{"pageNumber":"841","pageRowStart":"21000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70173508,"text":"70173508 - 2009 - Determining the efficacy of microsatellite DNA-based mixed-stock analysis of Lake Michigan’s lake whitefish commercial fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-16T16:26:41","indexId":"70173508","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining the efficacy of microsatellite DNA-based mixed-stock analysis of Lake Michigan’s lake whitefish commercial fishery","docAbstract":"<p><span>Management of commercially exploited fish should be conducted at the stock level. If a mixed stock fishery exists, a comprehensive mixed stock analysis is required for stock-based management. The lake whitefish&nbsp;</span><i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i><span>&nbsp;comprises the primary commercial fishery across the Great Lakes. Recent research resolved that six genetic stocks of lake whitefish were present in Lake Michigan, and long-term tagging data indicate that Lake Michigan's lake whitefish commercial fishery is a mixed stock fishery. The objective of this research was to determine the usefulness of microsatellite data for conducting comprehensive mixed stock analyses of the Lake Michigan lake whitefish commercial fishery. We used the individual assignment method as implemented in the program ONCOR to determine the accuracy level at which microsatellite data can reliably identify component populations or stocks. Self-assignment of lake whitefish to their population and stock of origin ranged from &gt;&nbsp;96% to 100%. Evaluation of genetic stock discreteness indicated a moderately high degree of correct assignment (average&nbsp;=&nbsp;75%); simulations indicated supplementing baseline data by &sim;&nbsp;50 to 100 individuals could increase accuracy by up to 4.5%. Simulated mixed stock commercial harvests with known stock composition showed a high degree of correct proportional assignment between observed and predicted harvest values. These data suggest that a comprehensive mixed stock analysis of Lake Michigan's lake whitefish commercial fishery is viable and would provide valuable information for improving management.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","publisherLocation":"Toronto","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2009.08.002","usgsCitation":"VanDeHey, J.A., Sloss, B.L., Peeters, P.J., and Sutton, T.M., 2009, Determining the efficacy of microsatellite DNA-based mixed-stock analysis of Lake Michigan’s lake whitefish commercial fishery: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 52-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2009.08.002.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010767","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323825,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.736572265625,\n              41.43449030894922\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.736572265625,\n              46.13417004624326\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.276123046875,\n              46.13417004624326\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.276123046875,\n              41.43449030894922\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.736572265625,\n              41.43449030894922\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5763cdb3e4b07657d19ba763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanDeHey, Justin A.","contributorId":50800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanDeHey","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloss, Brian L. bsloss@usgs.gov","contributorId":702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloss","given":"Brian","email":"bsloss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":637220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peeters, Paul J.","contributorId":83351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peeters","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutton, Trent M.","contributorId":77893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sutton","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97802,"text":"tm6A32 - 2009 - The Farm Process Version 2 (FMP2) for MODFLOW-2005 - Modifications and Upgrades to FMP1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"tm6A32","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A32","title":"The Farm Process Version 2 (FMP2) for MODFLOW-2005 - Modifications and Upgrades to FMP1","docAbstract":"The ability to dynamically simulate the integrated supply-and-demand components of irrigated agricultural is needed to thoroughly understand the interrelation between surface water and groundwater flow in areas where the water-use by vegetation is an important component of the water budget. To meet this need, the computer program Farm Process (FMP1) was updated and refined for use with the U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW-2005 groundwater-flow model, and is referred to as MF2005-FMP2. The updated program allows the simulation, analysis, and management of nearly all components of human and natural water use. MF2005-FMP2 represents a complete hydrologic model that fully links the movement and use of groundwater, surface water, and imported water for water consumption of irrigated agriculture, but also of urban use, and of natural vegetation. Supply and demand components of water use are analyzed under demand-driven and supply-constrained conditions. From large- to small-scale settings, the MF2005-FMP2 has the unique set of capabilities to simulate and analyze historical, present, and future conditions. MF2005-FMP2 facilitates the analysis of agricultural water use where little data is available for pumpage, land use, or agricultural information. The features presented in this new version of FMP2 along with the linkages to the Streamflow Routing (SFR), Multi-Node Well (MNW), and Unsaturated Zone Flow (UZF) Packages prevents mass loss to an open system and helps to account for 'all of the water everywhere and all of the time'.\r\n\r\nThe first version, FMP1 for MODFLOW-2000, is limited to (a) transpiration uptake from unsaturated root zones, (b) on-farm efficiency defined solely by farm and not by crop type, (c) a simulation of water use and returnflows related only to irrigated agriculture and not also to non-irrigated vegetation, (d) a definition of consumptive use as potential crop evapotranspiration, (e) percolation being instantly recharged to the uppermost active aquifer, (f) automatic routing of returnflow from runoff either to reaches of tributary stream segments adjacent to a farm or to one reach nearest to the farm's lowest elevation, (g) farm-well pumping from cell locations regardless of whether an irrigation requirement from these cells exists or not, and (h) specified non-routed water transfers from an undefined source outside the model domain.\r\n\r\nAll of these limitations are overcome in MF2005-FMP2. The new features include (a) simulation of transpiration uptake from variably saturated, fully saturated, or ponded root zones (for example, for crops like rice or riparian vegetation), (b) definition of on-farm efficiency not only by farm but also by crop, (c) simulation of water use and returnflow from non-irrigated vegetation (for example, rain-fed agriculture or native vegetation), (d) use of crop coefficients and reference evapotranspiration, (e) simulation of the delay between percolation from farms through the unsaturated zone and recharge into the uppermost active aquifer by linking FMP2 to the UZF Package, (f) an option to manually control the routing of returnflow from farm runoff to streams, (g) an option to limit pumping to wells located only in cells where an irrigation requirement exists, and (h) simulation of water transfers to farms from a series of well fields (for example, recovery well field of an aquifer-storage-and-recovery system, ASR).\r\n\r\nIn addition to the output of an economic budget for each farm between irrigation demand and supply ('Farm Demand and Supply Budget' in FMP1), a new output option called 'Farm Budget' was created for FMP2, which allows the user to track all physical flows into and out of a water accounting unit at all times. Such a unit can represent individual farms, farming districts, natural areas, or urban areas.\r\n\r\nThe example model demonstrates the application of MF2005-FMP2 with delayed recharge through an unsaturated zone, rejected infiltration in a riparian area, changes in de","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A32","usgsCitation":"Schmid, W., and Hanson, R.T., 2009, The Farm Process Version 2 (FMP2) for MODFLOW-2005 - Modifications and Upgrades to FMP1: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A32, x, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A32.","productDescription":"x, 103 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a32.jpg"},{"id":12973,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a32/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmid, Wolfgang","contributorId":84020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmid","given":"Wolfgang","affiliations":[{"id":13040,"text":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":303209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97803,"text":"sir20095036 - 2009 - Geochemical investigation of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer, South-Central Oklahoma, 2004-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T08:44:41","indexId":"sir20095036","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5036","title":"Geochemical investigation of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer, South-Central Oklahoma, 2004-06","docAbstract":"A geochemical reconnaissance investigation of the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer in south-central Oklahoma was initiated in 2004 to characterize the ground-water quality at an aquifer scale, to describe the chemical evolution of ground water as it flows from recharge areas to discharge in wells and springs, and to determine the residence time of ground water in the aquifer. Thirty-six water samples were collected from 32 wells and springs distributed across the aquifer for chemical analysis of major ions, trace elements, isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, dissolved gases, and age-dating tracers.\r\n\r\nIn general, the waters from wells and springs in the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer are chemically suitable for all regulated uses, such as public supplies. Dissolved solids concentrations are low, with a median of 347 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Two domestic wells produced water with nitrate concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's nitrate maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L. Samples from two wells in the confined part of the aquifer exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for chloride of 250 mg/L and the SMCL of 500 mg/L for dissolved solids. Water samples from these two wells are not representative of water samples from the other wells and springs completed in the unconfined part of the aquifer. No other water samples from the Arbuckle-Simpson geochemical reconnaissance exceeded MCLs or SMCLs, although not every chemical constituent for which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established a MCL or SMCL was analyzed as part of the Arbuckle-Simpson geochemical investigation.\r\n\r\nThe major ion chemistry of 34 of the 36 samples indicates the water is a calcium bicarbonate or calcium magnesium bicarbonate water type. Calcium bicarbonate water type is found in the western part of the aquifer, which is predominantly limestone. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate water is found in the eastern part of the aquifer, which is predominantly a dolomite. The major ion chemistry for these 34 samples is consistent with a set of water-rock interactions. Rainfall infiltrates the soil zone, where the host rock, limestone or dolomite, dissolves as a result of uptake of carbon dioxide gas. Some continued dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of calcite occur as the water flows through the saturated zone. \r\n\r\nThe major ion chemistry of the two samples from wells completed in the confined part of the aquifer indicates the water is a sodium chloride type. Geochemical inverse modeling determined that mixing of calcite-saturated recharge water with brine and dissolving calcite, dolomite, and gypsum accounts for the water composition of these two samples. One of the two samples, collected at Vendome Well in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, had a mixing fraction of brine of about 1 percent. The brine component of the sample at Vendome Well is likely to account for the relatively large concentrations of many of the trace elements (potassium, fluoride, bromide, iodide, ammonia, arsenic, boron, lithium, selenium, and strontium) measured in the water sample.