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,{"id":70035006,"text":"70035006 - 2009 - Exploration of Victoria crater by the mars rover opportunity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70035006","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploration of Victoria crater by the mars rover opportunity","docAbstract":"The Mars rover Opportunity has explored Victoria crater, a ???750-meter eroded impact crater formed in sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks. Impact-related stratigraphy is preserved in the crater walls, and meteoritic debris is present near the crater rim. The size of hematite-rich concretions decreases up-section, documenting variation in the intensity of groundwater processes. Layering in the crater walls preserves evidence of ancient wind-blown dunes. Compositional variations with depth mimic those ???6 kilometers to the north and demonstrate that water-induced alteration at Meridiani Planum was regional in scope.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1170355","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Squyres, S.W., Knoll, A., Arvidson, R., Ashley, J.W., Bell, J., Calvin, W.M., Christensen, P.R., Clark, B.C., Cohen, B.A., De Souza, P., Edgar, L., Farrand, W.H., Fleischer, I., Gellert, R., Golombek, M., Grant, J., Grotzinger, J., Hayes, A., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Jolliff, B., Klingelhofer, G., Knudson, A., Li, R., McCoy, T., McLennan, S.M., Ming, D.W., Mittlefehldt, D.W., Morris, R., Rice, J.W., Schroder, C., Sullivan, R., Yen, A., and Yingst, R., 2009, Exploration of Victoria crater by the mars rover opportunity: Science, v. 324, no. 5930, p. 1058-1061, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170355.","startPage":"1058","endPage":"1061","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476444,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3934552","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215233,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1170355"},{"id":243022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"324","issue":"5930","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e17e4b0c8380cd532c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squyres, S. 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,{"id":70036001,"text":"70036001 - 2009 - Quantifying fluxes and characterizing compositional changes of dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems in situ using combined acoustic and optical measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T11:34:21","indexId":"70036001","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2622,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying fluxes and characterizing compositional changes of dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems in situ using combined acoustic and optical measurements","docAbstract":"Studying the dynamics and geochemical behavior of dissolved and particulate organic material is difficult because concentration and composition may rapidly change in response to aperiodic as well as periodic physical and biological forcing. Here we describe a method useful for quantifying fluxes and analyzing dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics. The method uses coupled optical and acoustic measurements that provide robust quantitative estimates of concentrations and constituent characteristics needed to investigate processes and calculate fluxes of DOM in tidal and other lotic environments. Data were collected several times per hour for 2 weeks or more, with the frequency and duration limited only by power consumption and data storage capacity. We assessed the capabilities and limitations of the method using data from a winter deployment in a natural tidal wetland of the San Francisco Bay estuary. We used statistical correlation of in situ optical data with traditional laboratory analyses of discrete water samples to calibrate optical properties suited as proxies for DOM concentrations and characterizations. Coupled with measurements of flow velocity, we calculated long-term residual horizontal fluxes of DOC into and out from a tidal wetland. Subsampling the dataset provides an estimate for the maximum sampling interval beyond which the error in flux estimate is significantly increased.?? 2009, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lom.2009.7.119","issn":"15415856","usgsCitation":"Downing, B., Boss, E., Bergamaschi, B., Fleck, J., Lionberger, M.A., Ganju, N., Schoellhamer, D., and Fujii, R., 2009, Quantifying fluxes and characterizing compositional changes of dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems in situ using combined acoustic and optical measurements: Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, v. 7, no. 1, p. 119-131, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2009.7.119.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2009.7.119","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91cce4b0c8380cd8047a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downing, B.D. 0000-0002-2007-5304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2007-5304","contributorId":71681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"B.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boss, E.","contributorId":59544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boss","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergamaschi, B.A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":22401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleck, J.A. 0000-0002-3217-3972","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-3972","contributorId":35864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lionberger, M. A.","contributorId":96494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lionberger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ganju, N. K. 0000-0002-1096-0465","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-0465","contributorId":64782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ganju","given":"N. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. 