In response to previous reports of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in French Island’s (located in the Mississippi River within the town of Campbell, Wisconsin) primary source of drinking water, 11 locations were sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in October 2021 to assess the potential presence of contaminant mixtures, including PFAS, in tapwater. Three locations were assessed seven times each over the course of three days. These samples were chosen to evaluate the water quality of the deeper Mount Simon bedrock aquifer and the water quality of the shallower sand and gravel (alluvial) aquifer at two locations. The other eight sample locations were spatially distributed within Campbell and were sampled once each. For each of these 11 sites, tapwater samples were analyzed for disinfection byproducts (DBP), pesticides, PFAS, pharmaceuticals, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), volatile organic compounds (VOC), cations, anions, trace elements, alkalinity, microbial indicators, as well as measurements of water temperature, specific conductance, and pH. Of the 506 organic compounds analyzed in each water-quality sample, 74 (14 percent) were detected at least one time in any of the samples collected. Of the 14 percent, detected analytes included 27 pesticides (5 percent), 14 PFAS (3 percent), 6 pharmaceuticals (1 percent), 7 SVOC (1 percent), and 20 VOC (4 percent). No DBP were detected. The total number of organic compounds detected per sample ranged from 0–20 (median of 10), with the sum of concentrations ranging from not detected (nd)–2.53 micrograms per liter (μg/L; median of 0.333 μg/L). Of the inorganic constituents measured, eight were not detected above their reporting limit in any of the samples. The inorganic constituents that were not detected were antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, and vanadium.
Along with the 11 sites sampled throughout Campbell, Wisconsin, beginning in October 2021, four more wells were sampled on the Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) campus for PFAS. Three of these sites withdraw water from the shallow alluvial aquifer (the same source water for tapwater site 002) and one from the Mount Simon aquifer (the same source of water for tapwater site 001). This sampling is ongoing with results from samples through December 2022 summarized in this report. Of the 33 PFAS analyzed in samples from the four UMESC locations, 15 individual PFAS were detected at least one time in any of the samples analyzed with the sum of PFAS concentrations ranging from nd–1.49 μg/L (median of 0.309 μg/L).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231088","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Campbell, Wisconsin","programNote":"Environmental Health Program","usgsCitation":"Romanok, K.M., Meppelink, S.M., Bradley, P.M., Breitmeyer, S.E., Donahue, L., Gaikowski, M.P., Hines, R.K., and Smalling, K.L., 2023, Occurrence of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in groundwater and tapwater, town of Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1088, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231088.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 29 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150739","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499196,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115939.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423893,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9J6XKVS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Quarterly sample results for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for locations in Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22"},{"id":423892,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EUBGUF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Target-chemical concentrations for assessment of mixed-organic/inorganic chemical and biological exposures in private-well tapwater at Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021"},{"id":423887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423888,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/ofr20231088.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1088"},{"id":423889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231088/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2023-1088"},{"id":423890,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/ofr20231088.XML"},{"id":423891,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/images/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"La Crosse County","city":"Campbell","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.29371444024203,\n 43.904997377408506\n ],\n [\n -91.29371444024203,\n 43.84807720086516\n ],\n [\n -91.23878279961701,\n 43.84807720086516\n ],\n [\n -91.23878279961701,\n 43.904997377408506\n ],\n [\n -91.29371444024203,\n 43.904997377408506\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
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From 2020 to 2023, a new spill program was implemented to aid the downstream passage of juvenile salmonids at mainstem dams on the Snake and Columbia rivers. Under this program, the total dissolved gas (TDG) cap was increased to 125% and monitoring of nonsalmonids for gas bubble trauma (GBT) became a requirement. The primary objective of this work and report was to measure the incidence and severity of GBT in nonsalmonids resulting from increased juvenile salmonid passage spill and associated levels of TDG during the spring spill period in 2023. Nonsalmonids were collected downstream from Bonneville, McNary, Ice Harbor, and Lower Granite dams and examined for the incidence and severity of GBT in 2023. Fish were collected at each location weekly (3 April to 20 June) during the spring spill period by backpack electrofishing and beach seining. Washington and Oregon State water quality agencies established minimum and target sample sizes for monitoring, but the minimum sample size of 50 fish and target sample size of 100 fish were not met in all weeks at individual projects due to high water flows and resulting low fish collections. Collected fish were examined for GBT according to the criteria and protocol established for the regional smolt monitoring program (SMP). TDG levels were often high relative to the 10-year average. GBT incidence rates and severity (according to SMP criteria) were low to moderate in most weeks. We found no apparent relationship between GBT incidence and TDG due to exposure history and interspecies susceptibility to elevated TDG that could not be quantified. GBT incidence rates exceeded the 15% threshold on two occasions below Ice Harbor Dam, triggering a reduction in spill under the State water quality standards. In the weeks immediately following the spill reductions, GBT incidence was zero or relatively low at this location. Sculpin (genus Cottus) was the main species collected at all locations. As in past years, we did find GBT in non-SMP protocol areas, particularly in sculpin. The variability in GBT incidence rates is likely due to variability in environmental conditions, fish exposure history to TDG, and species sensitivity to TDG. Many of the species encountered in shallow shoreline habitats rear for extended times and probably do not seek the water depths that would help them reduce the effects of exposure to elevated TDG through depth compensation. Limited systematic sampling of TDG in the tailraces of each project showed that TDG can vary spatially within the tailrace and with percentage of water spilled.
We investigated GBT progression and mortality in sculpin and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in laboratory experiments (Chapter Two of this report). Fish were tested at 120%, 125%, and 130% TDG. We found that sculpin are more sensitive to TDG than stickleback and that GBT and associated mortality progress faster in sculpin than in stickleback. GBT prevalence and severity increased through time at all TDG levels tested, but relationships between severity and exposure time were weak or nonexistent. GBT and mortality progressed more rapidly as TDG increased in both species. The SMP criteria used to rank GBT did not fully capture the incidence and severity of GBT in sculpin and stickleback compared to using criteria based on all areas of the fish. The lateral line, body, dorsal fin, and pectoral fins were common locations of GBT in sculpin at 120 and 125% TDG, but signs were more prevalent in all areas at 130% TDG. In stickleback, GBT was most common on the head and body at all TDG levels tested. Positive buoyancy of fish with severe GBT was observed in both species and may have consequences for similarly impaired fish in the wild. The proximate cause of GBT-related death in sculpin and stickleback was bubbles in the gills and heart, but unlike in other species, bubbles appeared rapidly just before the point of death. Our results help fill the information void GBT progression and mortality for sculpin and stickleback.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Liedtke, B.D., and Benson, S.L., 2023, Nonsalmonid gas bubble trauma investigations, iv, 72 p.","productDescription":"iv, 72 p.","ipdsId":"IP-161003","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":427256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/PiscesPublication.mvc/SearchByTitleDescriptionAuthorOrDate","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":427266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.5048072586187,\n 46.75882851790945\n ],\n [\n -121.95470738831573,\n 46.75882851790945\n ],\n [\n -121.95470738831573,\n 44.57823653678298\n ],\n [\n -115.5048072586187,\n 44.57823653678298\n ],\n [\n -115.5048072586187,\n 46.75882851790945\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth 0000-0002-5831-2846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":217812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897761,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth 0000-0002-5831-2846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":217812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liedtke, Brad D. 0000-0002-0458-7377","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-7377","contributorId":303795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Brad","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, Scott Louis 0000-0003-0397-1200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0397-1200","contributorId":303796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"Louis","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":897725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70256507,"text":"70256507 - 2023 - Upper thermal tolerances of two native and one invasive crayfish in Missouri, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-12T15:54:00.235143","indexId":"70256507","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T10:48:02","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5290,"text":"Freshwater Crayfish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper thermal tolerances of two native and one invasive crayfish in Missouri, USA","docAbstract":"The spread of invasive crayfish requires invaded habitats to be thermally suitable, and differences in thermal tolerances among species could provide thermal refugia for native crayfish affected by the invader. We estimated upper thermal tolerances for the invasive Faxonius hylas and native F. peruncus and F. quadruncus in Missouri, USA, using critical thermal maxima (CTmax) methodology to determine if there were ecologically exploitable differences in estimates among species and if areas within their distributional ranges exceed their thermal maximums. Estimates of CTmax did not differ among species or sexes but differed among groups acclimated to different temperatures. Additionally, crayfish size had a small, yet significant effect on CTmax estimates with smaller crayfish having lower CTmax estimates than larger crayfish. The similarity among CTmax estimates indicates that for at least upper thermal tolerance, areas thermally available to the native species will also be thermally suitable for the invader. We did not observe water temperatures in the field that exceeded CTmax estimates for any species. However, areas within the mainstem St. Francis River did have warming tolerance estimates of less than 5°C, indicating that establishment of the invader in the mainstem could be limited by water temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Astacology","doi":"10.5869/fc.2023.v28-1.27","usgsCitation":"Westhoff, J.T., Abdelrahman, H.A., and Stoeckel, J.A., 2023, Upper thermal tolerances of two native and one invasive crayfish in Missouri, USA: Freshwater Crayfish, v. 28, no. 1, p. 27-36, https://doi.org/10.5869/fc.2023.v28-1.27.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","ipdsId":"IP-153042","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westhoff, Jacob Thomas 0000-0002-2347-5098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-5098","contributorId":288958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westhoff","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":907723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abdelrahman, Hisham A.","contributorId":340951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abdelrahman","given":"Hisham","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":81685,"text":"Cairo University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoeckel, James A.","contributorId":330858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70252215,"text":"70252215 - 2023 - Advancing subsurface investigations beyond the borehole with passive seismic horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and electromagnetic geophysical methods at transportation infrastructure sites in New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T12:23:08.448231","indexId":"70252215","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T07:18:58","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Advancing subsurface investigations beyond the borehole with passive seismic horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and electromagnetic geophysical methods at transportation infrastructure sites in New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT), surveyed transportation infrastructure sites using rapidly deployable geophysical methods to assess benefits added to a comprehensive site characterization with traditional geotechnical techniques. Horizontal-to-vertical spectral-ratio (HVSR) passive-seismic and electromagnetic-induction (EMI) methods were applied at 4 sites including a roadway-stream crossing, roadway-bridge rail-trail crossing, commuter-parking expansion, and a railroad-adjacent river-cutbank slope-failure site. Additionally, ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) was used at the slope-failure site. Typically, subsurface geotechnical properties are determined from boring data; however, borings are often spaced hundreds of feet apart, potentially missing important spatial variability between boreholes. Geotechnical site characterization including geophysical surveys helped provide a more accurate characterization by using continuous or near continuous profiling.