{"pageNumber":"838","pageRowStart":"20925","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46730,"records":[{"id":70033486,"text":"70033486 - 2008 - Geographical and climatic limits of needle types of one- and two-needled pinyon pines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70033486","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographical and climatic limits of needle types of one- and two-needled pinyon pines","docAbstract":"Aim: The geographical extent and climatic tolerances of one- and two-needled pinyon pines (Pinus subsect. Cembroides) are the focus of questions in taxonomy, palaeoclimatology and modelling of future distributions. The identification of these pines, traditionally classified by one- versus two-needled fascicles, is complicated by populations with both one- and two-needled fascicles on the same tree, and the description of two more recently described one-needled varieties: the fallax-type and californiarum-type. Because previous studies have suggested correlations between needle anatomy and climate, including anatomical plasticity reflecting annual precipitation, we approached this study at the level of the anatomy of individual pine needles rather than species. Location: Western North America. Methods: We synthesized available and new data from field and herbarium collections of needles to compile maps of their current distributions across western North America. Annual frequencies of needle types were compared with local precipitation histories for some stands. Historical North American climates were modelled on a c. 1-km grid using monthly temperature and precipitation values. A geospatial model (ClimLim), which analyses the effect of climate-modulated physiological and ecosystem processes, was used to rank the importance of seasonal climate variables in limiting the distributions of anatomical needle types. Results: The pinyon needles were classified into four distinct types based upon the number of needles per fascicle, needle thickness and the number of stomatal rows and resin canals. The individual needles fit well into four categories of needle types, whereas some trees exhibit a mixture of two needle types. Trees from central Arizona containing a mixture of Pinus edulis and fallax-type needles increased their percentage of fallax-type needles following dry years. All four needle types occupy broader geographical regions with distinctive precipitation regimes. Pinus monophylla and californiarum-type needles occur in regions with high winter precipitation. Pinus edulis and fallax-type needles are found in regions with high monsoon precipitation. Areas supporting californiarum-type and fallax-type needle distributions are additionally characterized by a more extreme May-June drought. Main conclusions: These pinyon needle types seem to reflect the amount and seasonality of precipitation. The single needle fascicle characterizing the fallax type may be an adaptation to early summer or periodic drought, while the single needle of Pinus monophylla may be an adaptation to summer-autumn drought. Although the needles fit into four distinct categories, the parent trees are sometimes less easily classified, especially near their ancestral Pleistocene ranges in the Mojave and northern Sonoran deserts. The abundance of trees with both one- and two-needled fascicles in the zones between P. monophylla, P. edulis and fallax-type populations suggest that needle fascicle number is an unreliable characteristic for species classification. Disregarding needle fascicle number, the fallax-type needles are nearly identical to P. edulis, supporting Little's (1968) initial classification of these trees as P. edulis var. fallax, while the californiarum-type needles have a distinctive morphology supporting Bailey's (1987) classification of this tree as Pinus californiarum.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01786.x","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Cole, K., Fisher, J., Arundel, S., Cannella, J., and Swift, S., 2008, Geographical and climatic limits of needle types of one- and two-needled pinyon pines: Journal of Biogeography, v. 35, no. 2, p. 257-269, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01786.x.","startPage":"257","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476731,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01786.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214095,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01786.x"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1790e4b0c8380cd5554c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, J.","contributorId":37160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arundel, S.T.","contributorId":77351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arundel","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannella, J.","contributorId":78563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannella","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swift, S.","contributorId":80912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035532,"text":"70035532 - 2008 - Deciphering the mid-Carboniferous eustatic event in the central Appalachian foreland basin, southern West Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035532","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deciphering the mid-Carboniferous eustatic event in the central Appalachian foreland basin, southern West Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"A prominent unconformity, present across shallow shelf areas of the Euramerican paleoequatorial basins, is used to demark the boundary between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian subsystems. This unconformity, the mid-Carboniferous eustatic event, is generally attributed to a major glacio-eustatic sea-level fall. Although a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity is recognized throughout most of the Appalachian region, the record of the mid-Carboniferous eustatic event in the structurally deepest part of the basin has been controversial. Based on early reports that suggested the most complete Pennsylvanian section was present in southern West Virginia, various conceptual depositional models postulated continuous sedimentation between the youngest Mississippian Bluestone Formation and the oldest Penn-sylvanian Pocahontas Formation. In contrast, tabular-erosion models envisioned axial drainage systems that evolved in response to changing basin dynamics. These models predicted a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity. All these models suffered from a lack of biostratigraphic control. The presence of a sub-Pocahontas paleovalley, herein named the Lashmeet paleovalley, has been confirmed in southern West Virginia. The Lashmeet paleovalley was incised over 35 m into Bluestone strata and filled by lithic sands derived from the Appalachian orogen to the northeast and east. The polygenetic Green Valley paleosol complex marks the Bluestone-Pocahontas contact on associated interfluves. Together, these features indicate a substantial period of subaerial exposure and argue strongly in favor of a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity. Paleontologic data from the Bluestone Formation, including marine invertebrates and conodonts from the marine Bramwell Member and paleofloral data, support a late, but not latest, Arnsbergian age assignment. Marine fossils are not known from the Pocahontas Formation, but macrofloral and palynomorph taxa support a Langsettian age for most of the Poca-hontas. The biostratigraphic, sedimentologic, and paleogeographic data support the presence of an early Pennsylvanian (middle to late Namurian) disconformity in the Appalachian Basin that corresponds to the mid-Carboniferous eustatic event. ?? 2008 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2008.2441(17)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Blake, B., and Beuthin, J., 2008, Deciphering the mid-Carboniferous eustatic event in the central Appalachian foreland basin, southern West Virginia, USA: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 441, p. 249-260, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.2441(17).","startPage":"249","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216211,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2008.2441(17)"},{"id":244065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"441","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe04e4b0c8380cd4ea8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blake, B.M. Jr.","contributorId":62430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"B.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beuthin, J.D.","contributorId":43595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beuthin","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033186,"text":"70033186 - 2008 - Measuring real-time streamflow using emerging technologies: Radar, hydroacoustics, and the probability concept","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033186","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring real-time streamflow using emerging technologies: Radar, hydroacoustics, and the probability concept","docAbstract":"Forecasting streamflow during extreme hydrologic events such as floods can be problematic. This is particularly true when flow is unsteady, and river forecasts rely on models that require uniform-flow rating curves to route water from one forecast point to another. As a result, alternative methods for measuring streamflow are needed to properly route flood waves and account for inertial and pressure forces in natural channels dominated by nonuniform-flow conditions such as mild water surface slopes, backwater, tributary inflows, and reservoir operations. The objective of the demonstration was to use emerging technologies to measure instantaneous streamflow in open channels at two existing US Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Pennsylvania. Surface-water and instream-point velocities were measured using hand-held radar and hydroacoustics. Streamflow was computed using the probability concept, which requires velocity data from a single vertical containing the maximum instream velocity. The percent difference in streamflow at the Susquehanna River at Bloomsburg, PA ranged from 0% to 8% with an average difference of 4% and standard deviation of 8.81 m3/s. The percent difference in streamflow at Chartiers Creek at Carnegie, PA ranged from 0% to 11% with an average difference of 5% and standard deviation of 0.28 m3/s. New generation equipment is being tested and developed to advance the use of radar-derived surface-water velocity and instantaneous streamflow to facilitate the collection and transmission of real-time streamflow that can be used to parameterize hydraulic routing models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.028","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Fulton, J., and Ostrowski, J., 2008, Measuring real-time streamflow using emerging technologies: Radar, hydroacoustics, and the probability concept: Journal of Hydrology, v. 357, no. 1-2, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.028.