Highway runoff has the potential to negatively impact receiving systems including stormwater retention ponds where highway particulate matter can accumulate following runoff events. Tire wear particles, which contain about 1% Zn by mass, make up approximately one-third of the vehicle derived particulates in highway runoff and therefore may serve as a stressor to organisms utilizing retention ponds as habitat. In this study, we focused on the potential contribution of tire debris to Zn accumulation by Rana sylvaticalarvae and possible lethal or sublethal impacts resulting from exposure to weathered tire debris during development. Eggs and larvae were exposed to aged sediments (containing either ZnCl2 or tire particulate matter, both providing nominal concentrations of 1000 mg Zn kg−1) through metamorphosis. Water column Zn was elevated in both the ZnCl2 and tire treatments relative to the control treatment, indicating that aging allowed Zn leaching from tire debris to occur. Tissue Zn was also elevated for the ZnCl2and tire treatments indicating that Zn in the treatments was available for uptake by the amphibians. Exposure to both ZnCl2 and tire treatments increased the time for larvae to complete metamorphosis in comparison with controls. We also observed that the longer the organisms took to complete metamorphosis, the smaller their mass at metamorphosis. Our results indicate that Zn leached from aged tire debris is bioavailable to developing R. sylvaticalarvae and that exposure to tire debris amended sediments can result in measurable physiological outcomes to wood frogs that may influence population dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.056","issn":"00456","usgsCitation":"Camponelli, K., Casey, R., Snodgrass, J., Lev, S., and Landa, E.R., 2009, Impacts of weathered tire debris on the development of Rana sylvatica larvae: Chemosphere, v. 74, no. 5, p. 717-722, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.056.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"722","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213518,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.056"}],"volume":"74","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3902e4b0c8380cd61785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Camponelli, K.M.","contributorId":81699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camponelli","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, R.E.","contributorId":68543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snodgrass, J.W.","contributorId":39102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snodgrass","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lev, S.M.","contributorId":10230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lev","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034621,"text":"70034621 - 2009 - Effects of simplifying fracture network representation on inert chemical migration in fracture-controlled aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:23:28","indexId":"70034621","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of simplifying fracture network representation on inert chemical migration in fracture-controlled aquifers","docAbstract":"[1] While it is widely recognized that highly permeable ‘large‐scale' fractures dominate chemical migration in many fractured aquifers, recent studies suggest that the pervasive ‘small‐scale’ fracturing once considered of less significance can be equally important for characterizing the spatial extent and residence time associated with transport processes. A detailed examination of chemical migration through fracture‐controlled aquifers is used to advance this conceptual understanding. The influence of fracture structure is evaluated by quantifying the effects to transport caused by a systematic removal of fractures from three‐dimensional discrete fracture models whose attributes are derived from geologic and hydrologic conditions at multiple field sites. Results indicate that the effects to transport caused by network simplification are sensitive to the fracture network characteristics, degree of network simplification, and plume travel distance, but primarily in an indirect sense since correlation to individual attributes is limited. Transport processes can be ‘enhanced’ or ‘restricted’ from network simplification meaning that the elimination of fractures may increase or decrease mass migration, mean travel time, dispersion, and tailing of the concentration plume. The results demonstrate why, for instance, chemical migration may not follow the classic advection‐dispersion equation where dispersion approximates the effect of the ignored geologic structure as a strictly additive process to the mean flow. The analyses further reveal that the prediction error caused by fracture network simplification is reduced by at least 50% using the median estimate from an ensemble of simplified fracture network models, and that the error from network simplification is at least 70% less than the stochastic variability from multiple realizations.
Handcart Gulch is an alpine watershed along the Continental Divide in the Colorado Rocky Mountain Front Range. It contains an unmined mineral deposit typical of many hydrothermal mineral deposits in the intermountain west, composed primarily of pyrite with trace metals including copper and molybdenum. Springs and the trunk stream have a natural pH value of 3 to 4. The U.S. Geological Survey began integrated research activities at the site in 2003 with the objective of better understanding geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic controls on naturally occurring acid-rock drainage in alpine watersheds. Characterizing the role of groundwater was of particular interest because mountain watersheds containing metallic mineral deposits are often underlain by complexly deformed crystalline rocks in which groundwater flow is poorly understood. Site infrastructure currently includes 4 deep monitoring wells high in the watershed (300– 1,200 ft deep), 4 bedrock (100–170 ft deep) and 5 shallow (10–30 ft deep) monitoring wells along the trunk stream, a stream gage, and a meteorological station. Work to date at the site includes: geologic mapping and structural analysis; surface sample and drill core mineralogic characterization; geophysical borehole logging; aquifer testing; monitoring of groundwater hydraulic heads and streamflows; a stream tracer dilution study; repeated sampling of surface and groundwater for geochemical analyses, including major and trace elements, several isotopes, and groundwater age dating; and construction of groundwater flow models. The unique dataset collected at Handcart Gulch has yielded several important findings about bedrock groundwater flow at the site. Most importantly, we find that bedrock bulk permeability is nontrivial and that bedrock groundwater apparently constitutes a substantial fraction of the hydrologic budget. This means that bedrock groundwater commonly may be an underappreciated component of the hydrologic system in studies of alpine watersheds. Additionally, despite the complexity of the fracture controlled aquifer system, it appears that it can be represented with a relatively simple conceptual model and can be treated as an equivalent porous medium at the watershed scale. Interpretation of existing data, collection of new monitoring data, and efforts to link geochemical and hydrologic processes through modeling are ongoing at the site.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Third interagency conference on research in the watersheds","conferenceDate":"September 8-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., Caine, J.S., Verplanck, P.L., Bove, D.J., and Kahn, K., 2009, U.S. Geological Survey research in Handcart Gulch, Colorado—An alpine watershed with natural acid-rock drainage, in Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049), Estes Park, CO, September 8-11, 2008, p. 97-102.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328059,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/Manning.