Coral reefs represent one of the most irregular substrates in the marine environment. This roughness or topographic complexity is an important structural characteristic of reef habitats that affects a number of ecological and environmental attributes, including species diversity and water circulation. Little is known about the range of topographic complexity exhibited within a reef or between different reef systems. The objective of this study was to quantify topographic complexity for a 5-km x 5-km reefscape along the northern Florida Keys reef tract, over spatial scales ranging from meters to hundreds of meters. The underlying dataset was a 1-m spatial resolution, digital elevation model constructed from lidar measurements. Topographic complexity was quantified using a fractal algorithm, which provided a multi-scale characterization of reef roughness. The computed fractal dimensions (D) are a measure of substrate irregularity and are bounded between values of 2 and 3. Spatial patterns in D were positively correlated with known reef zonation in the area. Landward regions of the study site contain relatively smooth (D ≈ 2.35) flat-topped patch reefs, which give way to rougher (D ≈ 2.5), deep, knoll-shaped patch reefs. The seaward boundary contains a mixture of substrate features, including discontinuous shelf-edge reefs, and exhibits a corresponding range of roughness values (2.28 ≤ D ≤ 2.61).
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.2112/SI53-002.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Zawada, D., and Brock, J.C., 2009, A multiscale analysis of coral reef topographic complexity using lidar-derived bathymetry: Journal of Coastal Research, no. Special issue 53, p. 6-15, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI53-002.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Special issue 53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48fe4b0c8380cd46715","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zawada, D.G.","contributorId":8938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zawada","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, J. C.","contributorId":36095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034862,"text":"70034862 - 2009 - Methane sources in gas hydrate-bearing cold seeps: Evidence from radiocarbon and stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034862","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane sources in gas hydrate-bearing cold seeps: Evidence from radiocarbon and stable isotopes","docAbstract":"Fossil methane from the large and dynamic marine gas hydrate reservoir has the potential to influence oceanic and atmospheric carbon pools. However, natural radiocarbon (14C) measurements of gas hydrate methane have been extremely limited, and their use as a source and process indicator has not yet been systematically established. In this study, gas hydrate-bound and dissolved methane recovered from six geologically and geographically distinct high-gas-flux cold seeps was found to be 98 to 100% fossil based on its 14C content. Given this prevalence of fossil methane and the small contribution of gas hydrate (??? 1%) to the present-day atmospheric methane flux, non-fossil contributions of gas hydrate methane to the atmosphere are not likely to be quantitatively significant. This conclusion is consistent with contemporary atmospheric methane budget calculations. In combination with ??13C- and ??D-methane measurements, we also determine the extent to which the low, but detectable, amounts of 14C (~ 1-2% modern carbon, pMC) in methane from two cold seeps might reflect in situ production from near-seafloor sediment organic carbon (SOC). A 14C mass balance approach using fossil methane and 14C-enriched SOC suggests that as much as 8 to 29% of hydrate-associated methane carbon may originate from SOC contained within the upper 6??m of sediment. These findings validate the assumption of a predominantly fossil carbon source for marine gas hydrate, but also indicate that structural gas hydrate from at least certain cold seeps contains a component of methane produced during decomposition of non-fossil organic matter in near-surface sediment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2009.07.001","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Pohlman, J., Bauer, J., Canuel, E.A., Grabowski, K., Knies, D., Mitchell, C., Whiticar, M.J., and Coffin, R., 2009, Methane sources in gas hydrate-bearing cold seeps: Evidence from radiocarbon and stable isotopes: Marine Chemistry, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 102-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.07.001.","startPage":"102","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476118,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2903","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215847,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.07.001"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5532e4b0c8380cd6d16f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pohlman, J. W. 0000-0002-3563-4586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-4586","contributorId":38362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohlman","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bauer, J.E.","contributorId":66933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Canuel, E. A.","contributorId":52206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canuel","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grabowski, K.S.","contributorId":32010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knies, D.L.","contributorId":94125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knies","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mitchell, C.S.","contributorId":76566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whiticar, Michael J.","contributorId":72124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiticar","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Coffin, R.B.","contributorId":59628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffin","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70037331,"text":"70037331 - 2009 - Composition and location of simulated lake-shore redds influence incubation success in kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037331","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1659,"text":"Fisheries Management and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition and location of simulated lake-shore redds influence incubation success in kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka","docAbstract":"Methods for improving spawning habitat for lakeshore spawning kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), were explored by quantifying incubation success of embryos exposed to three substrate treatments in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, USA. Substrate treatments included no modification that used existing gravels in the lake (EXISTING), a cleaned substrate treatment where existing gravels were sifted in the water column to remove silt (CLEANED) and the addition of new, silt-free gravel (ADDED). Incubation success was evaluated using Whitlock-Vibert incubation boxes buried within each substrate treatment that contained recently fertilised embryos. Upon retrieval, live and dead sac fry and eyed eggs were enumerated to determine incubation success (sac fry and eyed eggs ?? 100/number of fertilised embryos). Incubation success varied significantly among locations and redd treatments. In general, incubation success among ADDED redds (0.0-13.0%) was significantly lower than that for EXISTING (1.4-61.0%) and CLEANED (0.4-62.5%) redds. Adding new gravel to spawning areas changed the morphometry of the gravel-water interface and probably exposed embryos to disturbance from wave action and reduced embryo survival. Moreover, efforts to improve spawning habitat for lakeshore spawning kokanee should consider water depth and location (e.g. protected shorelines) as important variables. Adding clean gravel to existing spawning areas may provide little benefit if water depth or lake-bottom morphometry are altered. ?? 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries Management and Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00690.x","issn":"0969997X","usgsCitation":"Fincel, M., Chipps, S., and Bennett, D., 2009, Composition and location of simulated lake-shore redds influence incubation success in kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka: Fisheries Management and Ecology, v. 16, no. 5, p. 395-398, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00690.x.","startPage":"395","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217059,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00690.x"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f91ee4b0c8380cd4d439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fincel, M.J.","contributorId":88979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fincel","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chipps, S. R. 0000-0001-6511-7582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":40369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"S. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, D.H.","contributorId":28698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037000,"text":"70037000 - 2009 - A new method for high-resolution characterization of hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037000","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method for high-resolution characterization of hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"A new probe has been developed for high-resolution characterization of hydraulic conductivity (K) in shallow unconsolidated formations. The probe was recently applied at the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Mississippi where K was rapidly characterized at a resolution as fine as 0.015 m, which has not previously been possible. Eleven profiles were obtained with K varying up to 7 orders of magnitude in individual profiles. Currently, high-resolution (0.015-m) profiling has an upper K limit of 10 m/d; lower-resolution (???0.4-m) mode is used in more permeable zones pending modifications. The probe presents a new means to help address unresolved issues of solute transport in heterogeneous systems. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009WR008319","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Liu, G., Butler, J., Bohling, G.C., Reboulet, E., Knobbe, S., and Hyndman, D., 2009, A new method for high-resolution characterization of hydraulic conductivity: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008319.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476411,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/19262","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217155,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008319"},{"id":245076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a7e4b0c8380cd467f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Gaisheng","contributorId":15158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Gaisheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reboulet, Ed","contributorId":40047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reboulet","given":"Ed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knobbe, Steve","contributorId":44767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobbe","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hyndman, D.W.","contributorId":83318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037248,"text":"70037248 - 2009 - A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T09:58:33","indexId":"70037248","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado","docAbstract":"Pre- and post-remediation data sets are used herein to assess the effectiveness of remedial measures implemented in the headwaters of the Mineral Creek watershed, where contamination from hard rock mining has led to elevated metal concentrations and acidic pH. Collection of pre- and post-remediation data sets generally followed the synoptic mass balance approach, in which numerous stream and inflow locations are sampled for the constituents of interest and estimates of streamflow are determined by tracer dilution. The comparison of pre- and post-remediation data sets is confounded by hydrologic effects and the effects of temporal variation. Hydrologic effects arise due to the relatively wet conditions that preceded the collection of pre-remediation data, and the relatively dry conditions associated with the post-remediation data set. This difference leads to a dilution effect in the upper part of the study reach, where pre-remediation concentrations were diluted by rainfall, and a source area effect in the lower part of the study reach, where a smaller portion of the watershed may have been contributing constituent mass during the drier post-remediation period. A second confounding factor, temporal variability, violates the steady-state assumption that underlies the synoptic mass balance approach, leading to false identification of constituent sources and sinks. Despite these complications, remedial actions completed in the Mineral Creek headwaters appear to have led to improvements in stream water quality, as post-remediation profiles of instream load are consistently lower than the pre-remediation profiles over the entire study reach for six of the eight constituents considered (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc). Concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc remain above chronic aquatic-life standards, however, and additional remedial actions may be needed. Future implementations of the synoptic mass balance approach should be preceded by an assessment of temporal variability, and modifications to the synoptic sampling protocol should be made if necessary.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7427","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R., Bencala, K., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., and Verplanck, P., 2009, A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 23, p. 3319-3333, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7427.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3319","endPage":"3333","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217225,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7427"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Mineral Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"23","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e370e4b0c8380cd46007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walton-Day, K.","contributorId":14054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037041,"text":"70037041 - 2009 - Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037041","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The rapid growth of housing in and near the wildland-urban interface (WUI) increases wildfire risk to lives and structures. To reduce fire risk, it is necessary to identify WUI housing areas that are more susceptible to wildfire. This is challenging, because wildfire patterns depend on fire behavior and spread, which in turn depend on ignition locations, weather conditions, the spatial arrangement of fuels, and topography. The goal of our study was to assess wildfire risk to a 60,000 ha WUI area in northwestern Wisconsin while accounting for all of these factors. We conducted 6000 simulations with two dynamic fire models: Fire Area Simulator (FARSITE) and Minimum Travel Time (MTT) in order to map the spatial pattern of burn probabilities. Simulations were run under normal and extreme weather conditions to assess the effect of weather on fire spread, burn probability, and risk to structures. The resulting burn probability maps were intersected with maps of structure locations and land cover types. The simulations revealed clear hotspots of wildfire activity and a large range of wildfire risk to structures in the study area. As expected, the extreme weather conditions yielded higher burn probabilities over the entire landscape, as well as to different land cover classes and individual structures. Moreover, the spatial pattern of risk was significantly different between extreme and normal weather conditions. The results highlight the fact that extreme weather conditions not only produce higher fire risk than normal weather conditions, but also change the fine-scale locations of high risk areas in the landscape, which is of great importance for fire management in WUI areas. In addition, the choice of weather data may limit the potential for comparisons of risk maps for different areas and for extrapolating risk maps to future scenarios where weather conditions are unknown. Our approach to modeling wildfire risk to structures can aid fire risk reduction management activities by identifying areas with elevated wildfire risk and those most vulnerable under extreme weather conditions. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Bar-Massada, A., Radeloff, V.C., Stewart, S.I., and Hawbaker, T., 2009, Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 258, no. 9, p. 1990-1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051.","startPage":"1990","endPage":"1999","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217390,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051"},{"id":245335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0cfe4b08c986b32f08f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bar-Massada, A.","contributorId":7524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bar-Massada","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radeloff, V. C.","contributorId":58467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radeloff","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, S. I.","contributorId":99779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hawbaker, T. J.","contributorId":98118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawbaker","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037045,"text":"70037045 - 2009 - Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-25T13:19:36","indexId":"70037045","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Two issues in ecological network theory are: (1) how to construct an ecological network model and (2) how do entire networks (as opposed to individual species) adapt to changing conditions? We present a novel method for constructing an ecological network model for the food web of southeastern Lake Michigan (USA) and we identify changes in key system properties that are large relative to their uncertainty as this ecological network adapts from one time point to a second time point in response to multiple perturbations. To construct our food web for southeastern Lake Michigan, we followed the list of seven recommendations outlined in Cohen et al. [Cohen, J.E., et al., 1993. Improving food webs. Ecology 74, 252–258] for improving food webs. We explored two inter-related extensions of hierarchical system theory with our food web; the first one was that subsystems react to perturbations independently in the short-term and the second one was that a system's properties change at a slower rate than its subsystems’ properties. We used Shannon's equations to provide quantitative versions of the basic food web properties: number of prey, number of predators, number of feeding links, and connectance (or density). We then compared these properties between the two time-periods by developing distributions of each property for each time period that took uncertainty about the property into account. We compared these distributions, and concluded that non-overlapping distributions indicated changes in these properties that were large relative to their uncertainty. Two subsystems were identified within our food web system structure (p < 0.001). One subsystem had more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2 than the other subsystem. The overall system had all overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2. These results supported both extensions of hierarchical systems theory. Interestingly, the subsystem with more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties was the subsystem that contained primarily benthic taxa, contrary to expectations that the identified major perturbations (lower phosphorous inputs and invasive species) would more greatly affect the subsystem containing primarily pelagic taxa. Future food-web research should employ rigorous statistical analysis and incorporate uncertainty in food web properties for a better understanding of how ecological networks adapt.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.021","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Krause, A.E., Frank, K.A., Jones, M., Nalepa, T., Barbiero, R.P., Madenjian, C.P., Agy, M., Evans, M., Taylor, W., Mason, D.M., and Leonard, N.J., 2009, Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan: Ecological Modelling, v. 220, no. 22, p. 3147-3162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.021.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3147","endPage":"3162","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216988,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.021"},{"id":244895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0108,41.5185 ], [ -88.0108,46.0544 ], [ -84.9506,46.0544 ], [ -84.9506,41.5185 ], [ -88.0108,41.5185 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"220","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e1e4b0c8380cd476c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krause, Ann E.","contributorId":9201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, Ken A.","contributorId":45550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nalepa, Thomas F.","contributorId":28212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nalepa","given":"Thomas F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barbiero, Richard P.","contributorId":108342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbiero","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Agy, Megan","contributorId":51130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agy","given":"Megan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Evans, Marlene S.","contributorId":22724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Marlene S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Taylor, William W.","contributorId":49735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"William W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mason, Doran M.","contributorId":75114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Doran","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Leonard, Nancy J.","contributorId":107528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leonard","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70037332,"text":"70037332 - 2009 - Evaluating highly resolved paleoclimate records in the frequency domain for multidecadal-scale climate variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T15:33:42.397117","indexId":"70037332","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating highly resolved paleoclimate records in the frequency domain for multidecadal-scale climate variability","docAbstract":"[1] Do the chronological methods used in the construction of paleoclimate records influence the results of the frequency analysis applied to them? We explore this phenomenon using the Dongge Cave speleothem record (U-series chronology with variable time steps, Δt) and the El Malpais tree-ring index (cross-dating of ring-width series). Interpolation of the Dongge Cave record to a constant Δt resulted in the suppression of periodicities (<20 years) altering the red noise model used for significance testing. Frequency analysis of temporal subsets of the El Malpais tree-ring index revealed that concentrations of variance varied with the number of ring-width series. Frequency analyses of these records identified significant periodicities, some common to both (∼25 and ∼69 years). Cross-wavelet analysis, which examines periodicities in the time domain, revealed that coherency between these records occurs intermittently. We found the chronology methods can influence the ability of frequency analysis to detect periodicities and tests for coherency.
The flowpath dependent approaches that are typically employed to assess biodegradation of chloroethene contaminants in unconsolidated aquifers are problematic in fractured rock settings, due to difficulties defining discrete groundwater flowpaths in such systems. In this study, the variation in the potential for chloroethene biodegradation with depth was evaluated in a fractured rock aquifer using two flowpath independent lines of field evidence: (1) the presence of the three biochemical prerequisites [electron donor(s), chloroethene electron acceptor(s), and chlororespiring microorganism(s)] for efficient chloroethene chlororespiration and (2) the in situ accumulation of chloroethene reductive dechlorination daughter products. The validity of this approach was assessed by comparing field results with the results of [1, 2‐14C] cis‐DCE microcosm experiments. Microcosms were prepared with depth‐specific core material, which was crushed and emplaced in discrete packer intervals for 1 year to allow colonization by the indigenous microbial community. Packer intervals characterized by significant electron donor concentrations, elevated numbers of chlororespiring microorganisms, and high reductive dechlorination product to parent contaminant ratios correlated well with the production of 14C‐labeled reductive dechlorination products in the microcosm experiments. These results indicate that, in the absence of information on discrete groundwater flowpaths, a modified approach emphasizing flowpath independent lines of evidence can provide insight into the temporal and spatial variability of contaminant biodegradation in fractured rock systems.
