}],"volume":"53","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0856e4b0c8380cd51aa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, S. D.","contributorId":8882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, D. K.","contributorId":93525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munn, M.D.","contributorId":77908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dubrovsky, N. M.","contributorId":48199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"N. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033290,"text":"70033290 - 2008 - Building hierarchical models of avian distributions for the State of Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033290","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Building hierarchical models of avian distributions for the State of Georgia","docAbstract":"To predict the distributions of breeding birds in the state of Georgia, USA, we built hierarchical models consisting of 4 levels of nested mapping units of decreasing area: 90,000 ha, 3,600 ha, 144 ha, and 5.76 ha. We used the Partners in Flight database of point counts to generate presence and absence data at locations across the state of Georgia for 9 avian species: Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), brownheaded nuthatch (Sitta pusilla), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyxus americanus), white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus), and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). At each location, we estimated hierarchical-level-specific habitat measurements using the Georgia GAP Analysis18 class land cover and other Geographic Information System sources. We created candidate, species-specific occupancy models based on previously reported relationships, and fit these using Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures implemented in OpenBugs. We then created a confidence model set for each species based on Akaike's Information Criterion. We found hierarchical habitat relationships for all species. Three-fold cross-validation estimates of model accuracy indicated an average overall correct classification rate of 60.5%. Comparisons with existing Georgia GAP Analysis models indicated that our models were more accurate overall. Our results provide guidance to wildlife scientists and managers seeking predict avian occurrence as a function of local and landscape-level habitat attributes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2006-098","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Howell, J., Peterson, J., and Conroy, M., 2008, Building hierarchical models of avian distributions for the State of Georgia: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 1, p. 168-178, https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-098.","startPage":"168","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213135,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-098"},{"id":240728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2a8e4b0c8380cd4b29b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howell, J.E.","contributorId":28694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, J.T.","contributorId":30170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033413,"text":"70033413 - 2008 - A study of methods to estimate debris flow velocity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033413","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of methods to estimate debris flow velocity","docAbstract":"Debris flow velocities are commonly back-calculated from superelevation events which require subjective estimates of radii of curvature of bends in the debris flow channel or predicted using flow equations that require the selection of appropriate rheological models and material property inputs. This research investigated difficulties associated with the use of these conventional velocity estimation methods. Radii of curvature estimates were found to vary with the extent of the channel investigated and with the scale of the media used, and back-calculated velocities varied among different investigated locations along a channel. Distinct populations of Bingham properties were found to exist between those measured by laboratory tests and those back-calculated from field data; thus, laboratory-obtained values would not be representative of field-scale debris flow behavior. To avoid these difficulties with conventional methods, a new preliminary velocity estimation method is presented that statistically relates flow velocity to the channel slope and the flow depth. This method presents ranges of reasonable velocity predictions based on 30 previously measured velocities. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10346-008-0137-0","issn":"16125","usgsCitation":"Prochaska, A., Santi, P., Higgins, J., and Cannon, S., 2008, A study of methods to estimate debris flow velocity: Landslides, v. 5, no. 4, p. 431-444, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-008-0137-0.","startPage":"431","endPage":"444","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213258,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-008-0137-0"},{"id":240865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5bfe4b0c8380cd46f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prochaska, A.B.","contributorId":80493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prochaska","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santi, P.M.","contributorId":82927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santi","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higgins, J.D.","contributorId":37154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}