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Handcart Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.79267501831055,\n 39.4925165621885\n ],\n [\n -105.7964515686035,\n 39.47688306187988\n ],\n [\n -105.75525283813477,\n 39.46124604730335\n ],\n [\n -105.74907302856444,\n 39.479533055046645\n ],\n [\n -105.79267501831055,\n 39.4925165621885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6b1b2e4b0f2f0cebe7361","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caine, Jonathan S. 0000-0002-7269-6989 jscaine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-6989","contributorId":1272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"Jonathan","email":"jscaine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bove, Dana J. dbove@usgs.gov","contributorId":4855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"Dana","email":"dbove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kahn, Katherine G.","contributorId":174149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahn","given":"Katherine G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034324,"text":"70034324 - 2009 - Estimating nitrogen loading to ground water and assessing vulnerability to nitrate contamination in a large karstic springs Basin, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:46","indexId":"70034324","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating nitrogen loading to ground water and assessing vulnerability to nitrate contamination in a large karstic springs Basin, Florida","docAbstract":"A nitrogen (N) mass-balance budget was developed to assess the sources of N affecting increasing ground-water nitrate concentrations in the 960-km 2 karstic Ichetucknee Springs basin. This budget included direct measurements of N species in rainfall, ground water, and spring waters, along with estimates of N loading from fertilizers, septic tanks, animal wastes, and the land application of treated municipal wastewater and residual solids. Based on a range of N leaching estimates, N loads to ground water ranged from 262,000 to 1.3 million kg/year; and were similar to N export from the basin in spring waters (266,000 kg/year) when 80-90% N losses were assumed. Fertilizers applied to cropland, lawns, and pine stands contributed about 51% of the estimated total annual N load to ground water in the basin. Other sources contributed the following percentages of total N load to ground water: animal wastes, 27%; septic tanks, 12%; atmospheric deposition, 8%; and the land application of treated wastewater and biosolids, 2%. Due to below normal rainfall (97.3 cm) during the 12-month rainfall collection period, N inputs from rainfall likely were about 30% lower than estimates for normal annual rainfall (136 cm). Low N-isotope values for six spring waters (??15N-NO3 = 3.3 to 6.3???) and elevated potassium concentrations in ground water and spring waters were consistent with the large N contribution from fertilizers. Given ground-water residence times on the order of decades for spring waters, possible sinks for excess N inputs to the basin include N storage in the unsaturated zone and parts of the aquifer with relatively sluggish ground-water movement and denitrification. A geographical-based model of spatial loading from fertilizers indicated that areas most vulnerable to nitrate contamination were located in closed depressions containing sinkholes and other dissolution features in the southern half of the basin. ?? 2009 American Water Resources Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00309.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Sepulveda, A., and Verdi, R., 2009, Estimating nitrogen loading to ground water and assessing vulnerability to nitrate contamination in a large karstic springs Basin, Florida: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 45, no. 3, p. 607-627, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00309.x.","startPage":"607","endPage":"627","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216794,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00309.x"},{"id":244686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b32e4b0c8380cd525fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sepulveda, A.A.","contributorId":27912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdi, R.J.","contributorId":33144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdi","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035164,"text":"70035164 - 2009 - Diets of three species of anurans from the cache creek watershed, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035164","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diets of three species of anurans from the cache creek watershed, California, USA","docAbstract":"We evaluated the diets of three sympatric anuran species, the native Northern Pacific Treefrog, Pseudacris regilla, and Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog, Rana boylii, and the introduced American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, based on stomach contents of frogs collected at 36 sites in 1997 and 1998. This investigation was part of a study of mercury bioaccumulation in the biota of the Cache Creek Watershed in north-central California, an area affected by mercury contamination from natural sources and abandoned mercury mines. We collected R. boylii at 22 sites, L. catesbeianus at 21 sites, and P. regilla at 13 sites. We collected both L. catesbeianus and R. boylii at nine sites and all three species at five sites. Pseudacris regilla had the least aquatic diet (100% of the samples had terrestrial prey vs. 5% with aquatic prey), followed by R. boylii (98% terrestrial, 28% aquatic), and L. catesbeianus, which had similar percentages of terrestrial (81%) and aquatic prey (74%). Observed predation by L. catesbeianus on R. boylii may indicate that interaction between these two species is significant. Based on their widespread abundance and their preference for aquatic foods, we suggest that, where present, L. catesbeianus should be the species of choice for all lethal biomonitoring of mercury in amphibians. Copyright ?? 2009 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Herpetology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1670/06-207R1.1","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., Meckstroth, A., Wegner, K., Jennings, M., and Crayon, J., 2009, Diets of three species of anurans from the cache creek watershed, California, USA: Journal of Herpetology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 275-283, https://doi.org/10.1670/06-207R1.1.","startPage":"275","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1670/06-207R1.1"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00e8e4b0c8380cd4f9b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meckstroth, A.M.","contributorId":50464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meckstroth","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wegner, K.E.","contributorId":97726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegner","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crayon, J.J.","contributorId":91810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crayon","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035263,"text":"70035263 - 2009 - Depletion of isoeugenol residues from the fillet tissue of AQUI-S™ exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-30T10:25:18","indexId":"70035263","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depletion of isoeugenol residues from the fillet tissue of AQUI-S™ exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","docAbstract":"There is a critical need in U.S. public aquaculture and fishery management for an approved sedative that allows for the immediate release of fish after sedation. AQUI-STM is a fish anesthetic/sedative approved for use in several countries and until recently was being developed in the U.S. as a sedative for immediate release of fish after sedation. The U.S. National Toxicology Program reported that isoeugenol (the active ingredient in AQUI-STM) exposed male mice showed clear evidence of carcinogenicity, therefore efforts within the U.S. Department of