The Early Ordovician Grampian Orogeny in the British Isles represents a classic example of collision between an oceanic island arc and a passive continental margin, starting around 480 Ma. The South Mayo Trough in western Ireland preserves a complete and well-dated sedimentary record of arc collision. We sampled sandstones and conglomerates from the Rosroe, Maumtrasna and Derryveeny Formations in order to assess erosion rates and patterns during and after arc collision. U–Pb dating of zircons reveals a provenance dominated by erosion from the upper levels of the Dalradian Supergroup (Southern Highland and Argyll Groups), with up to 20% influx from the colliding arc into the Rosroe Formation, but only 6% in the Maumtrasna Formation (~ 465 Ma). The dominant source regions lay to the northeast (e.g. in the vicinity of the Ox Mountains, 50 km distant, along strike). The older portions of the North Mayo Dalradian and its depositional basement (the Annagh Gneiss Complex) do not appear to have been important sources, while the Connemara Dalradian only plays a part after 460 Ma, when it supplies the Derryveeny Formation. By this time all erosion from the arc had effectively ceased and exhumation rates had slowed greatly. The Irish Grampian Orogeny parallels the modern Taiwan collision in showing little role for the colliding arc in the production of sediment. Negligible volumes of arc crust are lost because of erosion during accretion to the continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.018","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Clift, P., Carter, A., Draut, A., Long, H., Chew, D., and Schouten, H., 2009, Detrital U-Pb zircon dating of lower Ordovician syn-arc-continent collision conglomerates in the Irish Caledonides: Tectonophysics, v. 479, no. 1-2, p. 165-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.018.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"174","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476540,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/3132","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.018"}],"country":"Ireland","otherGeospatial":"British Isles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -370.31341552734375,\n 53.337433437129675\n ],\n [\n -369.31091308593744,\n 53.337433437129675\n ],\n [\n -369.31091308593744,\n 54.03681240523652\n ],\n [\n -370.31341552734375,\n 54.03681240523652\n ],\n [\n -370.31341552734375,\n 53.337433437129675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"479","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fffbe4b0c8380cd4f4f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clift, P.D.","contributorId":100182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clift","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, A.","contributorId":62438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Draut, A.E.","contributorId":50273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Long, H.V.","contributorId":101118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chew, D.M.","contributorId":96517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schouten, H.A.","contributorId":100655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035888,"text":"70035888 - 2009 - Recommendations for control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-06T15:32:19","indexId":"70035888","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1296,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recommendations for control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities","docAbstract":"Concerns about infectious diseases in fish used for research have risen along with the dramatic increase in the use of fish as models in biomedical research. In addition to acute diseases causing severe morbidity and mortality, underlying chronic conditions that cause low-grade or subclinical infections may confound research results. Here we present recommendations and strategies to avoid or minimize the impacts of infectious agents in fishes maintained in the research setting. There are distinct differences in strategies for control of pathogens in fish used for research compared to fishes reared as pets or in aquaculture. Also, much can be learned from strategies and protocols for control of diseases in rodents used in research, but there are differences. This is due, in part, the unique aquatic environment that is modified by the source and quality of the water provided and the design of facilities. The process of control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities is relatively new, and will be an evolving process over time. Nevertheless, the goal of documenting, detecting, and excluding pathogens in fish is just as important as in mammalian research models.
Uncertainty about the origin of anomalous fluid pressures in certain geologic settings has caused researchers to take a second look at osmosis, or flow driven by chemical potential differences, as a pressure‐generating process in the subsurface. Interest in geological osmosis has also increased because of an in situ experiment by Neuzil (2000) suggesting that Pierre Shale could generate large osmotic pressures when highly compacted. In the last few years, additional laboratory and in situ experiments have greatly increased the number of data on osmotic properties of argillaceous formations, but they have not been systematically examined. In this paper we compile these data and explore their implications for osmotic pressure generation in subsurface systems. Rather than base our analysis on osmotic efficiencies, which depend strongly on concentration, we calculated values of a quantity we term osmotic specific surface area (Aso) that, in principle, is a property of the porous medium only. The Aso values are consistent with a surprisingly broad spectrum of osmotic behavior in argillaceous formations, and all the formations tested exhibited at least a modest ability to generate osmotic pressure. It appears possible that under appropriate conditions some formations can be highly effective osmotic membranes able to generate osmotic pressures exceeding 30 MPa (3 km of head) at porosities as high as ∼0.1 and pressures exceeding 10 MPa at porosities as high as ∼0.2. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the lack of compelling field evidence for osmotic pressures, and we propose three explanations for the disparity: (1) Our analysis is flawed and argillaceous formations are less effective osmotic membranes than it suggests; (2) the necessary subsurface conditions, significant salinity differences within intact argillaceous formations, are rare; or (3) osmotic pressures are unlikely to be detected and are not recognized when encountered. The last possibility, that osmotic pressures routinely escape detection or are attributed to other mechanisms, has important implications for understanding subsurface flow regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006450","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., and Provost, A., 2009, Recent experimental data may point to a greater role for osmotic pressures in the subsurface: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 3, Article W03410; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006450.","productDescription":"Article W03410; 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9616e4b0c8380cd81dbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Provost, A.M.","contributorId":16098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033169,"text":"70033169 - 2009 - Modeling carbon dioxide, pH, and un-ionized ammonia relationships in serial reuse systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70033169","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling carbon dioxide, pH, and un-ionized ammonia relationships in serial reuse systems","docAbstract":"In serial reuse systems, excretion of metabolic carbon dioxide has a significant impact on ambient pH, carbon dioxide, and un-ionized ammonia concentrations. This impact depends strongly on alkalinity, water flow rate, feeding rate, and loss of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. A reduction in pH from metabolic carbon dioxide can significantly reduce the un-ionized ammonia concentration and increase the carbon dioxide concentrations compared to those parameters computed from influent pH. The ability to accurately predict pH in serial reuse systems is critical to their design and effective operation. A trial and error solution to the alkalinity-pH system was used to estimate important water quality parameters in serial reuse systems. Transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the air-water interface, at overflow weirs, and impacts of substrate-attached algae and suspended bacteria were modeled. Gas transfer at the weirs was much greater than transfer across the air-water boundary. This simulation model can rapidly