Habitat in open water is not simply a 2-D to 2.5-D surface such as the ocean bottom or the air-water interface. Rather, pelagic habitat is a 3-D volume of water that can change over time, leading us to the term habitat space. Visualization and analysis in 2-D is well supported with GIS tools, but a new tool was needed for visualization and analysis in four dimensions. Observational data (cruise profiles (x<sub>o</sub>, y<sub>o</sub>, z, t<sub>o</sub>)), numerical circulation model fields (x,y,z,t), and trajectories (larval fish, 4-D line) need to be merged together in a meaningful way for visualization and analysis. As a first step toward this new framework, UNIDATA’s Integrated Data Viewer (IDV) has been used to create a set of tools for habitat analysis in 4-D. IDV was designed for 3-D+time geospatial data in the meteorological community. NetCDF Java<sup>TM</sup> libraries allow the tool to read many file formats including remotely located data (e.g. data available via OPeNDAP ). With this project, IDV has been adapted for use in delineating habitat space for multiple fish species in the ocean. The ability to define and visualize boundaries of a water mass, which meets specific biologically relevant criteria (e.g., volume, connectedness, and inter-annual variability) based on model results and observational data, will allow managers to investigate the survival of individual year classes of commercially important fisheries. Better understanding of the survival of these year classes will lead to improved forecasting of fisheries recruitment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine and coastal modeling : proceedings of the eleventh international conference, November 4-6, 2009, Seattle, Washington","conferenceTitle":"11th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","conferenceDate":"November 4-6, 2009","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, Washington","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/41121(388)12","usgsCitation":"Beegle-Krause, C.J., Vance, T., Reusser, D., Stuebe, D., and Howlett, E., 2009, Pelagic habitat visualization: the need for a third (and fourth) dimension: HabitatSpace, in Estuarine and coastal modeling : proceedings of the eleventh international conference, November 4-6, 2009, Seattle, Washington, Seattle, Washington, November 4-6, 2009, p. 187-200, https://doi.org/10.1061/41121(388)12.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"200","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-020591","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560a64dae4b058f706e536e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beegle-Krause, C J J","contributorId":116322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beegle-Krause","given":"C","suffix":"J","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vance, Tiffany","contributorId":148043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vance","given":"Tiffany","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reusser, Debbie","contributorId":148044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reusser","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuebe, David","contributorId":148045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stuebe","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howlett, Eoin","contributorId":148046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howlett","given":"Eoin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97970,"text":"ofr20091237 - 2009 - Application of the multi-dimensional surface water modeling system at Bridge 339, Copper River Highway, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-23T10:31:28","indexId":"ofr20091237","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1237","title":"Application of the multi-dimensional surface water modeling system at Bridge 339, Copper River Highway, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Copper River Basin, the sixth largest watershed in Alaska, drains an area of 24,200 square miles. This large, glacier-fed river flows across a wide alluvial fan before it enters the Gulf of Alaska. Bridges along the Copper River Highway, which traverses the alluvial fan, have been impacted by channel migration. Due to a major channel change in 2001, Bridge 339 at Mile 36 of the highway has undergone excessive scour, resulting in damage to its abutments and approaches. During the snow- and ice-melt runoff season, which typically extends from mid-May to September, the design discharge for the bridge often is exceeded. The approach channel shifts continuously, and during our study it has shifted back and forth from the left bank to a course along the right bank nearly parallel to the road.
Maintenance at Bridge 339 has been costly and will continue to be so if no action is taken. Possible solutions to the scour and erosion problem include (1) constructing a guide bank to redirect flow, (2) dredging approximately 1,000 feet of channel above the bridge to align flow perpendicular to the bridge, and (3) extending the bridge. The USGS Multi-Dimensional Surface Water Modeling System (MD_SWMS) was used to assess these possible solutions. The major limitation of modeling these scenarios was the inability to predict ongoing channel migration. We used a hybrid dataset of surveyed and synthetic bathymetry in the approach channel, which provided the best approximation of this dynamic system. Under existing conditions and at the highest measured discharge and stage of 32,500 ft3/s and 51.08 ft, respectively, the velocities and shear stresses simulated by MD_SWMS indicate scour and erosion will continue. Construction of a 250-foot-long guide bank would not improve conditions because it is not long enough. Dredging a channel upstream of Bridge 339 would help align the flow perpendicular to Bridge 339, but because of the mobility of the channel bed, the dredged channel would likely fill in during high flows. Extending Bridge 339 would accommodate higher discharges and re-align flow to the bridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., and Conaway, J.S., 2009, Application of the multi-dimensional surface water modeling system at Bridge 339, Copper River Highway, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1237, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091237.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1237.jpg"},{"id":353646,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1237/pdf/ofr20091237.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13148,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1237/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -145.25,61 ], [ -145.25,60.75 ], [ -144.25,60.75 ], [ -144.25,61 ], [ -145.25,61 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a99f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97964,"text":"sim3065 - 2009 - Geologic map of northeastern Seattle (part of the Seattle North 7.5' x 15' quadrangle), King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T20:33:31.031542","indexId":"sim3065","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3065","title":"Geologic map of northeastern Seattle (part of the Seattle North 7.5' x 15' quadrangle), King County, Washington","docAbstract":"This geologic map, approximately coincident with the east half of the Seattle North 7.5 x 15’ quadrangle (herein, informally called the “Seattle NE map”), covers nearly half of the City of Seattle and reaches from Lake Washington across to the Puget Sound shoreline. Land uses are mainly residential, but extensive commercial districts are located in the Northgate neighborhood, adjacent to the University of Washington, and along the corridors of Aurora Avenue North and Lake City Way. Industrial activity is concentrated along the Lake Washington Ship Canal and around Lake Union. One small piece of land outside of the quadrangle boundaries, at the west edge of the Bellevue North quadrangle, is included on this map for geographic continuity. Conversely, a small area in the northeast corner of the Seattle North quadrangle, on the eastside of Lake Washington, is excluded from this map.
