Lakes are abundant landforms and important ecosystems in Alaska, but are unevenly distributed on the landscape with expansive lake-poor regions and several lake-rich regions. Such lake-rich areas are termed lake districts and have landscape characteristics that can be considered distinctive in similar respects to mountain ranges. In this report, we explore the nature of lake-rich areas by quantitatively identifying Alaska’s lake districts, describing and comparing their physical characteristics, and analyzing how Alaska lake districts are naturally organized and correspond to climatic and geophysical characteristics, as well as studied and managed by people.
We use a digital dataset (National Hydrography Dataset) of lakes greater than 1 hectare, which includes 409,040 individual lakes and represents 3.3 percent of the land-surface area of Alaska. The selection criteria we used to identify lake districts were (1) a lake area (termed limnetic ratio, in percent) greater than the mean for the State, and (2) a lake density (number of lakes per unit area) greater than the mean for the State using a pixel size scaled to the area of interest and number of lakes in the census. Pixels meeting these criteria were grouped and delineated and all groups greater than 1,000 square kilometers were identified as Alaska’s lake districts. These lake districts were described according to lake size-frequency metrics, elevation distributions, geology, climate, and ecoregions to better understand their similarities and differences. We also looked at where lake research and relevant ecological monitoring has occurred in Alaska relative to lake districts and how lake district lands and waters are currently managed.
We identified and delineated 20 lake districts in Alaska representing 16 percent of the State, but including 65 percent of lakes and 75 percent of lake area. The largest lake districts identified are the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Arctic Coastal Plain, and Iliamna lake districts with high limnetic ratios of 19, 17, and 21 percent, respectively. The three smallest districts we considered were Tetlin in the eastern interior, Menhiskof on the Alaska Peninsula, and Matanuska–Susitna at the head of Cook Inlet with limnetic ratios of 14, 9, and 9 percent, respectively. Lake density and limnetic ratio were poorly related among lake districts, such that some districts had a few large lakes like Iliamna with Lakes Iliamna and Becharof—the two largest in the State, compared to other districts with many very small lakes like Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta with 111,130 lakes and 63 percent of these less than 10 hectares. Most lake districts are in regions with relatively low precipitation, but temperature regimes varied widely among lake districts. Approximately one-half of lake districts were glaciated during the Pleistocene and similar numbers occur in regions classified as having continuous, discontinuous, and sporadic permafrost, or perennially unfrozen soils. Most districts are at low elevations (less than 250 meters) with two important exceptions being Tetlin with a mean elevation of 530 meters and Ahtna with a mean elevation of 760 meters. These higher elevation districts, particularly Ahtna, had distinct characteristics from other lake districts such as continuous permafrost and Pleistocene glaciation. Several lake districts share similar boundaries to defined ecoregions with lake districts occurring in less than one-half of these 32 ecoregions of Alaska.
Most lake districts are lands fully or partly managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service, with other land management by the Bureau of Land Management and State and borough government. Much of the U.S. Geological Survey’s lake water-quality sampling efforts has been done in the Arctic Coastal Plain, Matanuska-Susitna, and Iliamna districts but no recorded collections in nine lake districts. Similarly, most lake limnological studies in Alaska were site-specific and represent only a small portion of Alaska’s lake districts. This identification, characterization, and analysis of lake-rich regions may help provide a template to guide future limnological and other scientific research for Alaska.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085215","usgsCitation":"Arp, C.D., and Jones, B.M., 2009, Geography of Alaska lake districts: Identification, description, and analysis of lake-rich regions of a diverse and dynamic state: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5215, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085215.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415536,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86311.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5215/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195237,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":301414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97236,"text":"cir1331 - 2009 - Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:05","indexId":"cir1331","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1331","title":"Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective","docAbstract":"Many challenges, including climate change, face the Nation's water managers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided estimates of how climate may change, but more understanding of the processes driving the changes, the sequences of the changes, and the manifestation of these global changes at different scales could be beneficial. Since the changes will likely affect fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle, climate change may have a large impact on water resources and water resources managers.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this interagency report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to explore strategies to improve water management by tracking, anticipating, and responding to climate change. This report describes the existing and still needed underpinning science crucial to addressing the many impacts of climate change on water resources management.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1331","isbn":"9781411323254","usgsCitation":"Brekke, L., Kiang, J.E., Olsen, J., Pulwarty, R.S., Raff, D.A., Turnipseed, D.P., Webb, R.S., and White, K.D., 2009, Climate Change and Water Resources Management: A Federal Perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1331, viii, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1331.","productDescription":"viii, 66 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1331.jpg"},{"id":12287,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1331/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4887e4b07f02db519e70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brekke, Levi D.","contributorId":35847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brekke","given":"Levi D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiang, Julie E. 0000-0003-0653-4225 jkiang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-4225","contributorId":2179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiang","given":"Julie","email":"jkiang@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, J. Rolf","contributorId":40311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"J. Rolf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pulwarty, Roger S.","contributorId":30715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pulwarty","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raff, David A.","contributorId":14536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raff","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turnipseed, D. Phil 0000-0002-9737-3203 pturnip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-3203","contributorId":298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.","email":"pturnip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Phil","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Webb, Robert S.","contributorId":72894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"White, Kathleen D.","contributorId":88451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":97235,"text":"ds409 - 2009 - Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T12:15:42","indexId":"ds409","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"409","title":"Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008","docAbstract":"The Colorado River Basin provides habitat for 14 native fish, including four endangered species protected under the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 - Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), bonytail (Gila elegans), and humpback chub (Gila cypha). These endangered fish species once thrived in the Colorado River system, but water-resource development, including the building of numerous diversion dams and several large reservoirs, and the introduction of nonnative fish, resulted in large reductions in the numbers and range of the four species. Knowledge of sediment dynamics in river reaches important to specifc life-stages of the endangered fishes is critical to understanding the effects of flow regimes on endangered fish habitats. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Wyoming State Engineer's Office, implemented daily sediment sampling at three locations in critical habitat reaches in the Upper Colorado River Basin. This report presents a summary of data collected at these sites, including water and suspended-sediment discharge, streambed compositions, and channel and flood-plain topography. The locations are at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations 09152500, Gunnison River near Grand Junction, Colorado; 09261000, Green River near Jensen, Utah; and 09302000, Duchesne River near Randlett, Utah.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds409","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Upper Colorado Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wyoming State Engineer's Office","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.A., Gerner, S.J., and Elliott, J.G., 2009, Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 409, vi, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds409.","productDescription":"vi, 123 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12285,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/409/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Duchesne River, Green River, Gunnison River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97226,"text":"sir20085049 - 2009 - Three-dimensional numerical model of ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T16:36:08","indexId":"sir20085049","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5049","title":"Three-dimensional numerical model of ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah. The model includes expanded areal boundaries as compared to a previous ground-water flow model of the valley and incorporates more than 20 years of additional hydrologic data. The model boundary was generally expanded to include the bedrock in the surrounding mountain block as far as the surface-water divide. New wells have been drilled in basin-fill deposits near the consolidated-rock boundary. Simulating the hydrologic conditions within the bedrock allows for improved simulation of the effect of withdrawal from these wells. The inclusion of bedrock also allowed for the use of a recharge model that provided an alternative method for spatially distributing areal recharge over the mountains.
The model was calibrated to steady- and transient-state conditions. The steady-state simulation was developed and calibrated by using hydrologic data that represented average conditions for 1947. The transient-state simulation was developed and calibrated by using hydrologic data collected from 1947 to 2004. Areally, the model grid is 79 rows by 70 columns, with variable cell size. Cells throughout most of the model domain represent 0.3 mile on each side. The largest cells are rectangular with dimensions of about 0.3 by 0.6 mile. The largest cells represent the mountain block on the eastern edge of the model domain where the least hydrologic data are available. Vertically, the aquifer system is divided into 4 layers which incorporate 11 hydrogeologic units. The model simulates recharge to the ground-water flow system as (1) infiltration of precipitation over the mountain block, (2) infiltration of precipitation over the valley floor, (3) infiltration of unconsumed irrigation water from fields, lawns, and gardens, (4) seepage from streams and canals, and (5) subsurface inflow from Cedar Valley. Discharge of ground water is simulated by the model to (1) flowing and pumping wells, (2) drains and springs, (3) evapotranspiration, (4) Utah Lake, (5) the Jordan River and mountain streams, and (6) Salt Lake Valley by subsurface outflow through the Jordan Narrows.
