Construction was initiated following the 2000 tern breeding season for Phase 1 of a planned two-phase \"Shoreline Protection and Erosion Control Project\" at the Falkner Island Unit of the USFWS Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge located in Long Island Sound off the coast of Guilford, CT. When the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) and federally endangered Roseate Tern (S. dougallii) arrived in spring 2001, they encountered several major habitat changes from what had existed in previous years. These changes included:
a rock revetment covering most of the former nesting habitat on the beach from the northwestern section around the northern tip and covering about 60% of the eastern side;
an elevated 60- x 4-m shelf covering the beach and lower bank of the southwestern section; and
about 2,000 sq m of devegetated areas on top of the island on the northeast side above the revetment, and about one-third of the southern half of the island.
The southwest shelf was created by bulldozing and compacting extra construction fill and in situ materials. This shelf differed in internal structure from the main revetment on the north and eastern sections of the island because it lacked the deep internal crevices of the revetment. The deep internal crevices were created from the large stones and boulders (up to 2 tons) used in the construction of the main revetment. Small rock and gravel was used to fill the crevices to within 3 feet (0.9 m) of the surface of the revetment.
Because half-buried tires and nest boxes for the six Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) sub-colony areas were deployed in similar patterns on the remaining beach, and nest boxes were placed on the newly elevated shelf areas several meters above previous locations on the now-covered beach areas, the distribution of Roseate Tern nests did not change much from 2000 to 2001. However, the movements of Roseate Tern chicks - in many cases led by their parents towards traditional hiding places - into the labyrinth of subterranean channels, especially in the main revetment area, made it difficult to measure chick growth and productivity as had been done for more than 12 years prior to construction. Also, observations of color-banded adults that were unable to locate and feed their young inside the main revetment, and of adults returning to courtship behavior and renesting after having hatched chicks from their initial clutches, indicated that a minimum of 20% of the chicks (mostly first hatched A-chicks, which usually have high rates of survival to fledging) that entered the main revetment died after doing so in 2001. The mortality rate of Roseate Tern chicks that entered the secondary revetment on the southwest shelf, however, was not unusually high in 2001.
In an attempt to reduce the likelihood of nesting and chick losses in these sub-colonies, a research team led by the USGS in 2002-2003 did not put nest boxes on the northeast and east shelf areas where previous losses had been high. However, losses of tern eggs and young chicks to predatory Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) were so great in 2002-2003 that few Roseate Tern chicks survived long enough to move into the main revetment area and little comparative survival data were collected. The USFWS continues to remove predatory night herons, to monitor the location and success of nesting Roseate Terns and to fill in some of problem areas near the tern nests in the main revetment. The extensive chick-searching fieldwork and observational procedures used by the USGS-led research team to determine the growth and survival of the Roseate Tern chicks at Falkner Island were not used in 2004-2005. The number of chicks lost in the revetment during these years is not known. Without additional fill, loss of chicks of this endangered species in the main revetment may rise again even though the night heron predation problem has been reduced.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Summary of second regional workshop on dredging, beach nourishment, and birds on the North Atlantic Coast","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Engineer Corps of Engineers","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C., and Spendelow, J.A., 2007, Response of roseate tern to a shoreline protection project on Falkner Island, Connecticut, chap. of Summary of second regional workshop on dredging, beach nourishment, and birds on the North Atlantic Coast, p. 59-60.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut ","otherGeospatial":"Falkner Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65604257583618,\n 41.2103655533284\n ],\n [\n -72.65250205993652,\n 41.2103655533284\n ],\n [\n -72.65250205993652,\n 41.2141105096505\n ],\n [\n -72.65604257583618,\n 41.2141105096505\n ],\n [\n -72.65604257583618,\n 41.2103655533284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6254d4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Guilfoyle, Michael P.","contributorId":113717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guilfoyle","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, Richard A.","contributorId":113489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508110,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pashley, David N.","contributorId":112848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pashley","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508109,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lott, Casey A.","contributorId":112124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lott","given":"Casey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508108,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, C.J.","contributorId":35419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spendelow, Jeffrey A. 0000-0001-8167-0898 jspendelow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":4355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jspendelow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97239,"text":"ofr20071359AD - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97239,"text":"ofr20071359AD - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359AD","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"chapter":"A-D","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Rock, Sediment, Biological, Precipitate, and Water Samples from Abandoned Copper Mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T21:34:59.259644","indexId":"ofr20071359AD","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1359","chapter":"A-D","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Rock, Sediment, Biological, Precipitate, and Water Samples from Abandoned Copper Mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the early 20th century, approximately 6 million metric tons of copper ore were mined from numerous deposits located along the shorelines of fjords and islands in Prince William Sound, Alaska. At the Beatson, Ellamar, and Threeman mine sites (fig. 1), rocks containing Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb sulfide minerals are exposed to chemical weathering in abandoned mine workings and remnant waste piles that extend into the littoral zone. Field investigations in 2003 and 2005 as well as analytical data for rock, sediment, precipitate, water, and biological samples reveal that the oxidation of sulfides at these sites is resulting in the generation of acid mine drainage and the transport of metals into the marine environment (Koski and others, 2008; Stillings and others, 2008). \r\n\r\nAt the Ellamar and Threeman sites, plumes of acidic and metal-enriched water are flowing through beach gravels into the shallow offshore environment. Interstitial water samples collected from beach sediment at Ellamar have low pH levels (to ~3) and high concentrations of metals including iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, and mercury. The abundant precipitation of the iron sulfate mineral jarosite in the Ellamar gravels also signifies a low-pH environment. At the Beatson mine site (the largest copper mine in the region) seeps containing iron-rich microbial precipitates drain into the intertidal zone below mine dumps (Foster and others, 2008). A stream flowing down to the shoreline from underground mine workings at Beatson has near-neutral pH, but elevated levels of zinc, copper, and lead (Stillings and others, 2008). Offshore sediment samples at Beatson are enriched in these