Interior to develop AQUI-STM as a sedative that allows for immediate release ceased. Despite the ruling, AQUI-STM still has the potential to be approved as an anesthetic with a short withdrawal time. Among the data required to gain approval for use in the U.S. are data describing the composition and depletion of all AQUI-STM residues from fish fillet tissue. A total residue depletion study for AQUI-STM was conducted by exposing market-sized rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (mean weight, 502.7 ± 54 g; s.d.) to 8.9 mg/L of 14C-[URL]-isoeugenol for 60 min in 17 °C water. The 14C-[URL]-isoeugenol was mixed with a surfactant resulting in a mixture that mimicked AQUI-STM. Groups of fish (n = 6) were sampled immediately after the exposure (0-h sample group) and at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h thereafter. Total isoeugenol-equivalent residue concentrations in the fillet tissue were determined by oxidizing triplicate subsamples of homogenized skin-on fillet tissue from each fish to 14CO2 and enumerating the radioactivity by static liquid scintillation counting. Isoeugenol concentrations in fillet tissue were determined by extracting homogenized fillet tissue with solvents and determining the isoeugenol concentrations in the extracts with high performance liquid chromatography techniques. The mean total isoeugenol-equivalent residue concentrations in the 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4-h sample groups were 55.4, 32.0, 19.8, 11.3, and 4.9 µg/g, respectively. The primary chemical residue in fillet tissue from all exposed fish was isoeugenol. The mean isoeugenol concentrations in the 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4-h sample groups were 48.9, 26.5, 15.3, 7.2, and 2.2 µg/g, respectively. The percents of the total radioactivity classified as isoeugenol in the 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4-h tissue extracts were 95, 73, 73, 64, and 48%, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.022","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"Meinertz, J.R., and Schreier, T.M., 2009, Depletion of isoeugenol residues from the fillet tissue of AQUI-S™ exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Aquaculture, v. 296, no. 3-4, p. 200-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.022.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"206","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215157,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.022"}],"volume":"296","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feb2e4b0c8380cd4ee92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meinertz, Jeffery R. 0000-0002-8855-2648 jmeinertz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8855-2648","contributorId":2495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meinertz","given":"Jeffery","email":"jmeinertz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreier, Theresa M. 0000-0001-7722-6292 tschreier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7722-6292","contributorId":3344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreier","given":"Theresa","email":"tschreier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176165,"text":"70176165 - 2009 - Flowpath contributions of weathering products to stream fluxes at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70176165,"text":"70176165 - 2009 - Flowpath contributions of weathering products to stream fluxes at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia","indexId":"70176165","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Flowpath contributions of weathering products to stream fluxes at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-30T15:39:46","indexId":"70176165","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Flowpath contributions of weathering products to stream fluxes at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia","docAbstract":"Short-term weathering rates (chemical denudation) of primary weathering products were derived from an analysis of fluxes in precipitation and streamwater. Rainfall, streamflow (runoff), and related water quality have been monitored at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) since 1985. Regression relations of stream solute concentration of major ions including weathering products [sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and silica (H4SiO4)] were derived from weekly and storm-based sampling from October 1986 through September 1998; runoff, seasonality, and hydrologic state were the primary independent variables. The regression relations explained from 74 to 90 percent of the variations in solute concentration. Chloride (Cl) fluxes for the study period were used to estimate dry atmospheric deposition (DAD) by subtracting the precipitation flux from the stream flux; net Cl flux varied from years of net retention during dry years to >3 times more exported during wet years. On average, DAD was 56 percent of the total atmospheric deposition (also assumed for the other solutes); average annual net cation and H4SiO4 fluxes were 50.6 and 85.9 mmol m-2, respectively. The annual cumulative density functions of solute flux as a function of runoff were evaluated and compared among solutes to evaluate relative changes in solute sources during stormflows. Stream flux of weathering solutes is primarily associated with groundwater discharge. During stormflow, Ca and Mg contributions increase relative to Na and H4SiO4, particularly during wet years when the contribution is 10 percent of the annual flux. The higher Ca and Mg contributions to the stream during stormflow are consistent with increased contribution from shallow soil horizons where these solutes dominate.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Third interagency conference on research in the watersheds","conferenceDate":"September 8-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Peters, N.E., and Aulenbach, B.T., 2009, Flowpath contributions of weathering products to stream fluxes at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, in Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049), Estes Park, CO, September 8-11, 2008, p. 177-185.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"185","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/Peters.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6af81e4b0f2f0cebe4e15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T. 0000-0003-2863-1288 btaulenb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1288","contributorId":3057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent","email":"btaulenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035864,"text":"70035864 - 2009 - Investigating local variation in groundwater recharge along a topographic gradient, Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035864","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating local variation in groundwater recharge along a topographic gradient, Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA","docAbstract":"Groundwater recharge is an important component to hydrologic studies but is known to vary considerably across the landscape. The purpose of this study was to examine 4 years of water-level behavior in a transect of four water-table wells installed at Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA to evaluate how groundwater recharge varied along a topographic gradient. The amount of daily water-table rise (WTR) in the wells was summed at monthly and annual scales and estimates of specific yield (Sy) were used to convert the WTR to recharge. At the floodplain site, Sy was estimated from the ratio of WTR to total rainfall and in the uplands was based on the ratio of baseflow to WTR. In the floodplain, where the water table is shallow, recharge occurred throughout the year whenever precipitation occurred. In upland areas where the water table was deeper, WTR occurred in a stepped fashion and varied by season. Results indicated that the greatest amount of water-table rise over the 4-year period was observed in the floodplain (379 mm), followed by the upland (211 mm) and