estimate influent and effluent concentrations of dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and un-ionized ammonia as a function of water temperature, elevation, water flow, and weir type. The accuracy of the estimates strongly depends on assumed pollutional loading rates and gas transfer at the weirs. The current simulation model is based on mean daily loading rates; the impacts of daily variation loading rates are discussed. Copies of the source code and executable program are available free of charge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquacultural Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.10.004","issn":"01448","usgsCitation":"Colt, J., Watten, B., and Rust, M., 2009, Modeling carbon dioxide, pH, and un-ionized ammonia relationships in serial reuse systems: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 40, no. 1, p. 28-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.10.004.","startPage":"28","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213368,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2008.10.004"},{"id":240986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5be5e4b0c8380cd6f89f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colt, J.","contributorId":74796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, B. 0000-0002-2227-8623","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":83472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":439671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rust, M.","contributorId":74583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rust","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037344,"text":"70037344 - 2009 - Surface complexation of carboxylate adheres Cryptosporidium parvum öocysts to the hematite-water interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T16:21:44.675286","indexId":"70037344","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Surface complexation of carboxylate adheres Cryptosporidium parvum öocysts to the hematite-water interface","title":"Surface complexation of carboxylate adheres Cryptosporidium parvum öocysts to the hematite-water interface","docAbstract":"The interaction of viable Cryptosporidium parvum öocysts at the hematite (α-Fe2O3)−water interface was examined over a wide range in solution chemistry using in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Spectra for hematite-sorbed öocysts showed distinct changes in carboxylate group vibrations relative to spectra obtained in the absence of hematite, indicative of direct chemical bonding between carboxylate groups and Fe metal centers of the hematite surface. The data also indicate that complexation modes vary with solution chemistry. In NaCl solution, öocysts are bound to hematite via monodentate and binuclear bidentate complexes. The former predominates at low pH, whereas the latter becomes increasingly prevalent with increasing pH. In a CaCl2 solution, only binuclear bidentate complexes are observed. When solution pH is above the point of zero net proton charge (PZNPC) of hematite, öocyst surface carboxylate groups are bound to the mineral surface via outer-sphere complexes in both electrolyte solutions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es901346z","usgsCitation":"Gao, X., Metge, D.W., Ray, C., Harvey, R.W., and Chorover, J., 2009, Surface complexation of carboxylate adheres Cryptosporidium parvum öocysts to the hematite-water interface: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 19, p. 7423-7429, https://doi.org/10.1021/es901346z.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"7423","endPage":"7429","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-014674","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f9de4b08c986b31e6f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gao, X.","contributorId":71005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gao","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":460551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ray, C.","contributorId":40758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":460548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chorover, J.","contributorId":30051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chorover","given":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":460549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179501,"text":"70179501 - 2009 - Monitoring benthic aIgal communides: A comparison of targeted and coefficient sampling methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T09:43:05","indexId":"70179501","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5251,"text":"Algae","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring benthic aIgal communides: A comparison of targeted and coefficient sampling methods","docAbstract":"Choosing an appropriate sample unit is a fundamental decision in the design of ecological studies. While numerous methods have been developed to estimate organism abundance, they differ in cost, accuracy and precision.Using both field data and computer simulation modeling, we evaluated the costs and benefits associated with two methods commonly used to sample benthic organisms in temperate kelp forests. One of these methods, the Targeted Sampling method, relies on different sample units, each \"targeted\" for a specific species or group of species while the other method relies on coefficients that represent ranges of bottom cover obtained from visual esti-mates within standardized sample units. Both the field data and the computer simulations suggest that both methods yield remarkably similar estimates of organism abundance and among-site variability, although the Coefficient method slightly underestimates variability among sample units when abundances are low. In contrast, the two methods differ considerably in the effort needed to sample these communities; the Targeted Sampling requires more time and twice the personnel to complete. We conclude that the Coefficent Sampling method may be better for environmental monitoring programs where changes in mean abundance are of central concern and resources are limiting, but that the Targeted sampling methods may be better for ecological studies where quantitative relationships among species and small-scale variability in abundance are of central concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Korean Society of Phycology","doi":"10.4490/ALGAE.2009.24.2.111","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M., and Tinker, M.T., 2009, Monitoring benthic aIgal communides: A comparison of targeted and coefficient sampling methods: Algae, v. 24, no. 2, p. 111-120, https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2009.24.2.111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"120","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2009.24.2.111","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332807,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e182ce4b0f5ce109fcb03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Matthew S.","contributorId":53293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Matthew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037239,"text":"70037239 - 2009 - Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium","docAbstract":"Flow-model particle-tracking results and geochemical data from seven study areas across the United States were analyzed using three statistical methods to test the hypothesis that these variables can successfully be used to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium. Principal components analysis indicated that arsenic and uranium concentrations were associated with particle-tracking variables that simulate time of travel and water fluxes through aquifer systems and also through specific redox and pH zones within aquifers. Time-of-travel variables are important because many geochemical reactions are kinetically limited, and geochemical zonation can account for different modes of mobilization and fate. Spearman correlation analysis established statistical significance for correlations of arsenic and uranium concentrations with variables derived using the particle-tracking routines. Correlations between uranium concentrations and particle-tracking variables were generally strongest for variables computed for distinct redox zones. Classification tree analysis on arsenic concentrations yielded a quantitative categorical model using time-of-travel variables and solid-phase-arsenic concentrations. The classification tree model accuracy on the learning data subset was 70%, and on the testing data subset, 79%, demonstrating one application in which particle-tracking variables can be used predictively in a quantitative screening-level assessment