\r\n\r\nCarbon-14, helium-3/tritium, and chlorofluorocarbons were used to calculate ground-water ages, recharge temperatures, and mixtures of ground water in the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer. Thirty four of 36 water samples recharged the aquifer after 1950, indicating that water is moving quickly from recharge areas to discharge at streams and springs. Two exceptions to this classification were noted in samples 6 and 15 (Vendome Well). Ground-water ages determined for these two samples by using carbon-14 are 34,000 years (site 6) and 10,500 years (site 15). \r\n\r\nConcentrations of dissolved argon, neon, and xenon in water samples were used to determine the temperature of the water when it recharged the aquifer. The mean annual air temperature at Ada, Oklahoma, is 16 degrees Celsius (C) and the median temperature of the 30 reconnaissance water samples was 18.1 C. The av","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095036","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Christenson, S., Hunt, A.G., and Parkhurst, D.L., 2009, Geochemical investigation of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer, South-Central Oklahoma, 2004-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5036, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095036.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5036.jpg"},{"id":12974,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5036/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.5,34.166666666666664 ], [ -97.5,34.833333333333336 ], [ -96.25,34.833333333333336 ], [ -96.25,34.166666666666664 ], [ -97.5,34.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae96f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christenson, Scott","contributorId":59128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97799,"text":"ofr20091153 - 2009 - Geologic Map of the Shenandoah National Park Region, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-24T16:29:19","indexId":"ofr20091153","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1153","title":"Geologic Map of the Shenandoah National Park Region, Virginia","docAbstract":"The geology of the Shenandoah National Park region of Virginia was studied from 1995 to 2008. The focus of the study was the park and surrounding areas to provide the National Park Service with modern geologic data for resource management. Additional geologic data of the adjacent areas are included to provide regional context. The geologic map can be used to support activities such as ecosystem delineation, land-use planning, soil mapping, groundwater availability and quality studies, aggregate resources assessment, and engineering and environmental studies.\r\n\r\nThe study area is centered on the Shenandoah National Park, which is mostly situated in the western part of the Blue Ridge province. The map covers the central section and western limb of the Blue Ridge-South Mountain anticlinorium. The Skyline Drive and Appalachian National Scenic Trail straddle the drainage divide of the Blue Ridge highlands. Water drains northwestward to the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and southeastward to the James and Rappahannock Rivers. East of the park, the Blue Ridge is an area of low relief similar to the physiography of the Piedmont province. The Great Valley section of the Valley and Ridge province is west of Blue Ridge and consists of Page Valley and Massanutten Mountain. The distribution and types of surficial deposits and landforms closely correspond to the different physiographic provinces and their respective bedrock.\r\n\r\nThe Shenandoah National Park is underlain by three general groups of rock units: (1) Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses and granitoids, (2) Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Swift Run Formation and metabasalt of the Catoctin Formation, and (3) siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Cambrian Chilhowee Group. The gneisses and granitoids mostly underlie the lowlands east of Blue Ridge but also rugged peaks like Old Rag Mountain (996 meter). Metabasalt underlies much of the highlands, like Stony Man (1,200 meters). The siliciclastic rocks underlie linear ridges from 800 to 400 meters in altitude. The Page Valley is underlain by Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate rocks. Siliciclastic rocks are mostly west of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River and underlie Massanutten Mountain. Surficial deposits in the highlands include colluvium and debris fans. The lowlands have broad alluvial fans, alluvial plains, and fluvial terraces. Ridges underlain by siliciclastic rocks have abundant boulder fields. Numerous sinkholes and caves are due to the dissolution of the carbonate bedrock.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Southworth, S., Aleinikoff, J.N., Bailey, C.M., Burton, W.C., Crider, E., Hackley, P.C., Smoot, J.P., and Tollo, R.P., 2009, Geologic Map of the Shenandoah National Park Region, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1153, Report: vii, 96 p.; Map: 39 x 50 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091153.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 96 p.; Map: 39 x 50 inches; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049529","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1153.jpg"},{"id":12967,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1153/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79,38 ], [ -79,39 ], [ -78,39 ], [ -78,38 ], [ -79,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a844d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southworth, Scott","contributorId":93933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, Christopher M.","contributorId":70503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crider, E.A.","contributorId":27959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crider","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smoot, Joseph P. 0000-0002-5064-8070 jpsmoot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-8070","contributorId":2742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"Joseph","email":"jpsmoot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tollo, Richard P.","contributorId":6465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tollo","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":97800,"text":"ofr20091183 - 2009 - Demographics and 2008 Run Timing of Adult Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:45","indexId":"ofr20091183","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1183","title":"Demographics and 2008 Run Timing of Adult Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake","docAbstract":"We used capture-recapture data to assess population dynamics of endangered Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris) in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. The Cormack-Jolly-Seber method was used to estimate apparent survival probabilities, and a temporal symmetry model was used to estimate annual seniority probabilities. Information theoretic modeling was used to assess variation in parameter estimates due to time, gender, and species. In addition, length data were used to detect multiple year-class failures and events of high recruitment into adult spawning populations. Survival of adult Lost River and shortnose suckers varied substantially across years. Relatively high annual mortality was observed for the lakeshore-spawning Lost River sucker subpopulation in 2002 and for the river spawning subpopulation in 2001. Shortnose suckers experienced high mortality in 2001 and 2004. This indicates that high mortality events are not only species specific, but also are specific to subpopulations for Lost River suckers. Seniority probability estimates and length composition data indicate that recruitment of new individuals into adult sucker populations has been sparse. The overall fitness of Upper Klamath Lake sucker populations are of concern given the low observed survival in some years and the paucity of recent recruitment. During most years, estimates of survival probabilities were lower than seniority probabilities, indicating net losses in adult sucker population abundances. The evidence for decline was more marked for shortnose suckers than for Lost River suckers. Our data indicated that sucker survival for both species, but especially shortnose suckers, was sometimes low in years without any observed fish kills. This indicates that high mortality can occur over a protracted period, resulting in poor annual survival, but will not necessarily be observed in association with a fish kill. A better understanding of the factors influencing adult survival and recruitment into spawning populations is needed. Monitoring these vital parameters will provide a quantitative means to evaluate population status and assess the effectiveness of conservation and recovery efforts.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091183","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Janney, E.C., Hayes, B., Hewitt, D.A., Barry, P.M., Scott, A., Koller, J., Johnson, M., and Blackwood, G., 2009, Demographics and 2008 Run Timing of Adult Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) Suckers in Upper Klamath Lake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1183, v, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091183.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1183.jpg"},{"id":12968,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1183/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.16666666666667,42.166666666666664 ], [ -122.16666666666667,42.666666666666664 ], [ -121.66666666666667,42.666666666666664 ], [ -121.66666666666667,42.166666666666664 ], [ -122.16666666666667,42.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janney, Eric C. 0000-0002-0228-2174","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-2174","contributorId":83629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janney","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Brian S. 0000-0001-8229-4070","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-4070","contributorId":37022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Brian S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hewitt, David A. 0000-0002-5387-0275 dhewitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-0275","contributorId":3767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hewitt","given":"David","email":"dhewitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barry, Patrick M.","contributorId":11572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, Alta","contributorId":34612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Alta","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Koller, Justin","contributorId":15305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koller","given":"Justin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Mark","contributorId":48272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Blackwood, Greta gblackwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":3372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"Greta","email":"gblackwood@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70101106,"text":"70101106 - 2009 - The crowbar chronicles and other tales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T10:04:15","indexId":"70101106","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-01T10:01:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crowbar chronicles and other tales","docAbstract":"The analysis of historical earthquakes often relies heavily on archival accounts describing the effects of shaking on structures and people. Newspaper articles are among the most common, useful, and easily found sources of information. Dramatic earthquake effects are almost certain to have made the news during historic times; the challenge for modern seismologists is not to be overly swayed by articles that focus on the most dramatic rather than the representative effects in a region. At the other end of the spectrum, rarely does a historical newspaper explicitly note that an earthquake was not felt in a certain area: it is not news when nothing happens. When earthquake effects are subtle, the vexing question is often, did they go unreported entirely?","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Lites","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.80.5.615","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., 2009, The crowbar chronicles and other tales: Seismological Research Letters, v. 80, no. 5, p. 615-616, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.80.5.615.