\nThree-component ambient noise measured with HVSR methods were used to determine resonance frequency and estimate sediment thickness. The method works when there is a strong shear-wave acoustic impedance contrast (> 2:1) between sediment and bedrock. Sediment thickness estimates from HVSR measurements were combined with boring data to make detailed maps of the bedrock surface altitude. The bulk electrical conductivity of the subsurface was indirectly measured with EMI methods and was used to identify lithologic variations, shallow bedrock, and conductive groundwater. Ground penetrating radar, which transmits pulses of electromagnetic energy into the subsurface and records the amplitude and timing of reflected signals, was used to identify bedding and changes in lithology or water content. By combining geophysical and boring data analyses, transportation projects produced more spatially comprehensive representations of geotechnical subsurface conditions than would be determined using conventional borings alone.","language":"English","publisher":"Highway Geology Symposium","collaboration":"New Hampshire Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Degnan, J., Krystle Pelham, Terry, N., Welch, S.M., and Johnson, C., 2023, Advancing subsurface investigations beyond the borehole with passive seismic horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and electromagnetic geophysical methods at transportation infrastructure sites in New Hampshire, 24 p.","productDescription":"24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-153315","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":426798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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0000-0001-6941-1578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-1578","contributorId":245365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carole D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70252082,"text":"70252082 - 2023 - A characterization of the deep-sea coral and sponge community along the Oregon Coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2022 expedition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T12:00:53.285075","indexId":"70252082","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-31T06:58:52","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"A characterization of the deep-sea coral and sponge community along the Oregon Coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2022 expedition","docAbstract":"Deep-sea coral and sponge (DSCS) communities serve as essential fish habitat (EFH) by providing shelter and nursery habitat, increasing diversity, and increasing prey availability (Freese and Wing, 2003; Bright, 2007; Baillon et al., 2012; Henderson et al., 2020). Off the U.S. West Coast, threats to these long-lived, fragile organisms from bottom contact fishing gear, potential offshore renewable energy development, and ocean warming and acidification have been the subject of recent research (Gomez et al., 2018; Salgado et al., 2018; Yoklavich, et al., 2018; Gugliotti et al., 2019). Other DSCS studies have reported new species (Yoklavich and Love, 2005), analyzed species distribution and abundance (Tissot et al., 2006, Watters et al., 2022), developed predictive distribution models (Huff et al., 2013; Rooper et al., 2017; Kreidler, 2020), and discovered medicinal uses for corals and sponges (Essack et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2018). Due to the vast area of unexplored seafloor within the territorial waters and the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ; 12-200 nautical miles off the coast) and the technological requirements and expense of deep-sea research, there is still much to learn about the distributions and biology of DSCS. This information is critical to resource managers for effective conservation and management of DSCS habitats. In order to minimize the adverse impacts of fishing on EFH, the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) designated several seafloor habitat areas as EFH conservation areas (EFHCA), first in 2006 (as part of Amendment 19 to the Pacific coast groundfish fishery management plan) and then again in 2020 (as part of Amendment 28). These areas are closed to bottom trawl fishing at a minimum, and in some cases to all bottom contact fishing gears. In addition to protections afforded by EFH-related regulations, the National Marine Sanctuary Program prohibits certain non-fishing activities within areas designated as national marine sanctuaries, such as oil and gas exploration or extraction, cable laying, and other forms of seabed alteration or construction that disturb benthic communities. NOAA’s Deep-Sea Coral and Research Technology Program (DSCRTP) began a 4-yr funding initiative for the U.S. West Coast in 2017. The goals of the West Coast Deep-Sea Coral Initiative (WCDSCI) were to: 1) gather baseline information on areas subject to fishing regulation changes prior to the implementation of Amendment 28; 2) improve our understanding of known DSCS bycatch “hot spots”; and 3) explore and assess DSCS resources within NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries with emphasis on areas of sanctuary resource protection and management concerns. As part of the WCDSCU, an 11-day expedition (3 Sep – 13 Sep 2022) was launched from the NOAA Ship Bell M. Shimada, beginning and ending in Newport, OR. The science team assembled for this cruise were members of the EXpanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) campaign, which brings together researchers from federal and nonfederal institutions to collaborate on scientific expeditions targeting the deepwater areas off California, Oregon, and Washington. EXPRESS supports researchers leveraging funding, resources, personnel, and expertise to accomplish more science than would have been possible by a single entity alone. The 2022 expedition included research partners from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) and Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Pacific Fisheries Management Council Habitat Committee, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA","doi":"10.25923/tmb0-ce70","usgsCitation":"Laidig, T., Watters, D., Everett, M., Prouty, N.G., and Clarke, E., 2023, A characterization of the deep-sea coral and sponge community along the Oregon Coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2022 expedition, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.25923/tmb0-ce70.","productDescription":"42 p.","ipdsId":"IP-161913","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laidig, Tom","contributorId":270131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laidig","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56090,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, SWFSC, Fisheries Ecology Division, Santa Cruz, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watters, Diana","contributorId":270132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watters","given":"Diana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56090,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, SWFSC, Fisheries Ecology Division, Santa Cruz, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Everett, Meredith","contributorId":270133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Everett","given":"Meredith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56092,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, NWFSC, Seattle WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clarke, Elizabeth","contributorId":334799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":80252,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70247895,"text":"70247895 - 2023 - Ancient infrastructure offers sustainable agricultural solutions to dryland farming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-09T19:11:38.354524","indexId":"70247895","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T11:48:23","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Ancient infrastructure offers sustainable agricultural solutions to dryland farming","docAbstract":"For 1000 years, human populations in dryland regions of the North American Southwest (NAS) extensively constructed diverse forms of agricultural infrastructure, including canals, linear rock alignments, check dams, stock ponds, and other earthworks and rock structures. The long-term hydrological impacts of these and the demographic and socio-political drivers of construction and maintenance have yet to be fully documented or vetted. This paper summarizes existing knowledge attained from the United Stated portion of the NAS, but a lot is still unknown about Northwest Mexico. There remain outstanding questions related to understanding how ancient agriculture might improve modern adaptability and resilience. The detailed ecological and topographical variability of this arid landscape illustrates the essential need for infrastructure in maintaining water and managing the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle. We describe pros and cons of different types of infrastructure and examine socio-environmental trade-offs between robustness and vulnerability produced by reliance on infrastructure, drawing from existing literature to examine timescales longer than a human lifespan. The development of historically-informed management approaches to increase dryland climate resilience benefits from incorporating constraints and opportunities mediated by past landscape modifications. We present a plan for leveraging existing knowledge, available science, and potential, to extend our knowledge base and further explore causal relationships.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil and drought: Basic processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.","doi":"10.1201/b22954-11","usgsCitation":"Pailes, M.C., Norman, L., Baisan, C.H., Meko, D., Gauthier, N.E., Villanueva-Diaz, J., Dean, J., Martinez, J., Kessler, N.V., and Towner, R., 2023, Ancient infrastructure offers sustainable agricultural solutions to dryland farming, chap. 11 of Soil and drought: Basic processes, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1201/b22954-11.","productDescription":"24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-146591","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":441333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":880901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":203300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":880902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baisan, Christopher H.","contributorId":204187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baisan","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":28236,"text":"Univ of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":880903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meko, David 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V","contributorId":328655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kessler","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"V","affiliations":[{"id":78445,"text":"University of Arizona, School of Geography, Development Tucson, AZ USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":880909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Towner, Ron","contributorId":328656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Towner","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78445,"text":"University of Arizona, School of Geography, Development Tucson, AZ USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":880910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70250565,"text":"sir20235110 - 2023 - Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T19:04:03.266175","indexId":"sir20235110","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T09:26:16","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5110","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Stream Capture Related to Groundwater Pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","title":"Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Humboldt River Basin is the only river basin that is contained entirely within the State of Nevada. The effect of groundwater pumping on the Humboldt River is not well understood. Tools are needed to determine stream capture and manage groundwater pumping in the Humboldt River Basin. The objective of this study is to estimate capture and storage change caused by groundwater withdrawals in the lower Humboldt River Basin that can provide the Nevada State Engineer with data and information needed to manage groundwater and surface-water resources.
A numerical groundwater flow model was developed for the purpose of estimating stream capture from pre-2016 and future pumping as well as for any location of potential future pumping within the lower Humboldt River Basin. This model was developed using MODFLOW-NWT to represent the lower Humboldt River Basin hydrologic system, including Humboldt River; Rye Patch Reservoir; groundwater evapotranspiration; pumping from municipal, agricultural, mining, and domestic wells; and agricultural drains. Aquifer properties were calibrated using results from numerous single- and multi-well aquifer tests (Nadler, 2020) and through the process of model calibration.