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213129,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.028"}],"volume":"357","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a534fe4b0c8380cd6c9bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, J.","contributorId":9872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostrowski, J.","contributorId":10925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrowski","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032814,"text":"70032814 - 2008 - Transient deterministic shallow landslide modeling: Requirements for susceptibility and hazard assessments in a GIS framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70032814","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient deterministic shallow landslide modeling: Requirements for susceptibility and hazard assessments in a GIS framework","docAbstract":"Application of transient deterministic shallow landslide models over broad regions for hazard and susceptibility assessments requires information on rainfall, topography and the distribution and properties of hillside materials. We survey techniques for generating the spatial and temporal input data for such models and present an example using a transient deterministic model that combines an analytic solution to assess the pore-pressure response to rainfall infiltration with an infinite-slope stability calculation. Pore-pressures and factors of safety are computed on a cell-by-cell basis and can be displayed or manipulated in a grid-based GIS. Input data are high-resolution (1.8??m) topographic information derived from LiDAR data and simple descriptions of initial pore-pressure distribution and boundary conditions for a study area north of Seattle, Washington. Rainfall information is taken from a previously defined empirical rainfall intensity-duration threshold and material strength and hydraulic properties were measured both in the field and laboratory. Results are tested by comparison with a shallow landslide inventory. Comparison of results with those from static infinite-slope stability analyses assuming fixed water-table heights shows that the spatial prediction of shallow landslide susceptibility is improved using the transient analyses; moreover, results can be depicted in terms of the rainfall intensity and duration known to trigger shallow landslides in the study area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.019","issn":"00137","usgsCitation":"Godt, J., Baum, R., Savage, W.Z., Salciarini, D., Schulz, W., and Harp, E.L., 2008, Transient deterministic shallow landslide modeling: Requirements for susceptibility and hazard assessments in a GIS framework: Engineering Geology, v. 102, no. 3-4, p. 214-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.019.","startPage":"214","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214055,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.019"},{"id":241742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6fae4b08c986b326fa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godt, J. W.","contributorId":76732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, R.L.","contributorId":68752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salciarini, D.","contributorId":59255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salciarini","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulz, W.H.","contributorId":61225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70033415,"text":"70033415 - 2008 - Biomorphodynamics: Physical-biological feedbacks that shape landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033415","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biomorphodynamics: Physical-biological feedbacks that shape landscapes","docAbstract":"Plants and animals affect morphological evolution in many environments. The term \"ecogeomorphology\" describes studies that address such effects. In this opinion article we use the term \"biomorphodynamics\" to characterize a subset of ecogeomorphologic studies: those that investigate not only the effects of organisms on physical processes and morphology but also how the biological processes depend on morphology and physical forcing. The two-way coupling precipitates feedbacks, leading to interesting modes of behavior, much like the coupling between flow/sediment transport and morphology leads to rich morphodynamic behaviors. Select examples illustrate how even the basic aspects of some systems cannot be understood without considering biomorphodynamic coupling. Prominent examples include the dynamic interactions between vegetation and flow/sediment transport that can determine river channel patterns and the multifaceted biomorphodynamic feedbacks shaping tidal marshes and channel networks. These examples suggest that the effects of morphology and physical processes on biology tend to operate over the timescale of the evolution of the morphological pattern. Thus, in field studies, which represent a snapshot in the pattern evolution, these effects are often not as obvious as the effects of biology on physical processes. However, numerical modeling indicates that the influences on biology from physical processes can play a key role in shaping landscapes and that even local and temporary vegetation disturbances can steer large-scale, long-term landscape evolution. The prevalence of biomorphodynamic research is burgeoning in recent years, driven by societal need and a confluence of complex systems-inspired modeling approaches in ecology and geomorphology. To make fundamental progress in understanding the dynamics of many landscapes, our community needs to increasingly learn to look for two-way, biomorphodynamic feedbacks and to collect new types of data to support the modeling of such emergent interactions. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006410","issn":"00431","usgsCitation":"Murray, A., Knaapen, M., Tal, M., and Kirwan, M.L., 2008, Biomorphodynamics: Physical-biological feedbacks that shape landscapes: Water Resources Research, v. 44, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006410.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487782,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006410","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213260,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006410"},{"id":240867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f192e4b0c8380cd4acef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, A.B.","contributorId":12598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knaapen, M.A.F.","contributorId":95692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knaapen","given":"M.A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tal, M.","contributorId":19374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tal","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirwan, M. L.","contributorId":74094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirwan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031941,"text":"70031941 - 2008 - Dissolved oxygen transfer to sediments by sweep and eject motions in aquatic environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031941","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved oxygen transfer to sediments by sweep and eject motions in aquatic environments","docAbstract":"Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were quantified near the sediment-water interface to evaluate DO transfer to sediments in a laboratory recirculating flume and open channel under varying fluid-flow conditions. DO concentration fluctuations were observed within the diffusive sublayer, as defined by the time-averaged DO concentration gradient near the sediment-water interface. Evaluation of the DO concentration fluctuations along with detailed fluid-flow characterizations were used to quantify quasi-periodic sweep and eject motions (bursting events) near the sediments. Bursting events dominated the Reynolds shear stresses responsible for momentum and mass fluctuations near the sediment bed. Two independent methods for detecting bursting events using DO concentration and velocity data produced consistent results. The average time between bursting events was scaled with wall variables and was incorporated into a similarity model to describe the dimensionless mass transfer coefficient (Sherwood number, Sh) in terms of the Reynolds number, Re, and Schmidt number, Sc, which described transport in the flow. The scaling of bursting events was employed with the similarity model to quantify DO transfer to sediments and results showed a high degree of agreement with experimental data. ?? 