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"616","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-034633","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286143,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.80.5.615"}],"volume":"80","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355959ee4b0120853e8c278","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70230338,"text":"70230338 - 2009 - Performance of spread spectrum Global Positioning System collars on grizzly and black bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-07T14:34:44.126276","indexId":"70230338","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-01T09:29:58","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of spread spectrum Global Positioning System collars on grizzly and black bears","docAbstract":"<p><span>Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry is a prevalent tool now used in the study of large mammals. Global Positioning Systems either store the data on board the collar or contain a remote-transfer system that allows for data recovery at more frequent intervals. Spread spectrum (S–S) technology is a new mode of data transfer designed to overcome interference problems associated with narrow-band very high frequency and ultra high frequency data-transfer systems. We evaluated performance of S–S GPS radiocollars deployed on grizzly (</span><span class=\"genus-species\">Ursus arctos</span><span>) and black bears (</span><span class=\"genus-species\">U. americanus</span><span>). We also evaluated variables that influenced GPS fix success rates, with particular focus on animal activity, time of year, and temperature. The S–S GPS collars performed to our expectations and met study objectives; we did not experience any major problems with the data-transfer system. We observed varying rates of fix success that were directly related to recorded activity counts. Using logistic regression, we verified that activity counts were a reasonable measure of resting or feeding–traveling in both bear species. Our results showed that 73% and 79% of missed fixes, respectively, occurred when we predicted black and grizzly bears to be resting. Temperatures measured in the canister of the collar were not correlated with air temperature, suggesting posture and activity influenced canister temperature. Both measures of temperature were predictive of fix success. We did not find that fix success was related to body morphology (i.e., neck circumference, mass, and chest girth), fix interval, position of the GPS antenna relative to the sky, or sex of the bear. We conclude that fix success for both species is strongly related to activity patterns and time of year. Activity counters appear to be a reasonable measure of this behavior, and we recommend researchers consider including an activity-count system when deploying GPS collars. We also recommend researchers explore building separate models of habitat selection based upon categories of activity to account for bias in fix success associated with bear behavior.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/2008-514","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C.C., Podruzny, S., Cain, S.L., and Cherry, S., 2009, Performance of spread spectrum Global Positioning System collars on grizzly and black bears: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 7, p. 1174-1183, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-514.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1174","endPage":"1183","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398313,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.0113525390625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.42358398437499,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.42358398437499,\n              44.12308489306967\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0113525390625,\n              44.12308489306967\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0113525390625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":55950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":840023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Podruzny, Shannon","contributorId":45614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cain, Steven L.","contributorId":145511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cain","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16139,"text":"National Park Service, Grand Teton National Park, Moose, Wyoming 83012, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cherry, Steve","contributorId":90450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70243705,"text":"70243705 - 2009 - Review of the geologic history of the Pontchartrain Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-18T14:22:30.153328","indexId":"70243705","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-01T09:08:28","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Review of the geologic history of the Pontchartrain Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Pontchartrain Basin extends over 44,000 km² from northern Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and includes one of the largest and most important estuarine systems in the United States. The basin supports a variety of environments, from woodlands in the north to wetlands in the south, and a growing socioeconomic infrastructure that has led to rapid development of the southern half of the basin over the past two centuries. To properly administer this infrastructure, managers need to understand the complex geologic framework of the basin and how it will respond to continued sea-level rise, variable rates and magnitudes of land subsidence, and human alteration of the landscape. This article summarizes the body of work that describes the regional evolution and stratigraphic architecture of the Pontchartrain Basin. The northern two-thirds of the basin is underlain by a stratigraphy of undifferentiated sands and clays deposited throughout the Plio-Pleistocene by glacially influenced rivers. These deposits were weathered and incised by rivers during sea-level low stands, forming a series of terraces that increase with age from south to north. The southern third of the basin is composed of estuaries formed during the Holocene, while shoreline processes created a series of sandy barriers that restricted communication to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi River completed the geologic development of the basin by building a sequence of subdelta lobes along this southern margin over the past 5000 years, further sealing it from the open Gulf of Mexico. Presently, the modern Mississippi River bypasses the estuarine environment and only contributes sediments during flood events when the river overtops the levee system. Sea-level rise, subsidence within the Holocene delta-plain deposits, and movement along numerous fault systems are the active natural processes that continue to affect basin geomorphology.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2112/SI54-013.1","usgsCitation":"Flocks, J.G., Kulp, M., Smith, J.L., and Williams, S.J., 2009, Review of the geologic history of the Pontchartrain Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 2009, no. 10054, p. 12-22, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI54-013.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"22","ipdsId":"IP-014519","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Pontchartrain Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.48438518846766,\n              33.04571662043911\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.02519596436625,\n              33.04571662043911\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.02519596436625,\n              29.32658563467514\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.48438518846766,\n              29.32658563467514\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.48438518846766,\n              33.04571662043911\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2009","issue":"10054","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flocks, James G 0000-0002-6177-7433","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":305496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":872999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulp, Mark","contributorId":305499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kulp","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37245,"text":"University of New Orleans","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Jackie L","contributorId":305497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Jackie","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":873000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70176798,"text":"70176798 - 2009 - Emergent insect production in post-harvest flooded agricultural fields used by waterbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T10:26:32","indexId":"70176798","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emergent insect production in post-harvest flooded agricultural fields used by waterbirds","docAbstract":"<p><span>California’s Tulare Lake Basin (TLB) is one of the most important waterbird areas in North America even though most wetlands there have been converted to cropland. To guide management programs promoting waterbird beneficial agriculture, which includes flooding fields between growing periods, we measured emergence rates of insects, an important waterbird food, in three crop types (tomato, wheat, alfalfa) in the TLB relative to water depth and days flooded during August–October, 2003 and 2004. We used corrected Akaike’s Information Criterion values to compare a set of models that accounted for our repeated measured data. The best model included crop type and crop type interacting with days flooded and depth flooded. Emergence rates (mg m</span><sup>−2</sup><span> day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) were greater in tomato than wheat or alfalfa fields, increased with days flooded in alfalfa and tomato but not wheat fields, and increased with water depth in alfalfa and wheat but not tomato fields. To investigate the relationship between the range of diel water temperatures and insect emergence rates, we reared</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Chironomus dilutus</i><span> larvae in environmental chambers under high (15–32°C) and low fluctuation (20–26°C) temperature regimes that were associated with shallow and deep (respectively) sampling sites in our fields. Larval survival (4×) and biomass (2×) were greater in the low thermal fluctuation treatment suggesting that deeply flooded areas would support greater insect production.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/07-169.1","usgsCitation":"Moss, R., Blumenshine, S.C., Yee, J., and Fleskes, J.P., 2009, Emergent insect production in post-harvest flooded agricultural fields used by waterbirds: Wetlands, v. 29, no. 3, p. 875-883, https://doi.org/10.1672/07-169.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"875","endPage":"883","ipdsId":"IP-016291","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7c08ae4b0bc0bec09c7d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Richard C.","contributorId":175175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moss","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blumenshine, Steven C.","contributorId":175176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blumenshine","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yee, Julie","contributorId":10343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"Julie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleskes, Joseph P. 0000-0001-5388-6675 joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-6675","contributorId":1889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"Joseph","email":"joe_fleskes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":650346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70179505,"text":"70179505 - 2009 - Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:41:46","indexId":"70179505","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Coast redwood (</span><i>Sequoia sempervirens</i><span>), a western North American conifer of ancient lineage, has a paradoxical combination of late-successional characteristics and strong adaptations to disturbance. Despite its shade tolerance and heavy dominance of the canopy on many sites, redwood saplings are uncommon in upland old-growth stands. Information needed to ensure the conservation of old-growth redwood forests has been limited. In this review paper, we integrate evidence on redwood biology with data on the historic and modern disturbance regimes to help clarify the degree to which key attributes of redwood forests may have been dependent upon periodic disturbance. Available evidence suggests that episodes of fire, flooding, and slope failure prior to European settlement were frequent but predominantly of low to moderate severity and extent, resulting in broadly uneven-aged forests. The majority of fires prior to European settlement were apparently of human origin. Frequency and severity of the major disturbance agents have been radically changed in modern times. Fires have been largely excluded, and flooding has been altered in ways that have often been detrimental to old-growth redwoods on alluvial terraces. However, because of the apparent anthropogenic origin of most presettlement fires, the long-term evolutionary role of fire for coast redwood is ecologically ambiguous. With fire exclusion, redwood possibly could be displaced to some extent on upland sites by increasing abundance of fire-sensitive competitors. Alternatively, redwood may be able to maintain dominance by vegetative sprouting and new seedling establishment on root-wad mounds, fallen logs, and on soil exposed by slope failure. Future research priorities are suggested that will help resolve some of the current ambiguities.