Historical capture was estimated for 1960–2016 and predictive capture for the system was projected 100 years into the future (2017–2116) based on historical pumping patterns. Stream capture and drain capture are relatively low for the historical and predictive periods. During the historical period, increased pumping during dry years caused increased connections with capture sources and less water sourced to wells from aquifer storage. Storage and groundwater levels generally recovered during subsequent wet years. Overall, storage change has been the main source of water to wells in the lower Humboldt River Basin, followed by groundwater evapotranspiration capture. During the predictive period, pumping is projected to remain constant and capture 9 percent of stream water after 100 years.
Capture and storage change maps were created to visualize spatial variability in potential capture and storage change through time and to provide a database of results that can be used to manage groundwater and surface-water resources. These maps show that potential stream capture would be a minor source of water to wells located across most of the simulated area, except for locations close to the Humboldt River and Rye Patch Reservoir. Drains also would be a minor potential source of water to wells except for those directly adjacent to the drains. In general, the potential supply of water to wells is storage-dominated and over time groundwater evapotranspiration-dominated in the agricultural area.
Capture difference maps were generated to visualize where potential capture results might have greater limitations associated with nonlinear flow processes, such as head-dependent boundary conditions. Higher capture differences indicate larger capture map bias and therefore greater capture map uncertainty due to the inability of capture maps to account for nonlinear flow processes. Stream capture differences are highest directly adjacent to the river but are otherwise minimal. Drain capture differences are highest in the region of the agricultural drain network but are otherwise minimal. The Humboldt River, Rye Patch Reservoir, and drains introduce very little nonlinearity to the model, and their associated capture map bias is minimal. Potential groundwater evapotranspiration capture introduces a fair amount of nonlinearity to the model and has the potential to result in significant, localized groundwater evapotranspiration capture map bias over time. Groundwater evapotranspiration capture differences are the result of higher pumping rates lowering the water table below the root zone faster than lower pumping rates and essentially removing groundwater evapotranspiration as a potential source of capture faster than lower pumping rates. Wells that can no longer source their supply through groundwater evapotranspiration capture then generally source more of their water from storage. Thus, storage change bias increases over time as well.
Capture prediction uncertainty due to parameter estimation was evaluated using a covariance matrix adaptation-evolution strategy. One hundred Monte Carlo realizations of model parameters were applied to the model to assess capture uncertainty at 13 grid cell locations within the model domain. In general, results indicated that greater capture uncertainty for a given source (river, drains, or evapotranspiration) is associated with proximity of a pumping well to that source. The magnitude of maximum capture fraction uncertainties after 100 years of pumping for stream capture, drain capture, groundwater evapotranspiration capture, and storage change were plus or minus (±) 0.17, ±0.10, ±0.20, and ±0.22, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Nadler, C.A., Rybarski, S.C., and Pham, H., 2023, Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5110, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235110.","productDescription":"Report: x, 77 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-093899","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499384,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115938.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423640,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DN2R1","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Nadler, C.A., Rybarski, S.C., and Pham, H., 2023, MODFLOW-NWT model and supplementary data used to characterize effects of pumping in Lovelock Valley, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DN2R1.","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT Model and Supplementary Data Used to Characterize Effects of Pumping in Lovelock Valley, Nevada"},{"id":423639,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235110/full"},{"id":423635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":423637,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/sir20235110.xml","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"}},{"id":423636,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/sir20235110.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423638,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lower Humboldt River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.0,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -119.0,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -118.0,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -118.0,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -119.0,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
The Amargosa Wild and Scenic River, located in the southwestern Mojave Desert in Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, California, is a Federally protected waterway that supports the biodiversity of the region. Water in the river primarily comes from interbasin groundwater flow that originates as precipitation in the Spring Mountains. The precipitation enters the regional groundwater system and flows westerly beneath Pahrump, Chicago, and California Valleys before discharging into the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River system. In Pahrump Valley, groundwater discharge occurs as evapotranspiration (ET), spring discharge, and groundwater pumping, and in Chicago and California Valleys, groundwater discharge occurs as ET and spring discharge. Remaining groundwater flows into the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and its main tributary, the China Ranch Wash, or is discharged from regional springs downgradient from Chicago and California Valleys. The Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and the China Ranch Wash sustain areas of deep-rooted vegetation (phreatophytes) that consume regional groundwater. Discharge from regional springs in the area only flows on the land surface for short distances before seeping back into the ground where the water generally is consumed by evaporation from moist soil or by transpiration of plants. Intermittent Amargosa River flow out of the study area is the only other form of discharge. In arid regions such as the Mojave Desert, groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration (ETg) often is the only significant form of discharge in a regional water budget, and therefore, an estimate of annual ETg is a good approximation of the total annual groundwater discharge. In this study area, however, total annual discharge is annual ETg plus the annual surface-water discharge of the Amargosa River that exits the study area. Therefore, the annual ETg from Chicago and California Valleys and along the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and the China Ranch Wash, plus the discharge of the Amargosa River, is a good approximation of the total annual groundwater discharge required to sustain the riparian habitats and surface-water flow in the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River.
The Amargosa Conservancy and Inyo County, Calif., are interested in quantifying the total annual groundwater discharge required to sustain the riparian habitats and surface-water flow in the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey to estimate ETg from the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River study area. The study area consists of open-water bodies, areas with perennially moist soil, and areas with phreatophytes, all of which are discharging regional groundwater in Chicago and California Valleys, along the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River, and in the China Ranch Wash.
Annual ETg for the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River study area is estimated to be 10,139,000 cubic meters. The estimate was determined by delineating boundaries of open water, perennially moist soil, and phreatophytes, multiplying the areas by appropriate site-scale ETg to derive annual ETg for each ET unit, and then adding the annual ETg for all ET units in the GDAs and study area. Boundaries of discharge areas were visually delineated using high-resolution aerial imagery and refined by field verification. Open water and moist soil ETg were estimated in previous investigations, and phreatophyte ETg was estimated from a quadratic relation between site-scale ETg and a vegetation index of the study area. The quadratic relation was derived from four points. Two points were based on the site-scale ETg estimated for this study and two points corresponded to theoretical minimum and maximum points. Site-scale ETg was measured at two ET-monitoring sites using the eddy-covariance method. At one site, located in sparse shrubs, ETg was 0.121 meters per year, and at the other site, located in dense wetland vegetation, ETg was 1.056 meters per year. A scaled normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that encompasses the study area was created from 0.6-meter resolution multispectral (4-band) aerial imagery from 2020 and was used as an indicator of plant density or cover.
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Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
Reintroduction of species at sites where populations have been extirpated has become a common technique in wildlife conservation. To track progress towards reintroduction success, effective postrelease monitoring is needed to document vital rates of individuals and the corresponding impact on population trajectories. We assessed growth and body size in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) using a data set from multiple projects across the species' distribution, including free-ranging wild snakes, snakes reared in captive-breeding programs, and snakes released at two reintroduction sites. We used these data to fit a von Bertalanffy growth model in a Bayesian framework to quantify differences in growth among three broad categories of snakes (wild, captive, and reintroduced), while accounting for measurement error across various projects. We also compared changes in body mass of captive-born individuals from four captive rearing facilities. Asymptotic snout–vent length across all groups was 185 cm (95% credible interval = 177–194 cm) for males and 157 cm (95% credible interval = 153–161 cm) for females. Reintroduced snakes had a higher growth coefficient than either captive or wild snakes (e.g., captive females = 1.20 [1.06–1.35] d–1; wild females = 1.22 [0.95–1.49] d–1; reintroduced females = 1.62 [1.21–2.05] d–1), indicating that current captive-breeding and rearing efforts for indigo snakes produce similar or faster growth trends compared to wild populations. Furthermore, daily changes in juvenile body weight relative to body size were similar in three of the four captive rearing facilities (mean for females at Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation = 0.57 [0.48–0.65]; Zoo Atlanta = 0.55 [0.37–0.72]; Welaka National Fish Hatchery = 0.55, [0.36–0.73]; Auburn University = 0.39 [0.21–0.58]). Long-term project success for indigo snake reintroductions will depend on continuing to implement best practices in an adaptive management framework.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1655/Herpetologica-D-22-00041","usgsCitation":"Chandler, H.C., Steen, D., Blue, J., Bogan, J.E., Bolt, M.R., Brady, T., Breininger, D.R., Buening, J., Elliott, M., Godwin, J., Guyer, C., Hill, R.L., Hoffman, M., Hyslop, N.L., Jenkins, C., Lechowicz, C., Moore, M., Moulis, R.A., Piccolomini, S., Redmond, R., Snow, F.H., Stegenga, B.S., Stevenson, D., Stiles, J., Stiles, S., Wallace, M., Waters, J., Wines, M., and Bauder, J.M., 2023, Evaluating growth rates of captive, wild, and reintroduced populations of the imperiled Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi): Herpetologica, v. 79, no. 4, p. 220-230, https://doi.org/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-22-00041.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"230","ipdsId":"IP-146664","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chandler, Houston C.","contributorId":342515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chandler","given":"Houston","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13223,"text":"The Orianne Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steen, David","contributorId":342517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steen","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blue, Jack","contributorId":342519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blue","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13223,"text":"The Orianne Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bogan, James E.","contributorId":342521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bogan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":81884,"text":"Central Florida Zoo’s Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bolt, M. 