Within the boundaries of the map area are two large urban lakes, including the most heavily visited park in the State of Washington (Green Lake Park); a stream (Thornton Creek) that still hosts anadromous salmon despite having its headwaters in a golfcourse and a shopping center; parts of three cities, with a combined residential population of about 300,000 people; and the region’s premier research institution, the University of Washington. The north boundary of the map is roughly NE 168th Street in the cities of Shoreline and Lake Forest Park, and the south boundary corresponds to Mercer Street in Seattle. The west boundary is 15th Avenue W (and NW), and the east boundary is formed by Lake Washington. Elevations range from sea level to a maximum of 165 m (541 ft), the latter on a broad till-covered knob in the city of Shoreline near the northwest corner of the map. Previous geologic maps of this area include those of Waldron and others (1962), Galster and Laprade (1991), and Yount and others (1993).
Seattle lies within the Puget Lowland, an elongate structural and topographic basin between the Cascade Range and Olympic Mountains. The Seattle area has been glaciated repeatedly during the past two million years by coalescing glaciers that advanced southward from British Columbia. The landscape we see today was molded by cyclic glacial scouring and deposition and later modified by landsliding and stream erosion. The last ice sheet reached the central Puget Sound region about 14,500 years ago, as measured by 14C dating, and it had retreated from this area by 13,650 14C yr B.P. (equivalent calendar years are about 17,600 and 16,600 years ago; Porter and Swanson, 1998). Seattle now sits atop a complex and incomplete succession of interleaved glacial and nonglacial deposits that overlie an irregular bedrock surface. These glacial and nonglacial deposits vary laterally in both texture and thickness, and they contain many local unconformities. In addition, they have been deformed by faults and folds, at least as recently as 1,100 years ago, and this deformation further complicates the geologic record.
The landforms and near-surface deposits that cover much of the Seattle NE map area record a relatively brief, recent interval of the region’s geologic history. The topography is dominated in the north by a broad, fluted, and south-sloping upland plateau, which gives way to a more complex set of elongated hills in the map’s southern half. The valleys of Pipers Creek, Green Lake, and Thornton Creek mark the transition between these two topographic areas. Most of the uplands are mantled by a rolling surface of sand (unit Qva) and till (unit Qvt) deposited during the last occupation of the Puget Lowland by a continental ice sheet. Beneath these ice sheet deposits is a complex succession of older sediments that extends far below sea level across most of the map area. These older sediments are now locally exposed where modern erosion and landslides have sliced through the edge of the upland, and where subglacial processes apparently left these older sediments largely free of overlying sediments. Lack of overlying sediments is particularly evident on the hillslopes above Thornton Creek, adjacent to Lake Washington, and on the flanks of Capitol Hill.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3065","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Seattle and the Pacific Northwest Center for Geologic Mapping Studies at the Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington","usgsCitation":"Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., and Shimel, S.A., 2009, Geologic map of northeastern Seattle (part of the Seattle North 7.5' x 15' quadrangle), King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3065, 1 Plate: 42.00 × 70.32 inches; Metadata; GIS Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3065.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 42.00 × 70.32 inches; Metadata; GIS Data Files","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3065.jpg"},{"id":13141,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3065/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":398784,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87554.htm"}],"scale":"12000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3833,\n 47.625\n ],\n [\n -122.2433,\n 47.625\n ],\n [\n -122.2433,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -122.3833,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -122.3833,\n 47.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, Derek B.","contributorId":100873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":303732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troost, Kathy Goetz","contributorId":35023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troost","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Goetz","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shimel, Scott A.","contributorId":25252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97965,"text":"sir20095135 - 2009 - Statistical Summaries of Streamflow in and near Oklahoma Through 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"sir20095135","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5135","title":"Statistical Summaries of Streamflow in and near Oklahoma Through 2007","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow records through 2007 for gaging stations in Oklahoma and parts of adjacent states are presented for 238 stations with at least 10 years of streamflow record. Streamflow at 120 of the stations is regulated for specific periods. Data for these periods were analyzed separately to account for changes in streamflow because of regulation by dams or other human modification of streamflow. A brief description of the location, drainage area, and period of record is given for each gaging station. A brief regulation history also is given for stations with a regulated streamflow record. This descriptive information is followed by tables of mean and median monthly and annual discharges, magnitude and probability of exceedance of annual instantaneous peak flows, durations of daily mean flow, magnitude and probability of nonexceedance of annual low flows, and magnitude and probability of nonexceedance of seasonal low flows.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Lewis, J.M., and Esralew, R.A., 2009, Statistical Summaries of Streamflow in and near Oklahoma Through 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5135, iv, 634 p. (with tables), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095135.","productDescription":"iv, 634 p. (with tables)","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5135.jpg"},{"id":13143,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103,33.5 ], [ -103,37 ], [ -94,37 ], [ -94,33.5 ], [ -103,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e308f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Jason M. 0000-0001-5337-1890 jmlewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1890","contributorId":3854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Jason","email":"jmlewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esralew, Rachel A.","contributorId":104862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97967,"text":"ofr20091208 - 2009 - Changes in Species, Areal Cover, and Production of Moss across a Fire Chronosequence in Interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr20091208","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1208","title":"Changes in Species, Areal Cover, and Production of Moss across a Fire Chronosequence in Interior Alaska","docAbstract":"In an effort to characterize the species and production rates of various upland mosses and their relationship to both site drainage and time since fire, annual net primary production of six common moss species was measured. Several stands located near Delta Junction, interior Alaska, were located. These stands ranged from one to 116 years since fire in well-drained (dry) and moderately to somewhat poorly drained (wet) black spruce (Picea mariana)-feathermoss systems. Moss species composition varied greatly during the fire cycle, with Ceratodon purpureus dominating the earliest years after a fire, Aulacomnium palustre dominating the transitional and older stages, and Hylocomium splendens dominating the oldest, mature sites. Polytrichum spp. was found at all sites. Average moss cover ranged from <10 percent in the youngest sites to almost 90 percent in the mature sites. Species from the genus Polytrichum were the most productive and contributed up to 30 g m2 of organic matter in one growing season. Least productive was Rhytidium rugosum, which contributed about 1.5 g m2 of organic matter in mature stands. Recovery of moss productivity after fire was not significantly different for wet and dry sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091208","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., Munster, J., Manies, K., Mack, M., and Bubier, J., 2009, Changes in Species, Areal Cover, and Production of Moss across a Fire Chronosequence in Interior Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1208, Report: v, 22 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091208.","productDescription":"Report: v, 22 p.; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1208.jpg"},{"id":13145,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1208/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -146,63.75 ], [ -146,64.08333333333333 ], [ -144.83333333333334,64.08333333333333 ], [ -144.83333333333334,63.75 ], [ -146,63.