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To assess the rate of snail passage, we force-fed groups of fish a known quantity of snails and then held them in tanks. At selected intervals we removed individual fish from the test tanks and recorded the number of snails, their condition (live or dead), and their location in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, anterior intestine, and posterior intestine). Feces were removed from tanks and examined for live snails. We repeated evaluations of passage rate and snail survival to determine the effects of varying the number of snails ingested, fish size, snail size, and feeding a commercial diet to fish after snail ingestion. We plotted and modeled gut evacuation using a stochastic model for ordinal data to consider each test variable. Snail passage rates were faster in fish that were fed smaller snails. Surprisingly, fish fed snails and then administered rations of commercial fish feed retained the snails longer in their stomach than did fish that were not administered fish feeds after being fed snails. Increased retention time of snails in the stomach decreased the probability of snail survival when voided in fecal material. Snails that passed through the gastrointestinal tract within 12–24 h of ingestion were often recovered live in fecal samples. However, no live snails were recovered from the posterior intestine or fecal material collected 24 h after ingestion. Using our results we propose potential management options that could reduce the risks of introducing live snails into new locations when stocking fish from infested hatcheries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/A08-033.1","usgsCitation":"Bruce, R.L., Moffitt, C.M., and Dennis, B., 2009, Survival and passage of ingested New Zealand mudsnails through the intestinal tract of rainbow trout: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 71, no. 4, p. 287-301, https://doi.org/10.1577/A08-033.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-007419","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276708,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/A08-033.1"},{"id":276710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Hagerman National Fish Hatchery","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.8677085132,42.7500816925 ], [ -114.8677085132,42.7642879509 ], [ -114.8458356777,42.7642879509 ], [ -114.8458356777,42.7500816925 ], [ -114.8677085132,42.7500816925 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"71","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e8e4b0fc50304bc517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruce, R. Louise","contributorId":59713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Louise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moffitt, Christine M. 0000-0001-6020-9728 cmoffitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6020-9728","contributorId":2583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffitt","given":"Christine","email":"cmoffitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dennis, Brian","contributorId":76214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennis","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70203123,"text":"70203123 - 2009 - IPANE: Could New England's Early Detection Network benefit eastern Canada?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T13:49:22","indexId":"70203123","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:48:42","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"IPANE: Could New England's Early Detection Network benefit eastern Canada?","docAbstract":"

The Invasive Plant Analysis of New England (IPANE: ipane.org) is a multifaceted approach to regional early detection of invasive plants. IPANE, was founded in 2001 to create a comprehensive six state New England regional partnership to: minimize the ecological damage caused by invasive plants; provide reliable and accessible educational material; maintain a network of professional and trained volunteers to gather information and to locate new incursions; provide a web-accessible database and maps of invasive and potentially invasive plants; conduct and encourage research on the biology and ecology of invasive plants; and, use program-generated data to develop predictive distribution models for the region. This program uses the synergy of all the components to create a regional early detection and rapid assessment network to curtail new invasions before they become widespread on the regional landscape. IPANE is a model for the United States Geological Survey National Early Detection Network Toolbox, a compendium of information developed for use by Network partners. In addition, an Early Detection Alert system has been developed to inform key federal and state agency staff, conservation organizations, and those with vegetation management responsibilities about new or potential invaders to the region. These include current and anticipated distribution, diagnostic characters, images, pertinent biological and control information, and key contacts.

Most of the non-native species currently considered invasive by IPANE appear to be spreading into New England from the south or west. IPANE is strategically placed to act as an advanced warning system for the 5 provinces of Eastern and Maritime Canada. At the meeting held in Nova Scotia in September 2007, this idea was suggested to attendees from 4 of these 5 provinces and the Canadian government. By expanding its alert systems, IPANE could serve as a focal point for Early Detection information moving in any direction and tie Eastern Canada into the National Early Detection Network of the United States.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Weeds Across Borders 2008 Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Weeds Across Borders 2008 Conference","conferenceDate":"May 27-30, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Banff, Alberta, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"Alberta Invasive Plants Council","isbn":"978-0-9811963-0-5","usgsCitation":"Mehrhoff, L., and Westbrooks, R.G., 2009, IPANE: Could New England's Early Detection Network benefit eastern Canada?, in Proceedings of the Weeds Across Borders 2008 Conference, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 27-30, 2008, p. 177-185.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":363111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=31658"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehrhoff, Les","contributorId":178749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mehrhoff","given":"Les","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westbrooks, Randy G.","contributorId":147074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westbrooks","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70140563,"text":"70140563 - 2009 - Inorganic chemical composition and chemical reactivity of settled dust generated by the World Trade Center building collapse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T15:26:05.669228","indexId":"70140563","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"12","title":"Inorganic chemical composition and chemical reactivity of settled dust generated by the World Trade Center building collapse","docAbstract":"

Samples of dust deposited around lower Manhattan by the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center (WTC) collapse have inorganic chemical compositions that result in part from the variable chemical contributions of concrete, gypsum wallboard, glass fibers, window glass, and other materials contained in the buildings. The dust deposits were also modified chemically by variable interactions with rain water or water used in street washing and fire fighting. Chemical leach tests using deionized water as the extraction fluid show the dust samples can be quite alkaline, due primarily to reactions with calcium hydroxide in concrete particles. Calcium and sulfate are the most soluble components in the dust, but many other elements are also readily leached, including metals such as Al, Sb, Mo Cr, Cu, and Zn. Indoor dust samples produce leachates with higher pH, alkalinity, and dissolved solids than outdoor dust samples, suggesting most outdoor dust had reacted with water and atmospheric carbon dioxide prior to sample collection. Leach tests using simulated lung fluids as the extracting fluid suggest that the dust might also be quite reactive in fluids lining the respiratory tract, resulting in dissolution of some particles and possible precipitation of new phases such as phosphates, carbonates, and silicates. Results of these chemical characterization studies can be used by health scientists as they continue to track and interpret health effects resulting from the short-term exposure to the initial dust cloud and the longer-term exposure to dusts resuspended during cleanup.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Urban aerosols and their impacts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/bk-2006-0919.ch012","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., Hageman, P.L., Lamothe, P.J., Ziegler, T.L., Meeker, G.P., Theodorakos, P.M., Brownfield, I., Adams, M., Swayze, G.A., Hoefen, T.M., Taggart, J., Clark, R.N., Wilson, S., and Sutley, S.J., 2009, Inorganic chemical composition and chemical reactivity of settled dust generated by the World Trade Center building collapse, chap. 12 of Urban aerosols and their impacts, p. 238-276, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0919.ch012.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental 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plamothe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","email":"plamothe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":540112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ziegler, Thomas L.","contributorId":20381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Theodorakos, Peter M. ptheodor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakos","given":"Peter","email":"ptheodor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central 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Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Taggart, Joseph E.","contributorId":8992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"Joseph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wilson, S.","contributorId":98935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sutley, Stephen J.","contributorId":60296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70101119,"text":"70101119 - 2009 - Three cups of tea: building collaborations to assess earthquake hazard in Pakistan: modern methods in seismic hazard assessment; Nagarkot, Nepal, 8-12 June 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-06T11:23:47","indexId":"70101119","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:16:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three cups of tea: building collaborations to assess earthquake hazard in Pakistan: modern methods in seismic hazard assessment; Nagarkot, Nepal, 8-12 June 2009","docAbstract":"No abstract available","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2009EO480005","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., and Yong, A.K., 2009, Three cups of tea: building collaborations to assess earthquake hazard in Pakistan: modern methods in seismic hazard assessment; Nagarkot, Nepal, 8-12 June 2009: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 90, no. 48, p. 457-457, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO480005.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"457","ipdsId":"IP-015738","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo480005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":286928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286927,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200675,"text":"70200675 - 2009 - Earth's magnetic field complex: U.S. National activities during the Decade of Geopotential Field Research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:04:15","indexId":"70200675","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:04:07","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Earth's magnetic field complex: U.S. National activities during the Decade of Geopotential Field Research","docAbstract":"

