Sulfate contamination of the Everglades is a serious water quality issue facing restoration of this ecosystem. Sulfate concentrations in some marsh areas are more than 60 times background concentrations, and sulfate in excess of background levels covers an estimated 60% of the freshwater Everglades (Orem et al., 1997; Stober et al., 1996 and 2001; Orem et al., 2004). The excess sulfate enters the Everglades in the discharge of canal water from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). Excess phosphorus also enters the ecosystem in EAA canal water discharge (Koch and Reddy, 1992; Craft and Richardson, 1993; DeBusk et al. 1994; Zielinski et al., 1999). Existing data suggest that sulfur in fertilizer and soil amendments used in the EAA (both new additions and legacy sulfur in the soil) is a major source of excess sulfate entering the ecosystem (Bates et al., 2001 and 2002). Other potential sources of sulfate (including groundwater), however, need further investigation. The report by Gilmour et al. (2007b) in the 2007 South Florida Environmental Report provides a complete examination of the current state of knowledge of the sulfur contamination issue in the Everglades. Sulfate discharged from canals or leaking through levees into the ecosystem spreads out over a large area since, unlike phosphorus, it is not removed to any great extent by plant uptake. Sulfate slowly diffuses into the anoxic soils (peats) underlying the Everglades and stimulates microbial sulfate reduction (MSR), producing toxic hydrogen sulfide as a byproduct (Goldhaber and Kaplan, 1974; Berner, 1980; Rheinheimer, 1994). Hydrogen sulfide at contaminated sites may build up in sediments to concentrations thousands of times background levels (Gilmour et al., 2007b). The excess sulfate and sulfide has numerous deleterious impacts on the Everglades. One of the more environmentally important impacts is the link between sulfate contamination and methylmercury (MeHg) production in the ecosystem (Gilmour et al., 1998; Benoit et al., 1998, 1999a, b; Axelrad et al., 2007; Gilmour et al., 2007a). MeHg, a bioaccumulative neurotoxin, is produced primarily by methylation of ambient inorganic mercury during MSR (Compeau and Bartha, 1985; Gilmour et al., 1992; Munthe et al., 1995; Branfireun et al., 1999). Contamination of fish with MeHg is the most significant environmental contaminant issue in the USA in terms of number of locations impacted (Krabbenhoft and Wiener, 1999; USEPA, 1998). Neurotoxic MeHg represents a serious threat to wildlife (Bouton et al., 1999; Frederick et al., 1999; Heath and Frederick, 2005), and is a human health issue, with human exposure through fish consumption (Gilbert and Grant-Webster, 1995; Schober et al., 2003). In addition to its neurotoxic effects, MeHg may also be an endocrine disruptor that affects successful reproduction in fish and fish-eating wildlife (Klaper et al., 2006). South Florida has among the highest levels of MeHg in fish in the USA (Lambou et al., 1991). Experimental chamber (mesocosm) studies conducted in the Everglades have shown that sulfate addition stimulates the production and bioaccumulation of MeHg (Gilmour et al., 2007b). Inorganic mercury enters the Everglades primarily in rainfall, and most of the inorganic mercury in the rainfall appears to originate from outside of the USA (Hanisch, 1998). The origin of most inorganic mercury from outside of the USA severely limits the ability of state and Federal officials to limit MeHg production and bioaccumulation in fish in the Everglades by controlling emissions of inorganic mercury from various anthropogenic sources (e.g. coal-fired power plants, medical waste incinerators, cement manufacture). Thus, controlling sulfate inputs to the Everglades may represent the most effective way of minimizing MeHg production and bioaccumulation here. In addition to impacts on MeHg production and bioaccumulation, sulfur contamination has also dramatically altered redox p
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071374","usgsCitation":"Sulfur Contamination in the Florida Everglades: Initial Examination of Mitigation Strategies; 2007; OFR; 2007-1374; Orem, William H.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10645,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1374/ofr20071374.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2007-1374"},{"id":194538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1374/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.11459488854567,\n 27.080552692344355\n ],\n [\n -81.58262226755907,\n 27.080552692344355\n ],\n [\n -81.58262226755907,\n 25.228077064446424\n ],\n [\n -80.11459488854567,\n 25.228077064446424\n ],\n [\n -80.11459488854567,\n 27.080552692344355\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
When water is released through the spillways of dams, air is entrained in the water, increasing the downstream concentration of dissolved gases. Excess dissolved-gas concentrations can have adverse effects on freshwater aquatic life. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected dissolved-gas and water-temperature data at eight sites on the lower Columbia River in 2007. Significant findings from the data include:
\nMuch scientific research demonstrates the existence of recent climate variation, particularly global warming. Climate prediction models forecast that climate will change; it will become warmer, droughts will increase in number and severity, and extreme climate events will recur often—desiccating aridity, extremely wet, unusually warm, or even frigid at times. However, the global models apply to average conditions in large grids approximately 150 miles on an edge (Thorpe, 2005), and how or whether specific areas within a grid are affected is unclear. Flagstaff's climate is mentioned in the context of global change, but information is lacking on the amount and trend of changes in precipitation, snowfall, and temperature. The purpose of this report is to understand what may be happening to Flagstaff's climate by reviewing local climate history. Flagstaff is in north-central Arizona south of San Francisco Mountain, which reaches 12,633 feet, the highest in Arizona (fig. 1). At 6,900 feet, surrounded by ponderosa pine forest, Flagstaff enjoys a four-season climate; winter-daytime temperatures are cool, averaging 45 degrees (Fahrenheit). Summer-daytime temperatures are comfortable, averaging 80 degrees, which is pleasant compared with nearby low-elevation deserts. Flagstaff's precipitation averages 22-inches per year with a range of 9 to 39 inches. Snowfall occurs each season, averaging 97 inches annually. This report, written for the non-technical reader, interprets climate variation at Flagstaff as observed at the National Weather Service (NWS) station at Pulliam Field (or Airport), a first-order weather station staffed by meteorologists (Staudenmaier and others, 2007). The station is on a flat-topped ridge surrounded by forest 5-miles south of Flagstaff at an elevation of 7,003 feet. Data used in this analysis are daily measurements of precipitation (including snowfall) and temperature (maximum and minimum) covering the period from 1950, when the station began operation, through spring 2007. Conversations with Byron Peterson and Michael Staudenmaier of the NWS helped us understand the difficulties of collecting consistent weather data, operation of the station, and Flagstaff's climate. Weather is the daily or even instantaneous state of temperature and precipitation. Climate is the average or accumulation of these parameters over longer time scales such as a week, month, or year. Seasonal (winter, spring, summer, and fall) and annual averages of temperature and accumulated precipitation describe the temporal variation of Flagstaff's climate, which is shown graphically with time series (figs. 2, 4, 6, 8-15). These plots show precipitation or temperature on the ordinate plotted against time on the abscissa, which is a year for annually repeating data or the year of a particular season. The plots reveal changing patterns of precipitation and temperature related to droughts, wet episodes, and rising temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071410","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with Effects of Climate Variability and Land Use on American Drylands and Navajo Nation Studies - Projects of the Earth Surface Dynamics Program","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 2007, Climate variation at Flagstaff, Arizona - 1950 to 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1410, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071410.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1950-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406793,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83145.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10641,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1410/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Flagstaff","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.08251953125,\n 34.912962495216966\n ],\n [\n -111.302490234375,\n 34.912962495216966\n ],\n [\n -111.302490234375,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -112.08251953125,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -112.08251953125,\n 34.912962495216966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de1fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80802,"text":"ofr20071400 - 2007 - A Compilation of Gas Emission-Rate Data from Volcanoes of Cook Inlet (Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine) and Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Fourpeaked, Griggs, Mageik, Martin, Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, and Veniaminof), Alaska, from 1995-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T10:05:59","indexId":"ofr20071400","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1400","title":"A Compilation of Gas Emission-Rate Data from Volcanoes of Cook Inlet (Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine) and Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Fourpeaked, Griggs, Mageik, Martin, Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, and Veniaminof), Alaska, from 1995-2006","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThis report presents gas emission rates from data collected during numerous airborne plume-measurement flights at Alaskan volcanoes since 1995. These flights began in about 1990 as means to establish baseline values of volcanic gas emissions during periods of quiescence and to identify anomalous levels of degassing that might signal the beginning of unrest. The primary goal was to make systematic measurements at the major volcanic centers around the Cook Inlet on at least an annual basis, and more frequently during periods of unrest and eruption. A secondary goal was to measure emissions at selected volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula. While the goals were not necessarily met in all cases due to weather, funding, or the availability of suitable aircraft, a rich dataset of quality measurements is the legacy of this continuing effort. An earlier report (Doukas, 1995) presented data for the period from 1990 through 1994 and the current report provides data through 2006.\r\n\r\nThis report contains all of the available measurements for SO2, CO2, and H2S emission rates in Alaska determined by the U. S. Geological Survey from 1995 through 2006; airborne measurements for H2S began in Alaska in 2001.\r\n\r\nThe results presented here are from Cook Inlet volcanoes at Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine and cover periods of unrest at Iliamna (1996) and Spurr (2004-2006) as well as the 2006 eruption of Augustine. Additional sporadic measurements at volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Martin, Mageik, Griggs, Veniaminof, Ukinrek Maars, Peulik, and Fourpeaked during its 2006 unrest) are also reported here.