The landscape of the Barrow Peninsula in northern Alaska is thought to have formed over centuries to millennia, and is now dominated by ice-wedge polygonal tundra that spans drained thaw-lake basins and interstitial tundra. In nearby tundra regions, studies have identified a rapid increase in thermokarst formation (i.e., pits) over recent decades in response to climate warming, facilitating changes in polygonal tundra geomorphology. We assessed the future impact of 100 years of tundra geomorphic change on peak growing season carbon exchange in response to: (i) landscape succession associated with the thaw-lake cycle; and (ii) low, moderate, and extreme scenarios of thermokarst pit formation (10%, 30%, and 50%) reported for Alaskan arctic tundra sites. We developed a 30 × 30 m resolution tundra geomorphology map (overall accuracy:75%; Kappa:0.69) for our ~1800 km² study area composed of ten classes; drained slope, high center polygon, flat-center polygon, low center polygon, coalescent low center polygon, polygon trough, meadow, ponds, rivers, and lakes, to determine their spatial distribution across the Barrow Peninsula. Land-atmosphere CO2 and CH4 flux data were collected for the summers of 2006–2010 at eighty-two sites near Barrow, across the mapped classes. The developed geomorphic map was used for the regional assessment of carbon flux. Results indicate (i) at present during peak growing season on the Barrow Peninsula, CO2 uptake occurs at -902.3 106gC-CO2 day−1(uncertainty using 95% CI is between −438.3 and −1366 106gC-CO2 day−1) and CH4 flux at 28.9 106gC-CH4 day−1(uncertainty using 95% CI is between 12.9 and 44.9 106gC-CH4 day−1), (ii) one century of future landscape change associated with the thaw-lake cycle only slightly alter CO2 and CH4 exchange, while (iii) moderate increases in thermokarst pits would strengthen both CO2uptake (−166.9 106gC-CO2 day−1) and CH4 flux (2.8 106gC-CH4 day−1) with geomorphic change from low to high center polygons, cumulatively resulting in an estimated negative feedback to warming during peak growing season.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gcb.12757","usgsCitation":"Lara, M.J., McGuire, A.D., Euskirchen, E., Tweedie, C.E., Hinkel, K.M., Skurikhin, A.N., Romanovsky, V.E., Grosse, G., Bolton, W.R., and Genet, H., 2015, Polygonal tundra geomorphological change in response to warming alters future CO2 and CH4 flux on the Barrow Peninsula: Global Change Biology, v. 21, no. 4, p. 1634-1651, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12757.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1634","endPage":"1651","ipdsId":"IP-057369","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1400670","text":"External Repository"},{"id":348469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Barrow Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.65380859375,\n 70.8356582274894\n ],\n [\n -155.50048828125,\n 70.8356582274894\n ],\n [\n -155.50048828125,\n 71.39390732213532\n ],\n [\n -157.65380859375,\n 71.39390732213532\n ],\n [\n -157.65380859375,\n 70.8356582274894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0425c3e4b0dc0b45b4540b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lara, Mark J.","contributorId":194640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lara","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euskirchen, Eugénie S.","contributorId":83378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"Eugénie S.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tweedie, Craig E.","contributorId":200176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tweedie","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hinkel, Kenneth M.","contributorId":15405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkel","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Skurikhin, Alexei N.","contributorId":200177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skurikhin","given":"Alexei","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Romanovsky, Vladimir E.","contributorId":40113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":101475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","affiliations":[{"id":34291,"text":"University of Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bolton, W. Robert","contributorId":187610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bolton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Genet, Helene","contributorId":95370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genet","given":"Helene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70196820,"text":"70196820 - 2015 - A tribute to George Plafker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T12:53:17","indexId":"70196820","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tribute to George Plafker","docAbstract":"In a long and distinguished career, George Plafker made fundamental advances in understanding of megathrust tectonics, tsunami generation, paleoseismology, crustal neotectonics, and Alaskan geology, chiefly by means of geological field observations. George discovered that giant earthquakes result from tens of meters of seismic slip on subduction megathrusts, and he did this before the theory of plate tectonics had become a paradigm. The discovery was founded on George's comprehensive mapping of land-level changes in the aftermath of the 1964 earthquake in Alaska, and on his follow-up mapping, in 1968, in the region of the 1960 earthquakes in Chile. The mapping showed paired, parallel belts of coseismic uplift largely offshore and coseismic subsidence mostly onshore – a pattern now familiar as the initial condition assumed in simulations of subduction-zone tsunamis. George recognized, moreover, that splay faulting can play a major role in tsunami generation, and he also distinguished carefully between tectonic and landslide sources for the multiple tsunamis that accounted for nearly all the fatalities associated with the 1964 Alaska earthquake. George's classic monographs on the 1964 earthquake include findings on subduction-zone paleoseismology that he soon extended to include stratigraphic evidence for cyclic vertical deformation at the Copper River Delta, as well as recurrent uplift evidenced by flights of marine terraces at Middleton Island. As a geologist of earthquakes, George also clarified the tectonics and hazards of crustal faulting in Alaska, California, and other areas worldwide. All the while, George was mapping bedrock geology in Alaska, where he contributed importantly to today's understanding of how terranes were accreted and modified. Especially important was his documentation of the origin, movement, subduction, and collision of the Yakutat terrane in southern Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.010","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., Haeussler, P.J., and Atwater, B., 2015, A tribute to George Plafker: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 113, p. 3-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.010.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-057685","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.010","text":"External Repository"},{"id":353927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afeebcfe4b0da30c1bfc682","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":204656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atwater, Brian F. 0000-0003-1155-2815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":204658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"Brian F.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003495,"text":"70003495 - 2015 - Reconnaissance investigation of the Lisburne Group in the Cobblestone Creek area, Chandler Lake quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:04:49","indexId":"70003495","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":102,"text":"Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Preliminary Interpretive Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2015-2","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of the Lisburne Group in the Cobblestone Creek area, Chandler Lake quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance investigation of the Carboniferous Lisburne Group in the Cobblestone Creek area, Chandler Lake Quadrangle, yields insights into its resource potential and regional relations. Locally porous vuggy dolostone with hydrocarbon reservoir potential occurs in the lower Lisburne in the three most southerly of five thrust sheets, and contains traces of dead oil in two of these sheets. The dolostones are coarse crystalline, commonly cross-bedded, and at least in part of Osagean (late Early Mississippian) age; they have pelmatozoan grainstone protoliths that likely formed in sand shoals of the midramp to inner ramp. Similar, coeval porous dolostones occur in the Lisburne from Skimo Creek to Itkillik Lake, ~70 km west and 10 km east of the Cobblestone Creek area, respectively. We also examined the uppermost Lisburne Group at several localities in the Cobblestone Creek area, mainly in the northernmost thrust sheet where the rocks are as young as Morrowan (Early Pennsylvanian). Cobblestone sections contain more supportstone than equivalent strata at Skimo Creek, and overlying Permian successions also differ between the two areas. These lithologic contrasts may reflect different rates of tectonically controlled subsidence, and (or) changes in sediment input, along the late Paleozoic continental margin.