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6dd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munster, J.","contributorId":14071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munster","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manies, K.L.","contributorId":23228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mack, M.C.","contributorId":87238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bubier, J. L.","contributorId":91197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bubier","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70074801,"text":"70074801 - 2009 - Inversion of multichannel geophysical data with projected kernels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:46:19","indexId":"70074801","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Inversion of multichannel geophysical data with projected kernels","docAbstract":"Statistical de‐noising methods such as Principal Component Analysis modify data in a way not constrained by physics. In much the same way as frequency‐filtered data must incorporate altered frequency content into numerical interpretation, so must statistically rotated data include the rotation operator in inversion processes. We propose a method of accounting for statistical reduction of data in non‐linear inversions (such as for electromagnetic data) through an incorporation of the rotation operator into the kernels and sensitivity matrix. We show a generalized linear inversion to demonstrate the necessity of rotating the inversion kernels in this abstract and will present a nonlinear parametric example from an unexploded ordnance application.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"SEG technical program expanded abstracts 2009","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"SEG Houston 2009 International Exposition and Annual Meeting ","conferenceDate":"October 25-30, 2009","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.3255124","usgsCitation":"Kass, M.A., Irons, T.P., and Li, Y., 2009, Inversion of multichannel geophysical data with projected kernels, in SEG technical program expanded abstracts 2009, Houston, TX, October 25-30, 2009, p. 1459-1463, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3255124.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1459","endPage":"1463","ipdsId":"IP-037416","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cac2e4b034bf6a7f765b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kass, M. Andy","contributorId":103593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kass","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Andy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irons, Trevor P. tirons@usgs.gov","contributorId":4851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"Trevor","email":"tirons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":740759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, Yaoguo","contributorId":80184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Yaoguo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199497,"text":"70199497 - 2009 - Development of an objective‐oriented groundwater model for conjunctive‐use planning of surface water and groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T13:28:11","indexId":"70199497","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-01T13:26:55","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of an objective‐oriented groundwater model for conjunctive‐use planning of surface water and groundwater","docAbstract":"In this paper we construct an objective‐oriented model for conjunctive‐use planning of surface water and groundwater for the Warren groundwater basin in southern California. The goal of conjunctive‐use planning is to decrease high‐nitrate concentration while maintaining groundwater levels at desired elevations and meeting water demand. We formulate a management problem that minimizes the total cost over the proper choices of the time‐varying pumping and recharge rates at prespecified wells and surface ponds. To make the solution of the management problem reliable, we must have an accurate simulation model to predict groundwater level and nitrate concentration distributions under different management alternatives. The objective‐oriented model construction approach seeks a representative parameter that has the simplest structure and requires the minimum data for identification but can produce reliable results for a given model application. With the data from the Warren groundwater basin, we show how to incorporate management objectives into the construction of an objective‐oriented model, identify the parameter structure and its corresponding parameter values, solve the generalized inverse problem effectively by finding the worst‐case parameter (WCP), evaluate the sufficiency of existing data, and find a robust experiment design when the existing data are insufficient. Results of this case study show that the presented methodology is useful in practice because (1) data sufficiency can be judged before conducting actual field experiments and (2) the identified WCP drastically reduces the computation time for constructing an objective‐oriented model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006662","usgsCitation":"Chiu, Y., Sun, N., Nishikawa, T., and Yeh, W.W., 2009, Development of an objective‐oriented groundwater model for conjunctive‐use planning of surface water and groundwater: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 12, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006662.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357495,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Warren groundwater basin","volume":"45","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cac3e4b034bf6a7f765d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiu, Yung-Chia","contributorId":103134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiu","given":"Yung-Chia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sun, Ne-Zheng","contributorId":208008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Ne-Zheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yeh, William W.-G.","contributorId":89344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yeh","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.-G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148190,"text":"70148190 - 2009 - Distribution and habitat use of king rails in the Illinois and Upper Mississippi River valleys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T09:54:10","indexId":"70148190","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and habitat use of king rails in the Illinois and Upper Mississippi River valleys","docAbstract":"The migratory population of the king rail (Rallus elegans) has declined dramatically during the past 40 years, emphasizing the need to identify habitat requirements of this species to help guide conservation efforts. To assess distribution and habitat use of king rails along the Illinois and Upper Mississippi valleys, USA, we conducted repeated call-broadcast surveys at 83 locations in 2006 and 114 locations in 2007 distributed among 21 study sites. We detected king rails at 12 survey locations in 2006 and 14 locations in 2007, illustrating the limited distribution of king rails in this region. We found king rails concentrated at Clarence Cannon National Wildlife Refuge, an adjacent private Wetlands Reserve program site, and B. K. Leach Conservation Area, which were located in the Mississippi River floodplain in northeast Missouri. Using Program PRESENCE, we estimated detection probabilities and built models to identify habitat covariates that were important in king rail site occupancy. Habitat covariates included percentage of cover by tall (> 1 m) and short (<= 1 m) emergent vegetation, percentage of cover of woody vegetation, and interspersion of water and vegetation ( 2007 only) within 50 m of the survey location. Detection probability was 0.43 (SE = 0.12) in 2006 and 0.35 (SE = 0.03) in 2007 and was influenced by observer identity and percentage of cover by tall herbaceous vegetation. Site occupancy was 0.11 (SE = 0.04) in 2006 and 0.14 (SE = 0.04) in 2007 and was negatively influenced most by percentage of cover by woody vegetation. In addition, we found that interspersion of vegetation and water was positively related to occupancy in 2007. Thus, nesting king rails used wetlands that were characterized by high water-vegetation interspersion and little or no cover by woody vegetation. Our results suggest that biologists can improve king rail habitat by implementing management techniques that reduce woody cover and increase vegetation-water interspersion in wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2193/2008-561","usgsCitation":"Darrah, A.J., and Krementz, D.G., 2009, Distribution and habitat use of king rails in the Illinois and Upper Mississippi River valleys: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 8, p. 1380-1386, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-561.