metals. Preliminary chemical data for tissue from marine mussels collected near the Ellamar, Threeman, and Beatson sites reveal elevated levels of copper, zinc, and lead compared to tissue in mussels from other locations in Prince William Sound (Koski and others, 2008). \r\n\r\nThree papers presenting results of this ongoing investigation of sulfide oxidation in Prince William Sound are in press. Koski and others (2008) provide an overview of rock alteration, surface water chemistry, and the distribution of metals at the Ellamar, Threeman, and Beatson mine sites. Based on a 60-day, stream-discharge experiment at Beatson in 2005, Stillings and others (2008) analyze changes in water chemistry during storm events and the flux of metals to the shoreline. Foster and others (2008) investigate the biomass and diversity of microbial communities present in surface waters (streams, seeps, pore waters) using fatty acid methyl ester (FAMES) data and principal component analysis. The publications cited above contain a subset of the total chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples collected from the three mine sites in 2003 and 2005. The purpose of this report is the presentation of complete chemical data sets for all samples collected during the two field periods of fieldwork. Data for a small number of samples collected at two other mines (Schlosser and Fidalgo, fig. 1), visited in 2003, are also included in the tables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071359AD","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., and Munk, L., 2007, Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1359, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071359AD.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1359/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,59.5 ], [ -150,61.25 ], [ -145,61.25 ], [ -145,59.5 ], [ -150,59.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munk, LeeAnn","contributorId":9727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munk","given":"LeeAnn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97237,"text":"ofr20071124 - 2007 - Surface-source downhole seismic analysis in R","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-11T10:04:29","indexId":"ofr20071124","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1124","title":"Surface-source downhole seismic analysis in R","docAbstract":"This report discusses a method for interpreting a layered slowness or velocity model from surface-source downhole seismic data originally presented by Boore (2003). I have implemented this method in the statistical computing language R (R Development Core Team, 2007), so that it is freely and easily available to researchers and practitioners that may find it useful. I originally applied an early version of these routines to seismic cone penetration test data (SCPT) to analyze the horizontal variability of shear-wave velocity within the sediments in the San Francisco Bay area (Thompson et al., 2006). A more recent version of these codes was used to analyze the influence of interface-selection and model assumptions on velocity/slowness estimates and the resulting differences in site amplification (Boore and Thompson, 2007). The R environment has many benefits for scientific and statistical computation; I have chosen R to disseminate these routines because it is versatile enough to program specialized routines, is highly interactive which aids in the analysis of data, and is freely and conveniently available to install on a wide variety of computer platforms.\r\n\r\nThese scripts are useful for the interpretation of layered velocity models from surface-source downhole seismic data such as deep boreholes and SCPT data. The inputs are the travel-time data and the offset of the source at the surface. The travel-time arrivals for the P- and S-waves must already be picked from the original data. An option in the inversion is to include estimates of the standard deviation of the travel-time picks for a weighted inversion of the velocity profile. The standard deviation of each travel-time pick is defined relative to the standard deviation of the best pick in a profile and is based on the accuracy with which the travel-time measurement could be determined from the seismogram.\r\n\r\nThe analysis of the travel-time data consists of two parts: the identification of layer-interfaces, and the inversion for the velocity of each layer. The analyst usually picks layer-interfaces by visual inspection of the travel-time data. I have also developed an algorithm that automatically finds boundaries which can save a significant amount of the time when analyzing a large number of sites. The results of the automatic routines should be reviewed to check that they are reasonable. The interactivity of these scripts allows the user to add and to remove layers quickly, thus allowing rapid feedback on how the residuals are affected by each additional parameter in the inversion. In addition, the script allows many models to be compared at the same time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071124","usgsCitation":"Thompson, E., 2007, Surface-source downhole seismic analysis in R (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1124, Report: iii, 14 p.; Install Packages, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071124.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 14 p.; Install Packages","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12288,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b7b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Eric M.","contributorId":79193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Eric M.","affiliations":[{"id":6608,"text":"San Diego State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":301455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156621,"text":"70156621 - 2007 - Aquifer susceptibility to perchlorate contamination in a highly urbanized environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T09:32:22","indexId":"70156621","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Aquifer susceptibility to perchlorate contamination in a highly urbanized environment","docAbstract":"Perchlorate contamination from anthropogenic sources has been released into the Rialto-Colton, California, USA, groundwater flow system since the 1940s during its production, distribution, storage, and use. Preliminary analysis of lithological, geophysical, and water-chemistry data provided new understanding of the pathways of perchlorate migration that aid in assessing the susceptibility of drinking-water supplies to contamination within the Rialto-Colton basin. Vertical migration of perchlorate into the main water-producing aquifers is restricted by an areally extensive old soil surface; however, perchlorate data indicate contamination below this soil surface. Possible pathways for the downward migration of the contaminated water include wellbore flow and discontinuities in the old soil surface. Horizontal migration of perchlorate is influenced by lithology and faults within the basin. The basin fill is a heterogeneous mixture of boulders, gravel, sand, silt, and clay, and internal faults may restrict perchlorate migration in some areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater quality: securing groundwater quality in urban and industrial environments : GQ 07","conferenceTitle":"6th International Groundwater Quality Conference","conferenceDate":"December 2-7 2007","conferenceLocation":"Fremantle, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., 2007, Aquifer susceptibility to perchlorate contamination in a highly urbanized environment, in Groundwater quality: securing groundwater quality in urban and industrial environments : GQ 07, v. 324, Fremantle, Australia, December 2-7 2007, p. 156-163.