The US geomagnetism community is supported by NASA, NOAA, USGS, NSF, DOD, and US universities. During the Decade of Geopotential Field Research, inaugurated in 1999 with the launch of the Danish satellite Ørsted on a US rocket, the US community has been involved in satellite mission development and analysis, instrument development, model development, and in the discovery and understanding of new processes with satellite magnetic signatures.

The ESA Swarm mission has been a primary focus of the US community, with three US scientists on Swarm's Mission Advisory Group. Swarm will measure, for the first time, the E-W gradient of the magnetic field. One of us (T. Sabaka) is involved with the development of a Comprehensive inversion scheme as part of the SMART consortium. This effort is an outgrowth of the Comprehensive Model [1]. Swarm will also provide valuable observations for ionospheric specification and forecast. The geomagnetism group at NOAA (S. Maus, P. Alken and C. Manoj) has developed algorithms to estimate the strength of the eastward electric field (EEF). As the driver of the equatorial plasma fountain, the EEF is an important space weather parameter. ESA is considering the implementation of the EEF as a dedicated inversion chain in the Level-2 Facility.

In 2006, NASA launched a minisatellite magnetometer constellation mission (ST-5) to test technologies and software. The ST-5 constellation featured the first along-track gradient measurements. NASA has also initiated efforts to study geomagnetism mission concepts after Swarm. One of the ideas under consideration is the systematic measurement of radial field gradients.

Instrument development, and geomagnetic observatories, are also an integral part of the US effort. The past decade has seen significant advances in the development of a self-calibrating vector helium magnetometer, and in the automation of the US observatory network. Working in coordination with Intermagnet, the USGS Geomagnetism Program has made operational 1-second data acquisition at 13 of its magnetic observatories. The Program is also developing a realtime 1-minute and 1-hour Dst service.

Within the past decade, US scientists have been leaders in the development of models that describe the global geomagnetic environment, including comprehensive models (the CM series), maps of the lithospheric field from satellite (MF-series), near surface maps of the lithospheric field (WDMAM-series), models of the thickness of the magnetic crust, the IGRF and World Magnetic Model series, ionospheric models such as the EEJM1, JVDM1, and the IRI, and data assimilation-based models (MoSST-series) that predict the future state of the geomagneic field.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ESA 2nd Swarm Int. Sci. Meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"usgsCitation":"Purucker, M.E., Sabaka, T., Kuang, W., Maus, S., and Love, J.J., 2009, Earth's magnetic field complex: U.S. National activities during the Decade of Geopotential Field Research, in ESA 2nd Swarm Int. Sci. Meeting, v. 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":358873,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://core2.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/purucker/purucker_esaconfproc_wfigs.pdf"}],"volume":"8 p.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purucker, Michael E.","contributorId":210176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Purucker","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabaka, T.","contributorId":12586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabaka","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuang, W.","contributorId":210177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maus, S.","contributorId":104315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maus","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70230294,"text":"70230294 - 2009 - Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:25:16.225578","indexId":"70230294","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:43:06","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","docAbstract":"

Sustainable soils are a requirement for maintaining human civilizations (Carter and Dale 1974; Lal 1989). However, as the “most complicated biomaterial on the planet” (Young and Crawford 2004), soils represent one of the most difficult systems to understand and model with respect to chemical, physical, and biological coupling over time (Fig. 1).

Despite the complexity of these interactions, certain patterns in soil properties and development are universally observed and have been used in soil science as a means for classification. Elemental, mineralogical, or isotopic concentrations in soils plotted versus depth beneath the land surface comprise such patterns. Soil depth profiles are often reported for solid soil materials, and, less frequently, for solutes in soil pore waters. These profiles cross a large range in spatial scales that traditionally have been studied by different disciplines. For example, shallow, biologically active horizons are commonly defined as the soil zone in agronomic studies whereas the mobile layer of the regolith is referred to as soil in geomorphological studies. In contrast, many geochemical studies target chemical weathering to tens or even hundreds of meters in depth, sometimes extending the definition of “soils” to include the entire regolith down to parent bedrock or alluvium.

Soil profiles also exhibit a large range in temporal scales (Amundson 2004; Brantley 2008b). Solid-state profiles document chemical and mineralogical changes integrated over the time scales of evolution of regolith from protolith. This “geologic time” can vary from tens to hundreds of years for weathered material developed on moraines deposited by active glaciers (Anderson et al. 1997), to millions or possibly hundreds of millions of years of regolith evolution as documented in laterites and bauxites on stable cratons (Nahon 1986). In contrast, solute profiles reflect much shorter time scales corresponding to the residence time of the soil water which commonly ranges from days to decades (Stonestrom et al. 1998). Factors impacting soil minerals can therefore be related to geologically old processes while those impacting pore waters are related to contemporary processes.

We first discuss a geochemical frame work for modeling soil profiles, including a simple scheme that depends on the extent of enrichment or depletion. Such profiles are comprised of reaction fronts affected by chemical, hydrologic, geologic and biologic processes that control soil evolution. We then present a hierarchy of models that have been used to interpret both solid state and solute compositions in regolith. The more simple approaches to model depletion in soils, using analytical models, are first described. The most elementary of these is a linear model that calculates rate constants from the slopes of either solid or solute weathering gradients: these rate constants represent lumped parameters that describe weathering in terms of an integrated reaction rate. Two other analytical models are then presented that have been used to fit solid state elemental profiles with exponential and sigmoidal functions. All of these analytical approaches are derived for models of soils as containing a limited number of components, phases, and species.