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1380","endPage":"1386","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010305","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300770,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55659938e4b0d9246a9eb616","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darrah, Abigail J. adarrah@usgs.gov","contributorId":5883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darrah","given":"Abigail","email":"adarrah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":547579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krementz, David G. 0000-0002-5661-4541 dkrementz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-4541","contributorId":2827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"David","email":"dkrementz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148711,"text":"70148711 - 2009 - Shifts in the trophic base of intermittent stream food webs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T09:48:36","indexId":"70148711","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shifts in the trophic base of intermittent stream food webs","docAbstract":"Understanding spatial and temporal variation in the trophic base of stream food webs is critical for predicting population and community stability, and ecosystem function. We used stable isotope ratios (13C/12C, and 15N/14N) to characterize the trophic base of two streams in the Ozark Mountains of northwest Arkansas, U.S.A. We predicted that autochthonous resources would be more important during the spring and summer and allochthonous resources would be more important in the winter due to increased detritus inputs from the riparian zone during autumn leaf drop. We predicted that stream communities would demonstrate increased reliance on autochthonous resources at sites with larger watersheds and greater canopy openness. The study was conducted at three low-order sites in the Mulberry River Drainage (watershed area range: 81-232 km2) seasonally in 2006 and 2007. We used circular statistics to examine community-wide shifts in isotope space among fish and invertebrate consumers in relation to basal resources, including detritus and periphyton. Mixing models were used to quantify the relative contribution of autochthonous and allochthonous energy sources to individual invertebrate consumers. Significant isotopic shifts occurred but results varied by season and site indicating substantial variation in the trophic base of stream food webs. In terms of temporal variation, consumers shifted toward periphyton in the summer during periods of low discharge, but results varied during the interval between summer and winter. Our results did not demonstrate increased reliance on periphyton with increasing watershed area or canopy openness, and detritus was important at all the sites. In our study, riffle-pool geomorphology likely disrupted the expected spatial pattern and stream drying likely impacted the availability and distribution of basal resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/s10750-009-9919-1","collaboration":"University of Arkansas; Arkansas Game and Fish Commission; Wildlife Management Institute","usgsCitation":"Dekar, M.P., Magoulick, D.D., and Huxel, G., 2009, Shifts in the trophic base of intermittent stream food webs: Hydrobiologia, v. 635, no. 1, p. 263-277, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9919-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-012239","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"635","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558931d8e4b0b6d21dd61c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dekar, Matthew P.","contributorId":139245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dekar","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":549259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magoulick, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9665-5957 danmag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-5957","contributorId":2513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoulick","given":"Daniel","email":"danmag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":549078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huxel, G.R.","contributorId":35207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huxel","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043985,"text":"70043985 - 2009 - Reassessment of the predatory effects of rainbow smelt on ciscoes in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-07T15:45:35.509433","indexId":"70043985","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reassessment of the predatory effects of rainbow smelt on ciscoes in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Evidence from small lakes suggests that predation on larval ciscoes Coregonus artedi by nonnative rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax can lead to cisco suppression or extirpation. However, evidence from larger lakes has led to equivocal conclusions. In this study, we examine the potential predation effects of rainbow smelt in two adjacent but contrasting embayments in Lake Superior (Thunder and Black bays, Ontario). During May 2006, we sampled the ichthyoplankton, pelagic fish communities, and diet composition of rainbow smelt in both bays. Using acoustics and midwater trawling, we estimated rainbow smelt densities to be 476 ± 34/ha (mean ± SE) in Thunder Bay and 3,435 ± 460/ha in Black Bay. We used a bioenergetics model to estimate the proportion of cisco larvae consumed by rainbow smelt. Our results suggest that predation by rainbow smelt accounts for 15–52% and 37–100% of the mortality of larval ciscoes in Thunder and Black bays, respectively, depending on the predator feeding rate and the scale of predator–prey overlap. We also examined the sensitivity of past conclusions (based on 1974 field collections) to assumptions of temporal overlap between rainbow smelt and larval ciscoes and estimates of rainbow smelt abundance derived from bottom trawl samples. After adjusting these parameters to reflect current understanding, we found that the previous predation estimates may have been conservative. We conclude that rainbow smelt may have been a more important contributor to the demise and slow recovery of ciscoes in Lake Superior than previously thought.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/T08-131.1","usgsCitation":"Myers, J., Jones, M., Stockwell, J.D., and Yule, D., 2009, Reassessment of the predatory effects of rainbow smelt on ciscoes in Lake Superior: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 138, no. 6, p. 1352-1368, https://doi.org/10.1577/T08-131.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1352","endPage":"1368","ipdsId":"IP-007124","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T08-131.1"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.1782,46.3645 ], [ -92.1782,49.0761 ], [ -84.3098,49.0761 ], [ -84.3098,46.3645 ], [ -92.1782,46.3645 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"138","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5142f180e4b073a963ff65e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, Jared T. 0009-0004-9362-8792","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9362-8792","contributorId":44055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Jared T.","affiliations":[{"id":6596,"text":"Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stockwell, Jason D. 0000-0003-3393-6799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-6799","contributorId":61004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stockwell","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yule, Daniel L.","contributorId":92130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yule","given":"Daniel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044695,"text":"70044695 - 2009 - Hydrothermal processes above the Yellowstone magma chamber: Large hydrothermal systems and large hydrothermal explosions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-12T18:16:31.066491","indexId":"70044695","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal processes above the Yellowstone magma chamber: Large hydrothermal systems and large hydrothermal explosions","docAbstract":"Hydrothermal explosions are violent and dramatic events resulting in the rapid ejection of boiling water, steam, mud, and rock fragments from source craters that range from a few meters up to more than 2 km in diameter; associated breccia can be emplaced as much as 3 to 4 km from the largest craters. Hydrothermal explosions occur where shallow interconnected reservoirs of steam- and liquid-saturated fluids with temperatures at or near the boiling curve underlie thermal fields. Sudden reduction in confining pressure causes fluids to flash to steam, resulting in significant expansion, rock fragmentation, and debris ejection.