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"163","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.40848541259764,\n 34.04270305553276\n ],\n [\n -117.40848541259764,\n 34.13169987553143\n ],\n [\n -117.25364685058594,\n 34.13169987553143\n ],\n [\n -117.25364685058594,\n 34.04270305553276\n ],\n [\n -117.40848541259764,\n 34.04270305553276\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"324","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91aee4b0518e354dd126","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Trefly, Michael G.","contributorId":146974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trefly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569697,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85871,"text":"ds69J3 - 2007 - Chapter 3: Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources in the Phosphoria Total Petroleum System of the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:46","indexId":"ds69J3","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-3","title":"Chapter 3: Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources in the Phosphoria Total Petroleum System of the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Phosphoria Total Petroleum System (TPS) encompasses the entire Wind River Basin Province, an area of 4.7 million acres in central Wyoming. The source rocks most likely are black, organic-rich shales of the Meade Peak and Retort Phosphatic Shale Members of the Permian Phosphoria Formation located in the Wyoming and Idaho thrust belt to the west and southwest of the province. Petroleum was generated and expelled during Jurassic and Cretaceous time in westernmost Wyoming and is interpreted to have migrated into the province through carrier beds of the Pennsylvanian Tensleep Sandstone where it was preserved in hypothesized regional stratigraphic traps in the Tensleep and Permian Park City Formation. Secondary migration occurred during the development of structural traps associated with the Laramide orogeny. The main reservoirs are in the Tensleep Sandstone and Park City Formation and minor reservoirs are in the Mississippian Madison Limestone, Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Amsden Formation, Triassic Chugwater Group, and Jurassic Nugget Sandstone and Sundance Formation. The traps are sealed by shale or evaporite beds of the Park City, Amsden, and Triassic Dinwoody Formations, Triassic Chugwater Group, and Jurassic Gypsum Spring Formation.\r\nA single conventional oil and gas assessment unit (AU), the Tensleep-Park City AU, was defined for the Phosphoria TPS. Both the AU and TPS cover the entire Wind River Basin Province. Oil is produced from 18 anticlinal fields, the last of which was discovered in 1957, and the possibility of discovering new structural oil accumulations is considered to be relatively low. Nonassociated gas is produced from only two fields, but may be underexplored in the province. The discovery of new gas is more promising, but will be from deep structures. The bulk of new oil and gas accumulations is dependent on the discovery of hypothesized stratigraphic traps in isolated carbonate reservoirs of the Park City Formation. Mean resource estimates for the Tensleep-Park City Conventional Oil and Gas AU total 18 million barrels of oil, 294 billion cubic feet of gas, and 5.9 million barrels of natural gas liquids.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds69J3","isbn":"9781411320277","usgsCitation":"Kirschbaum, M., Lillis, P., and Roberts, L.N., 2007, Chapter 3: Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources in the Phosphoria Total Petroleum System of the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-3, Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J3.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: iv, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13021,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,42 ], [ -110.5,44 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -106,42 ], [ -110.5,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirschbaum, M.A.","contributorId":79471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lillis, P. G. 0000-0002-7508-1699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":17630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"P. G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, L. N. R.","contributorId":53419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N. 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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed an assessment of the undiscovered oil and gas potential of the Wind River Basin Province which encompasses about 4.7 million acres in central Wyoming.\r\n\r\nThe assessment is based on the geologic elements of each total petroleum system (TPS) defined in the province, including hydrocarbon source rocks (source-rock maturation, hydrocarbon generation, and migration), reservoir rocks (sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical properties), and hydrocarbon traps (trap formation and timing). Using this geologic framework, the USGS defined three TPSs: (1) Phosphoria TPS, (2) Cretaceous-Tertiary TPS, and (3) Waltman TPS. Within these systems, 12 Assessment Units (AU) were defined and undiscovered oil and gas resources were quantitatively estimated within 10 of the 12 AUs.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds69J","isbn":"9781411320277","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Wind River Basin Assessment Team, 2007, Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69, HTML Document, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J.","productDescription":"HTML Document, CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388843,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84403.htm"},{"id":11784,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,42 ], [ -110.5,44 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -106,42 ], [ -110.5,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2881","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Wind River Basin Assessment Team","contributorId":128134,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Wind River Basin Assessment Team","id":534974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85869,"text":"ds69J1 - 2007 - Chapter 1: Executive Summary - Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:43","indexId":"ds69J1","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-1","title":"Chapter 1: Executive Summary - Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming, 2005","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey estimated a mean of 2.4 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered natural gas, a mean of 41 million barrels of undiscovered oil, and a mean of 20.5 million barrels of undiscovered natural gas liquids in the Wind River Basin Province of Wyoming.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds69J1","isbn":"9781411320277","usgsCitation":"USGS Wind River Basin Province Assessment Team, 2007, Chapter 1: Executive Summary - Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-1, Available online and on CD-ROM; Executive Summary: iii, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J1.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM; Executive Summary: iii, 3 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,43 ], [ -110.5,44 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -106,43 ], [ -110.5,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47b4e4b07f02db49eef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"USGS Wind River Basin Province Assessment Team","contributorId":127924,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"USGS Wind River Basin Province Assessment Team","id":534975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85874,"text":"pp1650E - 2007 - Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America: Ecoregions of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-29T14:09:53.596898","indexId":"pp1650E","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1650","chapter":"E","title":"Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America: Ecoregions of North America","docAbstract":"Climate is the primary factor controlling the continental-scale distribution of plant species, although the relations between climatic parameters and species' ranges are only now beginning to be quantified. This volume examines the relations between climate and the distributions of (1) Kuchler's 'potential natural vegetation' categories for the 48 contiguous States of the United States of America, (2) Bailey's ecoregions of North America, and (3) World Wildlife Fund's ecoregions of North America. For these analyses, we employed a 25-kilometer equal-area grid of modern climatic and bioclimatic parameters for North America, coupled with presence-absence data for the occurrence of each ecoregion under the three classification systems under consideration. The resulting relations between climate and ecoregion distributions are presented in graphical and tabular form. Presentation of ecoregion-climate relations here is intended to be useful for a greater understanding of ecosystem evolution, ecosystem dynamics, and potential effects of future climate change on ecoregions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1650E","isbn":"9781411320390","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Anderson, K.H., Pelltier, R.T., Shafer, S., and Bartlein, P.J., 2007, Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America: Ecoregions of North America: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1650, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1650E.