During steady-state calibration, variables were adjusted within probable ranges to minimize differences between model-computed and measured water levels as well as between model-computed and independently estimated flows that include: recharge by seepage from individual streams and canals, discharge by seepage to individual streams and the Jordan River, discharge to Utah Lake, discharge to drains and springs, discharge by evapotranspiration, and subsurface flows into and out of northern Utah Valley from Cedar Valley and to Salt Lake Valley, respectively. The transient-state simulation was calibrated to measured water levels and water-level changes with consideration given to annual changes in the flows listed above.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Central Utah Water Conservancy District; Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District representing Draper City; Highland Water Company; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the municipalities of Alpine, American Fork, Cedar Hills, Eagle Mountain, Highland, Lehi, Lindon, Orem, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Saratoga Springs, and Vinyard","usgsCitation":"Gardner, P.M., 2009, Three-dimensional numerical model of ground-water flow in northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah (Version 2.0 January 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5049, viii, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085049.","productDescription":"viii, 95 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5049.jpg"},{"id":12276,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Utah County","otherGeospatial":"Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 2.0 January 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97228,"text":"sir20085197 - 2009 - Hydrology of Northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah, 1975-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T11:58:42","indexId":"sir20085197","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5197","title":"Hydrology of Northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah, 1975-2005","docAbstract":"The ground-water resources of northern Utah Valley, Utah, were assessed during 2003-05 to describe and quantify components of the hydrologic system, determine a hydrologic budget for the basin-fill aquifer, and evaluate changes to the system relative to previous studies. Northern Utah Valley is a horst and graben structure with ground water occurring in both the mountain-block uplands surrounding the valley and in the unconsolidated basin-fill sediments. The principal aquifer in northern Utah Valley occurs in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits where a deeper unconfined aquifer occurs near the mountain front and laterally grades into multiple confined aquifers near the center of the valley.\r\n\r\nSources of water to the basin-fill aquifers occur predominantly as either infiltration of streamflow at or near the interface of the mountain front and valley or as subsurface inflow from the adjacent mountain blocks. Sources of water to the basin-fill aquifers were estimated to average 153,000 (+/- 31,500) acre-feet annually during 1975-2004 with subsurface inflow and infiltration of streamflow being the predominant sources. Discharge from the basin-fill aquifers occurs in the valley lowlands as flow to waterways, drains, ditches, springs, as diffuse seepage, and as discharge from flowing and pumping wells. Ground-water discharge from the basin-fill aquifers during 1975-2004 was estimated to average 166,700 (+/- 25,900) acre-feet/year where discharge to wells for consumptive use and discharge to waterways, drains, ditches, and springs were the principal sources.\r\n\r\nMeasured water levels in wells in northern Utah Valley declined an average of 22 feet from 1981 to 2004. Water-level declines are consistent with a severe regional drought beginning in 1999 and continuing through 2004. Water samples were collected from 36 wells and springs throughout the study area along expected flowpaths. Water samples collected from 34 wells were analyzed for dissolved major ions, nutrients, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Water samples from all 36 wells were analyzed for dissolved-gas concentration including noble gases and tritium/helium-3. Within the basin fill, dissolved-solids concentration generally increases with distance along flowpaths from recharge areas, and shallower flowpaths tend to have higher concentrations than deeper flowpaths. Nitrate concentrations generally are at or below natural background levels. Dissolved-gas recharge temperature data support the conceptual model of the basin-fill aquifers and highlight complexities of recharge patterns in different parts of the valley. Dissolved-gas data indicate that the highest elevation recharge sources for the basin-fill aquifer are subsurface inflow derived from recharge in the adjacent mountain block between the mouths of American Fork and Provo Canyons. Apparent ground-water ages in the basin-fill aquifer, as calculated using tritium/helium-3 data, range from 2 to more than 50 years. The youngest waters in the valley occur near the mountain fronts with apparent ages generally increasing near the valley lowlands and discharge area around Utah Lake.\r\n\r\nFlowpaths are controlled by aquifer properties and the location of the predominant recharge sources, including subsurface inflow and recharge along the mountain front. Subsurface inflow is distributed over a larger area across the interface of the subsurface mountain block and basin-fill deposits. Subsurface inflow occurs at a depth deeper than that at which mountain-front recharge occurs. Recharge along the mountain front is often localized and focused over areas where streams and creeks enter the valley, and recharge is enhanced by the associated irrigation canals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Central Utah Water Conservancy District; Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District representing Draper City; Highland Water Company; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the municipalities of Alpine, American Fork, Cedar Hills, Eagle Mountain, Highland, Lehi, Lindon, Orem, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Saratoga Springs, and Vineyard","usgsCitation":"Cederberg, J.R., Gardner, P.M., and Thiros, S.A., 2009, Hydrology of Northern Utah Valley, Utah County, Utah, 1975-2005 (Version 2.0, Revised Feb 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5197, x, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085197.","productDescription":"x, 114 p.","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12278,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Utah County","otherGeospatial":"Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40.583333333333336 ], [ -111.25,40 ], [ -112.25,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 2.0, Revised Feb 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a36b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederberg, Jay R. 0000-0001-6649-7353 cederber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6649-7353","contributorId":964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederberg","given":"Jay","email":"cederber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Philip M. 0000-0003-3005-3587 pgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3005-3587","contributorId":962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Philip","email":"pgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97233,"text":"ofr20091008 - 2009 - Map Showing Geology and Hydrostratigraphy of the Edwards Aquifer Catchment Area, Northern Bexar County, South-Central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"ofr20091008","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1008","title":"Map Showing Geology and Hydrostratigraphy of the Edwards Aquifer Catchment Area, Northern Bexar County, South-Central Texas","docAbstract":"Rock units forming the Edwards and Trinity aquifers in northern Bexar County, Texas, are exposed within all or parts of seven 7.5-minute quadrangles: Bulverde, Camp Bullis, Castle Hills, Helotes, Jack Mountain, San Geronimo, and Van Raub. The Edwards aquifer is the most prolific ground-water source in Bexar County, whereas the Trinity aquifer supplies water for residential, commercial, and industrial uses for areas north of the San Antonio. The geologic map of northern Bexar County shows the distribution of informal hydrostratigraphic members of the Edwards Group and the underlying upper member of the Glen Rose Limestone. Exposures of the Glen Rose Limestone, which forms the Trinity aquifer alone, cover approximately 467 km2 in the county. This study also describes and names five informal hydrostratigraphic members that constitute the upper member of the Glen Rose Limestone; these include, in descending order, the Caverness, Camp Bullis, Upper evaporite, Fossiliferous, and Lower evaporite members. This study improves our understanding of the hydrogeologic connection between the two aquifers as it describes the geology that controls the infiltration of surface water and subsurface flow of ground water from the catchment area (outcropping Trinity aquifer rocks) to the Edwards water-bearing exposures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091008","usgsCitation":"Clark, A.R., Blome, C.D., and Faith, J.R., 2009, Map Showing Geology and Hydrostratigraphy of the Edwards Aquifer Catchment Area, Northern Bexar County, South-Central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1008, Report: 24 p.; Map: 39 x 30.5 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091008.","productDescription":"Report: 24 p.; Map: 39 x 30.5 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.83333333333333,29.5 ], [ -98.83333333333333,29.783333333333335 ], [ -98.35,29.783333333333335 ], [ -98.35,29.5 ], [ -98.83333333333333,29.