sideslopes (122 mm). Incorporating spatial variability in recharge in a watershed will improve groundwater resource evaluation and flow and transport modeling. ?? Springer-Verlag 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-008-0347-5","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., 2009, Investigating local variation in groundwater recharge along a topographic gradient, Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 17, no. 2, p. 397-407, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0347-5.","startPage":"397","endPage":"407","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216322,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0347-5"},{"id":244185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e6be4b0c8380cd63d82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70035158,"text":"70035158 - 2009 - Habitat requirements of the endangered California freshwater shrimp (Syncaris pacifica) in lagunitas and Olema creeks, Marin County, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-30T09:00:44","indexId":"70035158","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2235,"text":"Journal of Crustacean Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat requirements of the endangered California freshwater shrimp (Syncaris pacifica) in lagunitas and Olema creeks, Marin County, California, USA","docAbstract":"This study was conducted to better understand the habitat requirements and environmental limiting factors of Syncaris pacifica, the California freshwater shrimp. This federally listed endangered species is native to perennial lowland streams in a few watersheds in northern California. Field sampling occurred in Lagunitas and Olema creeks at seasonal intervals from February 2003 to November 2004. Ten glides, five pools, and five riffles served as fixed sampling reaches, with eight glides, four pools, and four riffles located in Lagunitas Creek and the remainder in Olema Creek. A total of 1773 S. pacifica was counted during this study, all of which were captured along vegetated banks in Lagunitas Creek. Syncaris pacifica was most numerous in glides (64), then in pools (31), and lastly in riffles (5). According to logistic regression analysis, S. pacifica was mostly associated with submerged portions of streambank vegetation (especially overhanging vegetation such as ferns and blackberries, emergent vegetation such as sedge and brooklime, and fine roots associated with water hemlock, willow, sedge, and blackberries) along with low water current velocity and a sandy substrate. These seemingly favorable habitat conditions for S. pacifica were present in glides and pools in Lagunitas Creek, but not in Olema Creek. ?? 2009 The Crustacean Society.","language":"English","publisher":"Brill","doi":"10.1651/08-3134.1","issn":"02780372","usgsCitation":"Martin, B.A., Saiki, M.K., and Fong, D., 2009, Habitat requirements of the endangered California freshwater shrimp (Syncaris pacifica) in lagunitas and Olema creeks, Marin County, California, USA: Journal of Crustacean Biology, v. 29, no. 4, p. 595-604, https://doi.org/10.1651/08-3134.1.","productDescription":"10 p","startPage":"595","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476447,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1651/08-3134.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215543,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1651/08-3134.1"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f1de4b0c8380cd5cace","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Barbara A. 0000-0002-9415-6377 barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-6377","contributorId":2855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Barbara","email":"barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saiki, Michael K.","contributorId":54671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fong, Darren","contributorId":17715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Darren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033170,"text":"70033170 - 2009 - Long-term change in limnology and invertebrates in Alaskan boreal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70033170","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term change in limnology and invertebrates in Alaskan boreal wetlands","docAbstract":"Climate change is more pronounced at high northern latitudes, and may be affecting the physical, chemical, and biological attributes of the abundant wetlands in boreal forests. On the Yukon Flats, located in the boreal forest of northeast Alaska, wetlands originally sampled during 1985-1989 were re-sampled for water chemistry and macroinvertebrates in summer 2001-2003. Wetlands sampled lost on average 19% surface water area between these periods. Total nitrogen and most metal cations (Na, Mg, and Ca, but not K) increased between these periods, whereas total phosphorus and chlorophyll a (Chl a) declined. These changes were greater in wetlands that had experienced more drying (decreased surface area). Compared with 1985-1989, densities of cladocerans, copepods, and ostracods in both June and August were much higher in 2002-2003, whereas densities of amphipods, gastropods, and chironomid larvae were generally lower. In comparisons among wetlands in 2002-2003 only, amphipod biomass was lower in wetlands with lower Chl a, which might help explain the decline of amphipods since the late 1980s when Chl a was higher. The decline in Chl a corresponded to greatly increased zooplankton density in June, suggesting a shift in carbon flow from scrapers and deposit-feeders to water-column grazers. Declines in benthic and epibenthic deposit-feeding invertebrates suggest important food web effects of climate change in otherwise pristine wetlands of the boreal forest. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-008-9616-5","issn":"00188","usgsCitation":"Corcoran, R.M., Lovvorn, J., and Heglund, P., 2009, Long-term change in limnology and invertebrates in Alaskan boreal wetlands: Hydrobiologia, v. 620, no. 1, p. 77-89, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9616-5.","startPage":"77","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213393,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9616-5"},{"id":241016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"620","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a497ae4b0c8380cd68638","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corcoran, R. M.","contributorId":19783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corcoran","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovvorn, J.R.","contributorId":11165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovvorn","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035140,"text":"70035140 - 2009 - Basal-topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035140","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basal-topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide","docAbstract":"The Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado has been moving for at least the last few hundred years and has multiple ponds on its surface. We have studied eight ponds during 30 trips to the landslide between July 1998 and July 2007. During each trip, we have made observations on the variability in pond locations and water levels, taken ground-based photographs to document pond water with respect to moving landslide material and vegetation, conducted Global Positioning System surveys of the elevations of water levels and mapped pond sediments on the landslide surface. Additionally, we have used stereo aerial photographs taken in October 1939, October 1940 and July 2000 to measure topographic profiles of the eight pond locations, as well as a longitudinal profile along the approximate centerline of the landslide, to examine topographic changes over a 60- to 61-year period of time. Results from field observations, analyses of photographs, mapping and measurements indicate that all pond locations have remained spatially stationary for 60-300 years while landslide material moves through these locations. Water levels