","language":"English","doi":"10.14509/29403","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Whalen, M.T., 2015, Reconnaissance investigation of the Lisburne Group in the Cobblestone Creek area, Chandler Lake quadrangle, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Preliminary Interpretive Report 2015-2, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.14509/29403.","productDescription":"17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-011242","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14509/29403","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299888,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chandler Lake Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.5289306640625,\n 68.22256132239606\n ],\n [\n -151.5289306640625,\n 68.56640647198128\n ],\n [\n -149.12841796875,\n 68.56640647198128\n ],\n [\n -149.12841796875,\n 68.22256132239606\n ],\n [\n -151.5289306640625,\n 68.22256132239606\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"553f5db8e4b0a658d7938cf9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wartes, M. A.","contributorId":121544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wartes","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519954,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Decker, P. L.","contributorId":121525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519953,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":512690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whalen, Michael T.","contributorId":31852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160063,"text":"70160063 - 2015 - Sampling of sea ducks for influenza A viruses in Alaska during winter provides lack of evidence for epidemiological peak of infection.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-16T21:29:20","indexId":"70160063","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling of sea ducks for influenza A viruses in Alaska during winter provides lack of evidence for epidemiological peak of infection.","docAbstract":"Sampling of sea ducks for influenza A viruses in Alaska during winter provided no evidence for an epidemiologic peak of infection. Isolates were recovered, however, that provide information on viral diversity and dispersal that may not be realized through sampling efforts focused on other avian taxa.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/2015-03-057","usgsCitation":"Ramey, A.M., Reeves, A.B., Poulson, R.L., Wasley, J., Esler, D., and Stalknecht, D.E., 2015, Sampling of sea ducks for influenza A viruses in Alaska during winter provides lack of evidence for epidemiological peak of infection.: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 51, no. 4, p. 938-941, https://doi.org/10.7589/2015-03-057.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"938","endPage":"941","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064158","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/2015-03-057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":312093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound, St. Paul Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.1396484375,\n 60.261617082844616\n ],\n [\n -148.1396484375,\n 60.95711072549826\n ],\n [\n -145.7666015625,\n 60.95711072549826\n ],\n [\n -145.7666015625,\n 60.261617082844616\n ],\n [\n -148.1396484375,\n 60.261617082844616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.48583984375,\n 57.10940213852767\n ],\n [\n -170.48583984375,\n 57.271618718194446\n ],\n [\n -170.07110595703125,\n 57.271618718194446\n ],\n [\n -170.07110595703125,\n 57.10940213852767\n ],\n [\n -170.48583984375,\n 57.10940213852767\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566ab06ae4b09cfe53ca4509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramey, Andrew M. 0000-0002-3601-8400 aramey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3601-8400","contributorId":1872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramey","given":"Andrew","email":"aramey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeves, Andrew B. 0000-0002-7526-0726 areeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-0726","contributorId":167362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Andrew","email":"areeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poulson, Rebecca L.","contributorId":68669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulson","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wasley, Jeff","contributorId":150465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wasley","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stalknecht, David E.","contributorId":150466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stalknecht","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70159322,"text":"70159322 - 2015 - Diverse juvenile life-history behaviours contribute to the spawning stock of an anadromous fish population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T10:09:16","indexId":"70159322","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diverse juvenile life-history behaviours contribute to the spawning stock of an anadromous fish population","docAbstract":"Habitat quality often varies substantially across space and time, producing a shifting mosaic of growth and mortality trade-offs across watersheds. Traditional studies of juvenile habitat use have emphasised the evolution of single optimal strategies that maximise recruitment to adulthood and eventual fitness. However, linking the distribution of individual behaviours that contribute to recruitment at the population level has been elusive, particularly for highly fecund aquatic organisms. We examined juvenile habitat use within a population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that spawn in a watershed consisting of two interconnected lakes and a marine lagoon. Otolith microchemical analysis revealed that the productive headwater lake accounted for about half of juvenile growth for those individuals surviving to spawn in a single river in the upper watershed. However, 47% of adults had achieved more than half of their juvenile growth in the downstream less productive lake, and 3% of individuals migrated to the estuarine environment during their first summer and returned to freshwater to overwinter before migrating back to sea. These results describe a diversity of viable habitat-use strategies by juvenile sockeye salmon that may buffer the population against poor conditions in any single rearing environment, reduce density-dependent mortality and have implications for the designation of critical habitat for conservation purposes. A network of accessible alternative habitats providing trade-offs in growth and survival may be important for long-term viability of populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/eff.12135","usgsCitation":"Walsworth, T.E., Schindler, D.E., Griffiths, J.R., and Zimmerman, C.E., 2015, Diverse juvenile life-history behaviours contribute to the spawning stock of an anadromous fish population: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 24, p. 204-213, https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12135.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"213","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051242","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chignik Lake system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.1094970703125,\n 56.22579478256016\n ],\n [\n -159.1094970703125,\n 56.49813356805866\n ],\n [\n -158.4132385253906,\n 56.49813356805866\n ],\n [\n -158.4132385253906,\n 56.22579478256016\n ],\n [\n -159.1094970703125,\n 56.22579478256016\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08bae4b011227bf1fd47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsworth, Timothy E.","contributorId":149336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsworth","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13190,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schindler, Daniel E.","contributorId":83485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schindler","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffiths, Jennifer R.","contributorId":149337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13190,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70144383,"text":"70144383 - 2015 - Ecological drivers of variation in tool-use frequency across sea otter populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-30T10:54:05","indexId":"70144383","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-30T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":981,"text":"Behavioral Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological drivers of variation in tool-use frequency across sea otter populations","docAbstract":"Sea otters are well-known tool users, employing objects such as rocks or shells to break