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0000-0002-2055-5324","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-5324","contributorId":337814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauder","given":"Javan","email":"","middleInitial":"Mathias","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29}]}} ,{"id":70251162,"text":"70251162 - 2023 - Atmospheric correction intercomparison of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery over agricultural study sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T13:15:36.730049","indexId":"70251162","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T07:14:19","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Atmospheric correction intercomparison of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery over agricultural study sites","docAbstract":"In this research effort we assess the performance of atmospheric correction-based surface reflectance (SR) retrievals from two satellite image sources, one with very high spatial resolution (VHR) (<5-m) and the other high spectral resolution (~10-nm). The VHR images are from MAXARs WorldView-3 (WV3) satellite and the high spectral resolution images are from Agenzia Spaziale Italianas (ASI) PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa (PRISMA) satellite. We use various atmospheric correction (AC) tools to provide intercomparisons of both AC tools and image source SR estimates. The AC tools we evaluated include Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (FLAASH) within ENVI version 4.7, MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN) versions 5.3.3 and 6.0, and ASIs Level-2D correction for PRISMA imagery. Prior to correcting WV3 and PRISMA imagery to SR, we performed manual geometric corrections of imagery as both image sources were found to lack consistent georegistration.\n\nWe performed comparisons at two study sites in Maryland, USA, including the United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) and an agricultural study site on Marylands Eastern Shore region. For the BARC site, we used WV3 imagery acquired on 2022-04-02 and PRISMA imagery acquired on 2022-04-28, focusing on evaluation of AC tool SR retrieval performance for each image source separately due to large time differences in image acquisitions where SR values are likely impacted by changing field conditions. For the Eastern Shore site, WV3 imagery was acquired on 2022-05-18 and 2022-05-30, and PRISMA imagery was acquired on 2022-05-21, allowing for quantitative evaluation of both AC tool performance and intercomparison between WV3 and PRISMA imagery. Having WV3 imagery acquired before and after PRISMA imagery allows for interpretation of major changes in field conditions and thus, identification of fields to exclude from intercomparisons. For intercomparison assessments, we computed relative percent difference (RPD) between the AC tool SR retrievals. For image source comparisons, 4-m WV3 pixels were resampled to 30-m PRISMA pixels after which 30-m WV3 bands and PRISMA spectra were compared to one another visually for both study sites. To provide rigorous SR retrieval intercomparisons between image sources, PRISMA spectra were resampled to WV3-equivalent bands for RPD computation for the Eastern Shore site.\n\nIn addition to the SR retrieval intercomparisons between the AC tools, we carry out a quasi-validation where we retrieve fractional crop residue cover (fR) from the satellite image sources by calculating established spectral indices (SIs) and calibrating SIs with ground-measured fR acquired within several days of satellite overpasses. These SIs include the Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI) (Nagler et al. 2000), Shortwave Infrared Normalized Difference Residue Index (SINDRI) (Serbin et al. 2009), Lignin-Cellulose Absorption Index (LCAI) (Daughtry et al. 2005), and Lignin-Cellulose Peak Center Difference Index (LCPCDI) (Hively et al. 2021) 1-4. The most accurate crop residue SIs are generally based on shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance bands ranging from 2000 nm to 2400 nm that measure dry vegetation lignocellulose absorption features at 2100 and 2300 nm 1-5. For instance, the CAI identifies a 2100 nm cellulose absorption feature with a central band positioned on this feature, and two spectrally adjacent bands at 2040 and 2210 nm, while the LCAI identifies the 2300 nm lignin absorption feature compared to bands at 2165 and 2210 nm. Particular focus on intercomparisons for the SWIR region is critical as atmospheric water, carbon dioxide, and methane impact accurate SR retrieval as shown in Figure 1.a. Our final analysis concludes with the selection of the top-performing AC approach between the WV3 and PRISMA imagery (as indicated by low SR RPD) and then compares PRIMSA and 30-m WV3 imagery with original 4-m WV3 imagery to assess the degree to which spatial resolution impacts the retrieval of fR. Figure 1 provides a comparative example of WV3 and PRISMA imagery used to compute SINDRI which is then calibrated to fR using second order polynomial equations from Hively et al. (2018) 6. Figure 1 fR calibrations will be updated with newly acquired ground survey data from May 2022 to further improve the accuracy of image source and AC tool intercomparisons.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS): Conference Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","publisherLocation":"Pasadena, CA","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS52108.2023.10281710","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.T., Hively, W.D., Jennewein, J., Thieme, A., and Soroka, A.M., 2023, Atmospheric correction intercomparison of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery over agricultural study sites, in International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS): Conference Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS52108.2023.10281710.","ipdsId":"IP-152772","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Brian T. 0000-0001-7957-5488","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7957-5488","contributorId":291893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Brian","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hively, W. Dean 0000-0002-5383-8064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-8064","contributorId":201565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hively","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dean","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennewein, Jyoti","contributorId":243442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jennewein","given":"Jyoti","affiliations":[{"id":36394,"text":"University of Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":893311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thieme, Alison","contributorId":237963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thieme","given":"Alison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47661,"text":"University of Maryland, Geographical Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":893312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soroka, Alexander M. 0000-0002-8002-5229","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8002-5229","contributorId":201664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soroka","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70253136,"text":"70253136 - 2023 - Connecting flood-related fluvial erosion and deposition with vulnerable downstream road-stream crossings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-23T12:17:39.530186","indexId":"70253136","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T07:14:13","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Connecting flood-related fluvial erosion and deposition with vulnerable downstream road-stream crossings","docAbstract":"Fluvial erosion is increasingly responsible for infrastructure and building damages associated\nwith floods as the intensity of extreme rainfalls hit rural and urban rivers in a variety of climate\nsettings across the United States. Extreme floods in 2016 and 2018 caused widespread culvert\nblockages and road failures, including extensive damage along steep tributaries and ravines in\nthe Marengo River, Wisconsin, watershed during 2016 and 2018. A study conducted by the U.S.\nGeological Survey (USGS), Wisconsin Wetlands Association (WWA), Ashland County, and the\nNorthwest Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (NWRPC) investigated the special\nconcern of fluvial erosion hazards (FEHs) associated with gullying, streamside landslides, and\nthe loss of wetland storage in headwaters. In 2019, a pilot study was begun to map and classify\nephemeral and perennial streams and wetlands in terms of their sensitivity to FEHs. This study\ncombined data from field-based rapid geomorphic assessments (RGAs) coupled with a stream\nnetwork-wide geographic information system (GIS) approach for mapping stream segments,\nreferred to as fluvial process zones (FPZ), sensitive to erosion, deposition, and channel change.\nThe GIS approach used nationally available 10-meter (m) resolution topology and an extended\nstream network to map FPZs based on Strahler stream order, stream power, channel slope,\npresence of adjacent steep valley sides and headwater flats, and adjacent landform setting.\nBankfull channel widths derived from RGA-based hydraulic geometry curves combined with\ndrainage areas, an estimate of bankfull flow, and channel slope were used to calculate specific\nstream power for the FPZs. Lastly, the FPZs were characterized by their location within three\nmajor landform settings that affect erosion potential. The resulting vulnerability maps provided\na screening framework to identify FPZs that are sensitive to incision, gullying and mass wasting\nalong steep headwater ephemeral channels, as well as downstream perennial channels that have\nthe potential for valley-side landslides, coarse sediment deposition, and channel change. Lastly,\neach FPZ was characterized in terms of hydrologic alteration associated with ditching. The\nvulnerability mapping products and rankings of sensitivity of FPZs will ultimately be used by\nAshland County and their collaborators to prioritize natural flood management projects that\nmitigate FEHs, restore hydrology, and reconnect channels with adjacent wetlands and\nfloodplains.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling Conference (SedHyd) 2023 Conference Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling Conference","conferenceDate":"May 8-12, 2023","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"SEDHYD Conference Proceedings","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Magyera, K.H., Laumann, J., Larson, C., Rockwood, S., Dantoin, E.D., Hollenhorst, T., Krumwiede, B., Nelson, B.R., Prokopec, J., and Johnson, K.E., 2023, Connecting flood-related fluvial erosion and deposition with vulnerable downstream road-stream crossings, in Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling Conference (SedHyd) 2023 Conference Proceedings, St. Louis, MO, May 8-12, 2023, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-152230","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sedhyd.org/2023Program/1/206.pdf"},{"id":428053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Marengo River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.38270139201421,\n 46.7339329743686\n ],\n [\n -91.38270139201421,\n 46.04415426363366\n ],\n [\n -90.60807272808239,\n 46.04415426363366\n ],\n [\n 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publication summarizing USGS publications in collaboration with Water Institute that are being used to inform Louisiana coastal policy.","language":"English","publisher":"The Water Institute","usgsCitation":"Carruthers, T., Stagg, C., and Baustian, M.M., 2023, Preparing for future changes: Louisiana's Coast, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","ipdsId":"IP-154055","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://thewaterinstitute.org/assets/docs/projects/Preparing-for-Future-Changes_Louisianas-Coast.pdf"},{"id":425213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.97306243382174,\n 30.88442750316527\n ],\n [\n -93.97306243382174,\n 28.903476655507575\n ],\n [\n -88.96329680882178,\n 28.903476655507575\n ],\n [\n -88.96329680882178,\n 30.88442750316527\n ],\n [\n -93.97306243382174,\n 30.88442750316527\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carruthers, Timothy","contributorId":333742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carruthers","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16216,"text":"Water Institute of the Gulf","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":893773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stagg, Camille 0000-0002-1125-7253","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":206064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baustian, Melissa Millman 0000-0003-2467-2533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2467-2533","contributorId":304015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baustian","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"Millman","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70250964,"text":"70250964 - 2023 - Bedform distributions and dynamics in a large, channelized river: Implications for benthic ecological processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-17T13:13:13.793676","indexId":"70250964","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T07:09:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Bedform distributions and dynamics in a large, channelized river: Implications for benthic ecological processes","docAbstract":"Sand bedforms are fundamental habitat elements for benthic fish in large, sand-bedded rivers and are hypothesized to provide flow refugia, food transport, and ecological disturbance. We explored bedform distributions and dynamics in the Lower Missouri River, Missouri, with the objective of understanding the implications of these features for benthic fish habitat, particularly for the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) during their early life stages. We mapped bathymetry in a 3-kilometer-long reach of the highly engineered Lower