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071400","usgsCitation":"Doukas, M.P., and McGee, K.A., 2007, A Compilation of Gas Emission-Rate Data from Volcanoes of Cook Inlet (Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine) and Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Fourpeaked, Griggs, Mageik, Martin, Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, and Veniaminof), Alaska, from 1995-2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1400, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071400.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10642,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1400/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.25,57.5 ], [ -157.25,61.5 ], [ -149.5,61.5 ], [ -149.5,57.5 ], [ -157.25,57.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4950e4b0b290850ef0b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":293605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80811,"text":"ofr20071335 - 2007 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1975 Annual Administrative Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T11:21:53","indexId":"ofr20071335","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1335","title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1975 Annual Administrative Report","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTORY NOTE\r\n\r\nThe Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Summaries have been published in the current format since 1956. The Quarterly Summaries (1956 through 1973) and the Annual Summaries (1974 through 1985) were originally published as Administrative Reports. These reports have been compiled and published as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports. The quarterly reports have been combined and published as one annual summary. All the summaries from 1956 to the present are now available as .pdf files at http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod.\r\n\r\nThe earthquake summary data are presented as a listing of origin time, depth, magnitude, and other location parameters. Network instrumentation, field station sites, and location algorithms are described. Tilt and other deformation data are included until Summary 77, January to December 1977. From 1978, the seismic and deformation data are published separately, due to differing schedules of data reduction.\r\n\r\nThere are eight quarters - from the fourth quarter of 1959 to the third quarter of 1961 - that were never published. Two of these (4th quarter 1959, 1st quarter 1960) have now been published, using handwritten notes of Jerry Eaton (HVO seismologist at the time) and his colleagues. The seismic records for the remaining six summaries went back to California in 1961 with Jerry Eaton. Other responsibilities intervened, and the seismic summaries were never prepared.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071335","usgsCitation":"Nakata, J.S., 2007, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 1975 Annual Administrative Report (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1335, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071335.","productDescription":"124 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"1975-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10648,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1335/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f1fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakata, Jennifer S.","contributorId":41907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80796,"text":"ofr20071045 - 2007 - Rocky Mountain Snowpack Chemistry at Selected Sites, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"ofr20071045","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1045","title":"Rocky Mountain Snowpack Chemistry at Selected Sites, 2004","docAbstract":"During spring 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service collected and analyzed snowpack samples for 65 sites in the Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico to Montana. Snowpacks were sampled from late February through early April and generally had well-below-average- to near-average snow-water equivalent. Regionally, on April 1, snow-water equivalent ranged from 50 to 89 percent.\r\n\r\nAt most regional sites monitored during 1993-2004, snowpack ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations for 2004 were lower than the 12-year averages. Snowpack ammonium concentrations in the region were lower than average concentrations for the period at 61 percent of sites in the region, but showed a new pattern compared to previous years with three of the four highest 2004 concentrations observed in northern Colorado. Nitrate concentrations in 2004 were lower than the 12-year average for the year at 53 percent of regional sites, and typically occurred at sites in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana where powerplants and large industrial areas were limited. A regional decrease in sulfate concentrations across most of the Rocky Mountains (with concentrations lower than the 12-year average at 84 percent of snowpack sites) was consistent with other monitoring of atmospheric deposition in the Western United States. Total mercury concentrations, although data are only available for the past 3 years, decreased slightly for the region as a whole in 2004 relative to 2003. Ratios of stable sulfur isotopes indicated a similar regional pattern as observed in recent years with sulfur-34 (d34S) values generally increasing northward from northern New Mexico and southern Colorado to northern Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, G.P., Mast, M.A., Nanus, L., Handran, H.H., Manthorne, D.J., and Hultstrand, D.M., 2007, Rocky Mountain Snowpack Chemistry at Selected Sites, 2004 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1045, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071045.