open hard-shelled invertebrate prey. However, little is known about how the frequency of tool use varies among sea otter populations and the factors that drive these differences. We examined 17 years of observational data on prey capture and tool use from 8 sea otter populations ranging from southern California to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. There were significant differences in the diets of these populations as well as variation in the frequency of tool use. Sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska, used tools on less than 1% of dives that resulted in the capture of prey compared with approximately 16% in Monterey, California. The percentage of individuals in the population that used tools ranged from 10% to 93%. In all populations, marine snails and thick-shelled bivalves were most likely to be associated with tool use, whereas soft-bodied prey items such as worms and sea stars were the least likely. The probability that a tool would be used on a given prey type varied across populations. The morphology of the prey item being handled and the prevalence of various types of prey in local diets were major ecological drivers of tool use: together they accounted for about 64% of the variation in tool-use frequency among populations. The remaining variation may be related to changes in the relative costs and benefits to an individual otter of learning to use tools effectively under differing ecological circumstances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/beheco/aru220","usgsCitation":"Fujii, J., Ralls, K., and Tinker, M.T., 2015, Ecological drivers of variation in tool-use frequency across sea otter populations: Behavioral Ecology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 519-526, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru220.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061103","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299125,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -182.61474609375,\n 50.65294336725709\n ],\n [\n -182.61474609375,\n 52.281601868071434\n ],\n [\n -175.14404296874997,\n 52.281601868071434\n ],\n [\n -175.14404296874997,\n 50.65294336725709\n ],\n [\n -182.61474609375,\n 50.65294336725709\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.5655517578125,\n 58.09820267068277\n ],\n [\n -136.5655517578125,\n 58.819430209826066\n ],\n [\n -135.85693359375,\n 58.819430209826066\n ],\n [\n -135.85693359375,\n 58.09820267068277\n ],\n [\n -136.5655517578125,\n 58.09820267068277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.89331054687499,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -121.89331054687499,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 35.110921809704756\n ],\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -120.36621093749999,\n 34.42503613021332\n ],\n [\n -119.17968749999999,\n 33.27543541298162\n ],\n [\n -119.520263671875,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 34.31621838080741\n ],\n [\n -122.73925781250001,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -121.89331054687499,\n 36.70365959719456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"551a65a8e4b032384278340e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fujii, Jessica 0000-0003-4794-479X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-479X","contributorId":139956,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujii","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ralls, Katherine","contributorId":37900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ralls","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70144371,"text":"70144371 - 2015 - 'Is Ash Falling?', an online ashfall reporting tool in support of improved ashfall warnings and investigations of ashfall processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-27T15:19:05","indexId":"70144371","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-27T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3841,"text":"Journal of Applied Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"'Is Ash Falling?', an online ashfall reporting tool in support of improved ashfall warnings and investigations of ashfall processes","docAbstract":"The primary volcano hazard in Alaska is airborne ash, which endangers aircraft flying the busy North Pacific air routes and consequently affects global commerce. Downwind ashfall is also a significant threat to commerce, transportation and day-to-day activities in nearby Alaska communities. A web-enabled database, \"Is Ash Falling?\" has been developed to collect ashfall observations and encourage sample collections from the public during eruptions, enabling volcano observatory staff to concentrate on eruption response. Knowing the locations of filed ashfall reports improves public ashfall warnings and forecasts by providing on-the-ground checks for ash dispersion and fallout computer models and satellite imagery interpretation. Reports of ashfall are shared with emergency management agencies and the wider public. These reports also give scientists a more complete record of the amount, duration and other conditions of ashfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s13617-014-0022-6","usgsCitation":"Wallace, K.L., Snedigar, S., and Cameron, C., 2015, 'Is Ash Falling?', an online ashfall reporting tool in support of improved ashfall warnings and investigations of ashfall processes: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 4, no. 1, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-014-0022-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057267","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-014-0022-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299111,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55167117e4b0323842781acc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, Kristi L. 0000-0002-0962-048X kwallace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-048X","contributorId":3454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Kristi","email":"kwallace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snedigar, Seth","contributorId":139952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snedigar","given":"Seth","affiliations":[{"id":13214,"text":"State of Alaska, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cameron, Cheryl","contributorId":139951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cameron","given":"Cheryl","affiliations":[{"id":13214,"text":"State of Alaska, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70147545,"text":"70147545 - 2015 - Evidence for the assimilation of ancient glacier organic carbon in a proglacial stream food web","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T11:19:04","indexId":"70147545","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-26T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for the assimilation of ancient glacier organic carbon in a proglacial stream food web","docAbstract":"We used natural abundance δ13C, δ15N, and Δ14C to compare trophic linkages between potential carbon sources (leaf litter, epilithic biofilm, and particulate organic matter) and consumers (aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish) in a nonglacial stream and two reaches of the heavily glaciated Herbert River. We tested the hypothesis that proglacial stream food webs are sustained by organic carbon released from glacial ecosystems. Carbon sources and consumers in the nonglacial stream had carbon isotope values that ranged from -30‰ to -25‰ for δ13C and from -14‰ to 53‰ for Δ14C reflecting a food web sustained mainly on contemporary primary production. In contrast, biofilm in the two glacial stream sites was highly Δ14C-depleted (-215‰ to 175‰) relative to the nonglacial stream consistent with the assimilation of ancient glacier organic carbon. IsoSource modeling showed that in upper Herbert River, macroinvertebrates (Δ14C = -171‰ to 22‰) and juvenile salmonids (Δ14C = −102‰ to 17‰) reflected a feeding history of both biofilm (~ 56%) and leaf litter (~ 40%). We estimate that in upper Herbert River on average 36% of the carbon incorporated into consumer biomass is derived from the glacier ecosystem. Thus, 14C-depleted glacial organic carbon was likely transferred to higher trophic levels through a feeding history of bacterial uptake of dissolved organic carbon and subsequent consumption of 14C-depleted biofilm by invertebrates and ultimately fish. Our findings show that the metazoan food web is sustained in part by glacial organic carbon such that future changes in glacial runoff could influence the stability and trophic structure of proglacial aquatic ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","publisherLocation":"Waco, TX","doi":"10.1002/lno.10088","usgsCitation":"Fellman, J., Hood, E., Raymond, P.A., Hudson, J., Bozeman, M., and Arimitsu, M.L., 2015, Evidence for the assimilation of ancient glacier organic carbon in a proglacial stream food web: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 60, no. 4, p. 1118-1128, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10088.