Missouri River 22 times over a three-year period from 2019-2021 using a multibeam echosounder. Surveys included precise water surface and bed elevations over discharges ranging from 1,360-8,550 cubic meters per second. This included weekly surveys during a large flood event with a peak of 9,290 cubic meters per second in the spring and summer of 2019. Velocity was mapped with an acoustic Doppler current profiler during 11 of the 22 multibeam surveys. The dataset illustrates how bedforms are distributed in a typical Missouri River reach and how they evolve with changes in discharge. We measured a variety of bedform characteristics, including height, length, lee-slope angle, and crest orientation, and examined their relationship to larval sturgeon catch in the reach in 2020\nand 2021. Bedform shapes are controlled by depositional environment and discharge and range in size from less than a meter in wavelength and amplitude to greater than 4 meters high and 75 meters long and generally have low angle lee-slopes. Small dunes were located in lower velocity regions on the inside of a bend and behind wing-dikes, as well as superimposed on larger dunes. Larger dunes were generally located in the channel thalweg and were associated with higher flow velocities. However, bedform size did not necessarily scale with discharge over the course of the 2019 flood, possibly due to sediment supply limitations and hysteresis effects. Changes in bedform size over the course of the flood event were most pronounced in the thalweg; less change in bedform size occurred behind wing dikes on the inside of channel bends, indicating some degree of habitat stability. Despite rarely getting caught in the thalweg, larval sturgeon drift in the thalweg until they are intercepted into off-channel habitats in wing dike fields, where they are caught in much higher numbers. Bedform orientations were affected by flow expansion around wing dikes, indicative of the role of wing dikes in influencing exchange of material between the thalweg and channel margins. Increased understanding of bedform distributions and dynamics will inform future sampling and habitat restoration designs for\nlarval pallid sturgeon and contribute to increased understanding of their influence on benthic\necological processes.","language":"English","publisher":"SEDHYD","usgsCitation":"Elliott, C.M., Jacobson, R., Call, B., and Roberts, M.O., 2023, Bedform distributions and dynamics in a large, channelized river: Implications for benthic ecological processes, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-148167","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424489,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":424463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sedhyd.org/past/2023Proceedings/110.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, Caroline M. 0000-0002-9190-7462 celliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-7462","contributorId":2380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Caroline","email":"celliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, R. B. 0000-0002-8368-2064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":92614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Call, Bruce 0000-0001-9064-2231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9064-2231","contributorId":217707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Call","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, Maura O 0000-0002-5575-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-0330","contributorId":291406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Maura","email":"","middleInitial":"O","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70250702,"text":"sir20235117 - 2023 - Prediction of the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations at groundwater depths used for drinking-water supply in the Puget Sound basin, Washington, 2004–19","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T15:36:53.605706","indexId":"sir20235117","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-28T11:33:39","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5117","displayTitle":"Prediction of the Probability of Elevated Nitrate Concentrations at Groundwater Depths Used for Drinking-Water Supply in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, 2004–19","title":"Prediction of the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations at groundwater depths used for drinking-water supply in the Puget Sound basin, Washington, 2004–19","docAbstract":"The Puget Sound basin encompasses the 13,700-square-mile area that drains to the Puget Sound and the adjacent marine waters of Washington State. Well more than 4 million people live within the basin, with numbers continuing to increase, who rely on the basin’s natural resources including groundwater. The Puget Sound Partnership was created by a Washington State statute to implement a science-based recovery of the Puget Sound to help address impacts to these resources. As part of the recovery, the partnership developed the Puget Sound Vital Signs as measures of ecosystem health that guide the assessment of progress toward Puget Sound recovery goals. The Puget Sound Partnership Leadership Council adopted a Drinking Water Vital Sign associated with human health and quality of life, recognizing certain indicators as integral to the sustainability of Puget Sound recovery efforts. One such Vital Sign indicator was the vulnerability of groundwater throughout the aquifers of the Puget Sound basin to elevated nitrate concentrations as defined by the probability of exceeding 2 milligrams/liter (mg/L) at a specific location and well depth. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) led the effort to characterize groundwater vulnerability. For this study, groundwater vulnerability refers to a probability with which a contaminant applied at or near the land surface can migrate to the aquifer of interest for a given set of land-use practices. Nitrate concentration data were selected for evaluation because elevated nitrate concentrations are typically caused by anthropogenic activities and have been associated with deleterious impacts on human health.
To identify groundwater vulnerability to elevated nitrate concentrations, logistic regression was used to relate anthropogenic (human associated) and natural variables to the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations in untreated groundwater from large public water supply system wells found within the Washington State Department of Health Sentry database. Variables that were analyzed included well depth, soil hydraulic conductivity, precipitation, population density, fertilizer application amounts, and land-use types. Statistically significant models that predicted the probabilities of groundwater nitrate concentrations greater than 2 mg/L based on the predictor variables were created for the time periods 2000–04, 2005–09, 2010–14, and 2015–19. For all time periods, well depth and a measure of the abundance of urban and agricultural land over or near the well consistently helped explain the vulnerability of the well to elevated nitrate concentrations defined as a probability of exceeding 2 mg/L of nitrate. Precipitation and (or) soil hydraulic conductivity were also important predictor variables in the models.
The models for each time period were used to create maps of groundwater vulnerability at 150- and 300-foot depths throughout the Puget Sound basin. As expected, the most vulnerable locations were associated with shallower well depths and increased agriculture and urban land cover. Across all four time periods, groundwater vulnerability throughout the Puget Sound was low, with probabilities of exceeding 2 mg/L concentrations of nitrate at depths at 150 and 300 feet typically less than 50 percent. Results also found a slight decrease in probabilities of elevated nitrate concentrations throughout the basin over time. More specifically, additional statistical tests found that groundwater with probabilities of less than about 60 percent declined from 2000 to 2019 and represented more than 75 percent of the modeled Puget Sound basin aquifer. Wells with greater than 60 percent probability increased over the same time period but represented only about 25 percent of the aquifer. The maps and statistical analysis presented in the study provide valuable and informative evaluation of the vulnerability of groundwater in the Puget Sound basin to elevated nitrate concentrations. The probability maps do not represent measured nitrate concentrations in groundwater, but rather they present the probability that nitrate concentrations exceed 2 mg/L. The models and predictions from this study are a viable indicator for the Puget Sound Partnership’s Healthy Human Population—Drinking Water Vital Sign. The logistic regression modeling approach presented here benefits water managers by allowing them to assess temporal trends in a range of probabilities, explore vulnerability changes as new regional land cover and anthropogenic data are generated, and distinguish vulnerabilities at different depths within the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Puget Sound Partnership","usgsCitation":"Black, R.W., Wright, E.E., Bright, V.A.L., and Headman, A.O., 2023, Prediction of the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations at groundwater depths used for drinking-water supply in the Puget Sound basin, Washington, 2004–19: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5117, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235117.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 40 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-135130","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424530,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/images"},{"id":424531,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/sir20235117.XML"},{"id":423904,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":423905,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/sir20235117.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5117"},{"id":501157,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115891.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423906,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TOWGYM","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Wright, E.E., Bright, V.A.L., Black, R.W., and Headman, A.O., 2022, Index of vulnerability for elevated nitrates in groundwater in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, 2000–2019: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TOWGYM.","linkHelpText":"Index of vulnerability for elevated nitrates in groundwater in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, 2000–2019"},{"id":424529,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235117/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2023-5117"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.38747179984844,\n 49.222164372548065\n ],\n [\n -124.38747179984844,\n 46.31382574682385\n ],\n [\n -120.38844836234833,\n 46.31382574682385\n ],\n [\n -120.38844836234833,\n 49.222164372548065\n ],\n [\n -124.38747179984844,\n 49.222164372548065\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The entire Lower Fox River and inner bay of Green Bay, in northeastern Wisconsin, have been listed as impaired by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) for low dissolved oxygen and degraded habitat, with total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations listed as the likely causes of these impairments. To restore the Fox River and Green Bay, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) were developed for TP and TSS, and actions were taken throughout the Fox River Basin to improve water quality. In this study, we estimated concentrations and loads of TP, dissolved phosphorus (DP), and TSS at the Lake Winnebago outlet, De Pere, and the mouth of the Fox River from water year (WY) 1989 to WY 2021; described changes in concentrations and loads through time during this period; and compared the concentrations and loads for the most recent 5-year period (WYs 2017–21) with the WDNR criteria for TP impairment and the TMDL loading goals.
TP, DP, TSS, and total suspended sediment concentration data were obtained from NEW Water (the brand of the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District), the WDNR, and the U.S. Geological Survey and combined into one dataset. All the TSS and total suspended sediment data were used together with no adjustment factor and are referred to as simply “TSS.” During WYs 1989–2021, mean annual TP concentrations increased from 0.089 milligram per liter (mg/L) at the Lake Winnebago outlet to 0.128 mg/L at the mouth of the Fox River, and concentrations decreased at all three sites from WY 1989 to WY 2021. The most recent (WYs 2017–21) median May–October TP concentrations were just less than the 0.1-mg/L WDNR criterion for TP impairment at the two upstream sites (Lake Winnebago outlet and De Pere) but were slightly greater than the criterion for impairment at the mouth of the Fox River. Mean annual DP concentrations increased from 0.024 mg/L at the Lake Winnebago outlet to 0.036 mg/L at the mouth of the Fox River. DP concentrations increased from WY 1989 to WY 2021 at the Lake Winnebago outlet but not at the other sites. Mean annual TSS concentrations increased from 13.5 mg/L at the Lake Winnebago outlet to 23.9 mg/L at the mouth of the Fox River and have decreased at all three sites from WY 1989 to WY 2021. The recent median May–October TSS concentrations were less than the 20-mg/L WDNR criterion for impairment at all three sites. Streamflow and TP, DP, and TSS loads increased from the Lake Winnebago outlet to the mouth of the Fox River (TP loads increased from 360,000 to 557,000 kilograms per year [kg/yr], DP loads increased from 114,000 to 162,000 kg/yr, and TSS loads increased from 60,400 metric tons per year [t/yr] to 122,600 t/yr).