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Amy R.","contributorId":76397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faith, Jason R.","contributorId":92758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faith","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199705,"text":"70199705 - 2009 - Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-08T09:00:48","indexId":"70199705","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-14T09:07:24","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time?","docAbstract":"Transport time scales such as flushing time and residence time are often used to explain variability in phytoplankton biomass. In many cases, empirical data are consistent with a positive phytoplankton‐transport time relationship (i.e., phytoplankton biomass increases as transport time increases). However, negative relationships, varying relationships, or no significant relationship may also be observed. We present a simple conceptual model, in both mathematical and graphical form, to help explain why phytoplankton may have a range of relationships with transport time, and we apply it to several real systems. The phytoplankton growth‐loss balance determines whether phytoplankton biomass increases with, decreases with, or is insensitive to transport time. If algal growth is faster than loss (e.g., grazing, sedimentation), then phytoplankton biomass increases with increasing transport time. If loss is faster than growth, phytoplankton biomass decreases with increasing transport time. If growth and loss are approximately balanced, then phytoplankton biomass is relatively insensitive to transport time. In analyses of several systems, portions of an individual system, or time periods, apparent insensitivity of phytoplankton biomass to changes in transport time could arise due to the superposition of cases with different phytoplankton‐transport time relationships. Thus, in order to understand or predict responses of phytoplankton biomass to changes in transport time, the relative rates of algal growth and loss must be known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L.V., Thompson, J.K., and Brown, L.R., 2009, Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time?: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 1, p. 381-390, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"390","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd70e4b034bf6a7f8b47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, Lisa V.","contributorId":80992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156870,"text":"70156870 - 2009 - Nutrient dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-07T16:19:32.237679","indexId":"70156870","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-09T23:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Nutrient dynamics","docAbstract":"This chapter focuses on the variability and trends in chemical concentrations and fluxes at Mirror Lake during the period 1981–2000. It examines the water and chemical budgets of Mirror Lake to identify and understand better long-term trends in the chemical characteristics of the lake. It also identifies the causes of changes in nutrient concentrations and examines the contribution of hydrologic pathways to the contamination of Mirror Lake by road salt. The role of groundwater and precipitation on water and chemical budgets of the lake are also examined.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0003","usgsCitation":"Likens, G.E., LaBaugh, J.W., Buso, D.C., and Bade, D., 2009, Nutrient dynamics, chap. of Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water, p. 69-204, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0003.","productDescription":"137 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"204","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.54925298690796,\n 37.74996778349549\n ],\n [\n -119.54991817474364,\n 37.74987446842912\n ],\n [\n -119.55033659934998,\n 37.748559561800654\n ],\n [\n -119.54941391944885,\n 37.74821174388173\n ],\n [\n -119.54962849617004,\n 37.74772818942464\n ],\n [\n -119.55081939697267,\n 37.74715131330766\n ],\n [\n -119.55094814300537,\n 37.74661685053925\n ],\n [\n -119.55050826072693,\n 37.746319925111216\n ],\n [\n -119.55043315887451,\n 37.74676107103159\n ],\n [\n -119.5498538017273,\n 37.74709192874621\n ],\n [\n -119.54911351203917,\n 37.74774515630119\n ],\n [\n -119.54871654510497,\n 37.748856478242885\n ],\n [\n -119.54855561256407,\n 37.74928064252237\n ],\n [\n -119.54895257949828,\n 37.74946727403511\n ],\n [\n -119.54895257949828,\n 37.75001019939585\n ],\n [\n -119.54933881759644,\n 37.74996778349549\n ],\n [\n -119.54925298690796,\n 37.74996778349549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08dfe4b011227bf1fda6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570893,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Likens, Gene E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570894,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Likens, Gene E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buso, Donald C.","contributorId":33212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buso","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bade, Darren","contributorId":147259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bade","given":"Darren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70045981,"text":"70045981 - 2009 - Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T16:59:27.793515","indexId":"70045981","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-07T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers","docAbstract":"Development of the coastal aquifer systems of Southern California has resulted in overdraft, changes in streamflow, seawater intrusion, land subsidence, increased vertical flow between aquifers, and a redirection of regional flow toward pumping centers. These water-management challenges can be more effectively addressed by incorporating new understanding of the geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical setting of these aquifers.
\nGroundwater and surface-water flow are controlled, in part, by the geologic setting. The physiographic province and related tectonic fabric control the relation between the direction of geomorphic features and the flow of water. Geologic structures such as faults and folding also control the direction of flow and connectivity of groundwater flow. The layering of sediments and their structural association can also influence pathways of groundwater flow and seawater intrusion. Submarine canyons control the shortest potential flow paths that can result in seawater intrusion. The location and extent of offshore outcrops can also affect the flow of groundwater and the potential for seawater intrusion and land subsidence in coastal aquifer systems.
\nAs coastal aquifer systems are developed, the source and movement of ground-water and surface-water resources change. In particular, groundwater flow is affected by the relative contributions of different types of inflows and outflows, such as pump-age from multi-aquifer wells within basal or upper coarse-grained units, streamflow infiltration, and artificial recharge. These natural and anthropogenic inflows and outflows represent the supply and demand components of the water budgets of ground-water within coastal watersheds. They are all significantly controlled by climate variability related to major climate cycles, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The combination of natural forcings and anthropogenic stresses redirects the flow of groundwater and either mitigates or exacerbates the potential adverse effects of resource development, such as declining water levels, sea-water intrusion, land subsidence, and mixing of different waters. Streamflow also has been affected by development of coastal aquifer systems and related conjunctive use.
\nSaline water is the largest water-quality problem in Southern California coastal aquifer systems. Seawater intrusion is a significant source of saline water, but saline water is also known to come from other sources and processes. Seawater intrusion is typically restricted to the coarse-grained units at the base of fining-upward sequences of terrestrial deposits, and at the top of coarsening upward sequences of marine deposits. This results in layered and narrow intrusion fronts.