At a more complex level, numerical models are then presented to elucidate how kinetic and transport parameters as well as chemical, hydrologic, and physical soil data can be incorporated. We consider two forms of these models, first relatively simple spreadsheet calculators and then more sophisticated multi-component, multi-phase reactive-transport numerical codes. Our treatment of reactive transport modeling is relatively cursory, in recognition of the treatment in the chapter by Steefel and Maher (2009, this volume). Because these models incorporate more phases, components, and species than the other approaches and explicitly model the more fundamental reaction mechanisms involved, they generally have a greater need for parameterization. In our conclusion section, we discuss how this hierarchy of approaches can yield generalizations about soils that are often complementary.

","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2009.70.10","usgsCitation":"Brantley, S.L., and White, A.F., 2009, Approaches to modeling weathered regolith: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 70, no. 1, p. 435-484, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2009.70.10.","productDescription":"50 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantley, Susan L. 0000-0003-4320-2342","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4320-2342","contributorId":184201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brantley","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Arthur F. afwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":3718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Arthur","email":"afwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003835,"text":"70003835 - 2009 - Maintaining population persistence in the face of an extremely altered hydrograph: implications for three sensitive fishes in a tributary of the Green River, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-29T11:29:39","indexId":"70003835","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:43:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Maintaining population persistence in the face of an extremely altered hydrograph: implications for three sensitive fishes in a tributary of the Green River, Utah","docAbstract":"The ability of an organism to disperse to suitable habitats, especially in modified and fragmented systems, determines individual fitness and overall population viability. The bluehead sucker (Catostomus discobolus), flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), and roundtail chub (Gila robusta) are three species native to the upper Colorado River Basin that now occupy only 50% of their historic range. Despite these distributional declines, populations of all three species are present in the San Rafael River, a highly regulated tributary of the Green River, Utah, providing an opportunity for research. Our goal was to determine the timing and extent of movement, habitat preferences, and limiting factors, ultimately to guide effective management and recovery of these three species. In 2007-2008, we sampled fish from 25 systematically selected, 300-m reaches in the lower 64 km of the San Rafael River, spaced to capture the range of species, life-stages, and habitat conditions present. We implanted all target species with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag, installed a passive PIT tag antennae, and measured key habitat parameters throughout each reach and at the site of native fish capture. We used random forest modeling to identify and rank the most important abiotic and biotic predictor variables, and reveal potential limiting factors in the San Rafael River. While flannelmouth sucker were relatively evenly distributed within our study area, highest densities of roundtail chub and bluehead sucker occurred in isolated, upstream reaches characterized by complex habitat. In addition, our movement and length-frequency data indicate downstream drift of age-0 roundtail chub, and active upstream movement of adult flannelmouth sucker, both from source populations, providing the lower San Rafael River with colonists. Our random forest analysis highlights the importance of pools, riffles, and distance-to-source populations, suggesting that bluehead sucker and roundtail chub are habitat limited in the lower San Rafael River. These results suggest management efforts should focus on diversifying habitat, maintaining in-stream flow, and removing barriers to movement.","language":"English","publisher":"Utah State University","collaboration":"Submitted for a Master of Science in Watershed Science","usgsCitation":"Bottcher, J.L., 2009, Maintaining population persistence in the face of an extremely altered hydrograph: implications for three sensitive fishes in a tributary of the Green River, Utah, xi, 61 p.","productDescription":"xi, 61 p.","ipdsId":"IP-026595","costCenters":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275206,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275205,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/496/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.8982,39.0821 ], [ -110.8982,39.1420 ], [ -110.6966,39.1420 ], [ -110.6966,39.0821 ], [ -110.8982,39.0821 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ee5465e4b00ffbed48f8aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bottcher, Jared L.","contributorId":77871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bottcher","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200002,"text":"70200002 - 2009 - Experimental geostatistical model of a continuous gas accumulation, Rocky Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T10:38:15","indexId":"70200002","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:39:20","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Experimental geostatistical model of a continuous gas accumulation, Rocky Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2009 conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"12th International Association for Mathematical Geosciences Conference","conferenceDate":"August 23-27, 2009","conferenceLocation":"Stanford, CA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Olea, R.A., 2009, Experimental geostatistical model of a continuous gas accumulation, Rocky Mountains, Utah, in Proceedings of the 2009 conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences, Stanford, CA, August 23-27, 2009.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358270,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains 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Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808 rolea@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":208109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo","email":"rolea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200362,"text":"70200362 - 2009 - Investigation of river eutrophication as part of a low dissolved oxygen total maximum daily load implementation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T10:36:47","indexId":"70200362","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:32:05","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3724,"text":"Water Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of river eutrophication as part of a low dissolved oxygen total maximum daily load implementation","docAbstract":"

In the United States, environmentally impaired rivers are subject to regulation under total maximum daily load (TMDL) regulations that specify watershed wide water quality standards. In California, the setting of TMDL standards is accompanied by the development of scientific and management plans directed at achieving specific water quality objectives. The San Joaquin River (SJR) in the Central Valley of California now has a TMDL for dissolved oxygen (DO). Low DO conditions in the SJR are caused in part by excessive phytoplankton growth (eutrophication) in the shallow, upstream portion of the river that create oxygen demand in the deeper estuary. This paper reports on scientific studies that were conducted to develop a mass balance on nutrients and phytoplankton in the SJR. A mass balance model was developed using WARMF, a model specifically designed for use in TMDL management applications. It was demonstrated that phytoplankton biomass accumulates rapidly in a 88 km reach where plankton from small, slow moving tributaries are diluted and combined with fresh nutrient inputs in faster moving water. The SJR-WARMF model was demonstrated to accurately predict phytoplankton growth in the SJR. Model results suggest that modest reductions in nutrients alone will not limit algal biomass accumulation, but that combined strategies of nutrient reduction and algal control in tributaries may have benefit. The SJR-WARMF model provides stakeholders a practical, scientific tool for setting remediation priorities on a watershed scale.