In Yellowstone, hydrothermal explosions are a potentially significant hazard for visitors and facilities and can damage or even destroy thermal features. The breccia deposits and associated craters formed from hydrothermal explosions are mapped as mostly Holocene (the Mary Bay deposit is older) units throughout Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and are spatially related to within the 0.64-Ma Yellowstone caldera and along the active Norris-Mammoth tectonic corridor.
In Yellowstone, at least 20 large (>100 m in diameter) hydrothermal explosion craters have been identified; the scale of the individual associated events dwarfs similar features in geothermal areas elsewhere in the world. Large hydrothermal explosions in Yellowstone have occurred over the past 16 ka averaging ~1 every 700 yr; similar events are likely in the future. Our studies of large hydrothermal explosion events indicate: (1) none are directly associated with eruptive volcanic or shallow intrusive events; (2) several historical explosions have been triggered by seismic events; (3) lithic clasts and comingled matrix material that form hydrothermal explosion deposits are extensively altered, indicating that explosions occur in areas subjected to intense hydrothermal processes; (4) many lithic clasts contained in explosion breccia deposits preserve evidence of repeated fracturing and vein-filling; and (5) areal dimensions of many large hydrothermal explosion craters in Yellowstone are similar to those of its active geyser basins and thermal areas. For Yellowstone, our knowledge of hydrothermal craters and ejecta is generally limited to after the Yellowstone Plateau emerged from beneath a late Pleistocene icecap that was roughly a kilometer thick. Large hydrothermal explosions may have occurred earlier as indicated by multiple episodes of cementation and brecciation commonly observed in hydrothermal ejecta clasts.
Critical components for large, explosive hydrothermal systems include a water-saturated system at or near boiling temperatures and an interconnected system of well-developed joints and fractures along which hydrothermal fluids flow. Active deformation of the Yellowstone caldera, active faulting and moderate local seismicity, high heat flow, rapid changes in climate, and regional stresses are factors that have strong influences on the type of hydrothermal system developed. Ascending hydrothermal fluids flow along fractures that have developed in response to active caldera deformation and along edges of low-permeability rhyolitic lava flows. Alteration of the area affected, self-sealing leading to development of a caprock for the hydrothermal system, and dissolution of silica-rich rocks are additional factors that may constrain the distribution and development of hydrothermal fields. A partial low-permeability layer that acts as a cap to the hydrothermal system may produce some over-pressurization, thought to be small in most systems. Any abrupt drop in pressure initiates steam flashing and is rapidly transmitted through interconnected fractures that result in a series of multiple large-scale explosions contributing to the excavation of a larger explosion crater. Similarities between the size and dimensions of large hydrothermal explosion craters and thermal fields in Yellowstone may indicate that catastrophic events which result in large hydrothermal explosions are an end phase in geyser basin evolution.
The Mary Bay hydrothermal explosion crater complex is the largest such complex in Yellowstone, and possibly in the world, with a diameter of 2.8 km in length and 2.4 km in width. It is nested in Mary Bay in the northern basin of Yellowstone Lake, an area of high heat flow and active deformation within the Yellowstone caldera. A sedimentary sequence exposed in wave-cut cliffs between Storm Point and Mary Bay gives insight into the geologic history of the Mary Bay hydrothermal explosion event. The Mary Bay explosion breccia deposits overlie sand above varved lake sediments and are separated locally into an upper and lower unit. The sand unit contains numerous small normal faults and is coextensive with the Mary Bay breccia in its northern extent. This sand may represent deposits of an earthquake-generated wave. Seismicity associated with the earthquake may have triggered the hydrothermal explosion responsible for development of the Mary Bay crater complex. Large hydrothermal explosions are rare events on a human time scale; however, the potential for additional future events of the sort in Yellowstone National Park is not insignificant. Based on the occurrence of large hydrothermal explosion events over the past 16,000 yr, an explosion large enough to create a 100-m-wide crater might be expected every 200 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2459(01)","usgsCitation":"Morgan, L.A., Shanks, P., and Pierce, K.L., 2009, Hydrothermal processes above the Yellowstone magma chamber: Large hydrothermal systems and large hydrothermal explosions: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 459, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2459(01).","productDescription":"95 p.","ipdsId":"IP-011176","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.775146484375,\n 44.55622782328973\n ],\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 44.55622782328973\n ],\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 44.698921513917945\n ],\n [\n -110.775146484375,\n 44.698921513917945\n ],\n [\n -110.775146484375,\n 44.55622782328973\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"459","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5165386be4b077fa94dadfae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, Lisa A.","contributorId":66300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanks, Pat","contributorId":60514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Pat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179510,"text":"70179510 - 2009 - Ecological factors influencing nest survival of greater sage-grouse in Mono County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T10:45:15","indexId":"70179510","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological factors influencing nest survival of greater sage-grouse in Mono County, California","docAbstract":"We studied nest survival of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in 5 subareas of Mono County, California, USA, from 2003 to 2005 to 1) evaluate the importance of key vegetation variables for nest success, and 2) to compare nest success in this population with other greater sage-grouse populations. We captured and radiotracked females (n = 72) to identify nest sites and monitor nest survival. We measured vegetation at nest sites and within a 10-m radius around each nest to evaluate possible vegetation factors influencing nest survival. We estimated daily nest survival and the effect of explanatory variables on daily nest survival using nest-survival models in Program MARK. We assessed effects on daily nest survival of total, sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and nonsagebrush live shrub-cover, Robel visual obstruction, the mean of grass residual height and grass residual cover measurements within 10 m of the nest shrub, and area of the shrub, shrub height, and shrub type at the nest site itself. Assuming a 38-day exposure period, we estimated nest survival at 43.4%, with percent cover of shrubs other than sagebrush as the variable most related to nest survival. Nest survival increased with increasing cover of shrubs other than sagebrush. Also, daily nest survival decreased with nest age, and there was considerable variation in nest survival among the 5 subareas. Our results indicate that greater shrub cover and a diversity of shrub species within sagebrush habitats may be more important to sage-grouse nest success in Mono County than has been reported elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/2008-339","usgsCitation":"Kolada, E.J., Casazza, M.L., and Sedinger, J.S., 2009, Ecological factors influencing nest survival of greater sage-grouse in Mono County, California: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 8, p. 1341-1347, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-339.