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10636,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1045/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,35 ], [ -117,49 ], [ -103,49 ], [ -103,35 ], [ -117,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545926","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, George P. gpingers@usgs.gov","contributorId":1469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","email":"gpingers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nanus, Leora","contributorId":27930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanus","given":"Leora","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Handran, Heather H.","contributorId":74829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handran","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Manthorne, David J.","contributorId":90380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manthorne","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hultstrand, Douglas M.","contributorId":40684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hultstrand","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":80794,"text":"sir20075225 - 2007 - Urban-Related Environmental Variables and Their Relation with Patterns in Biological Community Structure in the Fountain Creek Basin, Colorado, 2003-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"sir20075225","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5225","title":"Urban-Related Environmental Variables and Their Relation with Patterns in Biological Community Structure in the Fountain Creek Basin, Colorado, 2003-2005","docAbstract":"In 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Colorado Springs City Engineering, began a study to evaluate the influence of urbanization on stream ecosystems. To accomplish this task, invertebrate, fish, stream discharge, habitat, water-chemistry, and land-use data were collected from 13 sites in the Fountain Creek basin from 2003 to 2005. The Hydrologic Index Tool was used to calculate hydrologic indices known to be related to urbanization. Response of stream hydrology to urbanization was evident among hydrologic variables that described stormflow. These indices included one measurement of high-flow magnitude, two measurements of high-flow frequency, and one measurement of stream flashiness. Habitat and selected nonstormflow water chemistry were characterized at each site. Land-use data were converted to estimates of impervious surface cover and used as the measure of urbanization annually. Correlation analysis (Spearman?s rho) was used to identify a suite of nonredundant streamflow, habitat, and water-chemistry variables that were strongly associated (rho > 0.6) with impervious surface cover but not strongly related to elevation (rho < 0.60).\r\n\r\nAn exploratory multivariate analysis (BIO-ENV, PRIMER ver 6.1, Plymouth, UK) was used to create subsets of eight urban-related environmental variables that described patterns in biological community structure. The strongest and most parsimonious subset of variables describing patterns in invertebrate community structure included high flood pulse count, lower bank capacity, and nutrients. Several other combinations of environmental variables resulted in competing subsets, but these subsets always included the three variables found in the most parsimonious list.\r\n\r\nThis study found that patterns in invertebrate community structure from 2003 to 2005 in the Fountain Creek basin were associated with a variety of environmental characteristics influenced by urbanization. These patterns were explained by a combination of hydrologic, habitat, and water-chemistry variables. Fish community structure showed weaker links between urban-related environmental variables and biological patterns. A conceptual model was developed that showed the influence of urban-related environmental variables and their relation to fish and invertebrate assemblages. This model should prove helpful in guiding future studies on the impacts of urbanization on aquatic systems. Long-term monitoring efforts may be needed in other drainages along the Front Range of Colorado to link urban-related variables to aquatic communities in transition zone streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075225","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Springs City Engineering","usgsCitation":"Zuellig, R.E., Bruce, J.F., Evans, E.E., and Stogner, 2007, Urban-Related Environmental Variables and Their Relation with Patterns in Biological Community Structure in the Fountain Creek Basin, Colorado, 2003-2005 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5225, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075225.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5225.jpg"},{"id":10634,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.25,38.166666666666664 ], [ -105.25,39.166666666666664 ], [ -104.25,39.166666666666664 ], [ -104.25,38.166666666666664 ], [ -105.25,38.