\nMaintaining the sustainability of Southern California coastal aquifers requires joint management of surface water and groundwater (conjunctive use). This requires new data collection and analyses (including research drilling, modern geohydrologic investigations, and development of detailed computer groundwater models that simulate the supply and demand components separately), implementation of new facilities (including spreading and injection facilities for artificial recharge), and establishment of new institutions and policies that help to sustain the water resources and better manage regional development.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth science in the urban ocean: The Southern California continental borderland","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2454(5.3)","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Izbicki, J., Reichard, E.G., Edwards, B.D., Land, M., and Martin, P., 2009, Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers, chap. of Earth science in the urban ocean: The Southern California continental borderland, v. 454, p. 345-373, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(5.3).","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-002213","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01486276104701\n ],\n [\n -118.41696759712761,\n 34.83837527904167\n ],\n [\n -119.25040527348904,\n 34.28384187151697\n ],\n [\n -119.32767764083371,\n 34.210842379227316\n ],\n [\n -117.83742484204195,\n 33.58319992884715\n ],\n [\n -117.02606498492199,\n 32.61685755837884\n ],\n [\n -115.82834329107835,\n 32.733007144105244\n ],\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01034218480635\n ],\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01486276104701\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571f3fb2e4b071321fe56a0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":627626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":1479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":97192,"text":"ofr20081361 - 2009 - Description and Analytical Results for Deposited Dust Samples from a Two-Year Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado, USA, 2006-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20081361","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1361","title":"Description and Analytical Results for Deposited Dust Samples from a Two-Year Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado, USA, 2006-2007","docAbstract":"Biosolids reclaimed from municipal wastewater have been applied since 1993 on nonirrigated farmland and rangeland east of Deer Trail, Colo., by Metro Wastewater Reclamation District of Denver. The U.S. Geological Survey has monitored ground water at this site since 1993, and began monitoring the biosolids, soils, and stream sediments in 1999. To investigate the possible effects of airborne dust blowing from the application fields, passive dust samplers were deployed in 2006 and 2007. These samplers measured the quantity and composition of dust being deposited downwind of a farmed field where biosolids had been applied, compared to a farmed field upwind of the application area.\r\n\r\nThe dust-deposition rates and dust compositions measured at the two study sites are consistent with rates and compositions measured elsewhere in Utah, Nevada, and California using the same methods and equipment. Higher deposition rates were measured at the biosolids site compared to the control site during 2006. Higher deposition rates at both sites appear to be associated with episodes of cultivation and harvest during dry periods. No consistent differences in elements likely to be associated with biosolids disposal were detected between the sites. However, the contents of copper, lead, and zinc in the dust samples are generally much higher than average values of these elements in crustal rocks and sediments. Such values for dust samples are consistent with measurements on modern dust samples from southern Nevada and California and probably reflect inputs from regional urban and manufacturing activities.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081361","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M.C., Honke, J.S., Lamothe, P., and Fisher, E., 2009, Description and Analytical Results for Deposited Dust Samples from a Two-Year Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado, USA, 2006-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1361, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081361.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12389,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1361/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,39.416666666666664 ], [ -104,39.73444444444444 ], [ -103.7,39.73444444444444 ], [ -103.7,39.416666666666664 ], [ -104,39.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dcfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X mreheis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":1196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith","email":"mreheis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":301318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Honke, Jeffrey S. 0000-0003-4357-9297 jhonke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-9297","contributorId":1616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honke","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jhonke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":301319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamothe, Paul","contributorId":18728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, Eric","contributorId":66970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200021,"text":"70200021 - 2009 - Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T16:32:17","indexId":"70200021","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T16:10:50","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2006,"text":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters","docAbstract":"Bioaccumulated toxic metals in tolerant biomonitors are indicators of metal bioavailability and can be calibrated against metal‐specific responses in sensitive species, thus creating a tool for defining dose–response for metals in a field setting. Dose–response curves that define metal toxicity in natural waters are rare. Demonstrating cause and effect under field conditions and integrated chemical measures of metal bioavailability from food and water is problematic. The total bioaccumulated metal concentration in any organism that is a net accumulator of the metal is informative about metal bioavailability summed across exposure routes. However, there is typically no one universal metal concentration that is indicative of toxicity, especially across species, largely because of interspecies differences in detoxification. Stressed organisms are also only present across a narrow range in the dose–response curve, limiting the use of singles species as both biomonitors and bioindicator of stress. Herein we show, in 3 field settings, that bioaccumulated Cu concentrations in a metal‐tolerant, riverine biomonitor (species of the caddisfly genus Hydropsyche spp.) can be calibrated against metal‐specific ecological responses across very wide ranges of contamination. Using the calibrated dose–response, we show that reduced abundance of species and individuals from particularly sensitive mayfly families (heptageniid mayflies) is more than 2‐fold more sensitive to bioavailable Cu than other traditional measures of stress like EPT or total number of benthic macroinvertebrate species. We propose that this field dose‐response curve be tested more widely for general application, and that calibrations against other stress responses be developed for biomonitors from lakes, estuaries, and coastal marine ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1897/IEAM_2009-067.1","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., Cain, D.J., and Rainbow, P.S., 2009, Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 6, no. 2, p. 199-209, https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_2009-067.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2009-067.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rainbow, Philip S.","contributorId":83025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainbow","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004027,"text":"70004027 - 2009 - Movement triggers and remediation in a fracture-dominated translational landslide at the Oregon coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-29T16:16:25","indexId":"70004027","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:48:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Movement triggers and remediation in a fracture-dominated translational landslide at the Oregon coast","docAbstract":"The Johnson Creek landslide is a translational slide in seaward dipping Miocene siltstone and sandstone (Astoria Formation) and an overlying Quaternary marine terrace deposit. The slide terminates in a sea cliff and has a hummocky to nearly horizontal ground surface. The basal slide plane, however, slopes subparallel to the dip of the Miocene rocks, except beneath the back-tilted toe blocks where it curves upward. The siltstone and sandstone have low estimated permeability but cores and field mapping reveal an extensive fracture system within the slide mass. The slide mainly moves in response to groundwater pressure and coastal erosion of the toe. Limit-equilibrium stability analyses indicate that 3 m of erosion at the toe would destabilize the slide for most of the wet season, although no movement could be directly attributed to erosion in the 5 years of observation. Intense rainfall events raise pore-water pressure throughout the slide in the form of pulses of water pressure traveling from the headwall graben down the axis of the slide at rates of 1.4-2.5 m/hr in the upper part, and 3.5 m/hr to virtually instantaneous in the middle part. Infiltration of meteoric water was only ~50 mm/hr. Slope of the water table exceeds topographic slope from the head to the toe of the slide, so infiltration was too slow to directly raise head in 90 percent of the slide mass where the saturated zone is deeper than a few meters. Only at the headwall graben was the saturated zone shallow enough for rainfall events to trigger pulses of water pressure through the entire saturated zone. When a pressure pulse reached the threshold pressure for movement in the central part of the slide, the whole slide began slow, creeping movement. As head became larger and larger than the threshold for movement in more of the slide mass, movement accelerated and differential displacement between internal slide blocks became more pronounced. These findings suggest that dewatering the shallowest part of the saturated zone in this type of slide will stop these rapid pressure pulses, thereby stopping or greatly reducing seasonal movement. If slides are also subject to continual removal of material from the toe, especially where there are back-tilted toe blocks, then some type of buttress or tied-back shear pile wall may be the only effective long term remediation.","conferenceTitle":"2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"2009-10-20T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Portland, OR","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"Priest, G., Allan, J., Niem, A., Niem, W., and Dickenson, S.E., 2009, Movement triggers and remediation in a fracture-dominated translational landslide at the Oregon coast.","ipdsId":"IP-029309","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275529,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275528,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2009AM/finalprogram/abstract_164788.