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1118","endPage":"1128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057885","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10088","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5549e9bae4b064e4207ca43f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellman, Jason","contributorId":138836,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fellman","given":"Jason","affiliations":[{"id":12538,"text":"Environmental Science and Geography Program, University of Alaska Southeast","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hood, Eran","contributorId":106802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hood","given":"Eran","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raymond, Peter A.","contributorId":47627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudson, J.H.","contributorId":102505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bozeman, Maura","contributorId":140557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bozeman","given":"Maura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arimitsu, Mayumi L. 0000-0001-6982-2238 marimitsu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-2238","contributorId":140501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arimitsu","given":"Mayumi","email":"marimitsu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70143780,"text":"fs20153028 - 2015 - The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T15:02:00","indexId":"fs20153028","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-26T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3028","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Nevada","docAbstract":"Elevation data are essential to a broad range of applications, including forest resources management, wildlife and habitat management, national security, recreation, and many others. For the State of Nevada, elevation data are critical for infrastructure and construction management, natural resources conservation, flood risk management, geologic resource assessment and hazard mitigation, agriculture and precision farming, and other business uses. Today, high-density light detection and ranging (lidar) data are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and other datasets. Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist. A joint goal of State and Federal partners is to acquire consistent, statewide coverage to support existing and emerging applications enabled by lidar data.
\nThe National Enhanced Elevation Assessment evaluated multiple elevation data acquisition options to determine the optimal data quality and data replacement cycle relative to cost to meet the identified requirements of the user community. The evaluation demonstrated that lidar acquisition at quality level 2 for the conterminous United States and quality level 5 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data for Alaska with a 6- to 10-year acquisition cycle provided the highest benefit/cost ratios. The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative selected an 8-year acquisition cycle for the respective quality levels. 3DEP, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Office of Management and Budget Circular A–16 lead agency for terrestrial elevation data, responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other 3D representations of the Nation’s natural and constructed features.
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Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":127609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70144117,"text":"70144117 - 2015 - Polar bear population dynamics in the southern Beaufort Sea during a period of sea ice decline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-21T13:19:58","indexId":"70144117","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-25T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polar bear population dynamics in the southern Beaufort Sea during a period of sea ice decline","docAbstract":"In the southern Beaufort Sea of the United States and Canada, prior investigations have linked declines in summer sea ice to reduced physical condition, growth, and survival of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Combined with projections of population decline due to continued climate warming and the ensuing loss of sea ice habitat, those findings contributed to the 2008 decision to list the species as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Here, we used mark–recapture models to investigate the population dynamics of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea from 2001 to 2010, years during which the spatial and temporal extent of summer sea ice generally declined. Low survival from 2004 through 2006 led to a 25–50% decline in abundance. We hypothesize that low survival during this period resulted from (1) unfavorable ice conditions that limited access to prey during multiple seasons; and possibly, (2) low prey abundance. For reasons that are not clear, survival of adults and cubs began to improve in 2007 and abundance was comparatively stable from 2008 to 2010, with ~900 bears in 2010 (90% CI 606–1212). However, survival of subadult bears declined throughout the entire period. Reduced spatial and temporal availability of sea ice is expected to increasingly force population dynamics of polar bears as the climate continues to warm. However, in the short term, our findings suggest that factors other than sea ice can influence survival. A refined understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying polar bear population dynamics is necessary to improve projections of their future status and facilitate development of management strategies.
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Isotopic analysis of vibrissae (whiskers) is a potentially useful approach to resolving the nutritional ecology of this species because long-term (up to 8 yr) dietary information is sequentially recorded and metabolically inert once formed. Additionally, vibrissae are grown in utero, potentially offering indirect inference on maternal diet. However, diet reconstruction using isotopic techniques requires a priori knowledge of trophic enrichment factors (TEFs), which can vary relative to diet quality and among animal species. In this study, we provide new TEF estimates for (1) maternal relative to pup vibrissae during both gestation and nursing and (2) adult vibrissae relative to a complex diet. Further, we refine vibrissa-milk TEFs based on an additional 76 animals with an age distribution ranging from 1 to 20 mo. Mother-pup vibrissae TEF values during gestation and nursing were near zero for δ13C and averaged 0.8 and 1.6‰, respectively, for δ15N. 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For the State of West Virginia, elevation data are critical for natural resources conservation, flood risk management, forest resources management, infrastructure and construction management, agriculture and precision farming, and other business uses. Today, high-density light detection and ranging (lidar) data are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and other datasets. Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist. A joint goal of State and Federal partners is to acquire consistent, statewide coverage to support existing and emerging applications enabled by lidar data.
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Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":127609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70142446,"text":"fs20153018 - 2015 - The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T15:06:20","indexId":"fs20153018","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-12T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3018","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Iowa","docAbstract":"Elevation data are essential to a broad range of applications, including forest resources management, wildlife and habitat management, national security, recreation, and many others. For the State of Iowa, elevation data are critical for agriculture and precision farming, infrastructure and construction management, natural resources conservation, flood risk management, water supply and quality, and other business uses. Today, high-density light detection and ranging (lidar) data are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and other datasets. Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist. A joint goal of State and Federal partners is to acquire consistent, statewide coverage to support existing and emerging applications enabled by lidar data.