","language":"English","publisher":"IWA","doi":"10.2166/wst.2009.739","usgsCitation":"Stringfellow, W., Litton, G., Borglin, S., Hanlon, J.R., Chen, C., Graham, J., Burks, R., Dahlgren, R., Kendall, C., Brown, R., and Quinn, N., 2009, Investigation of river eutrophication as part of a low dissolved oxygen total maximum daily load implementation: Water Science and Technology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 9-14, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.739.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/soecs-facarticles/192","text":"External Repository"},{"id":358367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfellow, W.","contributorId":41709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfellow","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litton, Gary","contributorId":209646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Litton","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Borglin, Sharon","contributorId":175251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borglin","given":"Sharon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanlon, James R. jrhanlon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanlon","given":"James","email":"jrhanlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":748502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chen, C.","contributorId":98490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Graham, J.","contributorId":73826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burks, Remie","contributorId":209647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burks","given":"Remie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dahlgren, Randy A.","contributorId":48630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlgren","given":"Randy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Brown, R.","contributorId":101419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Quinn, Nigel","contributorId":58169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"Nigel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70199993,"text":"70199993 - 2009 - Dietary segregation of pelagic and littoral fish assemblages in a highly modified tidal freshwater estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T09:42:28","indexId":"70199993","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T09:41:16","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2680,"text":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dietary segregation of pelagic and littoral fish assemblages in a highly modified tidal freshwater estuary","docAbstract":"

Estuarine food webs are highly variable and complex, making identification of their trophic pathways difficult. Energy for the food web of the San Francisco Estuary is thought to be based largely on in situ phytoplankton production, but little attention has been paid to littoral habitats, where other energy sources may be important. We analyzed the stomach contents of over 960 juvenile fishes and the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of these fishes and their potential food resources in pelagic and littoral habitats from the tidal freshwater area of the estuary. The mixing model IsoSource was used to examine energy sources important to consumers. Our results show evidence of two predominant food web pathways. Pelagic fishes and some littoral fishes showed strong dependence on a zooplankton–phytoplankton trophic pathway. However, the majority of fishes in littoral habitats had diets and carbon isotope ratios consistent with energy arising from submerged aquatic vegetation and epiphytic macroalgae. IsoSource revealed that the overall majority of nutrition of littoral fishes originated from consumption of grazer amphipods. Examining both stable isotopes and stomach contents allowed us to identify a food web with contributions to resident fishes that had been previously underestimated in the estuary. This study provides insight to how estuarine food webs have changed over the last few decades and highlights why the functions of habitats must be understood for effective restoration planning.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/C08-013.1","usgsCitation":"Grimaldo, L., Stewart, A., and Kimmerer, W., 2009, Dietary segregation of pelagic and littoral fish assemblages in a highly modified tidal freshwater estuary: Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, v. 1, no. 1, p. 200-217, https://doi.org/10.1577/C08-013.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/c08-013.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd72e4b034bf6a7f8b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimaldo, Lenny","contributorId":10728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimaldo","given":"Lenny","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35724,"text":"ICF, San Francisco, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":747657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, A. Robin 0000-0003-2918-546X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2918-546X","contributorId":82436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"A. Robin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimmerer, Wim","contributorId":26584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"Wim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199992,"text":"70199992 - 2009 - A comparison of phase inversion and traveltime tomography for processing near-surface refraction traveltimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T10:03:10","indexId":"70199992","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T09:36:23","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1802,"text":"Geophysical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of phase inversion and traveltime tomography for processing near-surface refraction traveltimes","docAbstract":"

With phase inversion, one can estimate subsurface velocities using the phases of first-arriving waves, which are the frequency-domain equivalents of the traveltimes. Phase inversion is modified to make it suitable for processing traveltimes from near-surface refraction surveys. The modifications include parameterizing the model, correcting the observed phases, and selecting the complex frequency. This modified phase inversion is compared to traveltime tomography. For two comparisons using computer-simulated traveltimes, the difference between the estimated and correct models, the residual mean, and the residual standard deviation are smaller for the phase inversion than they are for the traveltime tomography. For a comparison using field data from an S-wave refraction survey, both methods estimate models that are consistent with the known geology. Nonetheless, the phase-inversion model includes small-scale features in the bedrock that are geologically plausible; the residual mean and the residual standard deviation are smaller for the phase inversion than they are for the traveltime tomography.

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1190/1.3196857","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K.J., 2009, A comparison of phase inversion and traveltime tomography for processing near-surface refraction traveltimes: Geophysical Journal, v. 74, no. 6, p. WCB11-WCB24, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3196857.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"WCB11","endPage":"WCB24","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd72e4b034bf6a7f8b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":747656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70194451,"text":"70194451 - 2009 - Distributed geospatial model sharing based on open interoperability standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T12:59:09","indexId":"70194451","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5571,"text":"Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributed geospatial model sharing based on open interoperability standards","docAbstract":"

Numerous geospatial computational models have been developed based on sound principles and published in journals or presented in conferences. However modelers have made few advances in the development of computable modules that facilitate sharing during model development or utilization. Constraints hampering development of model sharing technology includes limitations on computing, storage, and connectivity; traditional stand-alone and closed network systems cannot fully support sharing and integrating geospatial models. To address this need, we have identified methods for sharing geospatial computational models using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) techniques and open geospatial standards. The service-oriented model sharing service is accessible using any tools or systems compliant with open geospatial standards, making it possible to utilize vast scientific resources available from around the world to solve highly sophisticated application problems. The methods also allow model services to be empowered by diverse computational devices and technologies, such as portable devices and GRID computing infrastructures. Based on the generic and abstract operations and data structures required for Web Processing Service (WPS) standards, we developed an interactive interface for model sharing to help reduce interoperability problems for model use. Geospatial computational models are shared on model services, where the computational processes provided by models can be accessed through tools and systems compliant with WPS. We developed a platform to help modelers publish individual models in a simplified and efficient way. Finally, we illustrate our technique using wetland hydrological models we developed for the prairie pothole region of North America.