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419973,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FPD80E","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"A gridded database of the modern distributions of climate, woody plant taxa, and ecoregions for the continental United States and Canada"},{"id":12987,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1650-e/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1650_e.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.89453125,\n 71.07405646336098\n ],\n [\n -168.57421875,\n 69.2249968541159\n ],\n [\n -168.57421875,\n 62.103882522897855\n ],\n [\n -156.62109374999997,\n 54.265224078605684\n ],\n [\n -154.51171875,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n -149.0625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -138.69140625,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -116.01562499999999,\n 14.944784875088372\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 9.622414142924805\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 9.795677582829743\n ],\n [\n -78.57421875,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -47.28515625,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -52.20703125,\n 54.470037612805754\n ],\n [\n -65.91796875,\n 63.074865690586634\n ],\n [\n -79.62890625,\n 69.90011762668541\n ],\n [\n -161.89453125,\n 71.07405646336098\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6694e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Katherine H. 0000-0003-2677-6109","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6109","contributorId":52556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pelltier, Richard T. 0000-0001-8322-7961 rtpelltier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-7961","contributorId":4683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelltier","given":"Richard","email":"rtpelltier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shafer, Sarah L.","contributorId":32623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"Sarah L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":85873,"text":"ds69J5 - 2007 - Chapter 5: Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources in the Waltman Shale Total Petroleum System,Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"ds69J5","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-5","title":"Chapter 5: Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources in the Waltman Shale Total Petroleum System,Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Waltman Shale Total Petroleum System encompasses about 3,400 square miles in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming, and includes accumulations of oil and associated gas that were generated and expelled from oil-prone, lacustrine shale source rocks in the Waltman Shale Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation. Much of the petroleum migrated and accumulated in marginal lacustrine (deltaic) and fluvial sandstone reservoirs in the Shotgun Member of the Fort Union, which overlies and intertongues with the Waltman Shale Member. Additional petroleum accumulations derived from Waltman source rocks are present in fluvial deposits in the Eocene Wind River Formation overlying the Shotgun Member, and also might be present within fan-delta deposits included in the Waltman Shale Member, and in fluvial sandstone reservoirs in the uppermost part of the lower member of the Fort Union Formation immediately underlying the Waltman. To date, cumulative production from 53 wells producing Waltman-sourced petroleum exceeds 2.8 million barrels of oil and 5.8 billion cubic feet of gas. Productive horizons range from about 1,770 feet to 5,800 feet in depth, and average about 3,400 to 3,500 feet in depth.\r\nFormations in the Waltman Shale Total Petroleum System (Fort Union and Wind River Formations) reflect synorogenic deposition closely related to Laramide structural development of the Wind River Basin. In much of the basin, the Fort Union Formation is divided into three members (ascending order): the lower unnamed member, the Waltman Shale Member, and the Shotgun Member. These members record the transition from deposition in dominantly fluvial, floodplain, and mire environments in the early Paleocene (lower member) to a depositional setting characterized by substantial lacustrine development (Waltman Shale Member) and contemporaneous fluvial, and marginal lacustrine (deltaic) deposition (Shotgun Member) during the middle and late Paleocene.\r\nWaltman Shale Member source rocks have total organic carbon values ranging from 0.93 to 6.21 weight percent, averaging about 2.71 weight percent. The hydrocarbon generative potential of the source rocks typically exceeds 2.5 milligrams of hydrocarbon per gram of rock and numerous samples had generative potentials exceeding 6.0 milligrams of hydrocarbon per gram of rock. Waltman source rocks are oil prone, and contain a mix of Type-II and Type-III kerogen, indicating organic input from a mix of algal and terrestrial plant matter, or a mix of algal and reworked or recycled material. Thermal maturity at the base of the Waltman Shale Member ranges from a vitrinite reflectance value of less than 0.60 percent along the south basin margin to projected values exceeding 1.10 percent in the deep basin west of Madden anticline. Burial history reconstructions for three wells in the northern part of the Wind River Basin indicate that the Waltman Shale Member was well within the oil window (Ro equal to or greater than 0.65 percent) by the time of maximum burial about 15 million years ago; maximum burial depths exceeded 10,000 feet. Onset of oil generation calculated for the base of the Waltman Shale member took place from about 49 million years ago to about 20 million years ago. Peak oil generation occurred from about 31 million years ago to 26 million years ago in the deep basin west of Madden anticline.\r\nTwo assessment units were defined in the Waltman Shale Total Petroleum System: the Upper Fort Union Sandstones Conventional Oil and Gas Assessment Unit (50350301) and the Waltman Fractured Shale Continuous Oil Assessment Unit (50350361). The conventional assessment unit primarily relates to the potential for undiscovered petroleum accumulations that are derived from source rocks in the Waltman Shale Member and trapped within sandstone reservoirs in the Shotgun Member (Fort Union Formation) and in the lower part of the overlying Wind River Formation. The potential for Waltman-sourced oil accumulations in fan-delta depos","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds69J5","isbn":"9781411320277","usgsCitation":"Roberts, S.B., Roberts, L.N., and Cook, T., 2007, Chapter 5: Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources in the Waltman Shale Total Petroleum System,Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-5, Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J5.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Steve B.","contributorId":57559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, Laura N.R.","contributorId":79530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cook, Troy","contributorId":6418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Troy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85870,"text":"ds69J2 - 2007 - Chapter 2: Tabular Data and Graphical Images in Support of the U.S. Geological Survey National Oil and Gas Assessment - The Wind River Basin Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"ds69J2","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-2","title":"Chapter 2: Tabular Data and Graphical Images in Support of the U.S. Geological Survey National Oil and Gas Assessment - The Wind River Basin Province","docAbstract":"This chapter describes data used in support of the process being applied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Oil and Gas Assessment (NOGA) project. Digital tabular data used in this report and archival data that permit the user to perform further analyses are available elsewhere on this CD-ROM. Computers and software may import the data without transcription from the Portable Document Format files (.pdf files) of the text by the reader. Graphical images are provided as .pdf files and tabular data are provided in a raw form as tab-delimited text files (.tab files) because of the number and variety of platforms and software available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds69J2","isbn":"9781411320277","usgsCitation":"Klett, T., and Le, P., 2007, Chapter 2: Tabular Data and Graphical Images in Support of the U.S. Geological Survey National Oil and Gas Assessment - The Wind River Basin Province: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-2, Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J2.