\nThe National Enhanced Elevation Assessment evaluated multiple elevation data acquisition options to determine the optimal data quality and data replacement cycle relative to cost to meet the identified requirements of the user community. The evaluation demonstrated that lidar acquisition at quality level 2 for the conterminous United States and quality level 5 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data for Alaska with a 6- to 10-year acquisition cycle provided the highest benefit/cost ratios. The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative selected an 8-year acquisition cycle for the respective quality levels. 3DEP, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Office of Management and Budget Circular A–16 lead agency for terrestrial elevation data, responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other 3D representations of the Nation’s natural and constructed features.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153018","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., 2015, The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Iowa (Version 1.0: Originally posted March 12, 2015; Version 1.1: June 25, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3018, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153018.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060453","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153018.jpg"},{"id":298458,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3018/pdf/fs2015-3018.pdf","text":"Report","size":"260 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted March 12, 2015; Version 1.1: June 25, 2015","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5502aa9ce4b02e76d7564e98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148007,"text":"70148007 - 2015 - Great (≥Mw8.0) megathrust earthquakes and the subduction of excess sediment and bathymetrically smooth seafloor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:44:31","indexId":"70148007","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Great (≥Mw8.0) megathrust earthquakes and the subduction of excess sediment and bathymetrically smooth seafloor","docAbstract":"Using older and in part flawed data, Ruff (1989) suggested that thick sediment entering the subduction zone (SZ) smooths and strengthens the trench-parallel distribution of interplate coupling. This circumstance was conjectured to favor rupture continuation and the generation of high-magnitude (≥Mw8.0) interplate thrust (IPT) earthquakes. Using larger and more accurate compilations of sediment thickness and instrumental (1899 to January 2013) and pre-instrumental era (1700–1898) IPTs (n = 176 and 12, respectively), we tested if a compelling relation existed between where IPT earthquakes ≥Mw7.5 occurred and where thick (≥1.0 km) versus thin (≤1.0 km) sedimentary sections entered the SZ.
\nBased on the new compilations, a statistically supported statement (see Summary and Conclusions) can be made that high-magnitude earthquakes are most prone to nucleate at well-sedimented SZs. For example, despite the 7500 km shorter global length of thick-sediment trenches, they account for ∼53% of instrumental era IPTs ≥Mw8.0, ∼75% ≥Mw8.5, and 100% ≥Mw9.1. No megathrusts >Mw9.0 ruptured at thin-sediment trenches, whereas three occurred at thick-sediment trenches (1960 Chile Mw9.5, 1964 Alaska Mw9.2, and 2004 Sumatra Mw9.2).
\nHowever, large Mw8.0–9.0 IPTs commonly (n = 23) nucleated at thin-sediment trenches. These earthquakes are associated with the subduction of low-relief ocean floor and where the debris of subduction erosion thickens the plate-separating subduction channel. The combination of low bathymetric relief and subduction erosion is inferred to also produce a smooth trench-parallel distribution of coupling posited to favor the characteristic lengthy rupturing of high-magnitude IPT earthquakes. In these areas subduction of a weak sedimentary sequence further enables rupture continuation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES01079.1","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D.W., Kirby, S.H., von Huene, R.E., Ryan, H., Wells, R., and Geist, E.L., 2015, Great (≥Mw8.0) megathrust earthquakes and the subduction of excess sediment and bathymetrically smooth seafloor: Geosphere, v. 11, no. 2, p. 236-265, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01079.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057488","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01079.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55532430e4b0a92fa7e94c8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Stephe H.","contributorId":140745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephe","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ryan, Holly F. hryan@usgs.gov","contributorId":140746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly F.","email":"hryan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70142305,"text":"70142305 - 2015 - Evaluating the status of individuals and populations: Advantages of multiple approaches and time scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T15:27:28.201045","indexId":"70142305","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-06T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"6","title":"Evaluating the status of individuals and populations: Advantages of multiple approaches and time scales","docAbstract":"The assessment of population status is a central goal of applied wildlife research and essential to the field of wildlife conservation. “Population status” has a number of definitions, the most widely used having to do with the current trajectory of the population (i.e., growing, stable, or declining), or the probability of persistence (i.e., extinction risk), perhaps without any specific knowledge as to the factors driving a population’s dynamics. In contrast, a population’s status relative to the carrying capacity of the environment (K) is an ecologically-based definition that explicitly provides information about a major mechanism of population control. That is, it relates to the relative per capita availability of resources to individuals in a population, which can also be used to infer the state of the environment itself.
\nSea otters in the North Pacific provide an excellent system with which to examine various approaches to assessing population status relative to K. This is because sea otters were nearly extirpated by historic commercial overexploitation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, followed by natural and translocation-aided population recovery during the twentieth century, and this decline and recovery has been relatively well documented. This provided a unique opportunity to study populations at the extremes of the population status spectrum. Here we describe and review the approaches that have been utilized in sea otter research to understand the status of populations relative to resource abundance. Specifically, we will illustrate the utility of various indices of population status for understanding population dynamics using the case study of a second precipitous sea otter decline in the Western Aleutians. The indices or “tools” described here fit into several broad categories including (1) energetic, (2) morphological, and (3) demographic as well as a fourth category of emerging tools that have not yet been employed in many other situations including dietary diversity, community structure, spatial distribution, and gene expression.