2008, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, B., and Hondzo, M., 2008, Dissolved oxygen transfer to sediments by sweep and eject motions in aquatic environments: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 53, no. 2, p. 566-578.","startPage":"566","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a023ce4b0c8380cd4ff72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, B.L.","contributorId":24977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hondzo, Miki","contributorId":11816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hondzo","given":"Miki","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12693,"text":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering and St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Minneapolis, MN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":433819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033499,"text":"70033499 - 2008 - Spatial and temporal statistical analysis of bycatch data: Patterns of sea turtle bycatch in the North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033499","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal statistical analysis of bycatch data: Patterns of sea turtle bycatch in the North Atlantic","docAbstract":"Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtle distributions and movements in offshore waters of the western North Atlantic are not well understood despite continued efforts to monitor, survey, and observe them. Loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles are listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union, and thus anthropogenic mortality of these species, including fishing, is of elevated interest. This study quantifies spatial and temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch distributions to identify potential processes influencing their locations. A Ripley's K function analysis was employed on the NOAA Fisheries Atlantic Pelagic Longline Observer Program data to determine spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch distributions within the pattern of the pelagic fishery distribution. Results indicate that loggerhead and leatherback sea turtle catch distributions change seasonally, with patterns of spatial clustering appearing from July through October. The results from the space-time analysis indicate that sea turtle catch distributions are related on a relatively fine scale (30-200 km and 1-5 days). The use of spatial and temporal point pattern analysis, particularly K function analysis, is a novel way to examine bycatch data and can be used to inform fishing practices such that fishing could still occur while minimizing sea turtle bycatch. ?? 2008 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F08-152","issn":"07066","usgsCitation":"Gardner, B., Sullivan, P., Morreale, S., and Epperly, S., 2008, Spatial and temporal statistical analysis of bycatch data: Patterns of sea turtle bycatch in the North Atlantic: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 11, p. 2461-2470, https://doi.org/10.1139/F08-152.","startPage":"2461","endPage":"2470","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214306,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F08-152"},{"id":242015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9448e4b08c986b31a99c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, B.","contributorId":26793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, P.J.","contributorId":38762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morreale, S.J.","contributorId":101463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morreale","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Epperly, S.P.","contributorId":95708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epperly","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70033004,"text":"70033004 - 2008 - Assigning king eiders to wintering regions in the Bering Sea using stable isotopes of feathers and claws","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033004","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assigning king eiders to wintering regions in the Bering Sea using stable isotopes of feathers and claws","docAbstract":"Identification of wintering regions for birds sampled during the breeding season is crucial to understanding how events outside the breeding season may affect populations. We assigned king eiders captured on breeding grounds in northern Alaska to 3 broad geographic wintering regions in the Bering Sea using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes obtained from head feathers. Using a discriminant function analysis of feathers obtained from birds tracked with satellite transmitters, we estimated that 88 % of feathers were assigned to the region in which they were grown. We then assigned 84 birds of unknown origin to wintering regions based on their head feather isotope ratios, and tested the utility of claws for geographic assignment. Based on the feather results, we estimated that similar proportions of birds in our study area use each of the 3 wintering regions in the Bering Sea. These results are in close agreement with estimates from satellite telemetry and show the usefulness of stable isotope signatures of feathers in assigning marine birds to geographic regions. The use of claws is currently limited by incomplete understanding of claw growth rates. Data presented here will allow managers of eiders, other marine birds, and marine mammals to assign animals to regions in the Bering Sea based on stable isotope signatures of body tissues. ?? Inter-Research 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3354/meps07744","issn":"01718","usgsCitation":"Oppel, S., and Powell, A., 2008, Assigning king eiders to wintering regions in the Bering Sea using stable isotopes of feathers and claws: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 373, p. 149-156, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07744.","startPage":"149","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488078,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07744","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213453,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07744"}],"volume":"373","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee8ae4b0c8380cd49de7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oppel, S.","contributorId":44001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppel","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, A.N.","contributorId":66194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033446,"text":"70033446 - 2008 - Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70033446","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron","docAbstract":"Long-term fish community surveys were carried out in the Michigan waters of Lake Huron using bottom trawls from 1976 to 2006. Trends in abundance indices for common species (those caught in 10% or more of trawl tows) were estimated for two periods: early (1976-1991) and late (1994-2006). All common species significantly decreased in abundance during the late period with the exception of the johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum and spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius, which showed no significant trends, and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus, which increased in abundance. Percentage decreases in abundance indices between 1994-1995 and 2005-2006 ranged from 66.4% to 99.9%, and seven species decreased in abundance by more than 90%. The mean biomass of all common species in 2006 was the lowest observed in the time series and was less than 5% of that observed in the mid-1990s. The mean number of common species captured per trawl has also decreased since the mid-1990s. Several factors, including recent invasion of the lake by multiple exotic species, may have contributed to these declines, but insufficient published data are currently available to determine which factors are most important. Our observations suggest that significant changes have occurred in the ecology of Lake Huron since the mid-1990s. The extent of these changes indicates that the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron is undergoing collapse.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T07-141.1","issn":"00028","usgsCitation":"Riley, S., Roseman, E., Nichols, S.J., O’Brien, T.P., Kiley, C., and Schaeffer, J., 2008, Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 137, no. 6, p. 1879-1890, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-141.1.","startPage":"1879","endPage":"1890","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214540,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T07-141.1"},{"id":242275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe32e4b0c8380cd4ebb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riley, S.C.","contributorId":71378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roseman, E.F. 0000-0002-5315-9838","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5315-9838","contributorId":76531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roseman","given":"E.F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":440905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, S. J.","contributorId":63770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Brien, T. P.","contributorId":22146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kiley, C.S.","contributorId":20985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiley","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schaeffer, J.S.","contributorId":42688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70033002,"text":"70033002 - 2008 - 4D volcano gravimetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-12T11:13:45","indexId":"70033002","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"4D volcano gravimetry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Time-dependent gravimetric measurements can detect subsurface processes long before magma flow leads to earthquakes or other eruption precursors. The ability of gravity measurements to detect subsurface mass flow is greatly enhanced if gravity measurements are analyzed and modeled with ground-deformation data. Obtaining the maximum information from microgravity studies requires careful evaluation of the layout of network benchmarks, the gravity environmental signal, and the coupling between gravity changes and crustal deformation. When changes in the system under study are fast (hours to weeks), as in hydrothermal systems and restless volcanoes, continuous gravity observations at selected sites can help to capture many details of the dynamics of the intrusive sources. Despite the instrumental effects, mainly caused by atmospheric temperature, results from monitoring at Mt. Etna volcano show that continuous measurements are a powerful tool for monitoring and studying volcanoes. Several analytical and numerical mathematical models can be used to fit gravity and deformation data. Analytical models offer a closed-form description of the volcanic source. In principle, this allows one to readily infer the relative importance of the source parameters. In active volcanic sites such as Long Valley caldera (California, U.S.A.) and Campi Flegrei (Italy), careful use of analytical models and high-quality data sets has produced good results. However, the simplifications that make analytical models tractable might result in misleading volcanological interpretations, particularly when the real crust surrounding the source is far from the homogeneous/isotropic assumption. Using numerical models allows consideration of more realistic descriptions of the sources and of the crust where they are located (e.g., vertical and lateral mechanical discontinuities, complex source geometries, and topography). Applications at Teide volcano (Tenerife) and Campi Flegrei demonstrate the importance of this more realistic description in gravity calculations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.2977792","issn":"00168","usgsCitation":"Battaglia, M., Gottsmann, J., Carbone, D., and Fernandez, J., 2008, 4D volcano gravimetry: Geophysics, v. 73, no. 6, p. WA3-WA18, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2977792.