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: iii, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-j/REPORTS/69_J_CH_2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5ccc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klett, T. R. 0000-0001-9779-1168","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-1168","contributorId":83067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Le, P. A. 0000-0003-2477-509X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2477-509X","contributorId":64737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le","given":"P. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85872,"text":"ds69J4 - 2007 - Chapter 4: The Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System, Wind River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:46","indexId":"ds69J4","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-J-4","title":"Chapter 4: The Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System, Wind River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System (TPS) of the Wind River Basin Province includes all strata from the base of the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation to the base of the Waltman Shale Member of the Paleocene age Fort Union Formation and, where the Waltman is absent, includes strata as young as the Eocene Wind River Formation. Locally, Cretaceous-sourced gas migrated into strata as old as the Mississippian Madison Limestone, and in these areas the TPS extends stratigraphically downward to include these reservoirs. The extensive vertical migration of gases in highly fractured areas of the Wind River Basin led to the commingling of gases from several Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sources, thus only two petroleum systems are recognized in these rocks, the Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Composite TPS, the subject of this report, and the Waltman Shale TPS described by Roberts and others (Chapter 5, this CD-ROM).\r\nThe Cretaceous-lower Tertiary Composite TPS was subdivided into (1) seven continuous gas assessment units (AU): (a) Frontier-Muddy Continuous Gas AU, (b) Cody Sandstone Continuous Gas AU, (c) Mesaverde--Meeteetse Sandstone Gas AU, (d) Lance-Fort Union Sandstone Gas AU, (e) Mesaverde Coalbed Gas AU, (f) Meeteetse Coalbed Gas AU, and (g) Fort Union Coalbed Gas AU; (2) one continuous oil assessement unit--- Cody Fractured Shale Continuous Oil AU; and (3) one conventional assessment Unit--- Cretaceous-Tertiary Conventional Oil and Gas AU.\r\nEstimates of undiscovered resources having the potential for additions to reserves were made for all but the Cody Fractured Shale Continuous Oil AU, which is considered hypothetical and was not quantitively assessed. The mean estimate of the total oil is 41.99 million barrels, mean estimate of gas is 2.39 trillion cubic feet, and mean estimate of natural gas liquids is 20.55 million barrels. For gas, 480.66 billion cubic feet (BCFG) is estimated for the Frontier-Muddy Continuous Gas AU, 115.34 BCFG for the Cody Sandstone Continuous Gas AU, 383.16 BCFG for the Mesaverde-Meeteetse Sandstone Continuous Gas AU, 711.30 BCFG for the Lance-Fort Union Sandstone Gas AU, 107.18 BCFG for the Mesaverde Coalbed Gas AU, 21.29 BCFG for the Meeteetse Coalbed Gas AU, and 118.08 BCFG for the Fort Union Coalbed Gas AU. All the undiscovered oil and 98.94 BCFG of undiscovered gas is in the Cretaceous-Tertiary Conventional Oil and Gas AU.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources in the Wind River Basin Province, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds69J4","isbn":"9781411320277","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Finn, T.M., Kirschbaum, M.A., Roberts, S.B., Roberts, L.N., Cook, T., and Taylor, D.J., 2007, Chapter 4: The Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Composite Total Petroleum System, Wind River Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69-J-4, Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69J4.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM; Report: vi, 96 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,42 ], [ -110.5,44 ], [ -106,44 ], [ -106,42 ], [ -110.5,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667edc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Thomas M. 0000-0001-6396-9351 finn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Thomas","email":"finn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirschbaum, Mark A.","contributorId":25112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, Stephen B.","contributorId":104906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roberts, Laura N.R.","contributorId":79530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cook, Troy","contributorId":6418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Troy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taylor, David J.","contributorId":42924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":85810,"text":"sim2984 - 2007 - Louisiana ground-water map no. 22: Generalized potentiometric surface of the Amite aquifer and the \"2,800-foot\" sand of the Baton Rouge area in southeastern Louisiana, June-August 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T18:43:16.633654","indexId":"sim2984","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2984","title":"Louisiana ground-water map no. 22: Generalized potentiometric surface of the Amite aquifer and the \"2,800-foot\" sand of the Baton Rouge area in southeastern Louisiana, June-August 2006","docAbstract":"The Amite aquifer and the “2,800-foot” sand of the Baton Rouge area (hereafter referred to as the “2,800-foot” sand) are principal sources of fresh ground water in southeastern Louisiana. Both the Amite aquifer and the “2,800-foot” sand are part of the Jasper equivalent aquifer system. The Amite aquifer is heavily pumped in the Bogalusa area, and the “2,800-foot” sand is one of the most heavily pumped aquifers in East Baton Rouge Parish. The Baton Rouge fault zone, which acts as a barrier to flow, trends approximately west-northwest from a point just south of The Rigolets through southern West Baton Rouge Parish, and is the approximate southern limit of freshwater in the aquifers.
For the purposes of this report, freshwater is defined as water having less than 250 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of chloride, and most of the water withdrawals described in this report were assumed to be fresh. In 2005, about 18 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) was withdrawn from the Amite aquifer, primarily for public-supply use (8.4 Mgal/d) and industrial use (9.6 Mgal/d). During this same period, about 32 Mgal/d was withdrawn from the “2,800-foot” sand, primarily for public-supply use (13 Mgal/d) and industrial use (19 Mgal/d). Public-supply and industrial withdrawals from the Amite aquifer and the “2,800-foot” sand are listed in table 1.
According to data from the Louisiana State Census Data Center, some of the largest population increases in the State during the period 1990 to 2000 occurred in St. Tammany (32.4 percent), Livingston (30.2 percent), and Tangipahoa (17.4 percent) Parishes. These population increases have been accompanied by increased withdrawals of ground water during the same period: 40 percent in St. Tammany Parish, 63 percent in Livingston Parish, and 35 percent in Tangipahoa Parish. An increase in population in these parishes is expected from population displacement due to damages from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita crossing the Louisiana coast in August and September of 2005.