\nOverall, a variety of indices used to measure population status throughout the sea otter’s range have provided insights for understanding the mechanisms driving the trajectory of various sea otter populations, which a single index could not, and we suggest using multiple methods to measure a population’s status at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The work described here also illustrates the usefulness of long-term data sets and/or approaches that can be used to assess population status retrospectively, providing information otherwise not available. While not all systems will be as amenable to using all the approaches presented here, we expect innovative researchers could adapt analogous multi-scale methods to a broad range of habitats and species including apex predators occupying the top trophic levels, which are often of conservation concern.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sea Otter Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00006-8","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., and Bowen, L., 2015, Evaluating the status of individuals and populations: Advantages of multiple approaches and time scales, chap. 6 of Sea Otter Conservation, p. 121-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00006-8.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049066","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54facfaae4b02419550db6ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, Lizabeth 0000-0001-9115-4336 lbowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-4336","contributorId":4539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Lizabeth","email":"lbowen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70142330,"text":"70142330 - 2015 - Unusually loud ambient noise in tidewater glacier fjords: a signal of ice melt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:07:08","indexId":"70142330","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-04T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusually loud ambient noise in tidewater glacier fjords: a signal of ice melt","docAbstract":"In glacierized fjords, the ice-ocean boundary is a physically and biologically dynamic environment that is sensitive to both glacier flow and ocean circulation. Ocean ambient noise offers insight into processes and change at the ice-ocean boundary. Here we characterize fjord ambient noise and show that the average noise levels are louder than nearly all measured natural oceanic environments (significantly louder than sea ice and non-glacierized fjords). Icy Bay, Alaska has an annual average sound pressure level of 120 dB (re 1 μPa) with a broad peak between 1000 and 3000 Hz. Bubble formation in the water column as glacier ice melts is the noise source, with variability driven by fjord circulation patterns. Measurements from two additional fjords, in Alaska and Antarctica, support that this unusually loud ambient noise in Icy Bay is representative of glacierized fjords. These high noise levels likely alter the behavior of marine mammals.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2014GL062950","usgsCitation":"Pettit, E.C., Lee, K.M., Brann, J.P., Nystuen, J.A., Wilson, P.S., and O’Neel, S., 2015, Unusually loud ambient noise in tidewater glacier fjords: a signal of ice melt: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 7, p. 2309-2316, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062950.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2309","endPage":"2316","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062408","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062950","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Icy Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.3947296142578,\n 60.07922860404502\n ],\n [\n -141.3947296142578,\n 60.107643864181306\n ],\n [\n -141.33773803710938,\n 60.107643864181306\n ],\n [\n -141.33773803710938,\n 60.07922860404502\n ],\n [\n -141.3947296142578,\n 60.07922860404502\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f82cb1e4b02419550d99e4","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2014gl062950","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062950","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Pettit Erin Christine, Lee Kevin Michael, Brann Joel Palmer, Nystuen Jeffrey Aaron, Wilson Preston Scot, O'Neel Shad","journalName":"Geophysical Research Letters","publicationDate":"4/1/2015","auditedOn":"3/15/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettit, Erin C.","contributorId":139557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pettit","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Kevin M.","contributorId":139558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brann, Joel P.","contributorId":139559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brann","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nystuen, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":139560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nystuen","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Preston S.","contributorId":139561,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Preston","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neel, Shad 0000-0002-9185-0144 soneel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0144","contributorId":166740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neel","given":"Shad","email":"soneel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":107,"text":"Alaska Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70140639,"text":"ofr20151029 - 2015 - Resilience and risk: a demographic model to inform conservation planning for polar bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-03T13:45:09","indexId":"ofr20151029","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-03T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1029","title":"Resilience and risk: a demographic model to inform conservation planning for polar bears","docAbstract":"Climate change is having widespread ecological effects, including loss of Arctic sea ice. This has led to listing of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and other ice-dependent marine mammals under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Methods are needed to evaluate the effects of climate change on population persistence to inform recovery planning for listed species. For polar bears, this includes understanding interactions between climate and secondary factors, such as subsistence harvest, which provide economic, nutritional, or cultural value to humans.
\nWe developed a matrix-based demographic model for polar bears that can be used for population viability analysis and to evaluate the effects of human-caused removals. This model includes density-dependence (the potential for a declining environmental carrying capacity), density-independent limitation, and sex- and age-specific harvest vulnerabilities. We estimated values of adult female survival (0.93–0.96), recruitment (number of yearling cubs per adult female; 0.1–0.3), and carrying capacity (>250 animals) that must be maintained for a hypothetical population to achieve a 90-percent probability of persistence over 100 years.
\nWe also developed a state-dependent management framework, based on harvest theory and the potential biological removal method, by linking the demographic model to simulated population assessments. This framework can be used to estimate the maximum sustainable rate of human-caused removals, including subsistence harvest, which maintains a population at its maximum net productivity level. The framework also can be used to calculate a recommended sustainable harvest rate, which generally is lower than the maximum sustainable rate and depends on management objectives, the precision and frequency of population data, and risk tolerance. The historical standard 4.5-percent harvest rate for polar bears, at a 2:1 male-to-female ratio, is reasonable under many biological and management conditions, although lower or higher rates may be appropriate in some cases.