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1341","endPage":"1347","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono 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Eric J.","contributorId":76840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolada","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97959,"text":"ofr20091192 - 2009 - Relations between environmental and water-quality variables and Escherichia coli in the Cuyahoga River with emphasis on turbidity as a predictor of recreational water quality, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-09T18:18:33.502837","indexId":"ofr20091192","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1192","displayTitle":"Relations Between Environmental and Water-Quality Variables and Escherichia coli in the Cuyahoga River With Emphasis on Turbidity as a Predictor of Recreational Water Quality, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, 2008","title":"Relations between environmental and water-quality variables and Escherichia coli in the Cuyahoga River with emphasis on turbidity as a predictor of recreational water quality, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, 2008","docAbstract":"During the recreational season of 2008 (May through August), a regression model relating turbidity to concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used to predict recreational water quality in the Cuyahoga River at the historical community of Jaite, within the present city of Brecksville, Ohio, a site centrally located within Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Samples were collected three days per week at Jaite and at three other sites on the river. Concentrations of E. coli were determined and compared to environmental and water-quality measures and to concentrations predicted with a regression model. Linear relations between E. coli concentrations and turbidity, gage height, and rainfall were statistically significant for Jaite. Relations between E. coli concentrations and turbidity were statistically significant for the three additional sites, and relations between E. coli concentrations and gage height were significant at the two sites where gage-height data were available. The turbidity model correctly predicted concentrations of E. coli above or below Ohio’s single-sample standard for primary-contact recreation for 77 percent of samples collected at Jaite.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Cuyahoga Valley National Park and the Ohio Lake Erie Commission","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., and Plona, M.B., 2009, Relations between environmental and water-quality variables and Escherichia coli in the Cuyahoga River with emphasis on turbidity as a predictor of recreational water quality, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1192, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091192.","productDescription":"14 p.","temporalStart":"2008-05-01","temporalEnd":"2008-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1192.jpg"},{"id":402012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87532.htm"},{"id":13136,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Cuyahoga Valley National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.69708251953125,\n 41.08452688125755\n ],\n [\n -81.44302368164062,\n 41.08452688125755\n ],\n [\n -81.44302368164062,\n 41.40771586770284\n ],\n [\n -81.69708251953125,\n 41.40771586770284\n ],\n [\n -81.69708251953125,\n 41.08452688125755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, Amie M. G.","contributorId":29774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Amie M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plona, Meg B.","contributorId":46470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plona","given":"Meg","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70237851,"text":"70237851 - 2009 - The November 15, 2006 Kuril Islands-generated tsunami in Crescent City, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T12:16:11.095598","indexId":"70237851","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-27T07:09:10","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The November 15, 2006 Kuril Islands-generated tsunami in Crescent City, California","docAbstract":"On November 15, 2006, Crescent City in Del Norte County, California was hit by a tsunami generated by a M w 8.3 earthquake in the central Kuril Islands. Strong currents that persisted over an eight-hour period damaged floating docks and several boats and caused an estimated $9.2 million in losses. Initial tsunami alert bulletins issued by the West Coast Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) in Palmer, Alaska were cancelled about three and a half hours after the earthquake, nearly five hours before the first surges reached Crescent City. The largest amplitude wave, 1.76-meter peak to trough, was the sixth cycle and arrived over two hours after the first wave. Strong currents estimated at over 10 knots, damaged or destroyed three docks and caused cracks in most of the remaining docks. As a result of the November 15 event, WCATWC changed the definition of Advisory from a region-wide alert bulletin meaning that a potential tsunami is 6 hours or further away to a localized alert that tsunami water heights may approach warning- level thresholds in specific, vulnerable locations like Crescent City. On January 13, 2007 a similar Kuril event occurred and hourly conferences between the warning center and regional weather forecasts were held with a considerable improvement in the flow of information to local coastal jurisdictions. The event highlighted the vulnerability of harbors from a relatively modest tsunami and underscored the need to improve public education regarding the duration of the tsunami hazards, improve dialog between tsunami warning centers and local jurisdictions, and better understand the currents produced by tsunamis in harbors.