Additional information about ground-water flow and effects of increased withdrawals on water levels in the Amite aquifer and the “2,800-foot” sand is needed to assess ground-water-development potential and to protect this resource. To meet this need, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, began a study in 2005 to determine water levels, flow direction, and water-level trends for the Amite aquifer and “2,800-foot” sand. This report presents data and a map that describe the generalized potentiometric surface of the Amite aquifer and “2,800-foot” sand in southeastern Louisiana. Graphs of water levels in selected wells and a table of withdrawals from the Amite aquifer and “2,800-foot” sand show historical changes in water levels and water use. The generalized potentiometric-surface map illustrates the water levels and ground-water flow directions for June–August 2006. These data are on file at the USGS office in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2984","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Office of Public Works, Hurricane Flood Protection, and Intermodal Transportation Water Resources Programs","usgsCitation":"Fendick, R., 2007, Louisiana ground-water map no. 22: Generalized potentiometric surface of the Amite aquifer and the \"2,800-foot\" sand of the Baton Rouge area in southeastern Louisiana, June-August 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2984, 1 Plate: 34 x 27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2984.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 34 x 27 inches","temporalStart":"2006-06-01","temporalEnd":"2006-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110779,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83767"},{"id":195372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2984/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Amite aquifer, Baton Rouge area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.7833,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -91.7833,\n 30.25\n ],\n [\n -89.6167,\n 30.25\n ],\n [\n -89.6167,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -91.7833,\n 31\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fendick, Robert B. Jr. rfendick@usgs.gov","contributorId":1313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"Robert B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rfendick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85795,"text":"ds288 - 2007 - Beach morphology monitoring in the Elwha River Littoral Cell, 2004-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-10T20:17:37.599888","indexId":"ds288","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"288","title":"Beach morphology monitoring in the Elwha River Littoral Cell, 2004-2009","docAbstract":"This report describes the methods used, data collected, and results of the Beach Morphology Monitoring Program in the Elwha River Littoral Cell, starting in 2004. The U.S. Geological Survey and the Washington State Department of Ecology collaborated in the data collection with the support of the local Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe. Beach monitoring efforts consisted of collecting topographic and bathymetric horizontal and vertical position data by using a Real Time Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System (RTK-DGPS). The monitoring program was designed to characterize the littoral system of the Elwha River before the scheduled removal of two large dams in 2012. A primary objective of this work is to quantitatively describe the topography and bathymetry of the Elwha River littoral system so that the effects of dam removal may be quantified. Sediment inputs following dam removal are hypothesized to result in (A) larger amounts of fine sediment grain-sizes entering the littoral system and, (B) a reduction or reversal of coastal erosion.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J.A., George, D.A., Stevens, A., Eshleman, J., Gelfenbaum, G., Kaminsky, G.M., Schwartz, A.K., and Bierne, M., 2007, Beach morphology monitoring in the Elwha River Littoral Cell, 2004-2009 (Version 1.0: June 23, 2008; Version 1.1: April 6, 2010): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 288, Report: v, 59 p.; Data Folder; Metadata Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds288.","productDescription":"Report: v, 59 p.; Data Folder; Metadata Folder","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds288.PNG"},{"id":416919,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83763.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11470,"rank":5,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":295119,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/288/data"},{"id":295120,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/288/metadata"},{"id":295118,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/288/ds288_v1.1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.4039,\n 48.1708\n ],\n [\n -123.6758,\n 48.1708\n ],\n [\n -123.6758,\n 48.1258\n ],\n [\n -123.4039,\n 48.1258\n ],\n [\n -123.4039,\n 48.1708\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: June 23, 2008; Version 1.1: April 6, 2010","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63ddaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathon A.","contributorId":90396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, Douglas A.","contributorId":60328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, Andrew W.","contributorId":89093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Andrew W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eshleman, Jodi","contributorId":41909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"Jodi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaminsky, George M.","contributorId":83150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Andrew K.","contributorId":53483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bierne, Matt","contributorId":24032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierne","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":81317,"text":"ofr20071017 - 2007 - Historical Shoreline Changes at Rincon, Puerto Rico, 1936-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"ofr20071017","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1017","title":"Historical Shoreline Changes at Rincon, Puerto Rico, 1936-2006","docAbstract":"The coast from Punta Higuero to Punta Cadena in Rincon, Puerto Rico is experiencing long-term erosion. This study documents historical shoreline changes at Rincon for the period 1936-2006 and constitutes a significant expansion and revision of previous work. The study area extends approximately 8 km from Punta Higuero to Punta Cadena. Fourteen historical shoreline positions were compiled from existing data, new orthophotography, and Global Positioning System (GPS) field surveys.\r\n\r\nThe study area can be divided into four distinct reaches on the basis of observed erosion rates, consistent with previous work. The coast of Reach A, from Punta Higuero to the north end of the Balneario de Rincon, is fairly stable and has a long-term (70 years) average erosion rate of -0.2 ? 0.1 m/yr. The coast of Reach B, from the Balneario de Rincon to 500 m south of the mouth of Quebrada los Ramos, has an average long-term erosion rate of -1.1 ? 0.3 m/yr. The coast of Reach C, from 500 m south of the mouth of Quebrada los Ramos to Corcega, has an average long-term erosion rate of -0.4 ? 0.2 m/yr. The coast of Reach D, from Corcega to Punta Cadena, has an average long-term change rate of -0.2 ? 0.2 m/yr.\r\n\r\nPrevious work (Thieler and others, 1995) identified an apparent increase in erosion rate in Reach B that probably began between 1977 and 1987. New data and statistical analysis suggest that long-term and short-term rates of shoreline change are statistically similar. Nevertheless, the coast in Reach B is eroding at a rapid and statistically significant rate that is 2 to 10 times greater than in the other three reaches. Comparison of the 1994 and 2006 GPS shoreline positions indicates the following erosion rates occurred over the past 12 years: Reach A, -0.3 ? 