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"WA3","endPage":"WA18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476650,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/24116","text":"External Repository"},{"id":241039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213415,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2977792"}],"volume":"73","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e26ae4b0c8380cd45b76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio","contributorId":32602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gottsmann, J.","contributorId":42043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottsmann","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carbone, D.","contributorId":92060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbone","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fernandez, J.","contributorId":46229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70033507,"text":"70033507 - 2008 - Understanding the relationship between audiomagnetotelluric data and models, and borehole data in a hydrological environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033507","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Understanding the relationship between audiomagnetotelluric data and models, and borehole data in a hydrological environment","docAbstract":"Audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) data and resulting models are analyzed with respect to geophysical and geological borehole logs in order to clarify the relationship between the two methodologies of investigation of a hydrological environment. Several profiles of AMT data collected in basins in southwestern United States are being used for groundwater exploration and hydrogeological framework studies. In a systematic manner, the AMT data and models are compared to borehole data by computing the equivalent one-dimensional AMT model and comparing with the two-dimensional (2-D) inverse AMT model. The spatial length is used to determine if the well is near enough to the AMT profile to quantify the relationship between the two datasets, and determine the required resolution of the AMT data and models. The significance of the quality of the borehole data when compared to the AMT data is also examined.","largerWorkTitle":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts","language":"English","doi":"10.1190/1.3063902","issn":"10523","usgsCitation":"McPhee, D., and Pellerin, L., 2008, Understanding the relationship between audiomagnetotelluric data and models, and borehole data in a hydrological environment, <i>in</i> SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, v. 27, no. 1, p. 2684-2688, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3063902.","startPage":"2684","endPage":"2688","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3063902"},{"id":242114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc5fe4b08c986b328bbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPhee, D.K.","contributorId":96775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pellerin, L.","contributorId":94073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032994,"text":"70032994 - 2008 - Great Basin paleontological database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70032994","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Great Basin paleontological database","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has constructed a paleontological database for the Great Basin physiographic province that can be served over the World Wide Web for data entry, queries, displays, and retrievals. It is similar to the web-database solution that we constructed for Alaskan paleontological data (www.alaskafossil.org). The first phase of this effort was to compile a paleontological bibliography for Nevada and portions of adjacent states in the Great Basin that has recently been completed. In addition, we are also compiling paleontological reports (Known as E&R reports) of the U.S. Geological Survey, which are another extensive source of l,egacy data for this region. Initial population of the database benefited from a recently published conodont data set and is otherwise focused on Devonian and Mississippian localities because strata of this age host important sedimentary exhalative (sedex) Au, Zn, and barite resources and enormons Carlin-type An deposits. In addition, these strata are the most important petroleum source rocks in the region, and record the transition from extension to contraction associated with the Antler orogeny, the Alamo meteorite impact, and biotic crises associated with global oceanic anoxic events. The finished product will provide an invaluable tool for future geologic mapping, paleontological research, and mineral resource investigations in the Great Basin, making paleontological data acquired over nearly the past 150 yr readily available over the World Wide Web. A description of the structure of the database and the web interface developed for this effort are provided herein. This database is being used ws a model for a National Paleontological Database (which we am currently developing for the U.S. Geological Survey) as well as for other paleontological databases now being developed in other parts of the globe. ?? 2008 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/GES00162.1","issn":"1553040X","usgsCitation":"Zhang, N., Blodgett, R.B., and Hofstra, A., 2008, Great Basin paleontological database: Geosphere, v. 4, no. 3, p. 520-535, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00162.1.","startPage":"520","endPage":"535","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487771,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00162.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213271,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00162.1"},{"id":240880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a52e4b0c8380cd5b0a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, N.","contributorId":26520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blodgett, R. B.","contributorId":25176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031953,"text":"70031953 - 2008 - Application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers for investigation of recharge, salinization, and residence time of water in the Souss-Massa aquifer, southwest of Morocco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031953","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers for investigation of recharge, salinization, and residence time of water in the Souss-Massa aquifer, southwest of Morocco","docAbstract":"Groundwater and surface water in Souss-Massa basin in the west-southern part of Morocco is characterized by a large variation in salinity, up to levels of 37 g L-1. The high salinity coupled with groundwater level decline pose serious problems for current irrigation and domestic water supplies as well as future exploitation. A combined hydrogeologic and isotopic investigation using several chemical and isotopic tracers such as Br/Cl, ??18O, ??2H, 3H, 87Sr/86Sr, ??11B, and 14C was carried out in order to determine the sources of water recharge to the aquifer, the origin of salinity, and the residence time of water. Stable isotope, 3H and 14C data indicate that the high Atlas mountains in the northern margin of the Souss-Massa basin with high rainfall and low ??18O and ??2H values (-6 to -8??? and -36 to -50???) is currently constitute the major source of recharge to the Souss-Massa shallow aquifer, particularly along the eastern part of the basin. Localized stable isotope enrichments offset meteoric isotopic signature and are associated with high nitrate concentrations, which infer water recycling via water agricultural return flows. The 3H and 14C data suggest that the residence time of water in the western part of the basin is in the order of several thousands of years; hence old water is mined, particularly in the coastal areas. The multiple isotope analyses and chemical tracing of groundwater from the basin reveal that seawater intrusion is just one of multiple salinity sources that affect the quality of groundwater in the Souss-Massa aquifer. We differentiate between modern seawater intrusion, salinization by remnants of seawater entrapped in the middle Souss plains, recharge of nitrate-rich agricultural return flow, and dissolution of evaporate rocks (gypsum and halite minerals) along the outcrops of the high Atlas mountains. The data generated in this study provide the framework for a comprehensive management plan in which water exploitation should shift toward the eastern part of the basin where current recharge occurs with young and high quality groundwater. In contrast, we argued that the heavily exploited aquifer along the coastal areas is more vulnerable given the relatively longer residence time of the water and salinization processes in this part of the aquifer. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.022","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bouchaou, L., Michelot, J., Vengosh, A., Hsissou, Y., Qurtobi, M., Gaye, C., Bullen, T., and Zuppi, G., 2008, Application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers for investigation of recharge, salinization, and residence time of water in the Souss-Massa aquifer, southwest of Morocco: Journal of Hydrology, v. 352, no. 3-4, p. 267-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.022.","startPage":"267","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.022"},{"id":242525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"352","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca8e4b0c8380cd493fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouchaou, L.","contributorId":51556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouchaou","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michelot, J.L.","contributorId":58483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michelot","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vengosh, A.","contributorId":88925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vengosh","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsissou, Y.","contributorId":22596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsissou","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Qurtobi, M.","contributorId":78957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qurtobi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gaye, C.B.","contributorId":56017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaye","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zuppi, G.M.","contributorId":66079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuppi","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70033187,"text":"70033187 - 2008 - Cliff swallows Petrochelidon pyrrhonota as bioindicators of environmental mercury, Cache Creek Watershed, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T11:00:25","indexId":"70033187","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cliff swallows Petrochelidon pyrrhonota as bioindicators of environmental mercury, Cache Creek Watershed, California","docAbstract":"To evaluate mercury (Hg) and other element exposure in cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), eggs were collected from 16 sites within the mining-impacted Cache Creek watershed, Colusa, Lake, and Yolo counties, California, USA, in 1997-1998. Nestlings were collected from seven sites in 1998. Geometric mean total Hg (THg) concentrations ranged from 0.013 to 0.208 ??g/g wet weight (ww) in cliff swallow eggs and from 0.047 to 0.347 ??g/g ww in nestlings. Mercury detected in eggs generally followed the spatial distribution of Hg in the watershed based on proximity to both anthropogenic and natural sources. Mean Hg concentrations in samples of eggs and nestlings collected from sites near Hg sources were up to five and seven times higher, respectively, than in samples from reference sites within the watershed. Concentrations of other detected elements, including aluminum, beryllium, boron, calcium, manganese, strontium, and vanadium, were more frequently elevated at sites near Hg sources. Overall, Hg concentrations in eggs from Cache Creek were lower than those reported in eggs of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from highly contaminated locations in North America. Total Hg concentrations were lower in all Cache Creek egg samples than adverse effects levels established for other species. Total Hg concentrations in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and foothill yellow-legged frogs (Rana boylii) collected from 10 of the study sites were both positively correlated with THg concentrations in cliff swallow eggs. Our data suggest that cliff swallows are reliable bioindicators of environmental Hg. ?? Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-007-9082-5","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., Trejo, B.S., Bauer, M.L., and Crayon, J.J., 2008, Cliff swallows Petrochelidon pyrrhonota as bioindicators of environmental mercury, Cache Creek Watershed, California: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 111-121, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9082-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213158,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9082-5"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f645e4b0c8380cd4c656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trejo, Bonnie S.","contributorId":175515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trejo","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bauer, Marissa L.","contributorId":30359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Marissa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crayon, John J.","contributorId":174935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crayon","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030708,"text":"70030708 - 2008 - (U-Th)/He dating of kimberlites-A case study from north-eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030708","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"(U-Th)/He dating of kimberlites-A case study from north-eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Dating kimberlite intrusive rocks by radiogenic isotope geochronology often is a difficult task, complicated by both the lack of dateable minerals within kimberlite as well as significant sample alteration that can degrade samples and alter parent-daughter ratios. This study presents a new geochronologic tool for timing the emplacement of kimberlites using the (U-Th)/He system to date the cooling of common kimberlite phenocrystic and xenocrystic minerals. To demonstrate the use of this technique, new apatite, titanite, zircon, magnetite and garnet (U-Th)/He ages constrain the timing of emplacement for the Stockdale, Tuttle, Baldwin Creek, Bala, and Leonardville kimberlite pipes, located in Riley County, Kansas. Zircon from the Tuttle pipe and titanite from the Stockdale pipe yield (U-Th)/He ages of 108.6 ?? 9.6??Ma and 106.4 ?? 3.1??Ma, respectively. These data are consistent with new Tuttle kimberlite Rb-Sr analyses of phlogopite megacrysts that give a five point isochron age of 106.6 ?? 1.0??Ma. Similarly, an apatite (U-Th)/He age of 85.3 ?? 2.3??Ma from the Baldwin Creek kimberlite is in agreement with a Rb-Sr phlogopite age of 88.4 ?? 2.7??Ma. These dates demonstrate that (U-Th)/He thermochronometry provides reliable timing constraints on the cooling of common kimberlite xenocrystic phases, thereby timing kimberlite emplacement. In addition to the use of more commonly used apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometers, we produced reliable emplacement ages of 103.0 ?? 7.5??Ma for the Bala kimberlite using (U-Th)/He dating of phenocrystic magnetite and an age of 98.8 ?? 8.9??Ma for the Tuttle kimberlite using (U-Th)/He dating of megacrystic garnet. In contrast, kimberlitic apatite (U-Th)/He ages from the Stockdale, Bala, Tuttle, and Leonardville kimberlites yield ages ranging from 67.3 ?? 4.4??Ma to 64.3 ?? 5.6??Ma, suggesting a local, possibly hydrothermal reheating event resulting in resetting of the apatite (U-Th)/He clock in latest Cretaceous to earliest Tertiary time. Additional (U-Th)/He analyses of apatite from nearby sandstone and basement rocks suggest regional cooling below ~ 70????C at ~ 165??Ma. These (U-Th)/He and Rb-Sr age data imply that the kimberlites were emplaced over a period of time from ~ 85-110??Ma with several pipes subjected to local reheating at ~ 65??Ma. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.006","issn":"00128","usgsCitation":"Blackburn, T., Stockli, D., Carlson, R.W., and Berendsen, P., 2008, (U-Th)/He dating of kimberlites-A case study from north-eastern Kansas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 275, no. 1-2, p. 111-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.006.","startPage":"111","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211966,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.006"},{"id":239359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"275","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e21ee4b0c8380cd45984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackburn, T.J.","contributorId":30034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackburn","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stockli, D.F.","contributorId":70598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockli","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, R. W.","contributorId":85331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032981,"text":"70032981 - 2008 - Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T10:16:24","indexId":"70032981","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1754,"text":"Geochemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Evolution of CO<sub>2</sub> in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing","title":"Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing","docAbstract":"<p><span>Evolution of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;in Lakes Monoun and Nyos (Cameroon) before and during controlled degassing is described using results of regular monitoring obtained during the last 21 years. The CO</span><sub>2(aq)</sub><span>&nbsp;profiles soon after the limnic eruptions were estimated for Lakes Monoun and Nyos using the CTD data obtained in October and November 1986, respectively. Based on the CO</span><sub>2(aq)</sub><span>profiles through time, the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;content and its change over time were calculated for both lakes. The CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;accumulation rate calculated from the pre-degassing data, was constant after the limnic eruption at Lake Nyos (1986-2001), whereas the rate appeared initially high (1986-1996) but later slowed down (1996-2003) at Lake Monoun. The CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;concentration at 58 m depth in Lake Monoun in January 2003 was very close to saturation due to the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;accumulation. This situation is suggestive of a mechanism for the limnic eruption , because it may take place spontaneously without receiving an external trigger. The CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;content of the lakes decreased significantly after controlled degassing started in March 2001 at Lake Nyos and in February 2003 at Lake Monoun. The current content is lower than the content estimated soon after the limnic eruption at both lakes. At Monoun the degassing rate increased greatly after February 2006 due to an increase of the number of degassing pipes and deepening of the pipe intake depth. The current CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;content is ∼40% of the maximum content attained just before the degassing started. At current degassing rates the lower chemocline will subside to the degassing pipe intake depth of 93 m in about one year. After this depth is reached, the gas removal rate will progressively decline because water of lower CO</span><sub>2(aq)</sub><span>&nbsp;concentration will be tapped by the pipes. To keep the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;content of Lake Monoun as small as possible, it is recommended to set up a new, simple device that sends deep water to the surface since natural recharge of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;will continue. Controlled degassing at Lake Nyos since 2001 has also reduced the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;content. It is currently slightly below the level estimated after the limnic eruption in 1986. However, the current CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;content still amounts to 80% of the maximum level of 14.8 giga moles observed in January 2001. The depth of the lower chemocline may reach the pipe intake depth of 203 m within a few years. After this situation is reached the degassing rate with the current system will progressively decline, and it would take decades to remove the majority of dissolved gases even if the degassing system keeps working continuously. Additional degassing pipes must be installed to speed up gas removal from Lake Nyos in order to make the area safer for local populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.42.93","issn":"00167","usgsCitation":"Kusakabe, M., Ohba, T., , I., Yoshida, Y., Satake, H., Ohizumi, T., Evans, W.C., Tanyileke, G., and Kling, G., 2008, Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing: Geochemical Journal, v. 42, no. 1, p. 93-118, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.42.93.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.42.93","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cameroon","otherGeospatial":"Lake Monoun, Lake Nyos","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d77e4b0c8380cd53032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusakabe, M.","contributorId":94437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusakabe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ohba, T.","contributorId":47157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohba","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":" Issa","contributorId":35127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"Issa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoshida, Y.","contributorId":99765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshida","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Satake, H.","contributorId":60446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satake","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ohizumi, T.","contributorId":16657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohizumi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tanyileke, G.","contributorId":35882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanyileke","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kling, G.W.","contributorId":22368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70033296,"text":"70033296 - 2008 - Comparison of remote sensing image processing techniques to identify tornado damage areas from Landsat TM data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-27T13:20:31","indexId":"70033296","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3380,"text":"Sensors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of remote sensing image processing techniques to identify tornado damage areas from Landsat TM data","docAbstract":"<p>Remote sensing techniques have been shown effective for large-scale damage surveys after a hazardous event in both near real-time or post-event analyses. The paper aims to compare accuracy of common imaging processing techniques to detect tornado damage tracks from Landsat TM data. We employed the direct change detection approach using two sets of images acquired before and after the tornado event to produce a principal component composite images and a set of image difference bands. Techniques in the comparison include supervised classification, unsupervised classification, and objectoriented classification approach with a nearest neighbor classifier. Accuracy assessment is based on Kappa coefficient calculated from error matrices which cross tabulate correctly identified cells on the TM image and commission and omission errors in the result. Overall, the Object-oriented Approach exhibits the highest degree of accuracy in tornado damage detection. PCA and Image Differencing methods show comparable outcomes. While selected PCs can improve detection accuracy 5 to 10%, the Object-oriented Approach performs significantly better with 15-20% higher accuracy than the other two techniques. ?? 2008 by MDPI.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.3390/s8021128","issn":"14243210","usgsCitation":"Myint, S., Yuan, M., Cerveny, R., and Giri, C., 2008, Comparison of remote sensing image processing techniques to identify tornado damage areas from Landsat TM data: Sensors, v. 8, no. 2, p. 1128-1156, https://doi.org/10.3390/s8021128.","startPage":"1128","endPage":"1156","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s8021128","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f888e4b0c8380cd4d17d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myint, S.W.","contributorId":18103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myint","given":"S.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yuan, M.","contributorId":20889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yuan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cerveny, R.S.","contributorId":18899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerveny","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giri, C.P.","contributorId":29647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giri","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031954,"text":"70031954 - 2008 - Ecohydrological factors affecting nitrate concentrations in a phreatic desert aquifer in northwestern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-01T13:44:18","indexId":"70031954","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecohydrological factors affecting nitrate concentrations in a phreatic desert aquifer in northwestern China","docAbstract":"Aerobic conditions in desert aquifers commonly allow high nitrate (NO 3-) concentrations in recharge to persist for long periods of time, an important consideration for N-cycling and water quality. In this study, stable isotopes of NO3- (??15N NO3 and ??18ONO3) were used to trace NO3- cycling processes which affect concentrations in groundwater and unsaturated zone moisture in the arid Badain Jaran Oesert in northwestern China. Most groundwater NO3- appears to be depleted relative to Cl- in rainfall concentrated by evapotranspiration, indicating net N losses. Unsaturated zone NO 3- is generally higher than groundwater NO 3- in terms of both concentration (up to 15 476 ??M, corresponding to 3.6 mg NO3--N per kg sediment) and ratios with Cl-. Isotopic data indicate that the NO3- derives primarily from nitrification, with a minor direct contribution of atmospheric NO3- inferred for some samples, particularly in the unsaturated zone. Localized denitrification in the saturated zone is suggested by isotopic and geochemical indicators in some areas. Anthropogenic inputs appear to be minimal, and variability is attributed to environmental factors. In comparison to other arid regions, the sparseness of vegetation in the study area appears to play an important role in moderating unsaturated zone NO3- accumulation by allowing solute flushing and deterring extensive N2 fixation. ?? 2008 American Chemical Society.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es702478d","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Gates, J., Böhlke, J., and Edmunds, W., 2008, Ecohydrological factors affecting nitrate concentrations in a phreatic desert aquifer in northwestern China: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 42, no. 10, p. 3531-3537, https://doi.org/10.1021/es702478d.