","language":"English","publisher":"Journal of Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Feng, M., Liu, S., Euliss, N.H., and Fang, Y., 2009, Distributed geospatial model sharing based on open interoperability standards: Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 13, no. 6, p. 1060-1066.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1060","endPage":"1066","ipdsId":"IP-014691","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610cfbe4b06e28e9c25753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, Min","contributorId":75370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"Min","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fang, Yin","contributorId":200996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fang","given":"Yin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035104,"text":"70035104 - 2009 - Rapid incision of the Colorado River in Glen Canyon - insights from channel profiles, local incision rates, and modeling of lithologic controls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035104","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid incision of the Colorado River in Glen Canyon - insights from channel profiles, local incision rates, and modeling of lithologic controls","docAbstract":"The Colorado River system in southern Utah and northern Arizona is continuing to adjust to the baselevel fall responsible for the carving of the Grand Canyon. Estimates of bedrock incision rates in this area vary widely, hinting at the transient state of the Colorado and its tributaries. In conjunction with these data, we use longitudinal profiles of the Colorado and tributaries between Marble Canyon and Cataract Canyon to investigate the incision history of the Colorado in this region. We find that almost all of the tributaries in this region steepen as they enter the Colorado River. The consistent presence of oversteepened reaches with similar elevation drops in the lower section of these channels, and their coincidence within a corridor of high local relief along the Colorado, suggest that the tributaries are steepening in response to an episode of increased incision rate on the mainstem. This analysis makes testable predictions about spatial variations in incision rates; these predictions are consistent with existing rate estimates and can be used to guide further studies. We also present cosmogenic nuclide data from the Henry Mountains of southern Utah. We measured in situ 10Be concentrations on four gravel-covered strath surfaces elevated from 1 m to 110 m above Trachyte Creek. The surfaces yield exposure ages that range from approximately 2??5 ka to 267 ka and suggest incision rates that vary between 350 and 600 m/my. These incision rates are similar to other rates determined within the high-relief corridor. Available data thus support the interpretation that tributaries of the Colorado River upstream of the Grand Canyon are responding to a recent pulse of rapid incision on the Colorado. Numerical modeling of detachment-limited bedrock incision suggests that this incision pulse is likely related to the upstream-dipping lithologic boundary at the northern edge of the Kaibab upwarp. ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1790","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Cook, K.L., Whipple, K., Heimsath, A., and Hanks, T.C., 2009, Rapid incision of the Colorado River in Glen Canyon - insights from channel profiles, local incision rates, and modeling of lithologic controls: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 34, no. 7, p. 994-1010, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1790.","startPage":"994","endPage":"1010","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215239,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1790"},{"id":243028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94e8e4b0c8380cd816c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, K. L.","contributorId":34567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whipple, K.X.","contributorId":47187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whipple","given":"K.X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heimsath, A.M.","contributorId":52781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimsath","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036692,"text":"70036692 - 2009 - Remote monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and evapotranspiration following saltcedar leaf beetle attack","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036692","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and evapotranspiration following saltcedar leaf beetle attack","docAbstract":"Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) has invaded riparian ecosystems throughout the Western United States, including significant portions of riparian ecosystems within U.S. National Parks and Monuments. Recently, the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata) was released as a tamarisk biocontrol agent. Although initial releases have been monitored, no comprehensive program is currently in place to monitor the rapid spread of Diorhabda that has resulted from numerous subsequent releases by county and state agencies. Long term monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and its impacts on habitat and water resources is needed. This study examines the potential for using higher spatial resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data and lower spatial resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for monitoring defoliation caused by Diorhabda and subsequent changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Widespread tamarisk defoliation was observed in an eastern Utah study area during summer 2007. ASTER normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed only minor changes between 2005 and 2006, but a significant drop in NDVI was found within riparian areas between 2006 and 2007. The decrease in NDVI caused by defoliation was apparent despite partial refoliation within the study area. MODIS time series data revealed that absolute decline in EVI varied by site, but that the timing of EVI decline during summer 2007 was early with respect to phenological patterns from 2001 through 2006. Defoliation caused decreases in ET values estimated from both ASTER and MODIS data. MODIS estimated ET declined earlier than in previous years, although annual ET was not significantly different than ET in previous years due to high year-to-year variability. Challenges to detection and monitoring of tamarisk defoliation include spectral mixing of tamarisk and other cover types at subpixel spatial resolution, spatial coregistration of time series images, the timing of image acquisition, and changes unrelated to defoliation in non-tamarisk land cover over time. Continued development of the techniques presented in this paper may allow monitoring the spread of Diorhabda and assessment of potential water salvage resulting from biocontrol of tamarisk. ?? 2009 Elsevier Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.022","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Dennison, P., Nagler, P., Hultine, K.R., Glenn, E.P., and Ehleringer, J., 2009, Remote monitoring of tamarisk defoliation and evapotranspiration following saltcedar leaf beetle attack: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 113, no. 7, p. 1462-1472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.022.","startPage":"1462","endPage":"1472","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217877,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.022"},{"id":245850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6efe4b0c8380cd8511f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennison, P.E.","contributorId":73430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennison","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagler, P.L. 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":29937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hultine, K. R.","contributorId":102281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hultine","given":"K.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glenn, E. P.","contributorId":24463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"E.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ehleringer, J.R.","contributorId":47965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehleringer","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036950,"text":"70036950 - 2009 - Offshore double-planed shallow seismic zone in the NE Japan forearc region revealed by sP depth phases recorded by regional networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036950","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Offshore double-planed shallow seismic zone in the NE Japan forearc region revealed by sP depth phases recorded by regional networks","docAbstract":"We detected the sP depth phase at small epicentral distances of about 150 km or more in the seismograms of shallow earthquakes in the NE Japan forearc region. The focal depths of 1078 M > 3 earthquakes that occurred from 2000 to 2006 were precisely determined using the time delay of the sP phase from the initial P-wave arrival. The distribution of relocated hypocentres clearly shows the configuration of a double-planed shallow seismic zone beneath the Pacific Ocean. The upper plane has a low dip angle near the Japan Trench, increasing gradually to ???30?? at approximately 100 km landward of the Japan Trench. The lower plane is approximately parallel to the upper plane, and appears to be the near-trench counterpart of the lower plane of the double-planed deep seismic zone beneath the land area. The distance between the upper and lower planes is 28-32 km, which is approximately the same as or slightly smaller than that of the double-planed deep seismic zone beneath the land area. Focal mechanism solutions of the relocated earthquakes are determined from P-wave initial motion data. Although P-wave initial motion data for these offshore events are not ideally distributed on the focal sphere, we found that the upper-plane events that occur near the Japan Trench are characterized by normal faulting, whereas lower-plane events are characterized by thrust faulting. This focal mechanism distribution is the opposite to that of the double-planed deep seismic zone beneath the land area. The characteristics of these focal mechanisms for the shallow and deep doubled-planed seismic zones can be explained by a bending-unbending model of the subducting Pacific plate. Some of relocated earthquakes took place in the source area of the 1933 Mw8.4 Sanriku earthquake at depths of 10-23 km. The available focal mechanisms for these events are characterized by normal faulting. Given that the 1933 event was a large normal-fault event that occurred along a fault plane dipping landward, the earthquakes that currently occur just beneath or oceanwards of the Japan Trench are probably its aftershocks, suggesting that aftershock activity continues to the present day, 70 years after the main shock. ?? 