0.4 m/yr; Reach B, -1.0 ? 0.4 m/yr; Reach C, -0.7 ? 0.4 m/yr; and Reach D, -0.3 ? 0.4 m/yr.\r\n\r\nThieler and others (1995) speculated that the increased erosion rate in Reach B could be attributed to the effects of marina construction in 1983 on the local sediment budget. New data and analysis suggest, however, that other factors may be equally or perhaps more important. For example, high-resolution lidar bathymetric data collected in 2001 show a complex nearshore bathymetry that may substantially affect wave refraction, diffraction, and reflection in Reach B where erosion rates are the highest. In addition, several historical photographs dating from 1951 to 2006 show a wide array of complex wave patterns that suggest the bathymetric influence on nearshore processes to be a long-term, rather than recent, phenomenon. In addition, removal of sand from the beach system may be contributing further to the elevated erosion rates in Reach B.\r\n\r\nDevelopment of potential options for addressing coastal erosion in Rincon was beyond the scope of this study, but the data and interpretations presented here provide a sound scientific foundation for further work to identify the causes of the increased erosion and to develop strategies to mitigate its effect.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071017","usgsCitation":"Thieler, E.R., Rodriguez, R.W., and Himmelstoss, E., 2007, Historical Shoreline Changes at Rincon, Puerto Rico, 1936-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1017, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071017.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","temporalStart":"1936-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11353,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/of2007-1017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.28333333333333,18.284444444444446 ], [ -67.28333333333333,18.366666666666667 ], [ -67.2175,18.366666666666667 ], [ -67.2175,18.284444444444446 ], [ -67.28333333333333,18.284444444444446 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thieler, E. Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Rafael W. rrodrigu@usgs.gov","contributorId":1685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Rafael","email":"rrodrigu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Himmelstoss, Emily A.","contributorId":24736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelstoss","given":"Emily A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81284,"text":"pp1703C - 2007 - Overview of ground-water recharge study sites","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":81284,"text":"pp1703C - 2007 - Overview of ground-water recharge study sites","indexId":"pp1703C","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Overview of ground-water recharge study sites"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":81138,"text":"pp1703 - 2007 - Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States","indexId":"pp1703","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":81138,"text":"pp1703 - 2007 - Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States","indexId":"pp1703","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T15:01:46","indexId":"pp1703C","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1703","chapter":"C","title":"Overview of ground-water recharge study sites","docAbstract":"Multiyear studies were done to examine meteorologic and hydrogeologic controls on ephemeral streamflow and focused ground-water recharge at eight sites across the arid and semiarid southwestern United States. Campaigns of intensive data collection were conducted in the Great Basin, Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert, Rio Grande Rift, and Colorado Plateau physiographic areas. During the study period (1997 to 2002), the southwestern region went from wetter than normal conditions associated with a strong El Niño climatic pattern (1997–1998) to drier than normal conditions associated with a La Niña climatic pattern marked by unprecedented warmth in the western tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans (1998–2002). The strong El Niño conditions roughly doubled precipitation at the Great Basin, Mojave Desert, and Colorado Plateau study sites. Precipitation at all sites trended generally lower, producing moderate- to severe-drought conditions by the end of the study. Streamflow in regional rivers indicated diminishing ground-water recharge conditions, with annual-flow volumes declining to 10–46 percent of their respective long-term averages by 2002. Local streamflows showed higher variability, reflecting smaller scales of integration (in time and space) of the study-site watersheds. By the end of the study, extended periods (9–15 months) of zero or negligible flow were observed at half the sites. Summer monsoonal rains generated the majority of streamflow and associated recharge in the Sonoran Desert sites and the more southerly Rio Grande Rift site, whereas winter storms and spring snowmelt dominated the northern and westernmost sites. Proximity to moisture sources (primarily the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California) and meteorologic fluctuations, in concert with orography, largely control the generation of focused ground-water recharge from ephemeral streamflow, although other factors (geology, soil, and vegetation) also are important. Watershed area correlated weakly with focused infiltration volumes, the latter providing an upper bound on associated ground-water recharge. Estimates of annual focused infiltration for the research sites ranged from about 105 to 107 cubic meters from contributing areas that ranged from 26 to 2,260 square kilometers.
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Recharge from the Mojave River, the largest hydrographic feature in the study area, is relatively well characterized. In contrast, recharge from numerous smaller streams that convey runoff from the bounding mountains is poorly characterized. The current study examined four representative streams to assess recharge from these intermittent sources. Hydraulic, thermal, geomorphic, chemical, and isotopic data were used to study recharge processes, from streamflow generation and infiltration to percolation through the unsaturated zone. Ground-water movement away from recharge areas was also assessed.
Infiltration in amounts sufficient to have a measurable effect on subsurface temperature profiles did not occur in every year in instrumented study reaches. In addition to streamflow availability, results showed the importance of sediment texture in controlling infiltration and eventual recharge. Infiltration amounts of about 0.7 meters per year were an approximate threshold for the occurrence of ground-water recharge. Estimated travel times through the thick unsaturated zones underlying channels reached several hundred years. Recharging fluxes were influenced by stratigraphic complexity and depositional dynamics. Because of channel meandering, not all water that penetrates beneath the root zone can be assumed to become recharge on active alluvial fans.
Away from study washes, elevated chloride concentrations and highly negative water potentials beneath the root zone indicated negligible recharge from direct infiltration of precipitation under current climatic conditions. In upstream portions of washes, generally low subsurface chloride concentrations and near-zero water potentials indicated downward movement of water toward the water table, driven primarily by gravity. Recharging conditions did not extend to the distal ends of all washes. Where urbanization had concentrated spatially distributed runoff into a small number of fixed channels, enhanced infiltration induced recharging conditions, mobilizing accumulated chloride.