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0589475632,44.7347230413 ], [ -124.0589475632,44.7403016927 ], [ -124.0535831451,44.7403016927 ], [ -124.0535831451,44.7347230413 ], [ -124.0589475632,44.7347230413 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78ee9e4b02e26443a93a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Priest, George R.","contributorId":50950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"George R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allan, Jonathan","contributorId":46847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allan","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[{"id":7198,"text":"Oregon Department Geology and Mineral Industries","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niem, Alan","contributorId":7345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niem, Wendy A.","contributorId":41313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Wendy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dickenson, Stephen E.","contributorId":77023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickenson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043153,"text":"70043153 - 2009 - Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T12:21:40","indexId":"70043153","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:24:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system","docAbstract":"In this chapter, the use of satellite remote sensing to monitor active geological processes is described. Specifically, threats posed by volcanic eruptions are briefly outlined, and essential monitoring requirements are discussed. As an application example, a collaborative, multi-agency operational volcano monitoring system in the north Pacific is highlighted with a focus on the 2007 eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano, Russia. The data from this system have been used since 2004 to detect the onset of volcanic activity, support the emergency response to large eruptions, and assess the volcanic products produced following the eruption. The overall utility of such integrative assessments is also summarized.\n\nThe work described in this chapter was originally funded through two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Science research grants that focused on the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument. A skilled team of volcanologists, geologists, satellite tasking experts, satellite ground system experts, system engineers and software developers collaborated to accomplish the objectives. The first project, Automation of the ASTER Emergency Data Acquisition Protocol for Scientific Analysis, Disaster Monitoring, and Preparedness, established the original collaborative research and monitoring program between the University of Pittsburgh (UP), the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), the NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, and affiliates on the ASTER Science Team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as well as associates at the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) in Japan. This grant, completed in 2008, also allowed for detailed volcanic analyses and data validation during three separate summer field campaigns to Kamchatka Russia. The second project, Expansion and synergistic use of the ASTER Urgent Request Protocol (URP) for natural disaster monitoring and scientific analysis, has expanded the project to other volcanoes around the world and is in progress through 2011.\n\nThe focus on ASTER data is due to the suitability of the sensor for natural disaster monitoring and the availability of data. The instrument has several unique facets that make it especially attractive for volcanic observations (Ramsey and Dehn, 2004). Specifically, ASTER routinely collects data at night, it has the ability to generate digital elevation models using stereo imaging, it can collect data in various gain states to minimize data saturation, it has a cross-track pointing capability for faster targeting, and it collects data up to ±85° latitude for better global coverage. As with any optical imaging-based remote sensing, the viewing conditions can negatively impact the data quality. This impact varies across the optical and thermal infrared wavelengths as well as being a function of the specific atmospheric window within a given wavelength region. Water vapor and cloud formation can obscure surface data in the visible and near infrared (VNIR)/shortwave infrared (SWIR) region due mainly to non-selective scattering of the incident photons. In the longer wavelengths of the thermal infrared (TIR), scattering is less of an issue, but heavy cloud cover can still obscure the ground due to atmospheric absorption. Thin clouds can be optically-transparent in the VNIR and TIR regions, but can cause errors in the extracted surface reflectance or derived surface temperatures. In regions prone to heavy cloud cover, optical remote sensing can be improved through increased temporal resolution. As more images are acquired in a given time period the chances of a clear image improve dramatically. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) routine monitoring, which commonly collects 4-6 images per day of any north Pacific volcano, takes advantage of this fact. The rapid response program described in this chapter also improves the temporal resolution of the ASTER instrument.\n\nASTER has been acquiring images of volcanic eruptions since soon after its launch in December 1999. An early example included the observations of the large pyroclastic flow deposit emplaced at Bezymianny volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. The first images in March 2000, just weeks after the eruption, revealed the extent, composition, and cooling history of this large deposit and of the active lava dome (Ramsey and Dehn, 2004). The initial results from these early datasets spurred interest in using ASTER data for expanded volcano monitoring in the north Pacific. It also gave rise to the multi-year NASA-funded programs of rapid response scheduling and imaging throughout the Aleutian, Kamchatka and Kurile arcs. Since the formal establishment of the programs, the data have provided detailed descriptions of the eruptions of Augustine, Bezymianny, Kliuchevskoi and Sheveluch volcanoes over the past nine years (Wessels et al., in press; Carter et al., 2007, 2008; Ramsey et al., 2008; Rose and Ramsey, 2009).\n\nThe initial research focus of this rapid response program was specifically on automating the ASTER sensor’s ability for targeted observational scheduling using the expedited data system. This urgent request protocol is one of the unique characteristics of ASTER. It provides a limited number of emergency observations, typically at a much-improved temporal resolution and quicker turnaround with data processing in the United States rather than in Japan. This can speed the reception of the processed data by several days to a week. The ongoing multi-agency research and operational collaboration has been highly successful. AVO serves as the primary source for status information on volcanic activity, working closely with the National Weather Service (NWS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), military and other state and federal emergency services. Collaboration with the Russian Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS)/Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) is also maintained. Once a volcano is identified as having increased thermal output, ASTER is automatically tasked and the volcano is targeted at the next available opportunity. After the data are acquired, scientists at all the agencies have access to the images, with the primary science analysis carried out at the University of Pittsburgh and AVO. Results are disseminated to the responsible monitoring agencies and the global community through e-mail mailing lists.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience and remote sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"inTech","publisherLocation":"Rijeka, Croatia","doi":"10.5772/8303","isbn":"9789533070032","usgsCitation":"Duda, K.A., Ramsey, M., Wessels, R.L., and Dehn, J., 2009, Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system, chap. of Geoscience and remote sensing, p. 473-496, https://doi.org/10.5772/8303.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"473","endPage":"496","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-014609","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772/8303","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":275643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275642,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/8303"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fa31e5e4b076c3a8d82665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, Kenneth A. duda@usgs.gov","contributorId":38039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Kenneth","email":"duda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, Michael","contributorId":83422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wessels, Rick L. rwessels@usgs.gov","contributorId":566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessels","given":"Rick","email":"rwessels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dehn, Jonathan","contributorId":49322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehn","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210876,"text":"sir20085005 - 2009 - Hydrologic conditions and a firm-yield assessment for J.B. Converse Lake, Mobile County, Alabama, 1991-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-03T15:48:22.48054","indexId":"sir20085005","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T14:56:09","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5005","title":"Hydrologic conditions and a firm-yield assessment for J.B. Converse Lake, Mobile County, Alabama, 1991-2006","docAbstract":"J.B. Converse (Converse) Lake is the primary source of drinking water for the city of Mobile, Alabama. Concerns regarding the ability of the reservoir to meet current and future water demands during drought conditions have prompted this study. The 1991 through 2006 water years included a drought that occurred during 2000, and drought conditions currently (2007) are affecting the area. To assist officials of the Mobile Area Water and Sewer System in planning for future demands for drinking water in the Mobile metropolitan area, the firm yield for Converse Lake was estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey.
The firm yield of Converse Lake was estimated using the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection’s firm-yield-estimator (FYE) model, which recently was refined by the U.S. Geological Survey. The model uses a mass-balance approach to determine the maximum average daily withdrawal rate that can be sustained during a period of record that includes a drought of record. If the reservoir is in contact with an aquifer, the FYE also includes routines that estimate the volume of ground-water and surface-water exchange between the aquifer and the reservoir.
The average daily firm yield for Converse Lake was estimated to be 79 million gallons per day using the FYE routine that does not include ground-water exchange between the reservoir and the adjacent aquifer. Observed lake levels and withdrawals during the drought of 2000 indicate that more than 74 million gallons per day of water were withdrawn without complete depletion of reservoir storage. Therefore, it is likely that ground-water exchange with the reservoir may supplement available reservoir storage. If water exchange occurs between the aquifer and the reservoir, an increase in the volume of water available to the reservoir may occur during a drought. To quantify the potential ground-water contribution to reservoir storage, an analytical solution was applied to the FYE simulation of Converse Lake to estimate ground-water exchange between the reservoir and the aquifer. Aquifer properties required by the FYE were estimated by model calibration to observed water levels that occurred during the drought of 2000. When ground-water exchange between the reservoir and adjacent aquifer is included, the average daily firm yield increased to 83 million gallons per day.