of public supply well vulnerability. Ground-water management actions that are based on avoidance of young ground water, reflecting the premise that young ground water is more vulnerable to anthropogenic contaminants than is old ground water, may inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability to natural contaminants due to the tendency for concentrations of many natural contaminants to increase with increasing ground-water residence time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S., Kauffman, L.J., Thomas, M., Brown, C.J., McCarthy, K.A., Eberts, S.M., Rosen, M.R., and Katz, B., 2009, Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium: Journal of Hydrology, v. 376, no. 1-2, p. 132-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020.","startPage":"132","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020"},{"id":244999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e0e4b0c8380cd4cd49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, S.R.","contributorId":74778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, L. J. 0000-0003-4564-0362","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":65217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":460025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, C. J.","contributorId":90342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70035115,"text":"70035115 - 2009 - The contemporary cement cycle of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-25T09:46:56","indexId":"70035115","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2383,"text":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The contemporary cement cycle of the United States","docAbstract":"A country-level stock and flow model for cement, an important construction material, was developed based on a material flow analysis framework. Using this model, the contemporary cement cycle of the United States was constructed by analyzing production, import, and export data for different stages of the cement cycle. The United States currently supplies approximately 80% of its cement consumption through domestic production and the rest is imported. The average annual net addition of in-use new cement stock over the period 2000-2004 was approximately 83 million metric tons and amounts to 2.3 tons per capita of concrete. Nonfuel carbon dioxide emissions (42 million metric tons per year) from the calcination phase of cement manufacture account for 62% of the total 68 million tons per year of cement production residues. The end-of-life cement discards are estimated to be 33 million metric tons per year, of which between 30% and 80% is recycled. A significant portion of the infrastructure in the United States is reaching the end of its useful life and will need to be replaced or rehabilitated; this could require far more cement than might be expected from economic forecasts of demand for cement. ?? 2009 Springer Japan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10163-008-0229-x","issn":"14384957","usgsCitation":"Kapur, A., Van Oss, H., Keoleian, G., Kesler, S., and Kendall, A., 2009, The contemporary cement cycle of the United States: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, v. 11, no. 2, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-008-0229-x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-008-0229-x"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa59e4b08c986b3227e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kapur, A.","contributorId":19390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Oss, H. G.","contributorId":84581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oss","given":"H. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keoleian, G.","contributorId":71785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keoleian","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kesler, S.E.","contributorId":42717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kesler","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, A.","contributorId":48781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034838,"text":"70034838 - 2009 - Numerical simulation of dune-flat bed transition and stage‐discharge relationship with hysteresis effect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T14:15:30","indexId":"70034838","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulation of dune-flat bed transition and stage‐discharge relationship with hysteresis effect","docAbstract":"This work presents recent advances on morphodynamic modeling of bed forms under unsteady discharge. This paper includes further development of a morphodynamic model proposed earlier by Giri and Shimizu (2006a). This model reproduces the temporal development of river dunes and accurately replicates the physical properties associated with bed form evolution. Model results appear to provide accurate predictions of bed form geometry and form drag over bed forms for arbitrary steady flows. However, accurate predictions of temporal changes of form drag are key to the prediction of stage‐discharge relation during flood events. Herein, the model capability is extended to replicate the dune–flat bed transition, and in turn, the variation of form drag produced by the temporal growth or decay of bed forms under unsteady flow conditions. Some numerical experiments are performed to analyze hysteresis of the stage‐discharge relationship caused by the transition between dune and flat bed regimes during rising and falling stages of varying flows. The numerical model successfully simulates dune–flat bed transition and the associated hysteresis of the stage‐discharge relationship; this is in good agreement with physical observations but has been treated in the past only using empirical methods. A hypothetical relationship for a sediment parameter (the mean step length) is proposed to a first level of approximation that enables reproduction of the dune–flat bed transition. The proposed numerical model demonstrates its ability to address an important practical problem associated with bed form evolution and flow resistance in varying flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008WR006830","usgsCitation":"Shimizu, Y., Giri, S., Yamaguchi, S., and Nelson, J.M., 2009, Numerical simulation of dune-flat bed transition and stage‐discharge relationship with hysteresis effect: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 4, Article W04429; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006830.","productDescription":"Article W04429; 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a691ce4b0c8380cd73b7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shimizu, Yasuyuki","contributorId":28875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shimizu","given":"Yasuyuki","affiliations":[{"id":25249,"text":"Univ. of Hokkaido, Sapporo,Japan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giri, Sanjay","contributorId":195320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giri","given":"Sanjay","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12474,"text":"Deltares, Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yamaguchi, Satomi","contributorId":189359,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yamaguchi","given":"Satomi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034827,"text":"70034827 - 2009 - Using nitrate to quantify quick flow in a karst aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034827","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using nitrate to quantify quick flow in a karst aquifer","docAbstract":"In karst aquifers, contaminated recharge can degrade spring water quality, but quantifying the rapid recharge (quick flow) component of spring flow is challenging because of its temporal variability. Here, we investigate the use of nitrate in a two-endmember mixing model to quantify quick flow in Barton Springs, Austin, Texas. Historical nitrate data from recharging creeks and Barton Springs were evaluated to determine a representative nitrate concentration for the aquifer water endmember (1.5 mg/L) and the quick flow endmember (0.17 mg/L for nonstormflow conditions and 0.25 mg/L for stormflow conditions). Under nonstormflow conditions for 1990 to 2005, model results indicated that quick flow contributed from 0% to 55% of spring flow. The nitrate-based two-endmember model was applied to the response of Barton Springs to a storm and results compared to those produced using the same model with ??18O and specific conductance (SC) as tracers. Additionally, the mixing model was modified to allow endmember quick flow values to vary over time. Of the three tracers, nitrate appears to be the most advantageous because it is conservative and because the difference between the concentrations in the two endmembers is large relative to their variance. The ??18O- based model was very sensitive to variability within the quick flow endmember, and SC was not conservative over the timescale of the storm response. We conclude that a nitrate-based two-endmember mixing model might provide a useful approach for quantifying the temporally variable quick flow component of spring flow in some karst systems. ?? 