during the observation period were sensitive to changes in the local, spring-fed, stream network, and to periodic filling of pond locations by sediment from floods, hyperconcentrated flows, mud flows and debris flows. For pond locations to remain stationary, the locations must mimic depressions along the basal surface of the landslide. The existence of such depressions indicates that the topography of the basal landslide surface is irregular. These results suggest that, for translational landslides that have moved distances larger than the dimensions of the largest basal topographic irregularities (about 200 m at Slumgullion), landslide surface morphology can be used as a guide to the morphology of the basal slip surface. Because basal slip surface morphology can affect landslide stability, kinematic models and stability analyses of translational landslides should attempt to incorporate irregular basal surface topography. Additional implications for moving landslides where basal topography controls surface morphology include the following: dateable sediments or organic material from basal layers of stationary ponds will yield ages that are younger than the date of landslide initiation, and it is probable that other landslide surface features such as faults, streams, springs and sinks are also controlled by basal topography. The longitudinal topographic profile indicated that the upper part of the Slumgullion landslide was depleted at a mean vertical lowering rate of 5.6 cm/yr between 1939 and 2000, while the toe advanced at an average rate of 1.5 m/yr during the same period. Therefore, during this 61-year period, neither the depletion of material at the head of the landslide nor continued growth of the landslide toe has decreased the overall movement rate of the landslide. Continued depletion of the upper part of the landslide, and growth of the toe, should eventually result in stabilization of the landslide. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1721","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., McKenna, J., Godt, J., and Baum, R., 2009, Basal-topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 34, no. 2, p. 264-279, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1721.","startPage":"264","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215272,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1721"},{"id":243062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efc2e4b0c8380cd4a42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coe, J. A.","contributorId":8867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenna, J.P.","contributorId":24543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, J. W.","contributorId":76732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baum, R.L.","contributorId":68752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176167,"text":"70176167 - 2009 - Aquatic ecosystems in Central Colorado are influenced by mineral forming processes and historical mining","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70176167,"text":"70176167 - 2009 - Aquatic ecosystems in Central Colorado are influenced by mineral forming processes and historical mining","indexId":"70176167","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Aquatic ecosystems in Central Colorado are influenced by mineral forming processes and historical mining"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-30T15:57:44","indexId":"70176167","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Aquatic ecosystems in Central Colorado are influenced by mineral forming processes and historical mining","docAbstract":"Stream water and sediment toxicity to aquatic insects were quantified from central Colorado catchments to distinguish the effect of geologic processes which result in high background metals concentrations from historical mining. Our sampling design targeted small catchments underlain by rocks of a single lithology, which allowed the development of biological and geochemical baselines without the complication of multiple rock types exposed in the catchment. By accounting for geologic sources of metals to the environment, we were able to distinguish between the environmental effects caused by mining and the weathering of different mineralized areas. Elevated metal concentrations in water and sediment were not restricted to mined catchments. Impairment of aquatic communities also occurred in unmined catchments influenced by hydrothermal alteration. Hydrothermal alteration style, deposit type, and mining were important determinants of water and sediment quality and aquatic community structure. Weathering of unmined porphyry Cu-Mo occurrences resulted in water (median toxic unit (TU) = 108) and sediment quality (TU = 1.9) that exceeded concentrations thought to be safe for aquatic ecosystems (TU = 1). Metalsensitive aquatic insects were virtually absent from streams draining catchments with porphyry Cu-Mo occurrences (1.1 individuals/0.1 m2 ). However, water and sediment quality (TU = 0.1, 0.5 water and sediment, respectively) and presence of metalsensitive aquatic insects (204 individuals/0.1 m2 ) for unmined polymetallic vein occurrences were indistinguishable from that for unmined and unaltered streams (TU = 0.1, 0.5 water and sediment, respectively; 201 individuals/0.1 m2 ). In catchments with mined quartz-sericite-pyrite altered polymetallic vein deposits, water (TU = 8.4) and sediment quality (TU = 3.1) were degraded and more toxic to aquatic insects (36 individuals/0.1 m2 ) than water (TU = 0.4) and sediment quality (TU = 1.7) from mined propylitically altered polymetallic vein deposits. The sampling approach taken in this study distinguishes the effects of different mineral deposits on ecosystems and can be used to more accurately quantify the effect of mining on the environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Third interagency conference on research in the watersheds","conferenceDate":"September 8-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, T., Church, S.E., Clements, W., Mitchell, K., Fey, D.L., Wanty, R., Verplanck, P., San, J.C., Klein, T.L., deWitt, E., and Rockwell, B., 2009, Aquatic ecosystems in Central Colorado are influenced by mineral forming processes and historical mining, in Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049), Estes Park, CO, September 8-11, 2008, p. 195-205.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"205","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/Schmidt.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6ae96e4b0f2f0cebe4074","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, T.S.","contributorId":65175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clements, W.H.","contributorId":78855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clements","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, K.A.","contributorId":38825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fey, D. L.","contributorId":117153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"San, Juan C.A. 0000-0002-9151-1919","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":71026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"deWitt, E.H.","contributorId":103371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"deWitt","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rockwell, B.W.","contributorId":73396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70035947,"text":"70035947 - 2009 - The occurrence of glyphosate, atrazine, and other pesticides in vernal pools and adjacent streams in Washington, DC, Maryland, Iowa, and Wyoming, 2005-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:38:23","indexId":"70035947","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence of glyphosate, atrazine, and other pesticides in vernal pools and adjacent streams in Washington, DC, Maryland, Iowa, and Wyoming, 2005-2006","docAbstract":"Vernal pools are sensitive environments that provide critical habitat for many species, including amphibians. These small water bodies are not always protected by pesticide label requirements for no-spray buffer zones, and the