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,{"id":70037069,"text":"70037069 - 2009 - Controls on groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh: Regional modeling analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037069","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh: Regional modeling analysis","docAbstract":"Groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes is produced primarily from shallow parts of the Bengal Basin aquifer system (India and Bangladesh), which contains high concentrations of dissolved arsenic (exceeding worldwide drinking water standards), though deeper groundwater is generally low in arsenic. An essential first step for determining sustainable management of the deep groundwater resource is identification of hydrogeologic controls on flow and quantification of basin-scale groundwater flow patterns. Results from groundwater modeling, in which the Bengal Basin aquifer system is represented as a single aquifer with higher horizontal than vertical hydraulic conductivity, indicate that this anisotropy is the primary hydrogeologic control on the natural flowpath lengths. Despite extremely low hydraulic gradients due to minimal topographic relief, anisotropy implies large-scale (tens to hundreds of kilometers) flow at depth. Other hydrogeologic factors, including lateral and vertical changes in hydraulic conductivity, have minor effects on overall flow patterns. However, because natural hydraulic gradients are low, the impact of pumping on groundwater flow is overwhelming; modeling indicates that pumping has substantially changed the shallow groundwater budget and flowpaths from predevelopment conditions. ?? Springer-Verlag 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-008-0429-4","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Michael, H., and Voss, C., 2009, Controls on groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh: Regional modeling analysis: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 17, no. 7, p. 1561-1577, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0429-4.","startPage":"1561","endPage":"1577","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217334,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0429-4"},{"id":245275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd0e4b0c8380cd4df98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, H.A.","contributorId":98858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, C.I.","contributorId":79515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035338,"text":"70035338 - 2009 - Erosional history of Cape Halkett and contemporary monitoring of bluff retreat, Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-06T13:44:13","indexId":"70035338","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3094,"text":"Polar Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosional history of Cape Halkett and contemporary monitoring of bluff retreat, Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska","docAbstract":"Cape Halkett is located along the Beaufort Sea at the end of a low-lying tundra landscape. The area has been subject to major modifications over the last century as a result of erosion and migration of the coastline inland. Long-term mean annual erosion rates (1955-2009) for the entire cape are 7.6 m/yr, with a gradual increase in rates over the first five time periods of remotely sensed imagery analyzed and a large increase during the most recent time period. Division of the cape into three distinct coastal zones shows very different erosional patterns: the northeast-facing segment (Zone 1) showing a consistent and large increase; the southeast-facing segment (Zone 3) showing a gradual increase with recent, heightened erosion rates; and the east-facing segment (Zone 2) showing decreased rates due to the reformation of a sand and gravel spit. Monitoring of bluff erosion with time-lapse photography, differential GPS surveys, terrestrial and bathymetric surveys, and water level, sea and permafrost temperature data provide insights into the processes driving contemporary patterns of erosion and will provide valuable information for the prediction of future shoreline positions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar Geography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889370903486449","issn":"1088937X","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., Arp, C.D., Beck, R., Grosse, G., Webster, J.M., and Urban, F., 2009, Erosional history of Cape Halkett and contemporary monitoring of bluff retreat, Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska: Polar Geography, v. 32, no. 3-4, p. 129-142, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370903486449.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215310,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889370903486449"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea;Cape Halkett","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.11,66.35 ], [ -156.11,74.68 ], [ -140.8,74.68 ], [ -140.8,66.35 ], [ -156.11,66.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a44e4b0c8380cd52293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beck, Richard A.","contributorId":49202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beck","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[{"id":7159,"text":"University of Cincinnati","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":101475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","affiliations":[{"id":34291,"text":"University of Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webster, James M.","contributorId":64051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Urban, Frank E. 0000-0002-1329-1703","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1703","contributorId":80918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"Frank E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035712,"text":"70035712 - 2009 - Small-footprint, waveform-resolving lidar estimation of submerged and sub-canopy topography in coastal environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035712","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small-footprint, waveform-resolving lidar estimation of submerged and sub-canopy topography in coastal environments","docAbstract":"The experimental advanced airborne research lidar (EAARL) is an airborne lidar instrument designed to map near-shore submerged topography and adjacent land elevations simultaneously. This study evaluated data acquired by the EAARL system in February 2003 and March 2004 along the margins of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, to map bare-earth elevations under a variety of vegetation types and submerged topography in shallow, turbid water conditions. A spatial filtering algorithm, known as the iterative random consensus filter (IRCF), was used to extract ground elevations from a point cloud of processed last-surface EAARL returns. Filtered data were compared with acoustic and field measurements acquired in shallow submerged (0-2.5 m water depth) and sub-canopy environments. Root mean square elevation errors (RMSEs) ranged from 10-14 cm for submerged topography to 16-20 cm for sub-canopy topography under a variety of vegetation communities. The effect of lidar sampling angles and global positioning system (GPS) satellite configuration on accuracy was investigated. Results show high RMSEs for data acquired during periods of poor satellite configuration and at large sampling angles along the edges of the lidar scan. The results presented in this study confirm the cross-environment capability of a green-wavelength, waveform-resolving