The 6.7 billion human inhabitants of the earth have the ability to drastically alter ecosystems and the populations of species that have taken eons to evolve. By better understanding how our actions affect the environment, we stand a better chance of designing successful strategies to manage ecosystems sustainably. Toward this end, the Third Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds (ICRW) was convened in Estes Park, CO, on September 8-11, 2008. The Conference provided a forum to present adaptive management as a practical tool for learning how to manage complex ecosystems more sustainably. Further complexity introduced by spatially variable and continuously changing environmental drivers favors this management approach because of its emphasis on adaptation in response to changing conditions or ineffective actions. For climate change in particular, an adaptive approach can more effectively accommodate the uncertainty in future climate scenarios. Scenarios compiled by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are built on distinct economic, energy, and societal models. The scenarios predict potential changes in greenhouse gases, temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric aerosols, which would have direct or indirect impacts on the timing, volume, and quality of runoff, vegetation, snowpack, stream temperature, groundwater, thawing permafrost, and icecaps. Through presentations and field trips, researchers and stakeholders described how their findings and issues fit into the adaptive management 'learning by doing' paradigm of Assess > Design > Implement > Monitor > Evaluate > Adjust > Assess.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095049","usgsCitation":"2009, Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5049, Report: xii, 293 p.; Available online and on DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095049.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 293 p.; Available online and on DVD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-09-08","temporalEnd":"2008-09-11","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5049.jpg"},{"id":325425,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/SIR09-5049.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":13100,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"tableOfContents":"Plenary Sessions
\nAbstracts......11
\nU.S. Forest Service Research and Development Agency Update—From the Forest to the Faucet, by K. Elder and D. Hayes......13
\nAmerican Indian Tribes and the Development of Water Resources, by D. Cordalis......14
\nContributions of the University Community to Watershed Research, by R.P. Hooper, D.R. Maidment, and D.B. Kirschtel ......15
\nThe Finger Lakes Watershed Environmental Network (FLoWEN)—A Web Services– Based Approach to Environmental Monitoring Data Management, by R. LopezTorrijos, F. Pieper, and B. Houston......16
\nManuscripts ......17
\nManaging the Uncertainties on the Colorado River System, by E. Kuhn......19
\nAdaptive Management of Watersheds and Related Resources, by B.K. Williams......27
\nThe National Wildlife Refuge System and Resource Management in a Watershed Context, by A. Loranger......35
\nSelected Achievements, Science Directions, and New Opportunities for the WEBB Small Watershed Research Program, by P.D. Glynn, M.C. Larsen, E.A. Greene, H.L. Buss, D.W. Clow, R.J. Hunt, M.A. Mast, S.F. Murphy, N.E. Peters, S.D. Sebestyen, J.B. Shanley, and J.F. Walker......39
\nClimate Change Adaptation Lessons from the Land of Dry Heat, by G. Garfin, K. Jacobs, and J. Buizer ......53
\nAn Ecosystem Services Framework for Multidisciplinary Research in the Colorado River Headwaters, by D.J. Semmens, J.S. Briggs, and D.A. Martin ......59
\nEngaging Stakeholders for Adaptive Management Using Structured Decision Analysis, by E.R. Irwin and K.D.M. Kennedy......65
\nClimate, Geology, and Geomorphology
\nAbstracts......69
\nConsiderations in Defining Climate Change Scenarios for Water Resources Planning, by L.D. Brekke ......71
\nUnderstanding the Effects of Climate Change in the Yukon River Basin through a Synergistic Research Approach, by M. Walvoord, P. Schuster, and R. Striegl......72
\nImpacts of Coalbed Methane Development on Water Quantity and Quality in the Powder River Basin, by G.B. Paige and L.C. Munn.......74
\nPaleoflood Research of South Boulder Creek Basin near Boulder, Colorado, by R.D. Jarrett and J.C. Ferris ......75
\nManuscripts ......77
\nThe Third Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, 8-11 September 2008, Estes Park, CO Evaluating Hydrological Response to Forecasted Land-Use Change—Scenario Testing with the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) Tool, by W.G. Kepner, D.J. Semmens, M. Hernandez, and D.C. Goodrich......79
\nEnvironmental Effects of Hydrothermal Alteration and Historical Mining on Water and Sediment Quality in Central Colorado, by S.E. Church, D.L. Fey, T.L. Klein, T.S. Schmidt, R.B. Wanty, E.H. DeWitt, B.W. Rockwell, and C.A. SanJuan ...... 85
\nU.S. Geological Survey Research in Handcart Gulch, Colorado—An Alpine Watershed with Natural Acid-Rock Drainage, by A.H. Manning, J.S. Caine, P.L. Verplanck, D.J. Bove, and K.G. Kahn ......97
\nWater Quality Impacts from Agricultural Land Use in Karst Drainage Basins of SW Kentucky and SW China, by T.W. Baker and C.G. Groves......103
\nImpacts of Forest Management on Runoff and Erosion, by W.J. Elliot and B.D. Glaza.... 117 Modeled Watershed Runoff Associated with Variations in Precipitation Data, with Implications for Contaminant Fluxes—Initial Results, by H.E. Golden, C.D. Knightes, E.J. Cooter, and R.L. Dennis ......129
\nPost-Fire Watershed Response at the Wildland-Urban Interface, Southern California, by P.M. Wohlgemuth, K.R. Hubbert, J.L. Beyers, and M.G. Narog ......137
\nHydrology, Biogeochemistry, and Ecology
\nAbstracts......143
\nIsotopic Signatures of Precipitation Quantify the Importance of Different Climate Patterns to the Hydrologic Budget—An Example from the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico, by M.A. Scholl and J.B. Shanley ......145
\nMercury Cycling Research Using the Small Watershed Approach, by J. Shanley and A. Chalmers ......146
\nManuscripts......147
\nSoil Evaporative Response to Lehmann Lovegrass Eragrostis lehmanniana Invasion in a Semiarid Watershed, by M.S. Moran, E.P. Hamerlynck, R.L. Scott, W.E. Emmerich, and C.D. Holifield Collins......149
\nUsing a Coupled Groundwater/Surface-Water Model to Predict Climate-Change Impacts to Lakes in the Trout Lake Watershed, Northern Wisconsin, by J.F. Walker, R.J. Hunt, S.L. Markstrom, L.E. Hay, and J. Doherty......155
\nUsing Passive Capillary Samplers to Collect Soil-Meltwater Endmembers for Stable Isotope Analysis, by M.D. Frisbee, F.M. Phillips, A.R. Campbell, and J.M.H. Henrickx ......163
\nUsing High Frequency Sampling to Detect Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Stream Chemistry, by S.D. Sebestyen, J.B. Shanley, and E.W. Boyer......171
\nFlowpath Contributions of Weathering Products to Stream Fluxes at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, by N.E. Peters and B.T. Aulenbach ......177
\nResponses of Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Urbanization in Nine Metropolitan Areas of the Conterminous United States, by T.F. Cuffney, G. McMahon, R. Kashuba, J.T. May, and I.R. Waite ....... 187
\nAquatic Ecosystems in Central Colorado Are Influenced by Mineral Forming Processes and Historical Mining, by T.S. Schmidt, S.E. Church, W.H. Clements, K.A. Mitchell, D.L. Fey, R.B. Wanty, P.L. Verplanck, C.A. San Juan, T.L. Klein, E.H. DeWitt, and B.W. Rockwell ......195
\nTimber Harvest and Turbidity in North Coastal California Watersheds, by R.D. Klein...... 207
\nThe Third Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, 8-11 September 2008, Estes Park, CO ix Facilitating Adaptive Management in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed through the Use of Online Decision Support Tools, by C. Mullinix, S. Phillips, K. Shenk, P. Hearn, and O. Devereux ......213
\nPoster Session and Field Trip Orientation
\nAbstracts......219
\nReflections on the July 31, 1976, Big Thompson Flood, Colorado Front Range, USA, by R.D. Jarrett and J.E. Costa ...... 221
\nClimate-Induced Changes in High Elevation Nitrogen Dynamics, by J.S. Baron, T.M. Schmidt, and M.D. Hartman...... 222
\nPotential Climate Impacts on the Hydrology of High Elevation Catchments, Colorado Front Range, by M.W. Williams, K.H. Hill, N. Caine, J.R. Janke, and T. Kittel...... 223