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.008","usgsCitation":"Lorimer, C.G., Porter, D.J., Madej, M.A., Stuart, J.D., Veirs, S.D., Norman, S.P., O’Hara, K.L., and Libby, W.J., 2009, Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 258, no. 7, p. 1038-1054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.008.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1038","endPage":"1054","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1826e4b0f5ce109fcaeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorimer, Craig G.","contributorId":177919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorimer","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, Daniel J.","contributorId":177920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porter","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuart, John D.","contributorId":111869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Veirs, Stephen D. Jr.","contributorId":32102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veirs","given":"Stephen","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Norman, Steven P.","contributorId":177921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Hara, Kevin L.","contributorId":9923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hara","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Libby, William J.","contributorId":177922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Libby","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70156333,"text":"70156333 - 2009 - A mosaic of diverse ideas: The ecological legacy of J. Frederick Grassle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-19T15:50:09","indexId":"70156333","displayToPublicDate":"2009-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mosaic of diverse ideas: The ecological legacy of J. Frederick Grassle","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the 40 years (and counting) of his scientific career, J. Frederick Grassle has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of marine ecosystems from coral reefs to deep-sea sediments. His advocacy and passion for marine biodiversity in the form of myriad groundbreaking studies and influential reviews, his generosity of ideas and capacity to catalyze and inspire those working with him as well as the science community in general, his breakthroughs in improved ocean observation, his marine science infrastructure initiatives, together with his tireless persistence, have helped lead to major shifts in approaches to marine science and the shape of modern ocean studies to one that favours multidisciplinary research, teamwork, continuous, long-term observation, in situ experimentation, recognition of the importance of marine biodiversity, and global cooperation on research and data sharing. In shallow-water ecology, he co-discovered sibling species of&nbsp;</span><i>Capitella</i><span>&nbsp;spp., important not only because it is a key pollution indicator but also because the work helped to pave the way for the discovery of numerous sibling species in other taxa with major ramifications for ecological understanding. He was also a key player in the West Falmouth oil spill study which, along with complementary mesocosm experiments, remains one of the most important and detailed studies of its kind. He was also a lead player in the first biological expedition to hydrothermal vents and wrote the seminal articles that helped to inspire the flurry of vent research that followed. He is perhaps best known for his deep-sea work, where he brought submersibles to the forefront as a sampling tool, brought experimental manipulative studies to the primarily descriptive discipline of deep-sea benthic ecology, and generated tremendous excitement, debate, and rekindled interest in marine biodiversity with the first quantitative estimate of global deep-sea diversity. His efforts to document marine biodiversity resulted in the international Census of Marine Life, and his emphasis on the need for continuous, long-term ocean observation has led to breakthroughs in international cooperation in cabled observatories such as LEO-15. These efforts have also enhanced efforts to integrate ocean data on a global scale in platforms such as the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). The diversity of his contributions to marine science mirror the immense marine diversity he has recognized, documented, and championed so effectively over the last four decades.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.001","usgsCitation":"Snelgrove, P., Petrecca, R., Stocks, K.I., Van Dover, C., and Zimmer, C.A., 2009, A mosaic of diverse ideas: The ecological legacy of J. Frederick Grassle: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 56, no. 19-20, p. 1571-1576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.001.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1571","endPage":"1576","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":306971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"19-20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8aae4b0518e3546a4a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snelgrove, Paul","contributorId":146692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snelgrove","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petrecca, Rose","contributorId":146694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrecca","given":"Rose","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stocks, Karen I.","contributorId":146696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stocks","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":12805,"text":"Univ. of California at San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Dover, Cindy L.","contributorId":95341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Dover","given":"Cindy L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zimmer, Cheryl A.","contributorId":146697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":97793,"text":"ofr20091164 - 2009 - Land-Cover Change in the East Central Texas Plains, 1973-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"ofr20091164","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1164","title":"Land-Cover Change in the East Central Texas Plains, 1973-2000","docAbstract":"Project Background: \r\nThe Geographic Analysis and Monitoring (GAM) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Land Cover Trends project is focused on understanding the rates, trends, causes, and consequences of contemporary U.S. land-use and land-cover change. The objectives of the study are to: (1) develop a comprehensive methodology for using sampling and change analysis techniques and Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data for measuring regional land-cover change across the United States, (2) characterize the types, rates and temporal variability of change for a 30-year period, (3) document regional driving forces and consequences of change, and (4) prepare a national synthesis of land-cover change (Loveland and others, 1999).\r\n\r\nUsing the 1999 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Level III ecoregions derived from Omernik (1987) as the geographic framework, geospatial data collected between 1973 and 2000 were processed and analyzed to characterize ecosystem responses to land-use changes. The 27-year study period was divided into five temporal periods: 1973-1980, 1980-1986, 1986-1992, 1992-2000, and 1973-2000. General land-cover classes such as water, developed, grassland/shrubland, and agriculture for these periods were interpreted from Landsat MSS, TM, and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery to categorize land-cover change and evaluate using a modified Anderson Land-Use Land-Cover Classification System for image interpretation. The interpretation of these land-cover classes complement the program objective of looking at land-use change with cover serving as a surrogate for land use.\r\n\r\nThe land-cover change rates are estimated using a stratified, random sampling of 10-kilometer (km) by 10-km blocks allocated within each ecoregion. For each sample block, satellite images are used to interpret land-cover change for the five time periods previously mentioned. Additionally, historical aerial photographs from similar timeframes and other ancillary data such as census statistics and published literature are used. The sample block data are then incorporated into statistical analyses to generate an overall change matrix for the ecoregion. For example, the scalar statistics can show the spatial extent of change per cover type with time, as well as the land-cover transformations from one land-cover type to another type occurring with time.\r\n\r\nField data of the sample blocks include direct measurements of land cover, particularly ground-survey data collected for training and validation of image classifications (Loveland and others, 2002). The field experience allows for additional observations of the character and condition of the landscape, assistance in sample block interpretation, ground truthing of Landsat imagery, and helps determine the driving forces of change identified in an ecoregion. Management and maintenance of field data, beyond initial use for training and validation of image classifications, is important as improved methods for image classification are developed, and as present-day data become part of the historical legacy for which studies of land-cover change in the future will depend (Loveland and others, 2002). The results illustrate that there is no single profile of land-cover change; instead, there is significant geographic variability that results from land uses within ecoregions continuously adapting to the resource potential created by various environmental, technological, and socioeconomic factors.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091164","usgsCitation":"Karstensen, K.A., 2009, Land-Cover Change in the East Central Texas Plains, 1973-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1164, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091164.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","temporalStart":"1973-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":383,"text":"Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1164.jpg"},{"id":12961,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100,28 ], [ -100,33.166666666666664 ], [ -94,33.166666666666664 ], [ -94,28 ], [ -100,28 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae38f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karstensen, Krista A. kkarstensen@usgs.gov","contributorId":286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karstensen","given":"Krista","email":"kkarstensen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97784,"text":"sir20095039 - 2009 - Simulation of Groundwater Flow in the Coastal Plain Aquifer System of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"sir20095039","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5039","title":"Simulation of Groundwater Flow in the Coastal Plain Aquifer System of Virginia","docAbstract":"The groundwater model documented in this report simulates the transient evolution of water levels in the aquifers and confining units of the Virginia Coastal Plain and adjacent portions of Maryland and North Carolina since 1890. Groundwater withdrawals have lowered water levels in Virginia Coastal Plain aquifers and have resulted in drawdown in the Potomac aquifer exceeding 200 feet in some areas. The discovery of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater and a revised conceptualization of the Potomac aquifer are two major changes to the hydrogeologic framework that have been incorporated into the groundwater model. The spatial scale of the model was selected on the basis of the primary function of the model of assessing the regional water-level responses of the confined aquifers beneath the Coastal Plain. The local horizontal groundwater flow through the surficial aquifer is not intended to be accurately