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3531","endPage":"3537","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214776,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702478d"}],"volume":"42","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a053ee4b0c8380cd50d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gates, J.B.","contributorId":105546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmunds, W.M.","contributorId":107082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmunds","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031956,"text":"70031956 - 2008 - Generation of a pseudo-2D shear-wave velocity section by inversion of a series of 1D dispersion curves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70031956","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of a pseudo-2D shear-wave velocity section by inversion of a series of 1D dispersion curves","docAbstract":"Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves utilizes a multichannel recording system to estimate near-surface shear (S)-wave velocities from high-frequency Rayleigh waves. A pseudo-2D S-wave velocity (vS) section is constructed by aligning 1D models at the midpoint of each receiver spread and using a spatial interpolation scheme. The horizontal resolution of the section is therefore most influenced by the receiver spread length and the source interval. The receiver spread length sets the theoretical lower limit and any vS structure with its lateral dimension smaller than this length will not be properly resolved in the final vS section. A source interval smaller than the spread length will not improve the horizontal resolution because spatial smearing has already been introduced by the receiver spread. In this paper, we first analyze the horizontal resolution of a pair of synthetic traces. Resolution analysis shows that (1) a pair of traces with a smaller receiver spacing achieves higher horizontal resolution of inverted S-wave velocities but results in a larger relative error; (2) the relative error of the phase velocity at a high frequency is smaller than at a low frequency; and (3) a relative error of the inverted S-wave velocity is affected by the signal-to-noise ratio of data. These results provide us with a guideline to balance the trade-off between receiver spacing (horizontal resolution) and accuracy of the inverted S-wave velocity. We then present a scheme to generate a pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section with high horizontal resolution using multichannel records by inverting high-frequency surface-wave dispersion curves calculated through cross-correlation combined with a phase-shift scanning method. This method chooses only a pair of consecutive traces within a shot gather to calculate a dispersion curve. We finally invert surface-wave dispersion curves of synthetic and real-world data. Inversion results of both synthetic and real-world data demonstrate that inverting high-frequency surface-wave dispersion curves - by a pair of traces through cross-correlation with phase-shift scanning method and with the damped least-square method and the singular-value decomposition technique - can feasibly achieve a reliable pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section with relatively high horizontal resolution. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2008.01.003","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Luo, Y., Xia, J., Liu, J., Xu, Y., and Liu, Q., 2008, Generation of a pseudo-2D shear-wave velocity section by inversion of a series of 1D dispersion curves: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 115-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2008.01.003.","startPage":"115","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2008.01.003"},{"id":242561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1551e4b0c8380cd54d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luo, Y.","contributorId":28417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Q.","contributorId":17827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70031960,"text":"70031960 - 2008 - Dislocation models of interseismic deformation in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031960","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dislocation models of interseismic deformation in the western United States","docAbstract":"The GPS-derived crustal velocity field of the western United States is used to construct dislocation models in a viscoelastic medium of interseismic crustal deformation. The interseismic velocity field is constrained by 1052 GPS velocity vectors spanning the ???2500-km-long plate boundary zone adjacent to the San Andreas fault and Cascadia subduction zone and extending ???1000 km into the plate interior. The GPS data set is compiled from U.S. Geological Survey campaign data, Plate Boundary Observatory data, and the Western U.S. Cordillera velocity field of Bennett et al. (1999). In the context of viscoelastic cycle models of postearthquake deformation, the interseismic velocity field is modeled with a combination of earthquake sources on ???100 known faults plus broadly distributed sources. Models that best explain the observed interseismic velocity field include the contributions of viscoelastic relaxation from faulting near the major plate margins, viscoelastic relaxation from distributed faulting in the plate interior, as well as lateral variations in depth-averaged rigidity in the elastic lithosphere. Resulting rigidity variations are consistent with reduced effective elastic plate thickness in a zone a few tens of kilometers wide surrounding the San Andreas fault (SAF) system. Primary deformation characteristics are captured along the entire SAF system, Eastern California Shear Zone, Walker Lane, the Mendocino triple junction, the Cascadia margin, and the plate interior up to ???1000 km from the major plate boundaries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005174","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., McCrory, P., Svarc, J., and Murray, J., 2008, Dislocation models of interseismic deformation in the western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 113, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005174.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476816,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005174","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214870,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005174"},{"id":242626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0215e4b0c8380cd4fe90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCrory, P.","contributorId":76150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Svarc, J.","contributorId":85731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, J.","contributorId":94837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031968,"text":"70031968 - 2008 - Space and habitat use by black bears in the Elwha valley prior to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T14:32:46","indexId":"70031968","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space and habitat use by black bears in the Elwha valley prior to dam removal","docAbstract":"Dam removal and subsequent restoration of salmon to the Elwha River is expected to cause a shift in nutrient dynamics within the watershed. To document how this influx of nutrients and energy may affect black bear (Ursus americanus) ecology, we used radio-telemetry to record movements of 11 male and two female black bears in the Elwha Valley from 2002-06. Our objective was to collect baseline data on bear movements prior to dam removal. We calculated annual home ranges, described seasonal timing of den entry and emergence, and described seasonal patterns of distribution and habitat use. Adaptive kernel home ranges were larger formales (mean = 151.1 km2, SE = 21.4) than females (mean = 38.8 km2, SE = 13.0). Males ranged widely and frequently left the watershed during late summer. Further, they exhibited predictable and synchronous patterns of elevation change throughout each year. Bears entered their winter dens between 8 October and 15 December and emerged from dens between 10 March and 9 May. Male bears used low-elevation conifer and hardwood forests along the Elwha floodplain during spring, mid- to high-elevation forests and meadows during early summer, high-elevation forests, meadows and shrubs during late summer, and mid-elevation forests, shrubs and meadows during fall. Data acquired during this study provide important baseline information for comparison after dam removal, when bears may alter their late summer and fall movement and denning patterns to take advantage of energy-rich spawning salmon.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Sager-Fradkin, K., Jenkins, K., Happe, P., Beecham, J., Wright, R., and Hoffman, R., 2008, Space and habitat use by black bears in the Elwha valley prior to dam removal: Northwest Science, v. 82, no. SPEC.ISS., p. 164-178.","startPage":"164","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"SPEC.ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9404e4b08c986b31a7eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sager-Fradkin, K.A.","contributorId":94515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sager-Fradkin","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, K.J.","contributorId":101371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Happe, P.J.","contributorId":20109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Happe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beecham, J.J.","contributorId":80101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beecham","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, R.G.","contributorId":9622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoffman, R.A.","contributorId":61661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035573,"text":"70035573 - 2008 - Middle to late cenozoic geology, hydrography, and fish evolution in the American Southwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035573","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Middle to late cenozoic geology, hydrography, and fish evolution in the American Southwest","docAbstract":"An evaluation of the poorly understood Cenozoic hydrologic history of the American Southwest using combined geological and biological data yields new insights with implications for tectonic evolution. The Mesozoic Cordilleran orogen next to the continental margin of southwestern North America probably formed the continental divide. Mountain building migrated eastward to cause uplift of the Rocky Mountains during the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary Laramide orogeny. Closed drainage basins that developed between the two mountain belts trapped lake waters containing fish of Atlantic affinity. Oligocene-Miocene tectonic extension fragmented the western mountain belt and created abundant closed basins that gradually filled with sediments and became conduits for dispersal of fishes of both Pacific and Atlantic affinity. Abrupt arrival of the modern Colorado River to the Mojave-Sonora Desert region at ca. 5 Ma provided a new conduit for fish dispersal. Great dissimilarities in modern fish fauna, including differences in their mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), indicate that late Miocene runoff from the Colorado Plateau did not flow down the Platte or Rio Grande, or through the Lake Bonneville Basin. Fossil fishes from the upper Miocene part of the Bidahochi Formation on the Colorado Plateau have characteristics that reflect a habitat of large, swift-moving waters, and they are closely related to fossil fishes associated with the Snake and Sacramento Rivers. This evidence suggests that influx of fishes from the ancestral Snake River involved a major drainage, not merely small headwater transfers. ?? 