2009 The Authors, Journal compilation ?? 2009 RAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04048.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Gamage, S., Umino, N., Hasegawa, A., and Kirby, S.H., 2009, Offshore double-planed shallow seismic zone in the NE Japan forearc region revealed by sP depth phases recorded by regional networks: Geophysical Journal International, v. 178, no. 1, p. 195-214, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04048.x.","startPage":"195","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476297,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04048.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04048.x"},{"id":245654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6cb2e4b0c8380cd74d8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gamage, S.S.N.","contributorId":93736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gamage","given":"S.S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Umino, N.","contributorId":89750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umino","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hasegawa, A.","contributorId":6264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasegawa","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035224,"text":"70035224 - 2009 - Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) water fluxes before, during and after episodic defoliation by the saltcedar leaf beetle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T09:56:08","indexId":"70035224","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) water fluxes before, during and after episodic defoliation by the saltcedar leaf beetle","docAbstract":"Tamarisk (Tamarix) species are among the most successful and economically costly plant invaders in the western United States, in part due to its potential to remove large amounts of water from shallow aquifers. Accordingly, local, state and federal agencies have released a new biological control - the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata) along many watersheds in the western United States to reduce the spread of tamarisk. The beetle defoliates tamarisk for much of the growing season resulting in potentially large seasonal declines in productivity, fitness, and water loss from tamarisk stands. We measured sap flux density (Js) using heat dissipation sensors to investigate water use patterns of tamarisk before, during and after a single, six week beetle-induced defoliation event in southeastern, Utah, USA. Granier-style probes were installed on 20 dominant trees from May through September 2008, a period that covers almost the entire growing season. As the beetle emerged from dormancy in mid-June, daytime and nighttime Js measurably increased for approximately two weeks before declining to less than 20% of predicted values (predicted by modeling Js with atmospheric vapor pressure deficit in May and June before defoliation). Tamarisk trees in mid-August produced new leaves and Js returned to pre-defoliation levels. Total Js, summed over the duration of the study was 13% lower than predicted values. These data suggest that defoliation results in only small changes in seasonal water loss from tamarisk stands. Current research is focusing on long-term ecohydrological impacts of tamarisk defoliation over multiple growing seasons.","largerWorkTitle":"Acta Horticulturae: VII International Workshop on Sap Flow","language":"English","issn":"05677572","isbn":"9789066056824","usgsCitation":"Hultine, K.R., Nagler, P., Dennison, P., Bush, S., and Ehleringer, J., 2009, Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) water fluxes before, during and after episodic defoliation by the saltcedar leaf beetle, v. 846, p.293-302.","productDescription":"p.293-302","startPage":"293","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266030,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.actahort.org/books/846/846_33.htm"}],"volume":"846","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3c7e4b08c986b31feb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hultine, K. R.","contributorId":102281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hultine","given":"K.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagler, P.L. 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":29937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dennison, P.E.","contributorId":73430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennison","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bush, S.E.","contributorId":78567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ehleringer, J.R.","contributorId":47965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehleringer","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036092,"text":"70036092 - 2009 - Elastic wave speeds and moduli in polycrystalline ice Ih, si methane hydrate, and sll methane-ethane hydrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:06","indexId":"70036092","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elastic wave speeds and moduli in polycrystalline ice Ih, si methane hydrate, and sll methane-ethane hydrate","docAbstract":"We used ultrasonic pulse transmission to measure compressional, P, and shear, S, wave speeds in laboratory-formed polycrystalline ice Ih, si methane hydrate, and sll methane-ethane hydrate. From the wave speed's linear dependence on temperature and pressure and from the sample's calculated density, we derived expressions for bulk, shear, and compressional wave moduli and Poisson's ratio from -20 to 15??C and 22.4 to 32.8 MPa for ice Ih, -20 to 15??C and 30.5 to 97.7 MPa for si methane hydrate, and -20 to 10??C and 30.5 to 91.6 MPa for sll methane-ethane hydrate. All three materials had comparable P and S wave speeds and decreasing shear wave speeds with increasing applied pressure. Each material also showed evidence of rapid intergranular bonding, with a corresponding increase in wave speed, in response to pauses in sample deformation. There were also key differences. Resistance to uniaxial compaction, indicated by the pressure required to compact initially porous samples, was significantly lower for ice Ih than for either hydrate. The ice Ih shear modulus decreased with increasing pressure, in contrast to the increase measured in both hydrates ?? 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006132","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Helgerud, M., Waite, W., Kirby, S.H., and Nur, A., 2009, Elastic wave speeds and moduli in polycrystalline ice Ih, si methane hydrate, and sll methane-ethane hydrate: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006132.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476440,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb006132","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218156,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006132"}],"volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0883e4b0c8380cd51b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helgerud, M.B.","contributorId":10946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgerud","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, W.F.","contributorId":40329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nur, A.","contributorId":31114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70045152,"text":"70045152 - 2009 - The increasing wildfire and post-fire debris-flow threat in western USA, and implications for consequences of climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T13:27:34","indexId":"70045152","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The increasing wildfire and post-fire debris-flow threat in western USA, and implications for consequences of climate change","docAbstract":"In southern California and the intermountain west of the USA, debris flows generated from recently-burned basins pose significant hazards. Increases in the frequency and size of wildfires throughout the western USA can be attributed to increases in the number of fire ignitions, fire suppression practices, and climatic influences. Increased urbanization throughout the western USA, combined with the increased wildfire magnitude and frequency, carries with it the increased threat of subsequent debris-flow occurrence. Differences between rainfall thresholds and empirical debris-flow susceptibility models for southern California and the intermountain west indicate a strong influence of climatic and geologic settings on post-fire debris-flow potential. The linkages between wildfires, debris-flow occurrence, and global warming suggests that the experiences in the western United States are highly likely to be duplicated in many other parts of the world, and necessitate hazard assessment tools that are specific to local climates and physiographies.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"This is a chapter in the book Landslides � Disaster Risk Reduction","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-540-69970-5_9","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S.H., and DeGraff, J., 2009, The increasing wildfire and post-fire debris-flow threat in western USA, and implications for consequences of climate change, chap. of This is a chapter in the book Landslides � Disaster Risk Reduction, p. 177-190, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69970-5_9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"190","ipdsId":"IP-007174","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273230,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69970-5_9"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51af0c71e4b08a3322c2c35d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeGraff, Jerry","contributorId":10703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGraff","given":"Jerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043411,"text":"70043411 - 2009 - Comparative status and assessment of Limulus polyphemus with emphasis on the New England and Delaware Bay populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-13T11:36:50","indexId":"70043411","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Comparative status and assessment of Limulus polyphemus with emphasis on the New England and Delaware Bay populations","docAbstract":"