simulated. Representation of recharge, evapotranspiration, and interaction with surface-water features, such as major rivers, lakes, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean, enable simulation of shallow flow-system details that influence locations of recharge to and discharge from the deeper confined flow system. The increased density of groundwater associated with the transition from fresh to salty groundwater near the Atlantic Ocean affects regional groundwater flow and was simulated with the Variable Density Flow Process of SEAWAT (a U.S. Geological Survey program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density groundwater flow and transport). The groundwater density distribution was generated by a separate 108,000-year simulation of Pleistocene freshwater flushing around the Chesapeake Bay impact crater during transient sea-level changes. Specified-flux boundaries simulate increasing groundwater underflow out of the model domain into Maryland and minor underflow from the Piedmont Province into the model domain. Reported withdrawals accounted for approximately 75 percent of the total groundwater withdrawn from Coastal Plain aquifers during the year 2000. Unreported self-supplied withdrawals were simulated in the groundwater model by specifying their probable locations, magnitudes, and aquifer assignments on the basis of a separate study of domestic-well characteristics in Virginia. The groundwater flow model was calibrated to 7,183 historic water-level observations from 497 observation wells with the parameter-estimation codes UCODE-2005 and PEST. Most water-level observations were from the Potomac aquifer system, which permitted a more complex spatial distribution of simulated hydraulic conductivity within the Potomac aquifer than was possible for other aquifers. Zone, function, and pilot-point approaches were used to distribute assigned hydraulic properties within the aquifer system. The good fit (root mean square error = 3.6 feet) of simulated to observed water levels and reasonableness of the estimated parameter values indicate the model is a good representation of the physical groundwater flow system. The magnitudes and temporal and spatial distributions of residuals indicate no appreciable model bias. The model is intended to be useful for predicting changes in regional groundwater levels in the confined aquifer system in response to future pumping. Because the transient release of water stored in low-permeability confining units is simulated, drawdowns resulting from simulated pumping stresses may change substantially through time before reaching steady state. Consequently, transient simulations of water levels at different future times will be more accurate than a steady-state simulation for evaluating probable future aquifer-system responses to proposed pumping.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095039","isbn":"9781411324183","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Hampton Roads Planning District Commission","usgsCitation":"Heywood, C.E., and Pope, J.P., 2009, Simulation of Groundwater Flow in the Coastal Plain Aquifer System of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5039, x, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095039.","productDescription":"x, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5039.jpg"},{"id":12951,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5039/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.25,36.25 ], [ -78.25,39.25 ], [ -75,39.25 ], [ -75,36.25 ], [ -78.25,36.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heywood, Charles E. cheywood@usgs.gov","contributorId":2043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heywood","given":"Charles","email":"cheywood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pope, Jason P. 0000-0003-3199-993X jpope@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3199-993X","contributorId":2044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Jason","email":"jpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97789,"text":"sir20095107 - 2009 - An initial investigation of multidimensional flow and transverse mixing characteristics of the Ohio River near Cincinnati, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T14:55:57","indexId":"sir20095107","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5107","title":"An initial investigation of multidimensional flow and transverse mixing characteristics of the Ohio River near Cincinnati, Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>Two-dimensional hydrodynamic and transport models were applied to a 34-mile reach of the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio, upstream to Meldahl Dam near Neville, Ohio. The hydrodynamic model was based on the generalized finite-element hydrodynamic code RMA2 to simulate depth-averaged velocities and flow depths. The generalized water-quality transport code RMA4 was applied to simulate the transport of vertically mixed, water-soluble constituents that have a density similar to that of water. Boundary conditions for hydrodynamic simulations included water levels at the U.S. Geological Survey water-level gaging station near Cincinnati, Ohio, and flow estimates based on a gate rating at Meldahl Dam. Flows estimated on the basis of the gate rating were adjusted with limited flow-measurement data to more nearly reflect current conditions. An initial calibration of the hydrodynamic model was based on data from acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys and water-level information. These data provided flows, horizontal water velocities, water levels, and flow depths needed to estimate hydrodynamic parameters related to channel resistance to flow and eddy viscosity. Similarly, dye concentration measurements from two dye-injection sites on each side of the river were used to develop initial estimates of transport parameters describing mixing and dye-decay characteristics needed for the transport model. </p><p>A nonlinear regression-based approach was used to estimate parameters in the hydrodynamic and transport models. Parameters describing channel resistance to flow (Manning’s “n”) were estimated in areas of deep and shallow flows as 0.0234, and 0.0275, respectively. The estimated RMA2 Peclet number, which is used to dynamically compute eddy-viscosity coefficients, was 38.3, which is in the range of 15 to 40 that is typically considered appropriate. Resulting hydrodynamic simulations explained 98.8 percent of the variability in depth-averaged flows, 90.0 percent of the variability in water levels, 93.5 percent of the variability in flow depths, and 92.5 percent of the variability in velocities. </p><p>Estimates of the water-quality-transport-model parameters describing turbulent mixing characteristics converged to different values for the two dye-injection reaches. For the Big Indian Creek dye-injection study, an RMA4 Peclet number of 37.2 was estimated, which was within the recommended range of 15 to 40, and similar to the RMA2 Peclet number. The estimated dye-decay coefficient was 0.323. Simulated dye concentrations explained 90.2 percent of the variations in measured dye concentrations for the Big Indian Creek injection study. For the dye-injection reach starting downstream from Twelvemile Creek, however, an RMA4 Peclet number of 173 was estimated, which is far outside the recommended range. Simulated dye concentrations were similar to measured concentration distributions at the first four transects downstream from the dye-injection site that were considered vertically mixed. Farther downstream, however, simulated concentrations did not match the attenuation of maximum concentrations or cross-channel transport of dye that were measured. The difficulty of determining a consistent RMA4 Peclet was related to the two-dimension model assumption that velocity distributions are closely approximated by their depth-averaged values. Analysis of velocity data showed significant variations in velocity direction with depth in channel reaches with curvature. Channel irregularities (including curvatures, depth irregularities, and shoreline variations) apparently produce transverse currents that affect the distribution of constituents, but are not fully accounted for in a two-dimensional model. The two-dimensional flow model, using channel resistance to flow parameters of 0.0234 and 0.0275 for deep and shallow areas, respectively, and an RMA2 Peclet number of 38.3, and the RMA4 transport model with a Peclet number of 37.2, may have utility for emergency-planning purposes. Emergency-response efforts would be enhanced by continuous streamgaging records downstream from Meldahl Dam, real-time water-quality monitoring, and three-dimensional modeling. Decay coefficients are constituent specific. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Greater Cincinnati Water Works and the American Water Works Association Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., 2009, An initial investigation of multidimensional flow and transverse mixing characteristics of the Ohio River near Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5107, viii, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095107.","productDescription":"viii, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5107.jpg"},{"id":12956,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.633333,\n              39.216667\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.633333,\n              38.766667\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.116667,\n              38.766667\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.116667,\n              39.216667\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.633333,\n              39.216667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97788,"text":"sir20095148 - 2009 - Groundwater-flow model of the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system, northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T15:07:27","indexId":"sir20095148","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5148","title":"Groundwater-flow model of the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system, northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"<p>To assess the effect that increased water use is having on the long-term availability of groundwater within the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system, a groundwater-flow model was developed using MODFLOW 2000 for a model area covering 7,340 square miles for parts of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Vertically the model is divided into five units. From top to bottom these units of variable thickness are: the Western Interior Plains confining unit, the Springfield Plateau aquifer, the Ozark confining unit, the Ozark aquifer, and the St. Francois confining unit. Large mined zones contained within the Springfield Plateau aquifer are represented in the model as extensive voids with orders-of-magnitude larger hydraulic conductivity than the adjacent nonmined zones. Water-use data were compiled for the period 1960 to 2006, with the most complete data sets available for the period 1985 to 2006. In 2006, total water use from the Ozark aquifer for Missouri was 87 percent (8,531,520 cubic feet per day) of the total pumped from the Ozark aquifer, with Kansas at 7 percent (727,452 cubic feet per day), and Oklahoma at 6 percent (551,408 cubic feet per day); water use for Arkansas within the model area was minor. Water use in the model from the Springfield Plateau aquifer in 2005 was specified from reported and estimated values as 569,047 cubic feet per day. Calibration of the model was made against average water-level altitudes in the Ozark aquifer for the period 1980 to 1989 and against waterlevel altitudes obtained in 2006 for the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers. Error in simulating water-level altitudes was largest where water-level altitude gradients were largest, particularly near large cones of depression. Groundwater flow within the model area occurs generally from the highlands of the Springfield Plateau in southwestern Missouri toward the west, with localized flow occurring towards rivers and pumping centers including the five largest pumping centers near Joplin, Missouri; Carthage, Missouri; Noel, Missouri; Pittsburg, Kansas; and Miami, Oklahoma.</p><p>Hypothetical scenarios involving various increases in groundwater-pumping rates were analyzed with the calibrated groundwater-flow model to assess changes in the flow system from 2007 to the year 2057. Pumping rates were increased between 0 and 4 percent per year starting with the 2006 rates for all wells in the model. Sustained pumping at 2006 rates was feasible at the five pumping centers until 2057; however, increases in pumping resulted in dewatering the aquifer and thus pumpage increases were not sustainable in Carthage and Noel for the 1 percent per year pumpage increase and greater hypothetical scenarios, and in Joplin and Miami for the 4 percent per year pumpage increase hypothetical scenarios.