At the Lake Winnebago outlet, DP concentrations and TP and DP loads increased from WY 1989 to WY 2021 because of an increase in DP concentrations in Lake Winnebago resulting from the lake becoming nitrogen limited as a result of biological processes not consuming the DP in the lake and an increase in streamflow leaving the lake. Although TP and TSS concentrations decreased at De Pere and the mouth of the Fox River, there was little change in the loading because of an increase in flow. Flow-normalized TP and TSS loads at De Pere and the mouth of the Fox River decreased possibly because of implementation of agricultural conservation management practices, reductions in point-source discharges in its drainage basin, and deposition of sediment and phosphorus in recently dredged areas of the Lower Fox River. Additional studies are needed to determine the relative importance of each of these actions and whether the decrease in concentrations and flow-normalized loads will continue to be observed in the Fox River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235112","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with NEW Water, the brand of the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Diebel, M.W., Bartlett, S.L., and Fermanich, K.J., 2023, Changes in phosphorus and suspended solids loading in the Fox River, northeastern Wisconsin, 1989–2021: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5112, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235112","productDescription":"Report: viii, 29 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150822","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423702,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/sir20235112.XML"},{"id":423701,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/sir20235112.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5112"},{"id":423700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423703,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/images/"},{"id":501154,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115890.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423706,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235112/full"},{"id":423705,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":423704,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P950EOGH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Concentrations and loads of phosphorus and suspended solids in the Fox River, northeastern Wisconsin, 1989–2021"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.27750277664309,\n 45.85677045828476\n ],\n [\n -90.27750277664309,\n 43.06901481985196\n ],\n [\n -87.32441235531145,\n 43.06901481985196\n ],\n [\n -87.32441235531145,\n 45.85677045828476\n ],\n [\n -90.27750277664309,\n 45.85677045828476\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
In humid regions with dense stream networks, surface water exerts a fundamental control on the water levels and flow directions of shallow groundwater. Understanding interactions between groundwater and surface water is critical for managing groundwater resources and groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Representing streams in groundwater models has historically been arduous and error prone. In recent years, however, all the information needed to numerically describe stream boundary conditions for a model area has become readily available online, as have robust open-source software tools for translating that information to a model grid. The SFRmaker Python package leverages geospatial capabilities in the scientific Python ecosystem to robustly automate the production of input to the Streamflow-Routing (SFR) Package of MODFLOW from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus or other hydrography data. This report documents an application of SFRmaker to automate production of SFR Package input for groundwater models within the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study area. SFR Package input was developed in three steps: (1) preprocessing to develop a single set of grid-independent flowlines from National Hydrography Dataset Plus version 2 data; (2) setting up the SFR package from the preprocessed flowlines, and (3) correcting streambed top elevations after an initial model run. Separating the hydrography preprocessing from the construction of SFR Package input was advantageous in that it minimized the need to repeat computationally expensive geoprocessing (thereby speeding model construction) and also allowed for the curation of a single set of grid-independent SFR input data that can be used for any MODFLOW model within the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235051","usgsCitation":"Leaf, A.T., 2023, Automated construction of Streamflow-Routing networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment region: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5051, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235051.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 28 p.; 4 Data Releases; Dataset","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-105069","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417495,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P971LPOB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW–6 models of the Mississippi embayment (MERAS 3) and Mississippi Delta"},{"id":417456,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CXDIPL","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Datasets used to map the potentiometric surface, Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, spring 2020"},{"id":423683,"rank":12,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235100","text":"SIR 2023–5100","linkHelpText":"—Simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain with a focus on the Mississippi Delta"},{"id":417488,"rank":8,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/images"},{"id":417481,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/sir20235051.XML","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2023–5051"},{"id":417457,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":423682,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235080","text":"SIR 2023–5080","linkHelpText":"—Updated estimates of water budget components for the Mississippi embayment region using a Soil-Water-Balance model, 2000–2020"},{"id":417455,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P84B24","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"National-scale grid to support regional groundwater availability studies and a national hydrogeologic database"},{"id":423152,"rank":10,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235051/full"},{"id":417450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":417454,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WQPRFB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Waterborne resistivity inverted models, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, 2016–2018"},{"id":417451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/sir20235051.pdf","text":"Report","size":"46.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5051"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Embayment Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.88995719655937,\n 28.910338985045087\n ],\n [\n -85.96905875905937,\n 28.910338985045087\n ],\n [\n -85.96905875905937,\n 37.74314338343309\n ],\n [\n -94.88995719655937,\n 37.74314338343309\n ],\n [\n -94.88995719655937,\n 28.910338985045087\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
The Mississippi Alluvial Plain has become one of the most important agricultural regions in the United States but relies heavily on groundwater for irrigation. On average, more than 12 billion gallons are withdrawn daily from the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer. Declining groundwater levels, especially in the Delta region of northwest Mississippi and the Cache and Grand Prairie regions of eastern Arkansas, have led to concerns about future sustainability. The U.S. Geological Survey Mississippi Alluvial Plain Project is focused on quantifying the groundwater system in the alluvial plain and the response of groundwater resources to future development. A key objective of the project is to provide updated groundwater flow models supported by extensive data collection and analyses. MODFLOW 6, PEST++, and several open-source python packages were used to develop a simplified, faster running version of the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study model that can provide boundary conditions for local inset models, including the Mississippi Delta model described in this report. An automated workflow was used for model construction, history matching, and development of baseline future climate scenarios. The models incorporate information from a Soil-Water-Balance code simulation of the terrestrial water balance, metering-based estimates of water use from thousands of wells, measured and estimated streamflow and stages, and the largest airborne electromagnetic survey flown to date in the United States. Baseline scenarios for the Mississippi Delta under potential future climates were constructed using recharge, surface runoff and irrigation pumping forcings from a future version of the Soil-Water-Balance model, driven by downscaled temperature and precipitation output from 10 general circulation model simulations, including high and moderate carbon emissions pathways.
Results indicate a complex water balance that varies in time and space in terms of the terrestrial recharge, stream leakage, and regional groundwater flow components, which are affected by seasonal forcings, human activity, and alluvial geomorphology. The general circulation model outputs indicate a continued rise in average temperatures but no clear precipitation trend. Increased crop water demand is anticipated from the higher temperatures, resulting in increased irrigation withdrawals to sustain current levels of irrigated agriculture. Simulated drawdowns in groundwater levels at the mid-21st century vary greatly. Under moderate or wet climate scenarios, and in parts of the aquifer that are well connected to surface water, little to no additional drawdown is anticipated. Under dry or warm scenarios, drawdowns of as much as 10 meters or more are possible in parts of the aquifer that are relatively disconnected from surface water. Under dry or warm scenarios, the portion of the Delta with greater than 60 feet of saturated thickness could be reduced from near 100 percent currently (2018) to 80–90 percent by mid-century. Future simulations with the model could include alternative management scenarios to identify options for improving groundwater sustainability. The automated model construction workflows are designed to facilitate regular updating, making this a “living” framework that the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality and other stakeholders can use for adaptive management going forward.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235100","programNote":"Water Use and Availability Science Program","usgsCitation":"Leaf, A.T., Duncan, L.L., Haugh, C.J., Hunt, R.J., and Rigby, J.R., 2023, Simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain with a focus on the Mississippi Delta: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5100, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235100.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 143 p.; 4 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"156","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-135342","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423184,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P971LPOB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW 6 models for simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Embayment with a focus on the Mississippi Delta"},{"id":423183,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/images/"},{"id":501149,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115886.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423188,"rank":9,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235100/full"},{"id":423187,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97KK17G","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model archive and output files for net infiltration, runoff, and irrigation water use for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 2000 to 2020, simulated with the Soil-Water-Balance model"},{"id":423186,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BC6UB8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil-Water-Balance forecasted climate model output for simulations of water budget components in the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 2020 to 2055"},{"id":423185,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TSDEAC","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital surfaces and site data of well-screen top and bottom altitudes defining the irrigation production zone of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer within the Mississippi Alluvial Plain project region"},{"id":423182,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/sir20235100.XML"},{"id":423181,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/sir20235100.pdf","text":"Report","size":"59.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5100"},{"id":423180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423680,"rank":10,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235051","text":"SIR 2023–5051","linkHelpText":"—Automated construction of Streamflow-Routing networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment region"},{"id":423681,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235080","text":"SIR 2023–5080","linkHelpText":"—Updated estimates of water budget components for the Mississippi embayment region using a Soil-Water-Balance model, 2000–2020"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.14337516530937,\n 32.22047635687272\n ],\n [\n -89.39679313405937,\n 32.22047635687272\n ],\n [\n -89.39679313405937,\n 35.046419541331645\n ],\n [\n -92.14337516530937,\n 35.046419541331645\n ],\n [\n -92.14337516530937,\n 32.22047635687272\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
A Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model for the Mississippi embayment region in Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana was constructed and calibrated to gain insight into potential recharge patterns for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, which has had substantial drawdown under intense pumping stress over the last several decades. An analysis of the net infiltration term from the SWB model combined with newly gathered airborne electromagnetic geophysical data on the surficial sediments in a calibrated modular three-dimensional finite-difference (MODFLOW 6) groundwater flow model of one area in the alluvial plain found that the distribution of net infiltration was significantly different from the recharge that gets to the water table through the complicated silt and clay stratigraphy of the unsaturated zone. The net infiltration of water through the rooting zone as simulated by SWB ranges from 5.7 to 12.3 inches per year in the alluvial plain part of the model domain, and is fairly evenly distributed within local areas. Recharge to the underlying aquifer is less and is much more focused in particular zones where the connectivity through the upper layers of the unsaturated zone above the water table is greater, indicating possible horizontal flow and perched water table conditions in the unsaturated zone. Runoff and net infiltration together account for 32 percent of the incoming precipitation overall and somewhat higher percentages in the alluvial plain area on an annual basis. These terms are much higher in the fall and winter than in the summer. Actual evapotranspiration accounts for between 62 and 72 percent on average of the annual precipitation but dominates all other terms in the summer months. Without irrigation, summertime net infiltration and runoff would be near zero in the crop-dominated alluvial plain area. The SWB model reproduced reported irrigation rates for corn, soybeans, rice, and cotton on an annual basis fairly well. The SWB model for the Mississippi embayment region was calibrated using more than 15,000 observations representing four parts of the calculated water budget: actual evapotranspiration, surface runoff, net infiltration, and irrigation. Using a Monte Carlo approach to determine the uncertainty in the model results stemming from the uncertainty in the model parameters used in the calibration, the uncertainty in the annual actual evapotranspiration values was around 5 percent, whereas the uncertainty in the irrigation, net infiltration, and runoff was around 20 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235080","programNote":"Water Availability and Use Science Program","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M.G., and Westenbroek, S.M., 2023, Updated estimates of water budget components for the Mississippi embayment region using a Soil-Water-Balance model, 2000–2020: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5080, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235080","productDescription":"Report: vii, 58 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-132665","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501044,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115885.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423679,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235051","text":"SIR 2023–5051","linkHelpText":"— Automated construction of Streamflow-Routing networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment region"},{"id":423678,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235100","text":"SIR 2023–5100","linkHelpText":"—Simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain with a focus on the Mississippi Delta"},{"id":423159,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235080/full"},{"id":423153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/sir20235080.XML"},{"id":423154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/sir20235080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5080"},{"id":423156,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/images/"},{"id":423158,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":423157,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97KK17G","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model archive and output files for net infiltration, runoff, and irrigation water use for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 2000 to 2020, simulated with the Soil-Water-Balance model"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Embayment Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.12089542031869,\n 28.886284478842654\n ],\n [\n -86.65019229531852,\n 28.886284478842654\n ],\n [\n -86.65019229531852,\n 37.89501192204163\n ],\n [\n -94.12089542031869,\n 37.89501192204163\n ],\n [\n -94.12089542031869,\n 28.886284478842654\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
Widely dispersed waste products from historical mining in northern Idaho’s Coeur d’Alene mining district have long been a concern in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin in northern Idaho. The Central Impoundment Area (CIA), an unlined mining waste repository that is part of the Bunker Hill Superfund Site designated in 1983, is adjacent to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River between Kellogg and Smelterville, Idaho. Previous studies, including a pre-remediation seepage study completed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2017, have identified groundwater seepage from beneath the CIA as a major contributor to trace-metal and nutrient loads (including zinc, cadmium, and phosphorus) in the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. A major remediation project, led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from late 2017 to 2021, specifically aimed to reduce groundwater loading to the river via a groundwater collection system (GWCS) at the CIA. In 2022, the USGS completed a post-remediation seepage study to quantify zinc, cadmium, and phosphorus loading from groundwater to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River in the same reach as the 2017 pre-remediation study. Like in the previous USGS study, discharge measurements and water-quality samples were collected during base-flow conditions in the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River between Kellogg and Smelterville as well as in surface-water inputs to the reach. Results of this study show a reduction in groundwater loads of dissolved zinc, dissolved cadmium, and total phosphorus entering the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River compared to 2017. The largest reductions in groundwater loading to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River occurred in a discrete section (the middle section) of the reach adjacent to the CIA where the GWCS was expected to have the biggest impact. In the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River middle section, loads from groundwater (presented as a mean plus or minus [±] standard deviation) of dissolved zinc decreased from 85 ± 9.3 kilograms per day (kg/d) in 2017 to 11.6 ± 19.2 kg/d in 2022 (86-percent reduction), dissolved cadmium decreased from 0.59 ± 0.10 kg/d in 2017 to 0.11 ± 0.06 kg/d in 2022 (81-percent reduction), and total phosphorus decreased from 6.5 ± 0.45 kg/d in 2017 to 0.79 ± 0.97 kg/d in 2022 (88-percent reduction). In addition to reduced groundwater loading, lower concentrations of dissolved zinc, dissolved cadmium, and total phosphorus were observed at the site farthest downstream from the GWCS. Furthermore, the ambient water-quality-criteria ratios decreased at all river monitoring sites in 2022, although zinc and cadmium concentrations still exceeded the site-specific criteria designated to protect aquatic life. This post-remediation study indicates that the GWCS at the CIA has reduced groundwater loading of trace metals and phosphorus to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. This reduction in trace metals and phosphorus in South Fork Coeur d’Alene River also has implications for water quality downstream in the main-stem Coeur d’Alene River and in Coeur d’Alene Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Murray, E.M., and Zinsser, L.M., 2023, Trace metal and phosphorus loading from groundwater seepage into South Fork Coeur d’Alene River after remediation at the Bunker Hill Superfund Site, northern Idaho, 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5125, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235125.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 26 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-140271","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423876,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table04.csv","text":"Table 4","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"Table 4"},{"id":423874,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table03.csv","text":"Table 3","size":"6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"Table 3"},{"id":423871,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/images"},{"id":423869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5125"},{"id":423868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125.jpg"},{"id":423875,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table04.xlsx","text":"Table 4","size":"26 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 4"},{"id":423873,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table03.xlsx","text":"Table 3","size":"32 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 3"},{"id":423872,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125.xml"},{"id":423877,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195113","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5113 —","description":"SIR 2019-5113","linkHelpText":"Trace metal and nutrient loads from groundwater seepage into the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Smelterville, northern Idaho, 2017"},{"id":501161,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115889.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Bunker Hill Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0,\n 47.45\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 47.15\n ],\n [\n -115.3,\n 47.15\n ],\n [\n -115.34,\n 47.45\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 47.45\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702-4250
In 2022, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) established the Saline Lake Ecosystems Integrated Water Availability Assessment (IWAAs) to monitor and assess the hydrology of terminal lakes in the Great Basin and the migratory birds and other wildlife dependent on those habitats. Scientists from across the USGS (with specialties in water quantity, water quality, limnology, avian biology, data science, landscape ecology, and science communication) formed the Saline Lake Ecosystems IWAAs Team. The team has developed this regional strategic science plan to guide data collection and assessment activities at terminal lakes in the Great Basin.
The U.S. Congress requested the USGS to establish the Saline Lake Ecosystems IWAAs in response to historically low water levels at terminal lakes and associated wetlands across the Great Basin. Not all Great Basin terminal lakes have high salinity; however, all terminal lakes occur in endorheic, closed, basins with no surface-water outflow. Low lake levels across the Great Basin are the result of increased water use for agriculture and municipalities, drought conditions, and a warming climate. Great Basin terminal lake water extents have decreased by as much as 90 percent over the last 150 years, and terminal lake wetlands have decreased in area by as much as 47 percent since 1984. Lake elevations and wetland areas are primarily supported by freshwater inputs from snowmelt feeding upgradient rivers, streams, and springs. These freshwater inputs have been severely reduced because of continued and increased surface-water diversions and surface-water capture through groundwater pumping for agriculture, mining, and public supply as well as unprecedented drought conditions and warming temperatures related to climate change.
Water quality, specifically salinity, is highly variable for terminal lakes of the Great Basin, and this variability is a result of the balance between freshwater inflow and evaporation. Variability of salinity at each of the terminal lakes can be affected by lake morphology, hydrogeologic features of the basin, annual variability in weather patterns, and changes in upgradient water use. Hypersaline terminal lakes provide abundant food resources such as brine shrimp and brine flies that support nesting and migrating birds. The density and composition of invertebrates are closely tied to lake salinity. Increased salinity can exceed the tolerance of invertebrates, severely limiting their biomass. In contrast, decreased salinity can lead to altered invertebrate community composition, reducing the abundance of optimal avian prey resources.
Great Basin terminal lake ecosystems, including open-water and adjacent aquatic and terrestrial environments, provide resources necessary to sustain many animal populations throughout the year. Although a variety of taxa use terminal lakes, these ecosystems are of acute importance for the millions of migratory waterbirds (for example, shorebirds, wading birds, and waterfowl) dependent on the network of terminal lakes and their associated wetlands. Migratory birds transiting the Pacific and Central Flyways use Great Basin terminal lake ecosystems throughout the year to feed, nest, and transit between wintering and breeding ranges. As such, successful conservation of birds and their habitats requires coordinated management of water and habitats across the Great Basin network of terminal lakes and wetlands.
The linkages between water availability and ecosystem vulnerability of terminal lakes in the Great Basin are not well understood. The vulnerability of terminal lakes is related to the factors driving change and adaptive capacity of the lake ecosystem. Saline lake ecosystems are vulnerable when changes in water quantity affect ecosystem function. Water quantity affects salinity, which affects food webs and habitat; these linkages can be investigated with water-quality and food web monitoring. Water quantity also affects inundated habitat, which can be quantified through remote sensing. It is necessary to quantify hydroclimatic and water use controls on water availability to terminal lakes to assess the response of the ecosystems. Remotely sensed data can provide a broad-scale and long-term synoptic view of terminal lake hydrologic characteristics, but ground observations are required to interpret changes in water quality and ecological functions. Some terminal lake basins have ongoing monitoring and modeling efforts within the Great Basin (for example, Great Salt Lake, Carson River Basin), yet most monitoring locations are hydrologically upgradient and too far away from lake inflows to provide an accurate assessment of hydrological trends for the lake ecosystems. Other terminal lakes have no long-term hydrological monitoring in their respective watersheds (for example, Lake Abert).