The estimate of 83 million gallons per day incorporates both total surface-water flow and ground-water exchange components. This analysis indicated that direct ground-water interaction contributes about 5 percent of the firm yield of Converse Lake. However, the average daily firm yield of 83 million gallons per day, based in part on calibrated values for aquifer transmissivity and storage, can be used only as a guideline until these aquifer properties can be defined better by field investigation in the Converse Lake watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mobile Area Water and Sewer System","usgsCitation":"Carlson, C.S., and Archfield, S.A., 2009, Hydrologic conditions and a firm-yield assessment for J.B. Converse Lake, Mobile County, Alabama, 1991-2006 (Second Edition): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5005, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085005.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376032,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_96691.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":376031,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5005/images/cover.jpg"},{"id":376030,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5005/pdf/sir20085005_SecondEdition.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":376029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","county":"Mobile County","otherGeospatial":"J.B. Converse Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.38157653808594,\n 30.70287744595804\n ],\n [\n -88.24356079101562,\n 30.70287744595804\n ],\n [\n -88.24356079101562,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -88.38157653808594,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -88.38157653808594,\n 30.70287744595804\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Second Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, Carl S. 0000-0001-7142-3519 cscarlso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-3519","contributorId":1694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Carl","email":"cscarlso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archfield, Stacey A. 0000-0002-9011-3871 sarch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-3871","contributorId":1874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"Stacey","email":"sarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70140579,"text":"70140579 - 2009 - A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T12:48:26","indexId":"70140579","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"An objective of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project is to provide relevant data concerning bioaccessible concentrations of elements in soil to government and other institutions undertaking environmental studies. A protocol was developed that employs a 1-g soil sample agitated overnight with 40 mL of reverse-osmosis de-ionized water for 20 h, and determination of 63 elements following three steps of centrifugation by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry the following day. Statistical summaries are presented for those 48 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, and pH) for which <20% of their data were reported as below the detection limit. The resulting data set contains analyses for 161 A-horizon soils collected along two transects, one along the 38th parallel across the USA and the other from northern Manitoba to the USA–Mexico border. The spatial distribution of three selected elements (Ca, Cu, and Pb) along the two transects is discussed in this paper both as absolute amounts liberated by the leach and expressed as a percentage of the total, or near-total, amounts determined for the elements. The Ca data reflect broad trends in soil parent materials, their weathering, and subsequent soil development. Calcium concentrations are generally found to be lower in the older soils of the eastern USA. The Cu data are higher in the eastern half of the USA, correlating with soil organic C, with which it is sequestered. The Pb data exhibit little regional variability due to natural sources, but are influenced by anthropogenic sources. Based on the Pb results, the percentage water-extractable data demonstrate promise as a tool for identifying anthropogenic components. The soil–water partition (distribution) coefficients, Kds (L/kg), were determined and their relevance to estimating bioaccessible amounts of elements to soil fauna and flora is discussed. Finally, a possible link between W concentrations in human urine and water-extractable W levels in Nevada soils is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.014","usgsCitation":"Garrett, R.G., Hall, G., Vaive, J., and Pelchat, P., 2009, A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1438-1453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.014.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1453","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b23e4b08de9379b3270","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, Robert G.","contributorId":31481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, G.E.M.","contributorId":67671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"G.E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaive, J.E.","contributorId":139136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaive","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pelchat, P.","contributorId":139137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelchat","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70048042,"text":"70048042 - 2009 - Paleoceanography of the Gulf of Alaska during the past 15,000 years: Results from diatoms, silicoflagellates, and geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T16:57:34.285555","indexId":"70048042","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:54:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoceanography of the Gulf of Alaska during the past 15,000 years: Results from diatoms, silicoflagellates, and geochemistry","docAbstract":"High-resolution records of diatoms, silicoflagellates, and geochemistry covering the past 15,000 years were studied in three cores from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Core EW0408-85JC in an oceanic setting on the Kayak Slope displays a paleoceanographic record similar to that at several locations on the California margin during deglaciation. Biologic productivity as reconstructed using geochemical and microfossil proxies increased abruptly during the Bølling–Alleröd (Bø–Al) warm interval (14.7–12.9 cal ka), declined during the Younger Dryas (YD) cold interval (12.9 to 11.7 cal kyr BP), and rose again during the earliest Holocene. At this site, the record after ~ 11 cal kyr BP is dominated by oceanic diatoms and silicoflagellates, with geochemical proxies displaying more subtle variation.\n\nCores EW0408-66JC in the Yakobi Sea Valley near Cross Sound and EW0408-11JC in the Gulf of Esquibel contain an expanded, composite record along the southeast Alaskan margin. Core 66JC contains a detailed record of the Bø–Al and YD. Diatoms and silicoflagellates indicate that coastal upwelling and biosiliceous productivity were strong during the Bø–Al but declined during the YD. Sea ice-related diatoms increased in abundance during the YD, indicating cooler, but less productive waters.\n\nThe glacial to biogenic marine sediment transition in core 11JC occurs at 1280 cmbsf (centimeters below sea floor), probably representing rising sea level and deglaciation early in the Bø–Al. Freshwater and sea-ice related diatoms are common in the lower part of the core (Bø–Al and YD), but upwelling-related diatoms and silicoflagellates quickly increased in relative abundance up-core, dominating the record of the past 11,000 years. Low oxygen conditions in the bottom water as reconstructed using geochemical proxies (U and Mo concentration) were most intense between ~ 6.5 and 2.8 cal kyr BP, the beginning of which is coincident with increases in abundance of upwelling-related diatoms.\n\nThe records from these three cores jointly thus made it possible to reconstruct paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic conditions at high northern Pacific latitudes during the last 15 kyr.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marmicro.2009.04.006","usgsCitation":"Barron, J.A., Bukry, D., Dean, W.E., Addison, J.A., and Finney, B., 2009, Paleoceanography of the Gulf of Alaska during the past 15,000 years: Results from diatoms, silicoflagellates, and geochemistry: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 72, no. 3-4, p. 176-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2009.04.006.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"20","ipdsId":"IP-011099","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -164.92,50.21 ], [ -164.92,61.68 ], [ -128.18,61.68 ], [ -128.18,50.21 ], [ -164.92,50.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"72","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"522af968e4b08fd0132e79c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barron, John A. 0000-0002-9309-1145 jbarron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":2222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"jbarron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":30980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Addison, Jason A. 0000-0003-2416-9743 jaddison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-9743","contributorId":4192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addison","given":"Jason","email":"jaddison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finney, Bruce","contributorId":59715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finney","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70004030,"text":"70004030 - 2009 - Extensive coral mortality in the US Virgin Islands in 2005/2006: A review of the evidence for synergy among thermal stress, coral bleaching and disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-23T14:44:34.822986","indexId":"70004030","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:49:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1185,"text":"Caribbean Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extensive coral mortality in the US Virgin Islands in 2005/2006: A review of the evidence for synergy among thermal stress, coral bleaching and disease","docAbstract":"In the summer/fall of 2005, extensive coral bleaching on reefs in the US Virgin Islands (USVI) was associated with sea water temperatures exceeding 30°C. Almost all coral species bleached, including Acropora palmata, which bleached for the first time on record in the USVI. As water temperatures cooled, corals began to regain their normal coloration. However, a severe disease outbreak then occurred on deeper, non-acroporid reefs. The disease demonstrated signs consistent with white plague. Monitoring of coral cover along previously established long-term transects on several reefs in St. John and St. Croix was intensified. Data on bleaching and disease were collected before, during and after this bleaching/disease episode. Average coral cover declined by over 50%, from 21.4% to 10.3% at the long-term study sites, within one year of the onset of bleaching, declining further to 8.3% after two years. This loss of coral cover was greater than from all other stressors affecting the USVI reefs in preceding years, and no significant recovery is evident. Disease prevalence increased on bleached A. palmata colonies that were being monitored as well as on the colonies of other species on the deeper reefs. Bleached A. palmata colonies had more disease (primarily white pox and other un-described diseases) than unbleached colonies. The non-acroporid corals that bleached most severely suffered the highest mortality from disease. Although the research summarized in this paper is not conclusive, the results suggest that high water temperatures lead to bleaching, which weakens corals and makes them more vulnerable to diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.18475/cjos.v45i2.a8","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C., Muller, E., Spitzack, T., and Miller, J., 2009, Extensive coral mortality in the US Virgin Islands in 2005/2006: A review of the evidence for synergy among thermal stress, coral bleaching and disease: Caribbean Journal of Science, v. 45, no. 2-3, p. 204-214, https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v45i2.a8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Virgin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.0665283203125,\n 17.649256706812025\n ],\n [\n -64.3963623046875,\n 17.649256706812025\n ],\n [\n -64.3963623046875,\n 17.853290114098012\n ],\n [\n -65.0665283203125,\n 17.853290114098012\n ],\n [\n -65.0665283203125,\n 17.649256706812025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e45e4b0c8380cd5339b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, C.S. 0000-0001-9056-6961","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-6961","contributorId":37274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muller, E.","contributorId":34645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spitzack, T.","contributorId":54720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitzack","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J.","contributorId":16939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200861,"text":"70200861 - 2009 - Floods of water and lava in the Columbia River Basin: Analogs for Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T20:14:35.845134","indexId":"70200861","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:15:15","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"34","title":"Floods of water and lava in the Columbia River Basin: Analogs for Mars","docAbstract":"The Columbia River Basin (CRB) is home to the best studied examples of two of the most spectacular geologic processes on Earth and Mars: flood volcanism and catastrophic water floods. Additionally, features formed by a variety of eolian, glacial, tectonic, and mass-wasting processes can also be seen in the CRB. These terrains provide exceptional terrestrial analogs for the study of similar processes on Mars. This field guide describes four one-day trips out of Moses Lake, Washington, to