</p><p>Zone-budget analyses were performed to assess the groundwater flow into and out of three zones specified within the Ozark-aquifer layer of the model. The three zones represented the model part of the Ozark aquifer in Kansas (zone 1), Oklahoma (zone 2), and Missouri and Arkansas (zone 3). Groundwater pumping causes substantial reductions in water in storage and induces flow through the Ozark confining unit for all hypothetical scenarios evaluated. Net simulated flow in 2057 from Kansas (zone 1) to Missouri (zone 3) ranges from 74,044 cubic feet per day for 2006 pumping rates (hypothetical scenario 1) to 625,319 cubic feet per day for a 4 percent increase in pumping per year (hypothetical scenario 5). Pumping from wells completed in the Ozark aquifer is the largest component of flow out of zone 3 in Missouri and Arkansas, and varies between 88 to 91 percent of the total flow out of zone 3 for all of the hypothetical scenarios. The largest component of flow into Oklahoma (zone 2) comes from the overlying Ozark confining unit, which is consistently about 45 percent of the total. Flow from the release of water in storage, from general-head boundaries, and from zones 1 and 3 is considerably smaller values that range from 3 to 22 percent of the total flow into zone 2. The largest flow out of the Oklahoma part of the model occurs from pumping from wells and ranges from 52 to 69 percent of the total.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095148","isbn":"9781411325142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Czarnecki, J.B., Gillip, J.A., Jones, P.M., and Yeatts, D.S., 2009, Groundwater-flow model of the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system, northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5148, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095148.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science 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Boundaries</li></ul><li>Water Use</li></ul></ul><li>Model Calibration<br></li><ul><li>Hydrologic Properties</li><li>Water-Level Observations</li><li>Streamflow Observations</li><li>Springflow Observations</li><li>Sensitivity Analysis</li></ul><li>Predevelopment Water-Level Altitudes<br></li><li>Hypothetical Scenarios<br></li><li>Zone-Budget Analysis<br></li><li>Model Limitations<br></li><li>Summary<br></li><li>Selected References<br></li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6587f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czarnecki, John B. jczarnec@usgs.gov","contributorId":2555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"John","email":"jczarnec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillip, Jonathan A. jgillip@usgs.gov","contributorId":3222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillip","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Perry M. 0000-0002-6569-5144 pmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5144","contributorId":2231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Perry","email":"pmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yeatts, Daniel S.","contributorId":22015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeatts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97790,"text":"gip92 - 2009 - Surveillance plan for the early detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in migratory birds in the United States: surveillance year 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:51:13","indexId":"gip92","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92","title":"Surveillance plan for the early detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in migratory birds in the United States: surveillance year 2009","docAbstract":"Executive Summary: \nThis Surveillance Plan (Plan) describes plans for conducting surveillance of wild birds in the United States and its Territories and Freely-Associated States to provide for early detection of the introduction of the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) subtype of the influenza A virus by migratory birds during the 2009 surveillance year, spanning the period of April 1, 2009 - March 31, 2010. The Plan represents a continuation of surveillance efforts begun in 2006 under the Interagency Strategic Plan for the Early Detection of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds (U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of the Interior, 2006). The Plan sets forth sampling plans by: region, target species or species groups to be sampled, locations of sampling, sample sizes, and sampling approaches and methods. This Plan will be reviewed annually and modified as appropriate for subsequent surveillance years based on evaluation of information from previous years of surveillance, changing patterns and threats of H5N1 HPAI, and changes in funding availability for avian influenza surveillance. Specific sampling strategies will be developed accordingly within each of six regions, defined here as Alaska, Hawaiian/Pacific Islands, Lower Pacific Flyway (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona), Central Flyway, Mississippi Flyway, and Atlantic Flyway.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip92","usgsCitation":"Brand, C.J., 2009, Surveillance plan for the early detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in migratory birds in the United States: surveillance year 2009: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 92, vi, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip92.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","temporalStart":"2009-04-01","temporalEnd":"2010-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_92.jpg"},{"id":12957,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/92/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":335979,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/92/pdf/gip-92.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180,-60 ], [ -180,85 ], [ 180,85 ], [ 180,-60 ], [ -180,-60 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brand, Christopher J. cbrand@usgs.gov","contributorId":1186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brand","given":"Christopher","email":"cbrand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70175010,"text":"70175010 - 2009 - Prevention, early detection and containment of invasive, nonnative plants in the Hawaiian Islands: current efforts and needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T13:28:44","indexId":"70175010","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-26T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Prevention, early detection and containment of invasive, nonnative plants in the Hawaiian Islands: current efforts and needs","docAbstract":"<p>Introduction: Invasive, non-native plants (or environmental weeds) have long been recognized as a major threat to the native biodiversity of oceanic islands (Cronk &amp; Fuller, 1995; Denslow, 2003). Globally, several hundred non-native plant species have been reported to have major impacts on natural areas on oceanic islands (Kueffer <i>et al</i>., 2009). In Hawaii, at least some 50 non-native plant species reach dominance in natural areas (Kueffer <i>et al</i>., 2009) and many of them are known to impact ecosystem processes or biodiversity. One example is the invasive Australian tree fern (<i>Cyathea cooperi</i>), which has been shown to be very efficient at utilizing soil nitrogen and can grow six times as rapidly in height, maintain four times more fronds, and produce significantly more fertile fronds per month than the native Hawaiian endemic tree ferns, <i>Cibotium </i>spp. (Durand &amp; Goldstein, 2001a, b). Additionally, while native tree ferns provide an ideal substrate for epiphytic growth of many understory ferns and flowering plants, the Australian tree fern has the effect of impoverishing the understory and failing to support an abundance of native epiphytes (Medeiros &amp; Loope, 1993). Other notorious examples of invasive plant species problematic for biodiversity and ecosystem processes in Hawaii include miconia (<i>Miconia calvescens</i>), strawberry guava (<i>Psidium cattleianum</i>), albizia (<i>Falcataria moluccana</i>), firetree (<i>Morella faya</i>), clidemia (<i>Clidemia hirta</i>), kahili ginger (<i>Hedychium gardnerianum</i>), and fountain grass (<i>Pennisetum setaceum</i>), to name just a few. Fireweed (<i>Senecio madagascariensis</i>) is a recent example of a seriously problematic invasive species for Hawaii&rsquo;s agriculture and is damaging certain high-elevations native ecosystems as well.</p>\n<p>The threat of invasive plants has long been recognized in Hawaii and is well documented (e.g. Cox, 1999; Loope &amp; Kraus, 2009 in press; Loope <i>et al</i>., 2004; Mooney &amp; Drake, 1986; Stone &amp; Scott, 1985; Stone<i> et al.</i>, 1992). In many respects, Hawaii may be near the forefront among national and international efforts to address the burgeoning threat of invasive plants, perhaps especially in the field of outreach and education (Holt, 1996; Van Driesche &amp; Van Driesche, 2000). However, given the scale of the problem many challenges still need to be addressed and gaps in the existing management system need to be identified. In particular, it appears that new non-native plant species are still introduced to the Hawaiian Islands at a high rate with little or no regard for their potential invasiveness. In fact, a Pacific-wide and a global survey of non-native plants on oceanic islands have both shown that on Hawaii among all archipelagos by far the highest number of problematic invasive species known from other areas in the world is already present (Denslow<i> et al</i>. 2009, Kueffer<i> et al</i>. 2009). Hawaii lacks an effective mechanism for tracking what species are present or incoming. For instance, early detection nursery surveys conducted on Maui in 2008 found over 300 species of cultivated vascular plants that have not previously been recorded in Hawaii (Starr <i>et al.</i>, in prep.). In spite of an innovative Hawaii Biological Survey (e.g. Eldredge &amp; Evenhuis, 2003), there is no mechanism for recording presence of a species until it becomes naturalized.</p>\n<p>Some of these new introductions may quickly become serious pests. Fireweed, first recorded in Hawaii on the Big Island in the early 1980s, is now considered one of the Kueffer &amp; Loope 2009 5/48 worst weeds of pastures and is also invading natural areas from near sea level to above 10,000 feet. Although the cultivated and as yet non-invasive<i> Cortaderia selloana</i> has been present in Hawaii for 50 years or more, the morphologically similar <i>Cortaderia jubata</i> was simultaneously found to be present on Maui and invading on a large scale in 1989. It played an important role in inspiring the establishment of the Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC) in 1997, and MISC now spends roughly $200,000 per year removing and containing <i>C. jubata</i> to keep it from becoming widespread in high elevation conservation lands of East and West Maui.</p>\n<p>The existence of many similar examples shows that to date regulatory action to prevent new invasive plant species from establishing and spreading in Hawaii has not yet been as successful as it needs to be. In particular, because some problematic invasive species known from other areas in the world (Kueffer <i>et al</i>., 2009; Weber, 2003) have not yet been recorded from Hawaii, preventive measures against the introduction and spread of such likely invasive species is therefore an urgent need for Hawaii. Indeed, regulation of importation and early detection and eradication of introduced species before they become abundant and widespread are widely considered the most cost-efficient and often only effective measures against the threat of new invasive species (Kueffer &amp; Hirsch Hadorn, 2008; Wittenberg &amp; Cock, 2001). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>Timing seems favorable for Hawaii to achieve effective protection against the threat of new invasive species through prevention, early detection, and eradication/containment. Through the establishment and evolution of Invasive Species Committees (ISCs) on each major Hawaiian island, the institutional capacity has been built up for prevention, early detection, containment, and outreach at an island scale. Weed risk assessment (Daehler <i>et al</i>., 2004) and early detection methodologies (Starr <i>et al.