Ecological data collection in the Great Basin is also insufficient to understand how many birds exist on the landscape, how birds use the mosaic of terminal-lake habitats as an interconnected system, and how Great Basin terminal lakes are linked to the larger continental system of the Pacific and Central Flyways. Across agencies and organizations, tracking bird movement, abundance, and diversity is inconsistent, with some lakes having once- or twice-a-year bird survey efforts and a few locations having more intensive ecological data-gathering efforts (for example, Great Salt Lake, Lake Abert). Bridging hydrological and ecological information gaps will improve understanding of the trends in water supply and water quality, habitat availability and usage, and impacts on vulnerable waterbird species, all of which would be used by managers in coordinated conservation of this unique network of terminal-lake habitats.
The terminal lakes of the Great Basin are part of the Basin and Range physiographic province that extends from the Colorado Plateau on the east to the Sierra Nevada on the west, and from the Snake River Plain on the north to the Garlock fault and the Mojave block on the south. The Great Basin is larger than 650,000 square kilometers and encompasses most of the State of Nevada but also extends to western Utah, eastern California, southeastern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, and southeastern Oregon. The climate is arid to semiarid with a hydrologic regime that is snowmelt dominated, providing as much as 75 percent of total annual runoff for the region. Terminal lakes of the Great Basin occupy the lowest areas of closed (endorheic) drainage basins, such that lake levels and water quality respond rapidly to surface-water inflow. Terminal lakes provide local and regional economic value to the States in the Great Basin, including mineral extraction, aquaculture, public works, and recreational uses. As an example, assessments of Great Salt Lake’s ecological health and economic impact find hemispheric importance for the former and regional importance for the latter. Great Salt Lake creates about 7,000 jobs and $2 billion of economic output per year, most of which would be lost with further declines in lake level.
The objectives of this Science Strategy are threefold: (1) to identify how changing water availability affects the quality, diversity, and abundance of habitats supporting continental waterbird populations; (2) to highlight the scientific monitoring and assessment needs of Great Basin terminal lakes; and (3) to support coordinated management and conservation actions to benefit those ecosystems, migratory birds, and other wildlife. There are long-term hydrological, ecological, and societal challenges associated with terminal lakes ecosystems in the Great Basin. This Science Strategy benefits partners by providing a conceptual model, nested at different spatial extents, that identifies key scientific information needs to inform coordinated implementation of management and conservation plans within and among hydrologic basins to address these complex challenges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1516","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Frus, R.J., Aldridge, C.L., Casazza, M.L., Eagles-Smith, C.A., Herring, G., Hynek, S.A., Jones, D.K., Kemp, S.K., Marston, T.M., Morris, C.M., Naranjo, R.C., Nell, C.S., O’Leary, D.R., Overton, C.T., Pulver, B.A., Reichert, B.E., Rumsey, C.A., Schuster, R., and Smith, C.D., 2023, Integrated science strategy for assessing and monitoring water availability and migratory birds for terminal lakes across the Great Basin, United States (ver. 1.1, May 2025): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1516, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1516.","productDescription":"Report: v, 68 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-150954","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493768,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115888.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":486001,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1516/versionHistory.txt","size":"2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Version history"},{"id":423645,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q9LQ4B","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Protected areas database of the United States (PAD-US) 3.0"},{"id":423641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1516/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1516/cir1516.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Circular 1516"},{"id":423644,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9G5CGA7","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Bibliography of hydrological and ecological research in the Great Basin terminal lakes, USA"},{"id":423646,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1516/images"},{"id":423647,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1516/cir1516.XML"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.12391771230867,\n 44.77405073422017\n ],\n [\n -121.23711112053633,\n 42.97675607274502\n ],\n [\n -120.58454292500758,\n 41.114625765489706\n ],\n [\n -120.53050233969739,\n 39.38852576977999\n ],\n [\n -121.00002831582353,\n 38.53773263098702\n ],\n [\n -116.23219239369243,\n 34.14172761189964\n ],\n [\n -115.35960273905562,\n 33.921557217133085\n ],\n [\n -115.48689980188553,\n 34.74795954290249\n ],\n [\n -116.28333189096784,\n 36.47975443280677\n ],\n [\n -115.18568355055748,\n 36.991906804073\n ],\n [\n -114.24156554808329,\n 36.95599163233307\n ],\n [\n -113.37134736473482,\n 37.12638077251309\n ],\n [\n -110.81542598426338,\n 37.47470809636182\n ],\n [\n -109.75571598007943,\n 37.95141366251099\n ],\n [\n -109.25899321449629,\n 41.77121949987571\n ],\n [\n -109.56993210264781,\n 42.456264038882864\n ],\n [\n -111.91699262765405,\n 42.330119018284336\n ],\n [\n -115.47461542510021,\n 41.37630387146504\n ],\n [\n -117.71290028552804,\n 42.12092395037371\n ],\n [\n -119.12391771230867,\n 44.77405073422017\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: December 23, 2023; Version 1.1: April 2025","contact":"Director, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
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Director, Utah Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2329 West Orton Circle
Salt Lake City, Utah 84119-2047
Although groundwater discharge is a critical stream temperature control process, it is not explicitly represented in many stream temperature models, an omission that may reduce predictive accuracy, hinder management of aquatic habitat, and decrease user confidence. We assessed the performance of a previously-described process-guided deep learning model of stream temperature in the Delaware River Basin (USA). We found lower accuracy (root mean square error [RMSE] of 1.71 versus 1.35°C) and stronger seasonal bias (absolute mean monthly bias of 1.06 vs. 0.68°C) for reaches primarily influenced by deep groundwater as compared to atmospheric conditions. We then tested four approaches for improving groundwater process representation: (a) a custom loss function leveraging the unique patterns of air and water temperature coupling characteristic of different temperature drivers, (b) inclusion of additional groundwater-relevant catchment attributes, (c) incorporation of additional process model outputs, and (d) a composite model. The custom loss function and the additional attributes significantly improved the predictive accuracy in groundwater-dominated reaches (RMSE of 1.37 and 1.26°C) and reduced the seasonal bias (absolute mean monthly bias of 0.44 and 0.48°C), but neither approach could identify holdout groundwater reaches. Variable importance analysis indicates the custom loss function nudges the model to use the existing inputs more efficiently, whereas with the added features the model relies on a broader suite of inputs. This analysis is a substantial step toward more accurately representing groundwater discharge processes in stream temperature models and will improve predictive accuracy and inform habitat management.
Highway runoff is a source of sediment and associated constituents to downstream waterbodies that can be managed with the use of stormwater-control measures that reduce sediment loads. The use of open-graded friction course (OGFC) pavement has been identified as a method to reduce loads from highway runoff because it retains sediment in pavement voids; however, few datasets are available in New England to characterize runoff quality from OGFC pavement. To meet this data need, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Transportation, conducted a field study from October 2018 through September 2021 to monitor runoff from a section of traditional dense-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and from a section of OGFC pavement on Interstate 95 near Needham, Massachusetts. A robust dataset that includes suspended sediment concentrations for nearly every runoff event during the study period was generated to compare runoff from the two 4,180-square-foot sections of highway pavement under identical traffic volume and maintenance characteristics.
Automatic-monitoring techniques were used to collect over 6,500 samples at each station to characterize all runoff-generating events during the study period (226 events for the HMA site and 168 events for the OGFC site). Suspended sediment concentrations were consistently lower in runoff from the OGFC pavement throughout the study period, with median event-mean concentrations for all runoff events of 29 and 15 milligrams per liter for the HMA and OGFC sites, respectively. The total load of sediment less than 6.0 millimeters in diameter from the HMA section (202 kilograms [kg]) was 41 percent greater than the load measured from the OGFC pavement (120 kg), and the total load of sediment less than 2.0 mm in diameter was 49 percent greater (168 kg and 85 kg from the HMA and OGFC sites, respectively). The greatest differences in loads between the two pavement segments were in the particle-size ranges less than 2.0 millimeters in diameter, indicating that these particles are retained by the voids in the OGFC pavement. The relative difference between annual sediment-load estimates at each site over the study period indicates that OGFC pavement became clogged, a condition that permeameter test results also reflected. Specifically, the average total load of sediment for the first 2 years of the study was 68 percent lower at the OGFC site than the HMA site, but the difference between the respective loads decreased to 19 percent in the third year of the study.
Study-period loads for most total-recoverable metals in runoff from each pavement type were between 7 and 64 percent higher from the HMA site, except for loads of arsenic, cadmium, and zinc, which were higher from the OGFC pavement. Study-period loads for total phosphorus were similar from each pavement type. Despite the same application rate of deicing chemicals, sodium and chloride loads in runoff were about two times greater from the OGFC section than from the HMA pavement during years with average snowfall amounts but were approximately equal at both sites during the mild winter in 2020.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.P., Spaetzel, A.B., and Woodford, P.A., 2023, Highway-runoff quality from segments of open-graded friction course and dense-graded hot-mix asphalt pavement on Interstate 95, Massachusetts, 2018–21: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5127, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235127","productDescription":"Report: xi, 59 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-151162","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423760,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FASAUV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Highway-monitoring data from segments of open-graded friction course and dense-graded hot-mix asphalt pavement in eastern Massachusetts, 2018–2021"},{"id":423755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5127/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423756,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5127/sir20235127.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.80 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5127"},{"id":424094,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235127/full","text":"Report"},{"id":423758,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5127/sir20235127.XML"},{"id":423759,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5127/images/"},{"id":501162,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115712.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.24249515694652,\n 42.31584615373151\n ],\n [\n -71.24249515694652,\n 42.25488827654789\n ],\n [\n -71.18207035225896,\n 42.25488827654789\n ],\n [\n -71.18207035225896,\n 42.31584615373151\n ],\n [\n -71.24249515694652,\n 42.31584615373151\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
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10 Bearfoot Road
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