\nManuscripts ......225
\nMonitoring Hydrological Changes Related to Western Juniper Removal—A Paired Watershed Approach, by T.L. Deboodt, M.P. Fisher, J.C. Buckhouse, and J. Swanson ...... 227
\nA Study on Seed Dispersal by Hydrochory in Floodplain Restoration, by H. Hayashi, Y. Shimatani, and Y. Kawaguchi......233
\nLessons Learned in Calibrating and Monitoring a Paired Watershed Study in Oregon’s High Desert, by M. Fisher, T. Deboodt, J. Buckhouse, and J. Swanson...... 237
\nHydrologic Instrumentation and Data Collection in Wyoming, by G.B. Paige, S.N. Miller, T.J. Kelleners, and S.T. Gray......241
\nAdvanced Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Analyses for Use in Watershed Models, by D. Hultstrand, T. Parzybok, E. Tomlinson, and B. Kappel...... 245
\nPrimary Factors Affecting Water Quality and Quantity in Four Watersheds in Eastern Puerto Rico, by S.F. Murphy and R.F. Stallard ......251
\nHuman Impacts and Management
\nAbstracts......257
\nThe Importance of Considering Aquifer Susceptibility and Uncertainty in Developing Water Management and Policy Guidelines, by T. Wellman ......259
\nWater Quality Screening Tools—A Practical Approach, by B. Houston and R. Klosowski .......260
\nHerbicide Transport Trends in Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed, by R.N. Lerch, E.J. Sadler, K.A. Sudduth, and C. Baffaut ...... 261
\nA Watershed Condition Assessment of Rocky Mountain National Park Using the FLoWS Tools, by D.M. Theobald and J.B. Norman ...... 262
\nManuscripts .......263
\nLong-Term Patterns of Hydrologic Response after Logging in a Coastal Redwood Forest, by E. Keppeler, L. Reid, and T. Lisle ......265
\nRecognizing Change in Hydrologic Functions and Pathways due to Historical Agricultural Use—Implications to Hydrologic Assessments and Modeling, by C.C. Trettin, D.M. Amatya, C. Kaufman, N. Levine, and R.T. Morgan .......273
\nIntegrating Terrestrial LiDAR and Stereo Photogrammetry to Map the Tolay Lakebed in Northern San Francisco Bay, by I. Woo, R. Storesund, J.Y. Takekawa, R.J. Gardiner, and S. Ehret...... 279
\nDoes Climate Matter? Evaluating the Effects of Climate Change on Future Ethiopian Hydropower, by P. Block and C. Brown ...... 285
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68528a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Webb, Richard M. 0000-0001-9531-2207 rmwebb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9531-2207","contributorId":1570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Richard","email":"rmwebb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742777,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Semmens, Darius J. 0000-0001-7924-6529 dsemmens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7924-6529","contributorId":1714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semmens","given":"Darius","email":"dsemmens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742778,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97931,"text":"sir20095211 - 2009 - Community exposure to lahar hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T10:26:48","indexId":"sir20095211","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5211","title":"Community exposure to lahar hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington","docAbstract":"Geologic evidence of past events and inundation modeling of potential events suggest that lahars associated with Mount Rainier, Washington, are significant threats to downstream development. To mitigate potential impacts of future lahars and educate at-risk populations, officials need to understand how communities are vulnerable to these fast-moving debris flows and which individuals and communities may need assistance in preparing for and responding to an event. To support local risk-reduction planning for future Mount Rainier lahars, this study documents the variations among communities in King, Lewis, Pierce, and Thurston Counties in the amount and types of developed land, human populations, economic assets, and critical facilities in a lahar-hazard zone. The lahar-hazard zone in this study is based on the behavior of the Electron Mudflow, a lahar that traveled along the Puyallup River approximately 500 years ago and was due to a slope failure on the west flank of Mount Rainier. This lahar-hazard zone contains 78,049 residents, of which 11 percent are more than 65 years in age, 21 percent do not live in cities or unincorporated towns, and 39 percent of the households are renter occupied. The lahar-hazard zone contains 59,678 employees (4 percent of the four-county labor force) at 3,890 businesses that generate $16 billion in annual sales (4 and 7 percent, respectively, of totals in the four-county area) and tax parcels with a combined total value of $8.8 billion (2 percent of the study-area total). Employees in the lahar-hazard zone are primarily in businesses related to manufacturing, retail trade, transportation and warehousing, wholesale trade, and construction. Key road and rail corridors for the region are in the lahar-hazard zone, which could result in significant indirect economic losses for businesses that rely on these networks, such as the Port of Tacoma. Although occupancy values are not known for each site, the lahar-hazard zone contains numerous dependent-population facilities (for example, schools and child day-care centers), public venues (for example, religious organizations and hotels), and critical facilities (for example, police and fire stations). The lahar-hazard zone also includes high-volume tourist sites, such as Mount Rainier National Park and the Puyallup Fairgrounds. Community exposure to lahars associated with Mount Rainier varies considerably among 27 communities and four counties—some may experience great losses that reflect only a small portion of their community and others may experience relatively small losses that devastate them. Among 27 communities, the City of Puyallup has the highest number of people and assets in the lahar-hazard zone, whereas the communities of Carbonado, Fife, Orting, and Sumner have the highest percentages of people and assets in this zone. Based on a composite index, the cities of Puyallup, Sumner, and Fife have the highest combinations of the number and percentage of people and assets in lahar-prone areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington Military Department Emergency Management Division","usgsCitation":"Wood, N.J., and Soulard, C.E., 2009, Community exposure to lahar hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5211, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095211.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5211.jpg"},{"id":13103,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.83333333333333,46.416666666666664 ], [ -122.83333333333333,47.416666666666664 ], [ -121.41666666666667,47.416666666666664 ], [ -121.41666666666667,46.416666666666664 ], [ -122.83333333333333,46.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Nathan J. 0000-0002-6060-9729 nwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-9729","contributorId":3347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Nathan","email":"nwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soulard, Christopher E. 0000-0002-5777-9516 csoulard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9516","contributorId":2642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulard","given":"Christopher","email":"csoulard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}