2008 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2008.2439(12)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Spencer, J., Smith, G., and Dowling, T., 2008, Middle to late cenozoic geology, hydrography, and fish evolution in the American Southwest, <i>in</i> Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 439, p. 279-299, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.2439(12).","startPage":"279","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2008.2439(12)"},{"id":244200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56ece4b0c8380cd6d906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, J.E.","contributorId":91542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, G.R.","contributorId":97038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dowling, T.E.","contributorId":38935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowling","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70031972,"text":"70031972 - 2008 - Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T08:21:14","indexId":"70031972","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems","docAbstract":"Reduction/oxidation (redox) conditions in 15 principal aquifer (PA) systems of the United States, and their impact on several water quality issues, were assessed from a large data base collected by the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the USGS. The logic of these assessments was based on the observed ecological succession of electron acceptors such as dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate and threshold concentrations of these substrates needed to support active microbial metabolism. Similarly, the utilization of solid-phase electron acceptors such as Mn(IV) and Fe(III) is indicated by the production of dissolved manganese and iron. An internally consistent set of threshold concentration criteria was developed and applied to a large data set of 1692 water samples from the PAs to assess ambient redox conditions. The indicated redox conditions then were related to the occurrence of selected natural (arsenic) and anthropogenic (nitrate and volatile organic compounds) contaminants in ground water. For the natural and anthropogenic contaminants assessed in this study, considering redox conditions as defined by this framework of redox indicator species and threshold concentrations explained many water quality trends observed at a regional scale. An important finding of this study was that samples indicating mixed redox processes provide information on redox heterogeneity that is useful for assessing common water quality issues. Given the interpretive power of the redox framework and given that it is relatively inexpensive and easy to measure the chemical parameters included in the framework, those parameters should be included in routine water quality monitoring programs whenever possible.","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., and Chapelle, F.H., 2008, Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems: Ground Water, v. 46, no. 2, p. 259-271, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215024,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3c0e4b0e8fec6cdb965","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031980,"text":"70031980 - 2008 - A linked hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Salton Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:19:24","indexId":"70031980","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A linked hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Salton Sea","docAbstract":"A linked hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed and applied to the Salton Sea. The hydrodynamic component is based on the one-dimensional numerical model, DLM. The water quality model is based on a new conceptual model for nutrient cycling in the Sea, and simulates temperature, total suspended sediment concentration, nutrient concentrations, including PO4-3, NO3-1 and NH4+1, DO concentration and chlorophyll a concentration as functions of depth and time. Existing water temperature data from 1997 were used to verify that the model could accurately represent the onset and breakup of thermal stratification. 1999 is the only year with a near-complete dataset for water quality variables for the Salton Sea. The linked hydrodynamic and water quality model was run for 1999, and by adjustment of rate coefficients and other water quality parameters, a good match with the data was obtained. In this article, the model is fully described and the model results for reductions in external phosphorus load on chlorophyll a distribution are presented. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-008-9311-6","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Chung, E., Schladow, S., Perez-Losada, J., and Robertson, D.M., 2008, A linked hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 604, no. 1, p. 57-75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9311-6.","startPage":"57","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214648,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9311-6"}],"volume":"604","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e438e4b0c8380cd464f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chung, E.G.","contributorId":89773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perez-Losada, J.","contributorId":48054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez-Losada","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70031981,"text":"70031981 - 2008 - Change in the forested and developed landscape of the Lake Tahoe basin, California and Nevada, USA, 1940-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70031981","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Change in the forested and developed landscape of the Lake Tahoe basin, California and Nevada, USA, 1940-2002","docAbstract":"The current ecological state of the Lake Tahoe basin has been shaped by significant landscape-altering human activity and management practices since the mid-1850s; first through widespread timber harvesting from the 1850s to 1920s followed by urban development from the 1950s to the present. Consequences of landscape change, both from development and forest management practices including fire suppression, have prompted rising levels of concern for the ecological integrity of the region. The impacts from these activities include decreased water quality, degraded biotic communities, and increased fire hazard. To establish an understanding of the Lake Tahoe basin's landscape change in the context of forest management and development we mapped, quantified, and described the spatial and temporal distribution and variability of historical changes in land use and land cover in the southern Lake Tahoe basin (279 km2) from 1940 to 2002. Our assessment relied on post-classification change detection of multi-temporal land-use/cover and impervious-surface-area data that were derived through manual interpretation, image processing, and GIS data integration for four dates of imagery: 1940, 1969, 1987, and 2002. The most significant land conversion during the 62-year study period was an increase in developed lands with a corresponding decrease in forests, wetlands, and shrublands. Forest stand densities increased throughout the 62-year study period, and modern thinning efforts resulted in localized stand density decreases in the latter part of the study period. Additionally forests were gained from succession, and towards the end of the study period extensive tree mortality occurred. The highest rates of change occurred between 1940 and 1969, corresponding with dramatic development, then rates declined through 2002 for all observed landscape changes except forest density decrease and tree mortality. Causes of landscape change included regional population growth, tourism demands, timber harvest for local use, fire suppression, bark beetle attack, and fuels reduction activities. Results from this study offer land managers within the Lake Tahoe basin and in similar regions a basis for making better informed land-use and management decisions to potentially minimize detrimental ecological impacts of landscape change. The perspective to be gained is based on quantitative retrospection of the effects of human-driven changes and the impacts of management action or inaction to the forested landscape. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.028","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Raumann, C., and Cablk, M.E., 2008, Change in the forested and developed landscape of the Lake Tahoe basin, California and Nevada, USA, 1940-2002: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 255, no. 8-9, p. 3424-3439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.028.","startPage":"3424","endPage":"3439","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214679,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.028"},{"id":242425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"255","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f401e4b0c8380cd4baa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raumann, C.G.","contributorId":24583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raumann","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cablk, Mary E.","contributorId":26517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cablk","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}