lidar system, making it an ideal tool for mapping coastal environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01431160802395227","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Nayegandhi, A., Brock, J.C., and Wright, C.W., 2009, Small-footprint, waveform-resolving lidar estimation of submerged and sub-canopy topography in coastal environments: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 30, no. 4, p. 861-878, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802395227.","startPage":"861","endPage":"878","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216429,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160802395227"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9193e4b08c986b319997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nayegandhi, A.","contributorId":95578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, J. C.","contributorId":36095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, C. W. wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":49758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035759,"text":"70035759 - 2009 - Mobility of icy sand packs, with application to Martian permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035759","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobility of icy sand packs, with application to Martian permafrost","docAbstract":"[1] The physical state of water on Mars has fundamental ramifications for both climatology and astrobiology. The widespread presence of \"softened\" Martian landforms (such as impact craters) can be attributed to viscous creep of subsurface ground ice. We present laboratory experiments designed to determine the minimum amount of ice necessary to mobilize topography within Martian permafrost. Our results show that the jammed-to-mobile transition of icy sand packs neither occurs at fixed ice content nor is dependent on temperature or stress, but instead correlates strongly with the maximum dry packing density of the sand component. Viscosity also changes rapidly near the mobility transition. The results suggest a potentially lower minimum volatile inventory for the impact-pulverized megaregolith of Mars. Furthermore, the long-term preservation of partially relaxed craters implies that the ice content of Martian permafrost has remained close to that at the mobility transition throughout Martian history. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GL040392","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Durham, W., Pathare, A., Stern, L., and Lenferink, H., 2009, Mobility of icy sand packs, with application to Martian permafrost: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040392.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216168,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040392"},{"id":244017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b92e4b0c8380cd6f64f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pathare, A.V.","contributorId":77765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pathare","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lenferink, H.J.","contributorId":17067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenferink","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70037248,"text":"70037248 - 2009 - A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T09:58:33","indexId":"70037248","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado","docAbstract":"Pre- and post-remediation data sets are used herein to assess the effectiveness of remedial measures implemented in the headwaters of the Mineral Creek watershed, where contamination from hard rock mining has led to elevated metal concentrations and acidic pH. Collection of pre- and post-remediation data sets generally followed the synoptic mass balance approach, in which numerous stream and inflow locations are sampled for the constituents of interest and estimates of streamflow are determined by tracer dilution. The comparison of pre- and post-remediation data sets is confounded by hydrologic effects and the effects of temporal variation. Hydrologic effects arise due to the relatively wet conditions that preceded the collection of pre-remediation data, and the relatively dry conditions associated with the post-remediation data set. This difference leads to a dilution effect in the upper part of the study reach, where pre-remediation concentrations were diluted by rainfall, and a source area effect in the lower part of the study reach, where a smaller portion of the watershed may have been contributing constituent mass during the drier post-remediation period. A second confounding factor, temporal variability, violates the steady-state assumption that underlies the synoptic mass balance approach, leading to false identification of constituent sources and sinks. Despite these complications, remedial actions completed in the Mineral Creek headwaters appear to have led to improvements in stream water quality, as post-remediation profiles of instream load are consistently lower than the pre-remediation profiles over the entire study reach for six of the eight constituents considered (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc). Concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc remain above chronic aquatic-life standards, however, and additional remedial actions may be needed. Future implementations of the synoptic mass balance approach should be preceded by an assessment of temporal variability, and modifications to the synoptic sampling protocol should be made if necessary.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7427","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R., Bencala, K., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., and Verplanck, P., 2009, A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 23, p. 3319-3333, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7427.