occurrence of pesticides in them is poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of glyphosate, its primary degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid, and additional pesticides in vernal pools and adjacent flowing waters. Most sampling sites were chosen to be in areas where glyphosate was being used either in production agriculture or for nonindigenous plant control. The four site locations were in otherwise protected areas (e.g., in a National Park). When possible, water samples were collected both before and after glyphosate application in 2005 and 2006. Twenty-eight pesticides or pesticide degradation products were detected in the study, and as many as 11 were identified in individual samples. Atrazine was detected most frequently and concentrations exceeded the freshwater aquatic life standard of 1.8 micrograms per liter (μg/l) in samples from Rands Ditch and Browns Ditch in DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge. Glyphosate was measured at the highest concentration (328 μg/l) in a sample from Riley Spring Pond in Rock Creek National Park. This concentration exceeded the freshwater aquatic life standard for glyphosate of 65 μg/l. Aminomethylphosphonic acid, triclopyr, and nicosulfuron also were detected at concentrations greater than 3.0 μg/l.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10661-008-0435-y","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W.A., Rice, K.C., Focazio, M.J., Salmons, S., and Barry, R.X., 2009, The occurrence of glyphosate, atrazine, and other pesticides in vernal pools and adjacent streams in Washington, DC, Maryland, Iowa, and Wyoming, 2005-2006: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 155, no. 1, p. 281-307, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0435-y.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Maryland, Washington D.C., Wyoming","volume":"155","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae40e4b08c986b323f7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":453265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salmons, Sue","contributorId":105555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salmons","given":"Sue","affiliations":[{"id":12462,"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":453266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barry, Robert X.","contributorId":178234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barry","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"X.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":453264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035932,"text":"70035932 - 2009 - Nicotine, acetanilide and urea multi-level2H-,13C- and15N-abundance reference materials for continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035932","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3233,"text":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nicotine, acetanilide and urea multi-level2H-,13C- and15N-abundance reference materials for continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Accurate determinations of stable isotope ratios require a calibration using at least two reference materials with different isotopic compositions to anchor the isotopic scale and compensate for differences in machine slope. Ideally, the S values of these reference materials should bracket the isotopic range of samples with unknown S values. While the practice of analyzing two isotopically distinct reference materials is common for water (VSMOW-SLAP) and carbonates (NBS 19 and L-SVEC), the lack of widely available organic reference materials with distinct isotopic composition has hindered the practice when analyzing organic materials by elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). At present only L-glutamic acids USGS40 and USGS41 satisfy these requirements for ??13C and ??13N, with the limitation that L-glutamic acid is not suitable for analysis by gas chromatography (GC). We describe the development and quality testing of (i) four nicotine laboratory reference materials for on-line (i.e. continuous flow) hydrogen reductive gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass-spectrometry (GC-IRMS), (ii) five nicotines for oxidative C, N gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass-spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS, or GC-IRMS), and (iii) also three acetanilide and three urea reference materials for on-line oxidative EA-IRMS for C and N. Isotopic off-line calibration against international stable isotope measurement standards at Indiana University adhered to the 'principle of identical treatment'. The new reference materials cover the following isotopic ranges: ??2Hnicotine -162 to -45%o, ??13Cnicotine -30.05 to +7.72%, ?? 15Nnicotine -6.03 to +33.62%; ??15N acetanilide +1-18 to +40.57%; ??13Curea -34.13 to +11.71%, ??15Nurea +0.26 to +40.61% (recommended ?? values refer to calibration with NBS 19, L-SVEC, IAEA-N-1, and IAEA-N-2). Nicotines fill a gap as the first organic nitrogen stable isotope reference materials for GC-IRMS that are available with different ??13N values. Comparative ??13C and ??15N on-line EA-IRMS data from 14 volunteering laboratories document the usefulness and reliability of acetanilides and ureas as EA-IRMS reference materials.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rcm.4277","issn":"09514198","usgsCitation":"Schimmelmann, A., Albertino, A., Sauer, P., Qi, H., Molinie, R., and Mesnard, F., 2009, Nicotine, acetanilide and urea multi-level2H-,13C- and15N-abundance reference materials for continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 23, no. 22, p. 3513-3521, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4277.","startPage":"3513","endPage":"3521","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216474,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4277"},{"id":244345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6652e4b0c8380cd72d73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albertino, A.","contributorId":43597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albertino","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, P.E.","contributorId":76335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Qi, H.","contributorId":107910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Molinie, R.","contributorId":105557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molinie","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mesnard, F.","contributorId":30480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesnard","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035959,"text":"70035959 - 2009 - Relationship of stream ecological conditions to simulated hydraulic metrics across a gradient of basin urbanization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035959","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship of stream ecological conditions to simulated hydraulic metrics across a gradient of basin urbanization","docAbstract":"The relationships among urbanization, stream hydraulics, and aquatic biology were investigated across a gradient of urbanization in 30 small basins in eastern Wisconsin, USA. Simulation of hydraulic metrics with 1-dimensional unsteady flow models was an effective means for mechanistically coupling the effects of urbanization with stream ecological conditions (i.e., algae, invertebrates, and fish). Urbanization, characterized by household, road, and urban land density, was positively correlated with the lowest shear stress for 2 adjacent transects in a reach for the low-flow summer (p < 0.001) and autumn (p < 0.01) periods. Urbanization also was positively correlated with Reynolds number and % exposed stream bed during months with moderate to low flows. Our study demonstrated the value of temporally and spatially explicit hydraulic models for providing mechanistic insight into the relationships between hydraulic variables and biological responses. For example, the positive correlation between filter-feeding invertebrate richness and minimum 2-transect shear stress observed in our study is consistent with a higher concentration