Increases in harvest of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) during the 1990s, particularly for whelk bait, coupled with decreases in species that depend on their eggs has reduced horseshoe crab abundance, threatened their ecological relationships, and dictated precautionary management of the horseshoe crab resource. Accordingly, population assessments and monitoring programs have been developed throughout much of the horseshoe crab’s range. We review and discuss implications for several recent assessments of Delaware Bay and New England populations and a meta-analysis of region-specific trends. These assessments show that the western Atlantic distribution of the horseshoe crab is comprised of regional or estuarine-specific meta-populations, which exhibit distinct population dynamics and require management as separate units. Modeling of Delaware Bay and Cape Cod populations confirmed that overharvest caused declines, but indicated that some harvest levels are sustainable and consistent with population growth. Coast-wide harvest was reduced by 70% from 1998 to 2006, with the greatest reductions within Delaware Bay states. Harvest regulations in Delaware Bay starting in the late 1990s, such as harvest quotas, seasonal closures, male-only harvest, voluntary use of bait-saving devices, and establishment of the Carl N. Shuster Jr. Horseshoe Crab Reserve, were followed by stabilization and recent evidence of increase in abundance of horseshoe crabs in the region. However, decreased harvest of the Delaware Bay population has redirected harvest to outlying populations, particularly in New York and New England. While the recent Delaware Bay assessments indicate positive population growth, increased harvest elsewhere is believed to be unsustainable. Two important considerations for future assessments include (1) managing Delaware Bay horseshoe crab populations within a multi-species context, for example, to help support migratory shorebirds and (2) anticipating the potential for harvest restrictions within Delaware Bay to redirect harvest onto outlying populations that cannot sustain the increased harvest.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_23","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Millard, M.J., and Carmichael, R.H., 2009, Comparative status and assessment of Limulus polyphemus with emphasis on the New England and Delaware Bay populations, chap. of Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs, v. Part II, p. 361-386, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_23.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-005350","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.55,38.57 ], [ -75.55,47.46 ], [ -66.89,47.46 ], [ -66.89,38.57 ], [ -75.55,38.57 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"Part II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51751746e4b074c2b055649f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":1989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millard, Michael J.","contributorId":23411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millard","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":473545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carmichael, Ruth H.","contributorId":23420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carmichael","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032486,"text":"70032486 - 2009 - Hydrograph separation for karst watersheds using a two-domain rainfall-discharge model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:22","indexId":"70032486","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrograph separation for karst watersheds using a two-domain rainfall-discharge model","docAbstract":"Highly parameterized, physically based models may be no more effective at simulating the relations between rainfall and outflow from karst watersheds than are simpler models. Here an antecedent rainfall and convolution model was used to separate a karst watershed hydrograph into two outflow components: one originating from focused recharge in conduits and one originating from slow flow in a porous annex system. In convolution, parameters of a complex system are lumped together in the impulse-response function (IRF), which describes the response of the system to an impulse of effective precipitation. Two parametric functions in superposition approximate the two-domain IRF. The outflow hydrograph can be separated into flow components by forward modeling with isolated IRF components, which provides an objective criterion for separation. As an example, the model was applied to a karst watershed in the Madison aquifer, South Dakota, USA. Simulation results indicate that this watershed is characterized by a flashy response to storms, with a peak response time of 1 day, but that 89% of the flow results from the slow-flow domain, with a peak response time of more than 1 year. This long response time may be the result of perched areas that store water above the main water table. Simulation results indicated that some aspects of the system are stationary but that nonlinearities also exist.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.001","issn":"00221","usgsCitation":"Long, A., 2009, Hydrograph separation for karst watersheds using a two-domain rainfall-discharge model: Journal of Hydrology, v. 364, no. 3-4, p. 249-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.001.","startPage":"249","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213819,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.001"},{"id":241479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"364","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a34f6e4b0c8380cd5fb7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J.","contributorId":80023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70032457,"text":"70032457 - 2009 - Case study of a full-scale evapotranspiration cover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T09:47:52","indexId":"70032457","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Case study of a full-scale evapotranspiration cover","docAbstract":"