\nOur modeling results suggest that harvest of polar bears is unlikely to accelerate population declines that result from declining carrying capacity caused by sea-ice loss, provided that several conditions are met: (1) the sustainable harvest rate reflects the population’s intrinsic growth rate, and the corresponding harvest level is obtained by applying this rate to an estimate of population size; (2) the sustainable harvest rate reflects the quality of population data (e.g., lower harvest when data are poor); and (3) the level of human-caused removals can be adjusted. Finally, our results suggest that stopgap measures (e.g., further reduction or cessation of harvest when the population size is less than a critical threshold) may be necessary to minimize the incremental risk associated with harvest, if environmental conditions are deteriorating rapidly. We suggest that the demographic model and approaches presented here can serve as a template for conservation planning for polar bears and other species facing similar challenges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Regehr, E.V., Wilson, R.H., Rode, K.D., and Runge, M.C., 2015, Resilience and risk: a demographic model to inform conservation planning for polar bears: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1029, vi, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151029.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060795","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151029.jpg"},{"id":298248,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1029/"},{"id":298249,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1029/pdf/ofr2015-1029.pdf","size":"2.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f6db2be4b02419550d3094","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. 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Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Ryan H. 0000-0001-7740-7771","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7740-7771","contributorId":130989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rode, Karyn D. 0000-0002-3328-8202 krode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202","contributorId":5053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rode","given":"Karyn","email":"krode@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198332,"text":"70198332 - 2015 - Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-30T16:03:50","indexId":"70198332","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T15:13:02","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Given alterations in global hydrologic regime, we examine the role of hydrology in regulating stream microbial mat abundance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Here, perennial mats persist as a desiccated crust until revived by summer streamflow, which varies inter-annually, and has increased since the 1990s. We predicted high flows to scour mats, and intra-seasonal drying to slow growth. Responses were hypothesized to differ based on mat location within streams, along with geomorphology, which may promote (high coverage) or discourage (low coverage) accrual. We compared hydrologic trends with the biomass of green and orange mats, which grow in the channel, and black mats growing at stream margins for 16 diverse stream transects over two decades. We found mat biomass collectively decreased during first decade coinciding with low flows, and increased following elevated discharges. Green mat biomass showed the greatest correlations with hydrology and was stimulated by discharge in high coverage transects, but negatively correlated in low coverage due to habitat scour. In contrast, orange mat biomass was negatively related to flow in high coverage transects, but positively correlated in low coverage because of side-channel expansion. Black mats were weakly correlated with all hydrologic variables regardless of coverage. Lastly, model selection indicated the best combination of predictive hydrologic variables for biomass differed between mat types, but also high and low coverage transects. These results demonstrate the importance of geomorphology and species composition to modeling primary production, and will be useful in predicting ecological responses of benthic habitats to altered hydrologic regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-014-9829-6","usgsCitation":"Kohler, T.J., Stanish, L.F., Crisp, S.W., Koch, J.C., Liptzin, D., Baeseman, J.L., and McKnight, D.M., 2015, Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica: Ecosystems, v. 18, no. 2, p. 310-327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9829-6.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"327","ipdsId":"IP-052879","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"McMurdo Dry Valley, Antarctica","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b6fcc2de4b0f5d57878ecd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohler, Tyler J.","contributorId":206557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kohler","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25642,"text":"Institute of arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Co, Boulder, C","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanish, Lee F.","contributorId":206565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanish","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crisp, Steven W.","contributorId":206558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crisp","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":25620,"text":"Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado – Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liptzin, Daniel","contributorId":168551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liptzin","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baeseman, Jenny L.","contributorId":189421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baeseman","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70143179,"text":"70143179 - 2015 - Distance measures and optimization spaces in quantitative fatty acid signature analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-23T10:22:40","indexId":"70143179","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distance measures and optimization spaces in quantitative fatty acid signature analysis","docAbstract":"Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis has become an important method of diet estimation in ecology, especially marine ecology. Controlled feeding trials to validate the method and estimate the calibration coefficients necessary to account for differential metabolism of individual fatty acids have been conducted with several species from diverse taxa. However, research into potential refinements of the estimation method has been limited. We compared the performance of the original method of estimating diet composition with that of five variants based on different combinations of distance measures and calibration-coefficient transformations between prey and predator fatty acid signature spaces. Fatty acid signatures of pseudopredators were constructed using known diet mixtures of two prey data sets previously used to estimate the diets of polar bears Ursus maritimus and gray seals Halichoerus grypus, and their diets were then estimated using all six variants. In addition, previously published diets of Chukchi Sea polar bears were re-estimated using all six methods. Our findings reveal that the selection of an estimation method can meaningfully influence estimates of diet composition. Among the pseudopredator results, which allowed evaluation of bias and precision, differences in estimator performance were rarely large, and no one estimator was universally preferred, although estimators based on the Aitchison distance measure tended to have modestly superior properties compared to estimators based on the Kullback-Leibler distance measure. However, greater differences were observed among estimated polar bear diets, most likely due to differential estimator sensitivity to assumption violations. Our results, particularly the polar bear example, suggest that additional research into estimator performance and model diagnostics is warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1429","usgsCitation":"Bromaghin, J.F., Rode, K.D., Budge, S.M., and Thiemann, G.W., 2015, Distance measures and optimization spaces in quantitative fatty acid signature analysis: Ecology and Evolution, v. 6, no. 5, p. 1249-1262, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1429.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1249","endPage":"1262","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059904","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1429","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5509502ee4b02e76d757e614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bromaghin, Jeffrey F. 0000-0002-7209-9500 jbromaghin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-9500","contributorId":139899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromaghin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbromaghin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rode, Karyn D. 0000-0002-3328-8202 krode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202","contributorId":5053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rode","given":"Karyn","email":"krode@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budge, Suzanne M.","contributorId":92168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Budge","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24650,"text":"Dalhousie University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiemann, Gregory W.","contributorId":83023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiemann","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27291,"text":"York University, Toronto, ON","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70157354,"text":"70157354 - 2015 - Strain accumulation across the Prince William Sound asperity, Southcentral Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-23T11:27:52","indexId":"70157354","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation across the Prince William Sound asperity, Southcentral Alaska","docAbstract":"The surface velocities predicted by the conventional subduction model are compared to velocities measured in a GPS array (surveyed in 1993, 1995, 1997, 2000, and 2004) spanning the Prince William Sound asperity. The observed velocities in the comparison have been corrected to remove the contributions from postseismic (1964 Alaska earthquake) mantle relaxation. Except at the most seaward monument (located on Middleton Island at the seaward edge of the continental shelf, just 50 km landward of the deformation front in the Aleutian Trench), the corrected velocities qualitatively agree with those predicted by an improved, two-dimensional, back slip, subduction model in which the locked megathrust coincides with the plate interface identified by seismic refraction surveys, and the back slip rate is equal to the plate convergence rate. A better fit to the corrected velocities is furnished by either a back slip rate 20% greater than the plate convergence rate or a 30% shallower megathrust. The shallow megathrust in the latter fit may be an artifact of the uniform half-space Earth model used in the inversion. Backslip at the plate convergence rate on the megathrust mapped by refraction surveys would fit the data as well if the rigidity of the underthrust plate was twice that of the overlying plate, a rigidity contrast higher than expected. The anomalous motion at Middleton Island is attributed to continuous slip at near the plate convergence rate on a postulated, listric fault that splays off the megathrust at depth of about 12 km and outcrops on the continental slope south-southeast of Middleton Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1002/2014JB011652","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Svarc, J.L., and Lisowski, M., 2015, Strain accumulation across the Prince William Sound asperity, Southcentral Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 120, no. 3, p. 1820-1832, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011652.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1820","endPage":"1832","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055343","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011652","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308440,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd5be4b03bc34f544b40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528 jsvarc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":2413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"jsvarc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171532,"text":"70171532 - 2015 - Uranium isotopes and dissolved organic carbon in loess permafrost: Modeling the age of ancient ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T09:30:58","indexId":"70171532","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium isotopes and dissolved organic carbon in loess permafrost: Modeling the age of ancient ice","docAbstract":"The residence time of ice in permafrost is an indicator of past climate history, and of the resilience and vulnerability of high-latitude ecosystems to global change. Development of geochemical indicators of ground-ice residence times in permafrost will advance understanding of the circumstances and evidence of permafrost formation, preservation, and thaw in response to climate warming and other disturbance. We used uranium isotopes to evaluate the residence time of segregated ground ice from ice-rich loess permafrost cores in central Alaska. Activity ratios of 234U vs. 238U (234U/238U) in water from thawed core sections ranged between 1.163 and 1.904 due to contact of ice and associated liquid water with mineral surfaces over time. Measured (234U/238U) values in ground ice showed an overall increase with depth in a series of five neighboring cores up to 21 m deep. This is consistent with increasing residence time of ice with depth as a result of accumulation of loess over time, as well as characteristic ice morphologies, high segregated ice content, and wedge ice, all of which support an interpretation of syngenetic permafrost formation associated with loess deposition. At the same time, stratigraphic evidence indicates some past sediment redistribution and possibly shallow thaw among cores, with local mixing of aged thaw waters. Using measures of surface area and a leaching experiment to determine U distribution, a geometric model of (234U/238U) evolution suggests mean ages of up to ∼200 ky BP in the deepest core, with estimated uncertainties of up to an order of magnitude. Evidence of secondary coatings on loess grains with elevated (234U/238U) values and U concentrations suggests that refinement of the geometric model to account for weathering processes is needed to reduce uncertainty. We suggest that in this area of deep ice-rich loess permafrost, ice bodies have been preserved from the last glacial period (10–100 ky BP), despite subsequent fluctuations in climate, fire disturbance and vegetation. Radiocarbon (14C) analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in thaw waters supports ages greater than ∼40 ky BP below 10 m. DOC concentrations in thaw waters increased with depth to maxima of >1000 ppm, despite little change in ice content or cryostructures. These relations suggest time-dependent production of old DOC that will be released upon permafrost thaw at a rate that is mediated by sediment transport, among other factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2014.11.008","usgsCitation":"Ewing, S.A., Paces, J.B., O'Donnell, J., Jorgenson, M., Kanevskiy, M., Aiken, G.R., Shur, Y., Harden, J.W., and Striegl, R.G., 2015, Uranium isotopes and dissolved organic carbon in loess permafrost: Modeling the age of ancient ice: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 152, p. 143-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.11.008.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"165","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052832","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9102","text":"External Repository"},{"id":322077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Hess Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.721435546875,\n 65.09989850223572\n ],\n [\n -150.721435546875,\n 66.09381676305271\n ],\n [\n -146.546630859375,\n 66.09381676305271\n ],\n [\n -146.546630859375,\n 65.09989850223572\n ],\n [\n -150.721435546875,\n 65.09989850223572\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"152","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158bde4b053f0edd03ca0","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2014.11.008","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.11.008","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Ewing S.A., Paces J.B., O’Donnell J.A., Jorgenson M.T., Kanevskiy M.Z., Aiken G.R., Shur Y., Harden J.W., Striegl R.","journalName":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","publicationDate":"3/2015","auditedOn":"2/28/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewing, Stephanie A.","contributorId":50065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Donnell, J.A.","contributorId":166674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O'Donnell","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[{"id":5106,"text":"National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, Wyoming 82190","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jorgenson, M.T.","contributorId":26889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kanevskiy, M.Z.","contributorId":53603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanevskiy","given":"M.Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - 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Our synthesis is based on an analysis of projected temperature, precipitation, and snowfall stratified by eight biogeoclimatic provinces and three vegetation zones. Five IPCC CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) are the basis for projections of mean annual temperature increasing from a current average (1961–1990) of 3.2 °C to 4.9–6.9 °C (5 GCM range; RCP4.5 scenario) or 6.4–8.7 °C (RCP8.5), mean annual precipitation increasing from 3130 mm to 3210–3400 mm (3–9 % increase) or 3320–3690 mm (6–18 % increase), and total precipitation as snow decreasing from 1200 mm to 940–720 mm (22–40 % decrease) or 720–500 mm (40–58 % decrease) by the 2080s (2071–2100; 30-year normal period). These projected changes are anticipated to result in a cascade of ecosystem-level effects including: increased frequency of flooding and rain-on-snow events; an elevated snowline and reduced snowpack; changes in the timing and magnitude of stream flow, freshwater thermal regimes, and riverine nutrient exports; shrinking alpine habitats; altitudinal and latitudinal expansion of lowland and subalpine forest types; shifts in suitable habitat boundaries for vegetation and wildlife communities; adverse effects on species with rare ecological niches or limited dispersibility; and shifts in anadromous salmon distribution and productivity. Our collaborative synthesis of potential impacts highlights the coupling of social and ecological systems that characterize the region as well as a number of major information gaps to help guide assessments of future conditions and adaptive capacity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/s10584-015-1355-9","usgsCitation":"Shanley, C.S., Pyare, S., Goldstein, M.I., Alaback, P.B., Albert, D.M., Beier, C.M., Brinkman, T.J., Edwards, R.T., Hood, E., MacKinnon, A., McPhee, M.V., Patterson, T., Suring, L.H., Tallmon, D., and Wipfli, M.S., 2015, Climate change implications in the northern coastal temperate rainforest of North America: Climate Change, v. 130, no. 2, p. 155-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1355-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"170","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052732","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1355-9","text":"Publisher Index 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