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3319","endPage":"3333","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217225,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7427"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Mineral Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"23","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e370e4b0c8380cd46007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walton-Day, K.","contributorId":14054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035762,"text":"70035762 - 2009 - Numerical analysis of the performance of rock weirs: Effects of structure configuration on local hydraulics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035762","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Numerical analysis of the performance of rock weirs: Effects of structure configuration on local hydraulics","docAbstract":"River spanning rock structures are being constructed for water delivery as well as to enable fish passage at barriers and provide or improve the aquatic habitat for endangered fish species. Current design methods are based upon anecdotal information applicable to a narrow range of channel conditions. The complex flow patterns and performance of rock weirs is not well understood. Without accurate understanding of their hydraulics, designers cannot address the failure mechanisms of these structures. Flow characteristics such as jets, near bed velocities, recirculation, eddies, and plunging flow govern scour pool development. These detailed flow patterns can be replicated using a 3D numerical model. Numerical studies inexpensively simulate a large number of cases resulting in an increased range of applicability in order to develop design tools and predictive capability for analysis and design. The analysis and results of the numerical modeling, laboratory modeling, and field data provide a process-based method for understanding how structure geometry affects flow characteristics, scour development, fish passage, water delivery, and overall structure stability. Results of the numerical modeling allow designers to utilize results of the analysis to determine the appropriate geometry for generating desirable flow parameters. The end product of this research will develop tools and guidelines for more robust structure design or retrofits based upon predictable engineering and hydraulic performance criteria. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)328","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Holmquist-Johnson, C.L., 2009, Numerical analysis of the performance of rock weirs: Effects of structure configuration on local hydraulics, <i>in</i> Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 3244-3255, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)328.","startPage":"3244","endPage":"3255","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216193,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)328"},{"id":244047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68e9e4b0c8380cd73a7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmquist-Johnson, C. L.","contributorId":72615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmquist-Johnson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70035764,"text":"70035764 - 2009 - Dual-core mass-balance approach for evaluating mercury and<sup>210</sup>Pb atmospheric fallout and focusing to lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T08:19:14","indexId":"70035764","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dual-core mass-balance approach for evaluating mercury and<sup>210</sup>Pb atmospheric fallout and focusing to lakes","docAbstract":"Determining atmospheric deposition rates of mercury and other contaminants using lake sediment cores requires a quantitative understanding of sediment focusing. Here we present a novel approach that solves mass-balance equations for two cores algebraically to estimate contaminant contributions to sediment from direct atmospheric fallout and from watershed and in-lake focusing. The model is applied to excess <sup>210</sup>Pb and Hg in cores from Hobbs Lake, a high-altitude lake in Wyoming. Model results for excess <sup>210</sup>Pb are consistent with estimates of fallout and focusing factors computed using excess <sup>210</sup>Pb burdens in lake cores and soil cores from the watershed and model results for Hg fallout are consistent with fallout estimated using the soil-core-based <sup>210</sup>Pb focusing factors. The lake cores indicate small increases in mercury deposition beginning in the late 1800s and large increases after 1940, with the maximum at the tops of the cores of 16-20 ??g/m <sup>2</sup>year. These results suggest that global Hg emissions and possibly regional emissions in the western United States are affecting the north-central Rocky Mountains. Hg fallout estimates are generally consistent with fallout reported from an ice core from the nearby Upper Fremont Glacier, but with several notable differences. The model might not work for lakes with complex geometries and multiple sediment inputs, but for lakes with simple geometries, like Hobbs, it can provide a quantitative approach for evaluating sediment focusing and estimating contaminant fallout.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es801490c","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., and Fuller, C.C., 2009, Dual-core mass-balance approach for evaluating mercury and<sup>210</sup>Pb atmospheric fallout and focusing to lakes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 26-32, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801490c.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216222,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801490c"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0407e4b0c8380cd50752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037211,"text":"70037211 - 2009 - Pink shrimp as an indicator for restoration of everglades ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037211","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pink shrimp as an indicator for restoration of everglades ecosystems","docAbstract":"The pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, familiar to most Floridians as either food or bait shrimp, is ubiquitous in South Florida coastal and offshore waters and is proposed as an indicator for assessing restoration of South Florida's southern estuaries: Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, and the mangrove estuaries of the lower southwest coast. Relationships between pink shrimp and salinity have been determined in both field and laboratory studies. Salinity is directly relevant to restoration because the salinity regimes of South Florida estuaries, critical nursery habitat for the pink shrimp, will be altered by changes in the quantity, timing, and distribution of freshwater inflow planned as part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Project (CERP). Here we suggest performance measures based on pink shrimp density (number per square meter) in the estuaries and propose a restoration assessment and scoring scheme using these performance measures that can readily be communicated to managers, policy makers, and the interested public. The pink shrimp is an appropriate restoration indicator because of its ecological as well as its economic importance and also because scientific interest in pink shrimp in South Florida has produced a wealth of information about the species and relatively long time series of data on both juveniles in estuarine nursery habitats and adults on the fishing grounds. We suggest research needs for improving the pink shrimp performance measure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.10.007","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Browder, J.A., and Robblee, M., 2009, Pink shrimp as an indicator for restoration of everglades ecosystems: Ecological Indicators, v. 9, no. 6 SUPPL., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.10.007.