The design, construction, and performance analyses of a 6.1ha evapotranspiration (ET) landfill cover at the semiarid U.S. Army Fort Carson site, near Colorado Springs, Colo. are presented. Initial water-balance model simulations, using literature reported soil hydraulic data, aided selection of borrow-source soil type(s) that resulted in predictions of negligible annual drainage (⩽1mm∕year). Final construction design was based on refined water-balance simulations using laboratory determined soil hydraulic values from borrow area natural soil horizons that were described with USDA soil classification methods. Cover design components included a 122cm thick clay loam (USDA), compaction ⩽80% of the standard Proctor maximum dry density (dry bulk density ∼1.3Mg/m3), erosion control measures, top soil amended with biosolids, and seeding with native grasses. Favorable hydrologic performance for a 5year period was documented by lysimeter-measured and Richards’-based calculations of annual drainage that were all <0.4mm∕year. Water potential data suggest that ET removed water that infiltrated the cover and contributed to a persistent driving force for upward flow and removal of water from below the base of the cover.

","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:3(316)","usgsCitation":"McGuire, P.E., Andraski, B.J., and Archibald, R.E., 2009, Case study of a full-scale evapotranspiration cover: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 135, no. 3, p. 316-332, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:3(316).","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"316","endPage":"332","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f38ce4b0c8380cd4b88a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Patrick E.","contributorId":71008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Archibald, Ryan E.","contributorId":27277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Archibald","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032495,"text":"70032495 - 2009 - Estimating survival of precocial chicks during the prefledging period using a catch-curve analysis and count-based age-class data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032495","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating survival of precocial chicks during the prefledging period using a catch-curve analysis and count-based age-class data","docAbstract":"Estimating reproductive success for birds with precocial young can be difficult because chicks leave nests soon after hatching and individuals or broods can be difficult to track. Researchers often turn to estimating survival during the prefledging period and, though effective, mark-recapture based approaches are not always feasible due to cost, time, and animal welfare concerns. Using a threatened population of Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) that breeds along the Missouri River, we present an approach for estimating chick survival during the prefledging period using long-term (1993-2005), count-based, age-class data. We used a modified catch-curve analysis, and data collected during three 5-day sampling periods near the middle of the breeding season. The approach has several ecological and statistical assumptions and our analyses were designed to minimize the probability of violating those assumptions. For example, limiting the sampling periods to only 5 days gave reasonable assurance that population size was stable during the sampling period. Annual daily survival estimates ranged from 0.825 (SD = 0.03) to 0.931 (0.02) depending on year and sampling period, with these estimates assuming constant survival during the prefledging period and no change in the age structure of the population. The average probability of survival to fledging ranged from 0.126 to 0.188. Our results are similar to other published estimates for this species in similar habitats. This method of estimating chick survival may be useful for a variety of precocial bird species when mark-recapture methods are not feasible and only count-based age class data are available. ?? 2009 Association of Field Ornithologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00207.x","issn":"02738","usgsCitation":"McGowan, C., Millspaugh, J., Ryan, M., Kruse, C., and Pavelka, G., 2009, Estimating survival of precocial chicks during the prefledging period using a catch-curve analysis and count-based age-class data: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 80, no. 1, p. 79-87, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00207.x.","startPage":"79","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213943,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00207.x"},{"id":241619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b4ee4b0c8380cd5267b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGowan, C.P.","contributorId":19760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGowan","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millspaugh, J.J.","contributorId":99105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millspaugh","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, M.R.","contributorId":92198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kruse, C.D.","contributorId":68120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pavelka, G.","contributorId":24579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavelka","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032424,"text":"70032424 - 2009 - Mapping of hazard from rainfall-triggered landslides in developing countries: Examples from Honduras and Micronesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032424","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping of hazard from rainfall-triggered landslides in developing countries: Examples from Honduras and Micronesia","docAbstract":"Loss of life and property caused by landslides triggered by extreme rainfall events demonstrates the need for landslide-hazard assessment in developing countries where recovery from such events often exceeds the country's resources. Mapping landslide hazards in developing countries where the need for landslide-hazard mitigation is great but the resources are few is a challenging, but not intractable problem. The minimum requirements for constructing a physically based landslide-hazard map from a landslide-triggering storm, using the simple methods we discuss, are: (1) an accurate mapped landslide inventory, (2) a slope map derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) or topographic map, and (3) material strength properties of the slopes involved. Provided that the landslide distribution from a triggering event can be documented and mapped, it is often possible to glean enough topographic and geologic information from existing databases to produce a reliable map that depicts landslide hazards from an extreme event. Most areas of the world have enough topographic information to provide digital elevation models from which to construct slope maps. In the likely event that engineering properties of slope materials are not available, reasonable estimates can be made with detailed field examination by engineering geologists or geotechnical engineers. Resulting landslide hazard maps can be used as tools to guide relocation and redevelopment, or, more likely, temporary relocation efforts during severe storm events such as hurricanes/typhoons to minimize loss of life and property. We illustrate these methods in two case studies of lethal landslides in developing countries: Tegucigalpa, Honduras (during Hurricane Mitch in 1998) and the Chuuk Islands, Micronesia (during Typhoon Chata'an in 2002).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.11.010","issn":"00137","usgsCitation":"Harp, E.L., Reid, M., McKenna, J., and Michael, J.A., 2009, Mapping of hazard from rainfall-triggered landslides in developing countries: Examples from Honduras and Micronesia: Engineering Geology, v. 104, no. 3-4, p. 295-311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.11.010.","startPage":"295","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213878,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.11.010"},{"id":241544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5068e4b0c8380cd6b692","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKenna, J.P.","contributorId":24543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michael, J. A.","contributorId":48567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032494,"text":"70032494 - 2009 - Effects of spatial heterogeneity on butterfly species richness in Rocky Mountain National Park, CO, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032494","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of spatial heterogeneity on butterfly species richness in Rocky Mountain National Park, CO, USA","docAbstract":"We investigated butterfly responses to plot-level characteristics (plant species richness, vegetation height, and range in NDVI [normalized difference vegetation index]) and spatial heterogeneity in topography and landscape patterns (composition and configuration) at multiple spatial scales. Stratified random sampling was used to collect data on butterfly species richness from seventy-six 20 ?? 50 m plots. The plant species richness and average vegetation height data were collected from 76 modified-Whittaker plots overlaid on 76 butterfly plots. Spatial heterogeneity around sample plots was quantified by measuring topographic variables and landscape metrics at eight spatial extents (radii of 300, 600 to 2,400 m). The number of butterfly species recorded was strongly positively correlated with plant species richness, proportion of shrubland and mean patch size of shrubland. Patterns in butterfly species richness were negatively correlated with other variables including mean patch size, average vegetation height, elevation, and range in NDVI. The best predictive model selected using Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc), explained 62% of the variation in butterfly species richness at the 2,100 m spatial extent. Average vegetation height and mean patch size were among the best predictors of butterfly species richness. The models that included plot-level information and topographic variables explained relatively less variation in butterfly species richness, and were improved significantly after including landscape metrics. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity greatly influences patterns in butterfly species richness, and that it should be explicitly considered in conservation and management actions. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10531-008-9536-8","issn":"09603","usgsCitation":"Kumar, S., Simonson, S., and Stohlgren, T., 2009, Effects of spatial heterogeneity on butterfly species richness in Rocky Mountain National Park, CO, USA: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 18, no. 3, p. 739-763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9536-8.","startPage":"739","endPage":"763","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213942,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9536-8"},{"id":241618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d5e4b0c8380cd51872","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":89843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simonson, S.E.","contributorId":78695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032458,"text":"70032458 - 2009 - Turbulent stresses and secondary currents in a tidal-forced channel with significant curvature and asymmetric bed forms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T17:29:25.087434","indexId":"70032458","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbulent stresses and secondary currents in a tidal-forced channel with significant curvature and asymmetric bed forms","docAbstract":"

Acoustic Doppler current profilers are deployed to measure both the mean flow and turbulent properties in a channel with significant curvature. Direct measurements of the Reynolds stress show a significant asymmetry over the tidal cycle where stresses are enhanced during the flood tide and less prominent over the ebb tide. This asymmetry is corroborated by logarithmic fits using 10min\">10min10min averaged velocity data. A smaller yet similar tendency asymmetry in drag coefficient is inferred by fitting the velocity and estimated large-scale pressure gradient to a one-dimensional along-channel momentum balance. This smaller asymmetry is consistent with recent modeling work simulating regional flows in the vicinity of the study site. The asymmetry in drag suggests the importance of previously reported bed forms for this channel and demonstrates spatial and temporarily variations in bed stress. Secondary circulation patterns observed in a relatively straight section of channel appear driven by local curvature rather than being remotely forced by the regions of significant curvature only a few hundred meters from the measurement site.

","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2009)135:3(198)","usgsCitation":"Fong, D., Monismith, S., Stacey, M., and Burau, J., 2009, Turbulent stresses and secondary currents in a tidal-forced channel with significant curvature and asymmetric bed forms: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 135, no. 3, p. 198-208, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2009)135:3(198).","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8f4e4b08c986b327b3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fong, D.A.","contributorId":27624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stacey, M.T.","contributorId":82874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}