2008 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00499.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Mahler, B., and Garner, B., 2009, Using nitrate to quantify quick flow in a karst aquifer: Ground Water, v. 47, no. 3, p. 350-360, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00499.x.","startPage":"350","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00499.x"},{"id":243554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc081e4b08c986b32a16e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, B.D.","contributorId":25379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034825,"text":"70034825 - 2009 - Unique problems associated with seismic analysis of partially gas-saturated unconsolidated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034825","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unique problems associated with seismic analysis of partially gas-saturated unconsolidated sediments","docAbstract":"Gas hydrate stability conditions restrict the occurrence of gas hydrate to unconsolidated and high water-content sediments at shallow depths. Because of these host sediments properties, seismic and well log data acquired for the detection of free gas and associated gas hydrate-bearing sediments often require nonconventional analysis. For example, a conventional method of identifying free gas using the compressional/shear-wave velocity (Vp/Vs) ratio at the logging frequency will not work, unless the free-gas saturations are more than about 40%. The P-wave velocity dispersion of partially gas-saturated sediments causes a problem in interpreting well log velocities and seismic data. Using the White, J.E. [1975. Computed seismic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial gas saturation. Geophysics 40, 224-232] model for partially gas-saturated sediments, the difference between well log and seismic velocities can be reconciled. The inclusion of P-wave velocity dispersion in interpreting well log data is, therefore, essential to identify free gas and to tie surface seismic data to synthetic seismograms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.07.009","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., and Collett, T.S., 2009, Unique problems associated with seismic analysis of partially gas-saturated unconsolidated sediments: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 6, p. 775-781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.07.009.","startPage":"775","endPage":"781","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215673,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.07.009"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc87e4b08c986b328cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035110,"text":"70035110 - 2009 - Beneath the veil: Plant growth form influences the strength of species richness-productivity relationships in forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035110","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beneath the veil: Plant growth form influences the strength of species richness-productivity relationships in forests","docAbstract":"Aim: Species richness has been observed to increase with productivity at large spatial scales, though the strength of this relationship varies among functional groups. In forests, canopy trees shade understorey plants, and for this reason we hypothesize that species richness of canopy trees will depend on macroclimate, while species richness of shorter growth forms will additionally be affected by shading from the canopy. In this study we test for differences in species richness-productivity relationships (SRPRs) among growth forms (canopy trees, shrubs, herbaceous species) in small forest plots. Location: We analysed 231 plots ranging from 34.0?? to 48.3?? N latitude and from 75.0?? to 124.2?? W longitude in the United States. Methods: We analysed data collected by the USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis program for plant species richness partitioned into different growth forms, in small plots. We used actual evapotranspiration as a macroclimatic estimate of regional productivity and calculated the area of light-blocking tissue in the immediate area surrounding plots for an estimate of the intensity of local shading. We estimated and compared SRPRs for different partitions of the species richness dataset using generalized linear models and we incorporated the possible indirect effects of shading using a structural equation model. Results: Canopy tree species richness increased strongly with regional productivity, while local shading primarily explained the variation in herbaceous plant richness. Shrub species richness was related to both regional productivity and local shading. Main conclusions: The relationship between total forest plant species richness and productivity at large scales belies strong effects of local interactions. Counter to the pattern for overall richness, we found that understorey herbaceous plant species richness does not respond to regional productivity gradients, and instead is strongly influenced by canopy density, while shrub species richness is under multivariate control. ?? 2009 Blackwell Publishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00457.x","issn":"1466822X","usgsCitation":"Oberle, B., Grace, J., and Chase, J., 2009, Beneath the veil: Plant growth form influences the strength of species richness-productivity relationships in forests: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 18, no. 4, p. 416-425, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00457.x.","startPage":"416","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215297,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00457.x"},{"id":243092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0aee4b0c8380cd4a867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oberle, B.","contributorId":15851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberle","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, J.M.","contributorId":90558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033130,"text":"70033130 - 2009 - Compensating for diminishing natural water: Predicting the impacts of water development on summer habitat of desert bighorn sheep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70033130","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compensating for diminishing natural water: Predicting the impacts of water development on summer habitat of desert bighorn sheep","docAbstract":"Artificial water sources have been used for decades to enhance and restore wildlife habitat but the benefits of their use have been subject to debate. During the past century, the number of natural springs in Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA, has declined. In response to concerns about the viability of the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) population, a number of water developments were constructed throughout the park. We modeled potential historical and present-day summer habitat of female bighorn sheep to evaluate the effectiveness of the artificial and remaining natural water sources in maintaining habitat and to determine how loss of artificial sources might affect future habitat availability. Prior to 1950, 583.5 km2 of summer habitat was potentially available. Presently, only 170.6 km2 of habitat is available around natural water sources and 153.5 km2 is available around guzzlers. When all perennial water sources are included in the habitat model (minus overlap), 302.3 km2 of summer habitat is potentially available. This represents only 51.7% of summer habitat available prior to 1950. Without artificial water developments, 47.7% of present-day summer habitat would be lost, which raises important management questions regarding the debate about what is natural or artificial within otherwise protected areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.021","issn":"01401","usgsCitation":"Longshore, K., Lowrey, C., and Thompson, D., 2009, Compensating for diminishing natural water: Predicting the impacts of water development on summer habitat of desert bighorn sheep: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 73, no. 3, p. 