</i>, in review-a, b) have been developed and tested specifically for Hawaii. Containment strategies have been successful (e.g., Special Ecological Areas in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park), and so have eradications of particular species on an island scale (e.g. mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and other species on Maui, fireweed (<i>Senecio madagascariensis</i>) on Kauai). These successful management strategies may be further strengthened through recently developed novel approaches in research (e.g. remote sensing, species distribution modelling, and molecular genetics tools). Another major recent achievement is the gained support of the plant industry for preventive measures against invasive species (see p. 13ff). Last but not least, regulatory action is also moving forward. Passage of House Bill 2517 by the 2008 Hawaii House and Senate and prompt signing of the bill into law by the Governor provides hope that action to ban the sale of a meaningful suite of restricted weeds can quickly proceed through the rulemaking phase into the implementation phase.</p>\n<p>This report documents these achievements and experiences and provides a range of perspectives on how to further develop prevention, early detection and containment of invasive species in Hawaii. 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,{"id":97781,"text":"cir1340 - 2009 - Effects of Water-Management Strategies on Water Resources in the Pawcatuck River Basin, Southwestern Rhode Island and Southeastern Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T13:43:50","indexId":"cir1340","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1340","title":"Effects of Water-Management Strategies on Water Resources in the Pawcatuck River Basin, Southwestern Rhode Island and Southeastern Connecticut","docAbstract":"The Pawcatuck River Basin in southwestern Rhode Island and southeastern Connecticut is an important high-quality water resource for domestic and public supplies, irrigation, recreation, and the aquatic ecosystem. Concerns about the effects of water withdrawals on aquatic habitat in the basin have prompted local, State, and Federal agencies to explore water-management strategies that minimize the effects of withdrawals on the aquatic habitat. As part of this process, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Rhode Island Water Resources Board completed a study to assess the effects of current (2000-04) and potential water withdrawals on streamflows and groundwater levels using hydrologic simulation models developed for the basin. The major findings of the model simulations are:\r\n   \r\n*Moving highly variable seasonal irrigation withdrawals from streams to groundwater wells away from streams reduces short-term fluctuations in streamflow and increases streamflow in the summer when flows are lowest. This occurs because of the inherent time lag between when water is withdrawn from the aquifer and when it affects streamflow.    \r\n*A pumped well in the vicinity of small streams indicates that if withdrawals exceed available streamflow, groundwater levels drop substantially as a consequence of water lost from aquifer storage, which may reduce the time wetlands and vernal pools are saturated, affecting the animal and plant life that depend on these habitats.    \r\n*The effects of pumping on water resources such as ponds, streams, and wetlands can be minimized by relocating pumping wells, implementing seasonal pumping schemes that utilize different wells and pumping rates, or both.    \r\n*The effects of projected land-use change, mostly from forest to low- and medium density housing, indicate only minor changes in streamflow at the subbasin scale examined; however, at a local scale, high flows could increase, and low flows could decrease as a result of increased impervious area. In some instances, low flows could increase slightly as a result of decreased evapotranspiration from the loss of deeprooted vegetation (forest) associated with development.     \r\n*In some subbasins where large areas of agricultural lands were converted to low- and medium-density housing, low flows increase because the consumptive domestic water use was projected to be less than consumptive agricultural water use. All agricultural water use was for irrigation purposes and was assumed to be lost from the basin through evapotranspiration. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1340","isbn":"9781411325289","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Breault, R., Zarriello, P.J., Bent, G.C., Masterson, J., Granato, G., Scherer, J.E., and Crawley, K., 2009, Effects of Water-Management Strategies on Water Resources in the Pawcatuck River Basin, Southwestern Rhode Island and Southeastern Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1340, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1340.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12948,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1340/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1340.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72,41.25 ], [ -72,41.75 ], [ -71.41666666666667,41.75 ], [ -71.41666666666667,41.25 ], [ -72,41.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624dd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bent, Gardner C. 0000-0002-5085-3146 gbent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-3146","contributorId":1864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"Gardner","email":"gbent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scherer, J. Eric","contributorId":48267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scherer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crawley, Kathleen M.","contributorId":106594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawley","given":"Kathleen M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":97779,"text":"ofr20091124 - 2009 - The Regional Geochemistry of Soils and Willow in a Metamorphic Bedrock Terrain, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2005, and Its Possible Relation to Moose","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr20091124","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1124","title":"The Regional Geochemistry of Soils and Willow in a Metamorphic Bedrock Terrain, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2005, and Its Possible Relation to Moose","docAbstract":"In 2005 willow leaves (all variants of Salix pulchra) and A-, B-, and C-horizon soils were sampled at 10 sites along a transect near the Quarry prospect and 11 sites along a transect near the Big Hurrah mine for the purpose of defining the spatial variability of elements and the regional geochemistry of willow and soil over Paleozoic metamorphic rocks potentially high in cadmium (Cd). Willow, a favorite browse of moose (Alces alces), has been shown by various investigators to bioaccumulate Cd. Moose in this region show clinical signs of tooth wear and breakage and are declining in population for unknown reasons. A trace element imbalance in their diet has been proposed as a possible cause for these observations. Cadmium, in high enough concentrations, is one dietary trace element that potentially could produce such symptoms.\r\n\r\nWe report both the summary statistics for elements in willow and soils and the results of an unbalanced, one-way, hierarchical analysis of variance (ANOVA) (general linear model, GLM), which was constructed to measure the geochemical variability in willow (and soil) at various distance scales across the Paleozoic geologic unit high in bioavailable Cd. All of the geochemical data are presented in the Appendices. The two locations are separated by approximately 80 kilometers (km); sites within a location are approximately 0.5 kilometers apart. Duplicate soil samples collected within a site were separated by 0.05 km or slightly less. Results of the GLM are element specific and range from having very little regional variability to having most of their variance at the top (greater than 80 km) level. For willow, a significant proportion of the total variance occurred at the 'between locations' level for ash yield, barium (Ba), Cd, calcium (Ca), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). For soils, concentrations of elements in all three soil horizons were similar in that most of the variability in the geochemical data occurred at the 'between locations' and the 'among sites at a location' GLM levels.\r\n\r\nMost of the variation in concentrations of Cd in soils occurred among sites (separated by 0.5 km) at both locations across all soil horizons and not between the two locations. Cd distribution across the landscape may be due to variation in soil mineralogy, especially the amount of graphite in soil, which has been associated with Cd. Although samples were collected on the same geologic unit, the geochemistry of soils was demonstrated to be uniform with depth but highly variable between locations separated by 80 km. This exploratory study establishes the presence of elevated levels of Cd in willow growing over Paleozoic bedrock in the Seward Peninsula. Further work is needed to definitively link these high Cd levels in willow browse to the health of moose.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091124","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., Lamothe, P.J., Sanzolone, R.F., Drew, L., and Maier, J., 2009, The Regional Geochemistry of Soils and Willow in a Metamorphic Bedrock Terrain, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2005, and Its Possible Relation to Moose: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1124, Report: v, 43 p.; Appendixes (xls), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091124.","productDescription":"Report: v, 43 p.; Appendixes (xls)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1124.jpg"},{"id":12946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -168,64 ], [ -168,67 ], [ -160,67 ], [ -160,64 ], [ -168,64 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maier, J.A.K.","contributorId":75651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maier","given":"J.A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70156396,"text":"70156396 - 2009 - A deployment of broadband seismic stations in two deep gold mines, South Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T15:04:36.393686","indexId":"70156396","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A deployment of broadband seismic stations in two deep gold mines, South Africa","docAbstract":"<p><span>In-mine seismic networks throughout the TauTona and Mponeng gold mines provide precise locations and seismic source parameters of earthquakes. They also support small-scale experimental projects, including NELSAM (Natural Earthquake Laboratory in South African Mines), which is intended to record, at close hand, seismic rupture of a geologic fault that traverses the project region near the deepest part of TauTona. To resolve some questions regarding the in-mine and NELSAM networks, we deployed four portable broadband seismic stations at deep sites within TauTona and Mponeng for one week during September 2007 and recorded ground acceleration. Moderately large earthquakes within our temporary network were recorded with sufficiently high signal-to-noise that we were able to integrate the acceleration to ground velocity and displacement, from which moment tensors could be determined. We resolved the questions concerning the NELSAM and in-mine networks by using these moment tensors to calculate synthetic seismograms at various network recording sites for comparison with the ground motion recorded at the same locations. We also used the peak velocity of the S wave pulse, corrected for attenuation with distance, to estimate the maximum slip within the rupture zone of an earthquake. We then combined the maximum slip and seismic moment with results from laboratory friction experiments to estimate maximum slip rates within the same high-slip patches of the rupture zone. For the four largest earthquakes recorded within our network, all with magnitudes near 2, these inferred maximum slips range from 4 to 27 mm and the corresponding maximum slip rates range from 1 to 6 m/s. These results, in conjunction with information from previous ground motion studies, indicate that underground support should be capable of withstanding peak ground velocities of at least 5 m/s.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"7th International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines (RaSiM7)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"7th International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines (RaSiM7)","conferenceDate":"August 21-23, 2009","conferenceLocation":"Dalian, China","language":"English","publisher":"Rinton Press","publisherLocation":"Dalian, China","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A.F., Boettcher, M.S., Fletcher, J.P., Johnston, M.J., Durrheim, R., Spottiswoode, S., and Milev, A., 2009, A deployment of broadband seismic stations in two deep gold mines, South Africa, <i>in</i> 7th International Symposium on Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines (RaSiM7), Dalian, China, August 21-23, 2009, p. 967-974.