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuellig, Robert E. 0000-0002-4784-2905 rzuellig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4784-2905","contributorId":1620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuellig","given":"Robert","email":"rzuellig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruce, James F. 0000-0003-3125-2932 jbruce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-2932","contributorId":916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"James","email":"jbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, Erin E. eeevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":1618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Erin","email":"eeevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":293589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stogner 0000-0002-3185-1452 rstogner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1452","contributorId":938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","email":"rstogner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80793,"text":"ofr20071216 - 2007 - Side-scan sonar imaging of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T12:02:27","indexId":"ofr20071216","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1216","title":"Side-scan sonar imaging of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"This paper presents data collection methods and side-scan sonar data collected along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in August and September of 2000. The purpose of the data collection effort was to image the distribution of sand between Glen Canyon Dam and river mile 87.4 before and after the 31,600 cfs flow of September 6-8. The side-scan sonar imaging focused on pools between rapids but included smaller rapids where possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071216","usgsCitation":"Anima, R., Wong, F.L., Hogg, D., and Galanis, P., 2007, Side-scan sonar imaging of the Colorado River, Grand Canyon (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1216, Report: 15 p.; Images, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071216.","productDescription":"Report: 15 p.; Images","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-08-01","temporalEnd":"2000-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071216.PNG"},{"id":10631,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1216/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":292632,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1216/of2007-1216.pdf"},{"id":292633,"type":{"id":14,"text":"Image"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1216/R3-R4_uninterpreted/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.0,36.0 ], [ -112.0,37.0 ], [ -111.333333,37.0 ], [ -111.333333,36.0 ], [ -112.0,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d4e4b07f02db5dd76a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anima, Roberto","contributorId":92761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"Roberto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hogg, David","contributorId":63107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogg","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galanis, Peter","contributorId":82004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galanis","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80790,"text":"ofr20061288 - 2007 - Measurements of slope current and environmental geochemistry near the western boundary of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-09T11:56:43","indexId":"ofr20061288","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1288","title":"Measurements of slope current and environmental geochemistry near the western boundary of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary","docAbstract":"For nearly a decade, dredged material from San Francisco Bay has been deposited at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IX designated disposal site on the continental slope west of the Farallon Islands. Over the past several years, annual disposal volumes have ranged from 136,170 m3 (61 barge loads) to 2,407,600 m3 (1,173 barge loads) (Ota, personal communication, 2000). The EPA has conducted extensive studies to evaluate the fate and effects of the disposed material (Abdelrhman, 1992; Tetra-Tech, 1992; SAIC, 1992). The EPA has also maintained a long-term monitoring program to collect hydrodynamic, sedimentary, chemical, and biological data that are used to determine whether the dredged material adversely affects the ecology of adjacent water bodies and whether it moves from the disposal site, especially into the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. As part of this monitoring program, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) deployed arrays of instruments on three moorings near the EPA disposal site from November 1997 to November 1998. This report describes the results and findings of this field monitoring experiment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061288","usgsCitation":"Noble, M.A., Xu, J., Kolak, J., Gartner, A.L., and Rosenberger, K., 2007, Measurements of slope current and environmental geochemistry near the western boundary of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1288, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061288.","productDescription":"46 p.","numberOfPages":"117","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061288.PNG"},{"id":10627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293524,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1288/of2006-1288.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Farallon Islands;Gulf Of The Farallones","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.75,37.0 ], [ -123.75,38.25 ], [ -122.25,38.25 ], [ -122.25,37.0 ], [ -123.75,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61125d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, Marlene A. mnoble@usgs.gov","contributorId":1429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","email":"mnoble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, Jingping jpx@usgs.gov","contributorId":2574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Jingping","email":"jpx@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolak, Jon jkolak@usgs.gov","contributorId":677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"Jon","email":"jkolak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gartner, Anne L.","contributorId":32620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenberger, Kurt J.","contributorId":12934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"Kurt J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}