280-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.021.","startPage":"280","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213305,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.021"},{"id":240917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8c7e4b0c8380cd4d2bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Longshore, K.M.","contributorId":70337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longshore","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowrey, C.","contributorId":80905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowrey","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, D.B.","contributorId":74418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034824,"text":"70034824 - 2009 - Shallow seismic structure of Kunlun fault zone in northern Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for the 2001 M s8.1 Kunlun earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T15:27:01.682951","indexId":"70034824","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow seismic structure of Kunlun fault zone in northern Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for the 2001 M s8.1 Kunlun earthquake","docAbstract":"The shallow seismic velocity structure of the Kunlun fault zone (KLFZ) was jointly deduced from seismic refraction profiling and the records of trapped waves that were excited by five explosions. The data were collected after the 2001 Kunlun Ms8.1 earthquake in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Seismic phases for the in-line record sections (26 records up to a distance of 15 km) along the fault zone were analysed, and 1-D P- and S-wave velocity models of shallow crust within the fault zone were determined by using the seismic refraction method. Sixteen seismic stations were deployed along the off-line profile perpendicular to the fault zone. Fault-zone trapped waves appear clearly on the record sections, which were simulated with a 3-D finite difference algorithm. Quantitative analysis of the correlation coefficients of the synthetic and observed trapped waveforms indicates that the Kunlun fault-zone width is 300 m, and S-wave quality factor Q within the fault zone is 15. Significantly, S-wave velocities within the fault zone are reduced by 30–45 per cent from surrounding rocks to a depth of at least 1–2 km, while P-wave velocities are reduced by 7–20 per cent. A fault-zone with such P- and S-low velocities is an indication of high fluid pressure because Vs is affected more than Vp. The low-velocity and low-Q zone in the KLFZ model is the effect of multiple ruptures along the fault trace of the 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun earthquake.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04049.x","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Wang, C., Mooney, W.D., Ding, Z., Yang, J., Yao, Z., and Lou, H., 2009, Shallow seismic structure of Kunlun fault zone in northern Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for the 2001 M s8.1 Kunlun earthquake: Geophysical Journal International, v. 177, no. 3, p. 978-1000, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04049.x.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"978","endPage":"1000","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04049.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Tibetan Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 79.716796875,\n 27.293689224852407\n ],\n [\n 109.8193359375,\n 27.293689224852407\n ],\n [\n 109.8193359375,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n 79.716796875,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n 79.716796875,\n 27.293689224852407\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"177","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e38e4b08c986b3187d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Chun-Yong","contributorId":98893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Chun-Yong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ding, Z.","contributorId":51045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, J.","contributorId":60780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yao, Z.","contributorId":64057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yao","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lou, H.","contributorId":13009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lou","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70034806,"text":"70034806 - 2009 - New light on a dark subject: On the use of fluorescence data to deduce redox states of natural organic matter (NOM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T14:07:31","indexId":"70034806","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":873,"text":"Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New light on a dark subject: On the use of fluorescence data to deduce redox states of natural organic matter (NOM)","docAbstract":"This paper reports the use of excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMS), parallel factor statistical analysis (PARAFAC), and oxidation-reduction experiments to examine the effect of redox conditions on PARAFAC model results for aqueous samples rich in natural organic matter. Fifty-four aqueous samples from 11 different geographic locations and two plant extracts were analyzed untreated and after chemical treatments or irradiation were used in attempts to change the redox status of the natural organic matter. The EEMS spectra were generated and modeled using a PARAFAC package developed by Cory and McKnight (2005). The PARAFAC model output was examined for consistency with previously reported relations and with changes expected to occur upon experimental oxidation and reduction of aqueous samples. Results indicate the implied fraction of total sample fluorescence attributed to quinone-like moieties was consistent (0.64 to 0.78) and greater than that observed by Cory and McKnight (2005). The fraction of the quinone-like moieties that was reduced (the reducing index, RI) showed relatively little variation (0.46 to 0.71) despite attempts to alter the redox status of the natural organic matter. The RI changed little after reducing samples using zinc metal, oxidizing at high pH with air, or irradiating with a Xenon lamp. Our results, however, are consistent with the correlations between the fluorescence indices (FI) of samples and the ratio of PARAFAC fitting parameters suggested by Cory and McKnight (2005), though we used samples with a much narrower range of FI values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00027-009-9174-6","issn":"10151621","usgsCitation":"Macalady, D.L., and Walton-Day, K., 2009, New light on a dark subject: On the use of fluorescence data to deduce redox states of natural organic matter (NOM): Aquatic Sciences, v. 71, no. 2, p. 135-143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-009-9174-6.","startPage":"135","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":215875,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-009-9174-6"},{"id":243709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65e1e4b0c8380cd72c80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macalady, Donald L.","contributorId":62049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macalady","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037072,"text":"70037072 - 2009 - Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T16:22:47","indexId":"70037072","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets","docAbstract":"The flow structure in the developing region of a turbulent jet has been examined using particle image velocimetry methods, considering the flow at steady state conditions. The velocity fields were integrated to determine the ratio of the entrained air speed to the jet speed, which was approximately 0.03 for a range of Mach numbers up to 0.89 and Reynolds numbers up to 217,000. This range of experimental Mach and Reynolds numbers is higher than previously considered for high-accuracy entrainment measures, particularly in the near-vent region. The entrainment values are below those commonly used for geophysical analyses of volcanic plumes, suggesting that existing 1-D models are likely to understate the tendency for column collapse.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006298","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Solovitz, S.A., and Mastin, L.G., 2009, Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298.","productDescription":"B10203; 9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","ipdsId":"IP-010659","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de7e4b0c8380cd53248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solovitz, Stephen A.","contributorId":21434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solovitz","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}