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"967","endPage":"974","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.rintonpress.com/proceedings/0581.html"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Mponeng gold mine, TauTona gold mine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              27.39406936019401,\n              -26.42344227417292\n            ],\n            [\n              27.398617871693318,\n              -26.423726459458308\n            ],\n            [\n              27.399887223739313,\n              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mcgarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":3178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Arthur","email":"mcgarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boettcher, Margaret S.","contributorId":53263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boettcher","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fletcher, Jon Peter B. 0000-0001-8885-6177 jfletcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-6177","contributorId":1216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Jon","email":"jfletcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Peter B.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnston, Malcolm J. S. 0000-0003-4326-8368 mal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Malcolm","email":"mal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":569020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Durrheim, R.","contributorId":93304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durrheim","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spottiswoode, S.","contributorId":30366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spottiswoode","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milev, A.","contributorId":82945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milev","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":97774,"text":"sir20095155 - 2009 - Hydrologic Setting and Conceptual Hydrologic Model of the Walker River Basin, West-Central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"sir20095155","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5155","title":"Hydrologic Setting and Conceptual Hydrologic Model of the Walker River Basin, West-Central Nevada","docAbstract":"The Walker River is the main source of inflow to Walker Lake, a closed-basin lake in west-central Nevada. Between 1882 and 2008, agricultural diversions resulted in a lake-level decline of more than 150 feet and storage loss of 7,400,000 acre-ft. Evaporative concentration increased dissolved solids from 2,500 to 17,000 milligrams per liter. The increase in salinity threatens the survival of the Lahontan cutthroat trout, a native species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. This report describes the hydrologic setting of the Walker River basin and a conceptual hydrologic model of the relations among streams, groundwater, and Walker Lake with emphasis on the lower Walker River basin from Wabuska to Hawthorne, Nevada. \r\n\r\nThe Walker River basin is about 3,950 square miles and straddles the California-Nevada border. Most streamflow originates as snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada. Spring runoff from the Sierra Nevada typically reaches its peak during late May to early June with as much as 2,800 cubic feet per second in the Walker River near Wabuska. Typically, 3 to 4 consecutive years of below average streamflow are followed by 1 or 2 years of average or above average streamflow.\r\n\r\nMountain ranges are comprised of consolidated rocks with low hydraulic conductivities, but consolidated rocks transmit water where fractured. Unconsolidated sediments include fluvial deposits along the active channel of the Walker River, valley floors, alluvial slopes, and a playa. Sand and gravel deposited by the Walker River likely are discontinuous strata throughout the valley floor. Thick clay strata likely were deposited in Pleistocene Lake Lahontan and are horizontally continuous, except where strata have been eroded by the Walker River. At Walker Lake, sediments mostly are clay interbedded with alluvial slope, fluvial, and deltaic deposits along the lake margins. Coarse sediments form a multilayered, confined-aquifer system that could extend several miles from the shoreline.\r\n\r\nDepth to bedrock in the lower Walker River basin ranges from about 900 to 2,000 feet. The average hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial aquifer in the lower Walker River basin is 10-30 feet per day, except where comprised of fluvial sediments. Fluvial sediments along the Walker River have an average hydraulic conductivity of 70 feet per day. Subsurface flow was estimated to be 2,700 acre-feet per year through Double Spring. Subsurface discharge to Walker Lake was estimated to be 4,400 acre-feet per year from the south and 10,400 acre-feet per year from the north.\r\n\r\nGroundwater levels and groundwater storage have declined steadily in most of Smith and Mason Valleys since 1960. Groundwater levels around Schurz, Nevada, have changed little during the past 50 years. In the Whisky Flat area south of Hawthorne, Nevada, agricultural and municipal pumpage has lowered groundwater levels since 1956. The water-level decline in Walker Lake since 1882 has caused the surrounding alluvial aquifer to drain and groundwater levels to decline.\r\n\r\nThe Wabuska streamflow-gaging station in northern Mason Valley demarcates the upper and lower Walker River basin. The hydrology of the lower Walker River basin is considerably different than the upper basin. The upper basin consists of valleys separated by consolidated-rock mountains. The alluvial aquifer in each valley thins or pinches out at the downstream end, forcing most groundwater to discharge along the river near where the river is gaged. The lower Walker River basin is one surface-water/groundwater system of losing and gaining reaches from Wabuska to Walker Lake, which makes determining stream losses and the direction and amount of subsurface flow difficult.\r\n\r\nIsotopic data indicate surface water and groundwater in the lower Walker River basin are from two sources of precipitation that have evaporated. The Walker River, groundwater along the Wassuk Range, and Walker Lake plot along one evaporation line. Groundwater along th","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Allander, K.K., 2009, Hydrologic Setting and Conceptual Hydrologic Model of the Walker River Basin, West-Central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5155, Report: x, 85 p.; Plate: 24 x 28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095155.","productDescription":"Report: x, 85 p.; Plate: 24 x 28 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438847,"rank":101,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9US1B3S","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data for the 2009 report Hydrologic Setting and Conceptual Hydrologic Model of the Walker River Basin, West-Central Nevada"},{"id":125616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5155.jpg"},{"id":12937,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5155/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.83333333333333,37.666666666666664 ], [ -119.83333333333333,39.25 ], [ -118.16666666666667,39.25 ], [ -118.16666666666667,37.666666666666664 ], [ -119.83333333333333,37.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allander, Kip K. 0000-0002-3317-298X kalland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-298X","contributorId":2290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allander","given":"Kip","email":"kalland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97764,"text":"sir20085186 - 2009 - Sources, transport, and storage of sediment at selected sites in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:24:59.256738","indexId":"sir20085186","displayToPublicDate":"2009-08-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5186","displayTitle":"Sources, Transport, and Storage of Sediment at Selected Sites in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","title":"Sources, transport, and storage of sediment at selected sites in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","docAbstract":"The Chesapeake Bay Watershed covers 165,800 square kilometers and is supplied with water and sediment from five major physiographic provinces: Appalachian Plateau, Blue Ridge, Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Valley and Ridge. Suspended-sediment loads measured in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed showed that the Piedmont Physiographic Province has the highest rates of modern (20th Century) sediment yields, measured at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations, and the lowest rates of background or geologic rates of erosion (~10,000 years) measured with in situ beryllium-10. In the agricultural and urbanizing Little Conestoga Creek Watershed, a Piedmont watershed, sources of sediment using the 'sediment-fingerprinting' approach showed that streambanks were the most important source (63 percent), followed by cropland (37 percent). Cesium-137 inventories, which quantify erosion rates over a 40-year period, showed average cropland erosion of 19.39 megagrams per hectare per year in the Little Conestoga Creek Watershed. If this erosion rate is extrapolated to the 13 percent of the watershed that is in cropland, then cropland could contribute almost four times the measured suspended-sediment load transported out of the watershed (27,600 megagrams per hectare per year), indicating that much of the eroded sediment is being deposited in channel and upland storage.\r\n\r\nThe Piedmont has had centuries of land-use change, from forest to agriculture, to suburban and urban areas, and in some areas, back to forest. These land-use changes mobilized a large percentage of sediment that was deposited in upland and channel storage, and behind thousands of mill dams. The effects of these land-use changes on erosion and sediment transport are still being observed today as stored sediment in streambanks is a source of sediment. Cropland is also an important source of sediment.\r\n\r\nThe Coastal Plain Physiographic Province has had the lowest sediment yields in the 20th Century and with sandy soils, contributes little fine-grained sediment. In the agricultural Pocomoke River Watershed, a Coastal Plain watershed, cesium-137 mass-balance results indicate that erosion and deposition are both occurring on cropland fields. Sources of sediment using the sediment-fingerprinting approach for the Pocomoke River were distributed as follows: cropland (46 percent), ditch beds (34 percent), ditch banks and streambanks (7 percent), and forest (13 percent). Cropland was a source of sediment for the two largest peak flow events, which occurred during harvesting when the ground may have been bare. The Pocomoke River Watershed is heavily ditched and channelized, conditions that are favorable for ditch bed and bank erosion. In the mixed land use (forested, agricultural, and urbanizing) Mattawoman Creek Watershed, a Coastal Plain watershed, sources of sediment using the sediment-fingerprinting approach were distributed as follows: streambanks (30 percent), forest (29 percent), construction (25 percent), and cropland (17 percent). Mattawoman Creek Watershed drains a rapidly developing region with 182 hectares (approximately 1.26 percent of the watershed) under construction. Sediment from construction sites was also determined as a source of sediment in the Mattawoman Creek Watershed. The sediment-fingerprinting source results for the three watersheds analyzed, show that in all watersheds, both the stream corridor and agriculture were significant sources of sediment. Forest as a source of sediment in the Mattawoman Creek Watershed may indicate that these forests are being disturbed and forest soils are eroding.\r\n\r\nBare ground can be an important sediment source. Spatial analysis of bare ground in the Little Conestoga Creek Watershed using satellite imagery between 2000 and 2005 showed that the majority of bare ground was classified as pasture. Bare ground was correlated to the growing season with the highest percentages occurring in the early spring (April, 34 percent) and a","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085186","isbn":"9781411323605","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program","usgsCitation":"Gellis, A., Hupp, C.R., Pavich, M.J., Landwehr, J.M., Banks, W.S., Hubbard, B.E., Langland, M.J., Ritchie, J.C., and Reuter, J.M., 2009, Sources, transport, and storage of sediment at selected sites in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5186, x, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085186.","productDescription":"x, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia  Water Science 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