observe a wide variety of Mars analogs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Volcanoes to Vineyards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.fld015(34)","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., Baker, V.R., Jaeger, W.L., Gaylord, D.R., Bjornstad, B., Greenbaum, N., Self, S., Thordarson, T., Porat, N., and Zreda, M.G., 2009, Floods of water and lava in the Columbia River Basin: Analogs for Mars, chap. 34 of Volcanoes to Vineyards, p. 845-874, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.fld015(34).","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"845","endPage":"874","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359280,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.476806640625,\n 48.84302835299516\n ],\n [\n -118.24584960937499,\n 48.96579381461063\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 47.82790816919329\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 47.06263847995432\n ],\n [\n -120.28930664062499,\n 46.7248003746672\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 46.29381556233369\n ],\n [\n -121.78344726562499,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -122.904052734375,\n 46.437856895024204\n ],\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 46.543749602738565\n ],\n [\n -124.024658203125,\n 45.94351068030587\n ],\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 45.1742925240767\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 45.4986468234261\n ],\n [\n -119.25659179687499,\n 45.590978249451936\n ],\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -119.13574218749999,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -118.17993164062499,\n 47.78363463526376\n ],\n [\n -117.476806640625,\n 48.84302835299516\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5be40826e4b0b3fc5cf7cc18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Victor R.","contributorId":201141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaylord, David R.","contributorId":210524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaylord","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bjornstad, Bruce","contributorId":201142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bjornstad","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greenbaum, Noam","contributorId":210525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenbaum","given":"Noam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Self, Stephen","contributorId":191218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Self","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thordarson, Thorvaldur","contributorId":197925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thordarson","given":"Thorvaldur","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35089,"text":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Nordvulk, University of Iceland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":750956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Porat, Naomi","contributorId":201778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porat","given":"Naomi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13093,"text":"Geological Survey of Israel ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":750957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zreda, Marek G.","contributorId":210526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zreda","given":"Marek","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70198950,"text":"70198950 - 2009 - The Evolution of analytical technology and its impact on water-quality studies for selected herbicides and their degradation products in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-27T13:08:58","indexId":"70198950","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:07:26","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"13","title":"The Evolution of analytical technology and its impact on water-quality studies for selected herbicides and their degradation products in water","docAbstract":"This chapter aims to describe advances in analytical instrumentation and methods for the analyses of herbicides and their degradation products and to assess their impact on major findings of broad surveys of herbicides in water conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey(USGS) over the last two decades. Standards for water purity have been set and continually revised by governments as new contaminants that may impact human health are identified. These water-purity standards have brought continued improvement in water quality of existing water sources by reducing the amount of pollution in drinking water, treating wastewater, diverting wastewater discharge from drinking-water supplies, implementing new filtration practices, and other innovative techniques. It is vital that state-of-the-art instrumentation for analyzing organic contaminants continually be introduced into the marketplace the advancement of analytical instrumentation has given scientists the capability to continually broaden their studies of the fate of herbicides and their degradation products over the last two decades. Studies by many scientists have continually expanded the knowledge of the occurrence, persistence, and transport of herbicides and their degradation products in the hydrologic environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of water purity and quality","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-374192-9.00013-3","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., and Scribner, E.A., 2009, The Evolution of analytical technology and its impact on water-quality studies for selected herbicides and their degradation products in water, chap. 13 of Handbook of water purity and quality, p. 289-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374192-9.00013-3.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"313","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356790,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ba2ee4b0702d0e845330","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ahuja, Satinder","contributorId":59343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahuja","given":"Satinder","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743556,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":743554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scribner, Elisabeth A.","contributorId":80265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70140563,"text":"70140563 - 2009 - Inorganic chemical composition and chemical reactivity of settled dust generated by the World Trade Center building collapse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T15:26:05.669228","indexId":"70140563","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"12","title":"Inorganic chemical composition and chemical reactivity of settled dust generated by the World Trade Center building collapse","docAbstract":"Samples of dust deposited around lower Manhattan by the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center (WTC) collapse have inorganic chemical compositions that result in part from the variable chemical contributions of concrete, gypsum wallboard, glass fibers, window glass, and other materials contained in the buildings. The dust deposits were also modified chemically by variable interactions with rain water or water used in street washing and fire fighting. Chemical leach tests using deionized water as the extraction fluid show the dust samples can be quite alkaline, due primarily to reactions with calcium hydroxide in concrete particles. Calcium and sulfate are the most soluble components in the dust, but many other elements are also readily leached, including metals such as Al, Sb, Mo Cr, Cu, and Zn. Indoor dust samples produce leachates with higher pH, alkalinity, and dissolved solids than outdoor dust samples, suggesting most outdoor dust had reacted with water and atmospheric carbon dioxide prior to sample collection. Leach tests using simulated lung fluids as the extracting fluid suggest that the dust might also be quite reactive in fluids lining the respiratory tract, resulting in dissolution of some particles and possible precipitation of new phases such as phosphates, carbonates, and silicates. Results of these chemical characterization studies can be used by health scientists as they continue to track and interpret health effects resulting from the short-term exposure to the initial dust cloud and the longer-term exposure to dusts resuspended during cleanup.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Urban aerosols and their impacts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/bk-2006-0919.ch012","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., Hageman, P.L., Lamothe, P.J., Ziegler, T.L., Meeker, G.P., Theodorakos, P.M., Brownfield, I., Adams, M., Swayze, G.A., Hoefen, T.M., Taggart, J., Clark, R.N., Wilson, S., and Sutley, S.J., 2009, Inorganic chemical composition and chemical reactivity of settled dust generated by the World Trade Center building collapse, chap. 12 of Urban aerosols and their impacts, p. 238-276, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0919.ch012.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Manhattan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.02064027047106,\n 40.76455097078485\n ],\n [\n -74.02064027047106,\n 40.69923944789272\n ],\n [\n -73.9671934696029,\n 40.69923944789272\n ],\n [\n -73.9671934696029,\n 40.76455097078485\n ],\n [\n -74.02064027047106,\n 40.76455097078485\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bd6e4b08de9379b350f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 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plamothe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","email":"plamothe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":540112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ziegler, Thomas L.","contributorId":20381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Theodorakos, Peter M. ptheodor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakos","given":"Peter","email":"ptheodor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central 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and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Taggart, Joseph E.","contributorId":8992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"Joseph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wilson, S.","contributorId":98935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sutley, Stephen J.","contributorId":60296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70148149,"text":"70148149 - 2009 - Use of a fishery-independent trawl survey to evaluate distribution patterns of subadult sharks in Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-22T10:44:14","indexId":"70148149","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2680,"text":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a fishery-independent trawl survey to evaluate distribution patterns of subadult sharks in Georgia","docAbstract":"We investigated the utility of a fishery-independent trawl survey for assessing a potential multispecies shark nursery in Georgia's nearshore and inshore waters. A total of 234 subadult sharks from six species were captured during 85 of 216 trawls. Catch rates and size distributions for subadult sharks and the ratio of neonates to juveniles were consistent among areas. The highest concentrations of subadult sharks occurred in creeks and sounds. Species composition varied among areas. The Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae was the most abundant species in sound and nearshore stations, whereas the bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo was the most abundant species in creeks. The aggregate of other species occurred with higher frequency in the sounds and nearshore. Sampling characteristics of the trawl survey were compared with those from a fishery-independent longline survey of subadult sharks to assess the similarity of the two gears. A total of 193 subadult sharks from seven species were captured during 57 of 96 longline sets, whereas 52 subadults from four species were captured during 20 of 48 trawls. Selectivity and efficiency differed between the two gears. The trawl had lower catch rates, caught smaller sharks, and encountered a different suite of species than the longline. General seasonal trends in relative abundance also differed between the two gears; the longline showed an increasing trend in abundance, whereas the trawl showed a stable trend. Although trawls were not found to be efficient for sampling subadult sharks from most species, they can be a useful source of supplemental data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1577/C08-019.1","usgsCitation":"Belcher, C., and Jennings, C.A., 2009, Use of a fishery-independent trawl survey to evaluate distribution patterns of subadult sharks in Georgia: Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, v. 1, no. 1, p. 218-229, https://doi.org/10.1577/C08-019.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-008043","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/c08-019.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55605342e4b0afeb70724184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belcher, C.N.","contributorId":56869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169288,"text":"70169288 - 2009 - Adaptive management of watersheds and related resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T10:35:44","indexId":"70169288","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Adaptive management of watersheds and related resources","docAbstract":"The concept of learning about natural resources through the practice of management has been around for several decades and by now is associated with the term adaptive management. The objectives of this paper are to offer a framework for adaptive management that includes an operational definition, a description of conditions in which it can be usefully applied, and a systematic approach to its application. Adaptive decisionmaking is described as iterative, learning-based management in two phases, each with its own mechanisms for feedback and adaptation. The linkages between traditional experimental science and adaptive management are discussed.
","conferenceTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future--Monitoring, integration, and adaptation: Proceedings of the Third Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds","conferenceDate":"9/08/2007","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Williams, B., 2009, Adaptive management of watersheds and related resources, Planning for an uncertain future--Monitoring, integration, and adaptation: Proceedings of the Third Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, Estes Park, CO, 9/08/2007, p. 27-33.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-011068","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/WilliamsManuscript.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d6439e4b07e28b6683488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Byron K.","contributorId":139564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Byron K.","affiliations":[{"id":12801,"text":"The Wildlife Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70230294,"text":"70230294 - 2009 - Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:25:16.225578","indexId":"70230294","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:43:06","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","docAbstract":"Sustainable soils are a requirement for maintaining human civilizations (Carter and Dale 1974; Lal 1989). However, as the “most complicated biomaterial on the planet” (Young and Crawford 2004), soils represent one of the most difficult systems to understand and model with respect to chemical, physical, and biological coupling over time (Fig. 1).
Despite the complexity of these interactions, certain patterns in soil properties and development are universally observed and have been used in soil science as a means for classification. Elemental, mineralogical, or isotopic concentrations in soils plotted versus depth beneath the land surface comprise such patterns. Soil depth profiles are often reported for solid soil materials, and, less frequently, for solutes in soil pore waters. These profiles cross a large range in spatial scales that traditionally have been studied by different disciplines. For example, shallow, biologically active horizons are commonly defined as the soil zone in agronomic studies whereas the mobile layer of the regolith is referred to as soil in geomorphological studies. In contrast, many geochemical studies target chemical weathering to tens or even hundreds of meters in depth, sometimes extending the definition of “soils” to include the entire regolith down to parent bedrock or alluvium.
Soil profiles also exhibit a large range in temporal scales (Amundson 2004; Brantley 2008b). Solid-state profiles document chemical and mineralogical changes integrated over the time scales of evolution of regolith from protolith. This “geologic time” can vary from tens to hundreds of years for weathered material developed on moraines deposited by active glaciers (Anderson et al. 1997), to millions or possibly hundreds of millions of years of regolith evolution as documented in laterites and bauxites on stable cratons (Nahon 1986). In contrast, solute profiles reflect much shorter time scales corresponding to the residence time of the soil water which commonly ranges from days to decades (Stonestrom et al. 1998). Factors impacting soil minerals can therefore be related to geologically old processes while those impacting pore waters are related to contemporary processes.
We first discuss a geochemical frame work for modeling soil profiles, including a simple scheme that depends on the extent of enrichment or depletion. Such profiles are comprised of reaction fronts affected by chemical, hydrologic, geologic and biologic processes that control soil evolution. We then present a hierarchy of models that have been used to interpret both solid state and solute compositions in regolith. The more simple approaches to model depletion in soils, using analytical models, are first described. The most elementary of these is a linear model that calculates rate constants from the slopes of either solid or solute weathering gradients: these rate constants represent lumped parameters that describe weathering in terms of an integrated reaction rate. Two other analytical models are then presented that have been used to fit solid state elemental profiles with exponential and sigmoidal functions. All of these analytical approaches are derived for models of soils as containing a limited number of components, phases, and species.
At a more complex level, numerical models are then presented to elucidate how kinetic and transport parameters as well as chemical, hydrologic, and physical soil data can be incorporated. We consider two forms of these models, first relatively simple spreadsheet calculators and then more sophisticated multi-component, multi-phase reactive-transport numerical codes. Our treatment of reactive transport modeling is relatively cursory, in recognition of the treatment in the chapter by Steefel and Maher (2009, this volume). Because these models incorporate more phases, components, and species than the other approaches and explicitly model the more fundamental reaction mechanisms involved, they generally have a greater need for parameterization. In our conclusion section, we discuss how this hierarchy of approaches can yield generalizations about soils that are often complementary.
Environmental radionuclides—in combination with stable isotopes, geochemistry, and other hydrological techniques—provide a powerful tool, often indispensable, for studying the cycling of water in continental hydrological systems. The use of environmental radionuclides in surface water studies is reviewed in the chapter. The chapter also briefly discusses groundwater and geothermal water taking into consideration the fact that most applications in groundwater and geothermal water studies require the combined use of radioactive and stable isotopes. There are several sources of radionuclides in the environment, and the sources control the ways in which isotopes can be applied to hydrologic systems. Another group of radionuclides that can be utilized are those produced by cosmic-ray spallationin the atmosphere or near-surface lithosphere. Many of these nuclides, such as carbon-14 (14C) and tritium (3H), are also produced by nuclear weapons testing, and it is necessary to separate the two source functions when using them.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Radioactivity in the environment","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1569-4860(09)01605-2","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., 2009, Radionuclides as tracers and timers in surface and groundwater, chap. 5 of Radioactivity in the environment, v. 16, p. 139-230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1569-4860(09)01605-2.","productDescription":"92 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"230","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ba2ee4b0702d0e845332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200362,"text":"70200362 - 2009 - Investigation of river eutrophication as part of a low dissolved oxygen total maximum daily load implementation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T10:36:47","indexId":"70200362","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:32:05","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3724,"text":"Water Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of river eutrophication as part of a low dissolved oxygen total maximum daily load implementation","docAbstract":"In the United States, environmentally impaired rivers are subject to regulation under total maximum daily load (TMDL) regulations that specify watershed wide water quality standards. In California, the setting of TMDL standards is accompanied by the development of scientific and management plans directed at achieving specific water quality objectives. The San Joaquin River (SJR) in the Central Valley of California now has a TMDL for dissolved oxygen (DO). Low DO conditions in the SJR are caused in part by excessive phytoplankton growth (eutrophication) in the shallow, upstream portion of the river that create oxygen demand in the deeper estuary. This paper reports on scientific studies that were conducted to develop a mass balance on nutrients and phytoplankton in the SJR. A mass balance model was developed using WARMF, a model specifically designed for use in TMDL management applications. It was demonstrated that phytoplankton biomass accumulates rapidly in a 88 km reach where plankton from small, slow moving tributaries are diluted and combined with fresh nutrient inputs in faster moving water. The SJR-WARMF model was demonstrated to accurately predict phytoplankton growth in the SJR. Model results suggest that modest reductions in nutrients alone will not limit algal biomass accumulation, but that combined strategies of nutrient reduction and algal control in tributaries may have benefit. The SJR-WARMF model provides stakeholders a practical, scientific tool for setting remediation priorities on a watershed scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA","doi":"10.2166/wst.2009.739","usgsCitation":"Stringfellow, W., Litton, G., Borglin, S., Hanlon, J.R., Chen, C., Graham, J., Burks, R., Dahlgren, R., Kendall, C., Brown, R., and Quinn, N., 2009, Investigation of river eutrophication as part of a low dissolved oxygen total maximum daily load implementation: Water Science and Technology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 9-14, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.739.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/soecs-facarticles/192","text":"External Repository"},{"id":358367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfellow, W.","contributorId":41709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfellow","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litton, Gary","contributorId":209646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Litton","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Borglin, Sharon","contributorId":175251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borglin","given":"Sharon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanlon, James R. jrhanlon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanlon","given":"James","email":"jrhanlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":748502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chen, C.","contributorId":98490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Graham, J.","contributorId":73826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burks, Remie","contributorId":209647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burks","given":"Remie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dahlgren, Randy A.","contributorId":48630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlgren","given":"Randy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Brown, R.","contributorId":101419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Quinn, Nigel","contributorId":58169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"Nigel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ]}