of water-column particulates available for filtration. The strength of correlations between hydraulic and biological metrics is related to the time period (annual, seasonal, or monthly) considered. The hydraulic modeling approach, whether based on hourly or daily flow data, allowed documentation of the effects of a spatially variable response within a reach, and the results suggest that stream response to urbanization varies with hydraulic habitat type. ?? North American Benthological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1899/08-157.1","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Steuer, J.J., Bales, J., and Giddings, E., 2009, Relationship of stream ecological conditions to simulated hydraulic metrics across a gradient of basin urbanization: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 28, no. 4, p. 955-976, https://doi.org/10.1899/08-157.1.","startPage":"955","endPage":"976","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216416,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/08-157.1"},{"id":244285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a779e4b0e8fec6cdc494","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giddings, E.M.P.","contributorId":36348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giddings","given":"E.M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036134,"text":"70036134 - 2009 - Comparison of natural gases accumulated in Oligocene strata with hydrous pyrolysis gases from Menilite Shales of the Polish Outer Carpathians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:05","indexId":"70036134","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of natural gases accumulated in Oligocene strata with hydrous pyrolysis gases from Menilite Shales of the Polish Outer Carpathians","docAbstract":"This study examined the molecular and isotopic compositions of gases generated from different kerogen types (i.e., Types I/II, II, IIS and III) in Menilite Shales by sequential hydrous pyrolysis experiments. The experiments were designed to simulate gas generation from source rocks at pre-oil-cracking thermal maturities. Initially, rock samples were heated in the presence of liquid water at 330 ??C for 72 h to simulate early gas generation dominated by the overall reaction of kerogen decomposition to bitumen. Generated gas and oil were quantitatively collected at the completion of the experiments and the reactor with its rock and water was resealed and heated at 355 ??C for 72 h. This condition simulates late petroleum generation in which the dominant overall reaction is bitumen decomposition to oil. This final heating equates to a cumulative thermal maturity of 1.6% Rr, which represents pre-oil-cracking conditions. In addition to the generated gases from these two experiments being characterized individually, they are also summed to characterize a cumulative gas product. These results are compared with natural gases produced from sandstone reservoirs within or directly overlying the Menilite Shales. The experimentally generated gases show no molecular compositions that are distinct for the different kerogen types, but on a total organic carbon (TOC) basis, oil prone kerogens (i.e., Types I/II, II and IIS) generate more hydrocarbon gas than gas prone Type III kerogen. Although the proportionality of methane to ethane in the experimental gases is lower than that observed in the natural gases, the proportionality of ethane to propane and i-butane to n-butane are similar to those observed for the natural gases. ??13C values of the experimentally generated methane, ethane and propane show distinctions among the kerogen types. This distinction is related to the ??13C of the original kerogen, with 13C enriched kerogen generating more 13C enriched hydrocarbon gases than kerogen less enriched in 13C. The typically assumed linear trend for ??13C of methane, ethane and propane versus their reciprocal carbon number for a single sourced natural gas is not observed in the experimental gases. Instead, the so-called \"dogleg\" trend, exemplified by relatively 13C depleted methane and enriched propane as compared to ethane, is observed for all the kerogen types and at both experimental conditions. Three of the natural gases from the same thrust unit had similar \"dogleg\" trends indicative of Menilite source rocks with Type III kerogen. These natural gases also contained varying amounts of a microbial gas component that was approximated using the ????13C for methane and propane determined from the experiments. These approximations gave microbial methane components that ranged from 13-84%. The high input of microbial gas was reflected in the higher gas:oil ratios for Outer Carpathian production (115-1568 Nm3/t) compared with those determined from the experiments (65-302 Nm3/t). Two natural gas samples in the far western part of the study area had more linear trends that suggest a different organic facies of the Menilite Shales or a completely different source. This situation emphasizes the importance of conducting hydrous pyrolysis on samples representing the complete stratigraphic and lateral extent of potential source rocks in determining specific genetic gas correlations. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.04.007","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Kotarba, M., Curtis, J.B., and Lewan, M.D., 2009, Comparison of natural gases accumulated in Oligocene strata with hydrous pyrolysis gases from Menilite Shales of the Polish Outer Carpathians: Organic Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 7, p. 769-783, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.04.007.","startPage":"769","endPage":"783","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218302,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.04.007"}],"volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f87ae4b0c8380cd4d124","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotarba, M.J.","contributorId":83240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotarba","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtis, John B.","contributorId":70972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curtis","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":454390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034497,"text":"70034497 - 2009 - Factors influencing densities of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships arriving at ports in Puget Sound, Washington, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70034497","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":862,"text":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing densities of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships arriving at ports in Puget Sound, Washington, United States","docAbstract":"Oceanographic characteristics and the presence of international shipping in Puget Sound, Washington, USA contribute to its vulnerability to non-indigenous species (NIS) invasions. To evaluate NIS arriving in ballast water, zooplankton was sampled in 380 ballast tanks of ships after they entered Puget Sound. Taxa were classified into a higher risk group of coastal organisms (including known NIS), and a lower risk group of largely oceanic species. Most ships reported conducting mid-ocean ballast water exchange (BWE). However, despite state regulations requiring BWE, and apparent compliance by ship operators, most sampled tanks from both transpacific and coastal routes had coastal zooplankton densities exceeding internationally proposed discharge standards. BWE efficiency models and controlled before-and-after BWE experiments indicate that BWE consistently removes most coastal zooplankton. However, this study found that although the empty-refill method of BWE significantly reduced coastal plankton compared with un-exchanged tanks, the flow-through method did not, and in either case remaining coastal plankton densities presented appreciable risks of introducing NIS. Densities of high risk taxa were consistently and significantly higher from US domestic trips dominated by tank ships carrying ballast water from California, and lower in samples from trans-Pacific trips dominated by container ships and bulk carriers with ballast from Asia. These findings are probably a result of the dense and diverse NIS assemblages present in California and other US west coast estuaries and the comparatively short transit times between them and Puget Sound. While it appears that BWE can effectively replace NIS with less risky ocean species, new reporting, verification, and operational procedures may be necessary to enhance BWE efficacy. In the long-term, the introduction of ballast water treatment technologies may be required to significantly reduce the discharge of risky organisms from commercial ships if BWE practices do not become more effective. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/aqc.986","issn":"10527613","usgsCitation":"Cordell, J., Lawrence, D.J., Ferm, N., Tear, L., Smith, S., and Herwig, R., 2009, Factors influencing densities of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships arriving at ports in Puget Sound, Washington, United States: Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, v. 19, no. 3, p. 322-343, https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.986.","startPage":"322","endPage":"343","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215621,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.986"},{"id":243437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ec3e4b0c8380cd535f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordell, J.R.","contributorId":108333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, D. J.","contributorId":84952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferm, N.C.","contributorId":32748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferm","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tear, L.M.","contributorId":70614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tear","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, S.S.","contributorId":65610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herwig, R.P.","contributorId":56468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herwig","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036063,"text":"70036063 - 2009 - Effect of grain-coating mineralogy on nitrate and sulfate storage in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:18:14","indexId":"70036063","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of grain-coating mineralogy on nitrate and sulfate storage in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"Unsaturated-zone sediments and the chemistry of shallow groundwater underlying a small (∼8-km2) watershed were studied to identify the mechanisms responsible for anion storage within the Miocene Bridgeton Formation and weathered Coastal Plain deposits in southern New Jersey. Lower unsaturated-zone sediments and shallow groundwater samples were collected and concentrations of selected ions (including NO3 − and SO4 2−) from 11 locations were determined. Grain size, sorting, and color of the lower unsaturated-zone sediments were determined and the mineralogy of these grains and the composition of coatings were analyzed by petrographic examination, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays, and quantitative whole-rock x-ray diffraction. The sediment grains, largely quartz and chert (80–94% w/w), are coated with a very fine-grained (<20 μm), complex mixture of kaolinite, halloysite, goethite, and possibly gibbsite and lepidocrocite. The mineral coatings are present as an open fabric, resulting in a large surface area in contact with pore water. Significant correlations between the amount of goethite in the grain coatings and the concentration of sediment-bound SO4 2− were observed, indicative of anion sorption. Other mineral–chemical relations indicate that negatively charged surfaces and competition with SO4 2− results in exclusion of NO3 − from inner sphere exchange sites. The observed NO3 −storage may be a result of matrix forces within the grain coatings and outer sphere complexation. The results of this study indicate that the mineralogy of grain coatings can have demonstrable effects on the storage of NO3 − and SO4 2− in the unsaturated zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies ","doi":"10.2136/vzj2008.0053","issn":"15391663","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.J., Fishman, N., and Baehr, A.L., 2009, Effect of grain-coating mineralogy on nitrate and sulfate storage in the unsaturated zone: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 75-85, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0053.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0053"},{"id":246169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05e3e4b0c8380cd50feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. J.","contributorId":77400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishman, N.S.","contributorId":59441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035050,"text":"70035050 - 2009 - Stimulating a Great Lakes coastal wetland seed bank using portable cofferdams: implications for habitat rehabilitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035050","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stimulating a Great Lakes coastal wetland seed bank using portable cofferdams: implications for habitat rehabilitation","docAbstract":"Coastal wetland seed banks exposed by low lake levels or through management actions fuel the reestablishment of emergent plant assemblages (i.e., wetland habitat) critical to Great Lakes aquatic biota. This project explored the effectiveness of using portable, water-filled cofferdams as a management tool to promote the natural growth of emergent vegetation from the seed bank in a Lake Erie coastal wetland. A series of dams stretching approximately 450??m was installed temporarily to isolate hydrologically a 10-ha corner of the Crane Creek wetland complex from Lake Erie. The test area was dewatered in 2004 to mimic a low-water year, and vegetation sampling characterized the wetland seed bank response at low, middle, and high elevations in areas open to and protected from bird and mammal herbivory. The nearly two-month drawdown stimulated a rapid seed-bank-driven response by 45 plant taxa. Herbivory had little effect on plant species richness, regardless of the location along an elevation gradient. Inundation contributed to the replacement of immature emergent plant species with submersed aquatic species after the dams failed and were removed prematurely. This study revealed a number of important issues that must be considered for effective long-term implementation of portable cofferdam technology to stimulate wetland seed banks, including duration of dewatering, product size, source of clean water, replacement of damaged dams, and regular maintenance. This technology is a potentially important tool in the arsenal used by resource managers seeking to rehabilitate the functions and values of Great Lakes coastal wetland habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2008.12.005","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Kowalski, K., Wilcox, D., and Wiley, M., 2009, Stimulating a Great Lakes coastal wetland seed bank using portable cofferdams: implications for habitat rehabilitation: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 35, no. 2, p. 206-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.12.005.","startPage":"206","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476526,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2292","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215386,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.12.005"},{"id":243185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9840e4b08c986b31bf22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kowalski, K.P.","contributorId":8975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalski","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcox, D.A.","contributorId":55382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiley, M.J.","contributorId":68976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}