Estimated amounts of ground-water recharge from the studied reaches were small. Extrapolating on the basis of drainage areas, the estimated aggregate recharge from small intermittent streams is minor compared to recharge from the Mojave River. Recharge is largely controlled by streamflow availability, which primarily reflects precipitation patterns. Precipitation in the Mojave Desert is strongly controlled by topography. Cool moist air masses from the Pacific Ocean are mostly blocked from entering the desert by the high mountains bordering its southern edge. Storms do, however, readily enter the region through Cajon Pass. These storms generate flow in the Mojave River that often reaches Afton Canyon, more than 150 kilometers downstream. The isotopic composition of ground water reflects the localization of recharge beneath the Mojave River. Similar processes occur near San Gorgonio Pass, 75 kilometers southeast from Cajon Pass along the bounding San Andreas Fault.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States (Professional Paper 1703)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1703G","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Johnson, R.U., Kulongoski, J., and Predmore, S., 2007, Ground-water recharge from small intermittent streams in the western Mojave Desert, California (Version 1.0; March 20, 2008): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1703, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1703G.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"184","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396203,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83590.htm"},{"id":195304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1703/g/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0; 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Present-day recharge tends to be narrowly focused in time and space. Widespread water-table declines accompanied agricultural development during the twentieth century, demonstrating that sustainable ground-water supplies are not guaranteed when part of the extracted resource represents paleorecharge. Climatic controls on ground-water recharge range from seasonal cycles of summer monsoonal and winter frontal storms to multimillennial cycles of glacial and interglacial periods. Precipitation patterns reflect global-scale interactions among the oceans, atmosphere, and continents. Large-scale climatic influences associated with El Niño and Pacific Decadal Oscillations strongly but irregularly control weather in the study area, so that year-to-year variations in precipitation and ground-water recharge are large and difficult to predict. Proxy data indicate geologically recent periods of multidecadal droughts unlike any in the modern instrumental record. Anthropogenically induced climate change likely will reduce ground-water recharge through diminished snowpack at higher elevations, and perhaps through increased drought. Future changes in El Niño and monsoonal patterns, both crucial to precipitation in the study area, are highly uncertain in current models. Land-use modifications influence ground-water recharge directly through vegetation, irrigation, and impermeable area, and indirectly through climate change. High ranges bounding the study area—the San Bernadino Mountains and Sierra Nevada to the west, and the Wasatch and southern Colorado Rocky Mountains to the east—provide external geologic controls on ground-water recharge. Internal geologic controls stem from tectonic processes that led to numerous, variably connected alluvial-filled basins, exposure of extensive Paleozoic aquifers in mountainous recharge areas, and distinct modes of recharge in the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range subregions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States (Professional Paper 1703)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1703A","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., and Harrill, J.R., 2007, Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States: Climatic and geologic framework (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1703, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1703A.","productDescription":"27 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430320,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83584.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11323,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1703/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190788,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"southwestern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120,\n 31.3289\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -105.5833,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -105.5833,\n 31.3289\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 31.3289\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4c4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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The amount of water currently recharging many of these aquifers is insufficient to meet current and future demands. Improving the understanding of streambed infiltration and the subsequent redistribution of water within the unsaturated zone is fundamental to quantifying and forming an accurate description of streambed recharge. In addition, improved estimates of recharge from ephemeral-stream channels will reduce uncertainties in water-budget components used in current ground-water models.
This chapter presents a summary of findings related to a focused recharge investigation along Rillito Creek in Tucson, Arizona. A variety of approaches used to estimate infiltration, percolation, and recharge fluxes are presented that provide a wide range of temporal- and spatial-scale measurements of recharge beneath Rillito Creek. The approaches discussed include analyses of (1) cores and cuttings for hydraulic and textural properties, (2) environmental tracers from the water extracted from the cores and cuttings, (3) seepage measurements made during sustained streamflow, (4) heat as a tracer and numerical simulations of the movement of heat through the streambed sediments, (5) water-content variations, (6) water-level responses to streamflow in piezometers within the stream channel, and (7) gravity changes in response to recharge events. Hydraulic properties of the materials underlying Rillito Creek were used to estimate long-term potential recharge rates. Seepage measurements and analyses of temperature and water content were used to estimate infiltration rates, and environmental tracers were used to estimate percolation rates through the thick unsaturated zone. The presence or lack of tritium in the water was used to determine whether or not water in the unsaturated zone infiltrated within the past 40 years. Analysis of water-level and temporal-gravity data were used to estimate recharge volumes. Data presented in this chapter were collected from 1999 though 2002. Precipitation and streamflow during this period were less than the long-term average; however, two periods of significant streamflow resulted in recharge—one in the summer of 1999 and the other in the fall/winter of 2000.
Flux estimates of infiltration and recharge vary from less than 0.1 to 1.0 cubic meter per second per kilometer of streamflow. Recharge-flux estimates are larger than infiltration estimates. Larger recharge fluxes than infiltration fluxes are explained by the scale of measurements. Methods used to estimate recharge rates incorporate the largest volumetric and temporal scales and are likely to have fluxes from other nearby sources, such as unmeasured tributaries, whereas the methods used to estimate infiltration incorporate the smallest scales, reflecting infiltration rates at individual measurement sites.
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Streamflow analysis indicates that the Amargosa Desert portion of the river is dry more than 98 percent of the time. Infiltration losses during ephemeral flows of the Amargosa River and Fortymile Wash provide the main sources of ground-water recharge on the desert-basin floor. The primary use of ground water is for irrigated agriculture. The current study examined ground-water recharge from ephemeral flows in the Amargosa River by using streamflow data and environmental tracers. The USGS streamflow-gaging station at Beatty, Nev., provided high-frequency data on base flow and storm runoff entering the basin during water years 1998–2001. Discharge into the basin during the four-year period totaled 3.03 million cubic meters, three quarters of which was base flow. Streambed temperature anomalies indicated the distribution of ephemeral flows and infiltration losses within the basin. Major storms that produced regional flow during the four-year period occurred in February 1998, during a strong El Niño that more than doubled annual precipitation, and in July 1999. The study also quantified recharge beneath undisturbed native vegetation and irrigation return flow beneath irrigated fields. Vertical profiles of water potential and environmental tracers in the unsaturated zone provided estimates of recharge beneath the river channel (0.04–0.09 meter per year) and irrigated fields (0.1–0.5 meter per year). Chloride mass-balance estimates indicate that 12–15 percent of channel infiltration becomes ground-water recharge, together with 9–22 percent of infiltrated irrigation. Profiles of potential and chloride beneath the dominant desert-shrub vegetation suggest that ground-water recharge has been negligible throughout most of the basin since at least the early Holocene. Surface-based electrical-resistivity imaging provided areal extension of borehole information from sampled profiles. These images indicate narrowly focused recharge beneath the Amargosa River channel, flanked by large tracts of recharge-free basin floor.
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