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217111,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.10.007"},{"id":245028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b73e4b0c8380cd7945f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, Joan A.","contributorId":7439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robblee, M. B.","contributorId":23879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035971,"text":"70035971 - 2009 - Predicting the biological condition of streams: Use of geospatial indicators of natural and anthropogenic characteristics of watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035971","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the biological condition of streams: Use of geospatial indicators of natural and anthropogenic characteristics of watersheds","docAbstract":"We developed and evaluated empirical models to predict biological condition of wadeable streams in a large portion of the eastern USA, with the ultimate goal of prediction for unsampled basins. Previous work had classified (i.e., altered vs. unaltered) the biological condition of 920 streams based on a biological assessment of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Predictor variables were limited to widely available geospatial data, which included land cover, topography, climate, soils, societal infrastructure, and potential hydrologic modification. We compared the accuracy of predictions of biological condition class based on models with continuous and binary responses. We also evaluated the relative importance of specific groups and individual predictor variables, as well as the relationships between the most important predictors and biological condition. Prediction accuracy and the relative importance of predictor variables were different for two subregions for which models were created. Predictive accuracy in the highlands region improved by including predictors that represented both natural and human activities. Riparian land cover and road-stream intersections were the most important predictors. In contrast, predictive accuracy in the lowlands region was best for models limited to predictors representing natural factors, including basin topography and soil properties. Partial dependence plots revealed complex and nonlinear relationships between specific predictors and the probability of biological alteration. We demonstrate a potential application of the model by predicting biological condition in 552 unsampled basins across an ecoregion in southeastern Wisconsin (USA). Estimates of the likelihood of biological condition of unsampled streams could be a valuable tool for screening large numbers of basins to focus targeted monitoring of potentially unaltered or altered stream segments. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-008-0256-z","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D., Falcone, J., and Meador, M.R., 2009, Predicting the biological condition of streams: Use of geospatial indicators of natural and anthropogenic characteristics of watersheds: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 151, no. 1-4, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0256-z.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0256-z"},{"id":243997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81cde4b0c8380cd7b738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, D.M.","contributorId":81059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falcone, J.","contributorId":20548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035266,"text":"70035266 - 2009 - Seafloor terrain analysis and geomorphology of the greater Los Angeles Margin and San Pedro Basin, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035266","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seafloor terrain analysis and geomorphology of the greater Los Angeles Margin and San Pedro Basin, Southern California","docAbstract":"The seafloor off greater Los Angeles, California, has been extensively studied for the past century. Terrain analysis of recently compiled multibeam bathymetry reveals the detailed seafloor morphology along the Los Angeles Margin and San Pedro Basin. The terrain analysis uses the multibeam bathymetry to calculate two seafloor indices, a seafloor slope, and a Topographic Position Index. The derived grids along with depth are analyzed in a hierarchical, decision-tree classification to delineate six seafloor provinces-high-relief shelf, low-relief shelf, steep-basin slope, gentle-basin slope, gullies and canyons, and basins. Rock outcrops protrude in places above the generally smooth continental shelf. Gullies incise the steep-basin slopes, and some submarine canyons extend from the coastline to the basin floor. San Pedro Basin is separated from the Santa Monica Basin to the north by a ridge consisting of the Redondo Knoll and the Redondo Submarine Canyon delta. An 865-m-deep sill separates the two basins. Water depths of San Pedro Basin are ??100 m deeper than those in the San Diego Trough to the south, and three passes breach a ridge that separates the San Pedro Basin from the San Diego Trough. Information gained from this study can be used as base maps for such future studies as tectonic reconstructions, identifying sedimentary processes, tracking pollution transport, and defining benthic habitats. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2454(1.2)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., and Gardner, J., 2009, Seafloor terrain analysis and geomorphology of the greater Los Angeles Margin and San Pedro Basin, Southern California: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 454, p. 9-28, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(1.2).","startPage":"9","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215217,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(1.2)"},{"id":243004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8833e4b08c986b316856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, P.","contributorId":60797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037216,"text":"70037216 - 2009 - Composition and variation of noise recorded at the Yellowknife Seismic Array, 1991-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037216","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition and variation of noise recorded at the Yellowknife Seismic Array, 1991-2007","docAbstract":"We analyze seismic noise recorded on the 18 short-period, vertical component seismometers of the Yellowknife Seismic Array (YKA). YKA has an aperture of 23 km and is sited on cratonic lithosphere in an area with low cultural noise. These properties make it ideal for studying natural seismic noise at periods of 1-3 s. We calculated frequency-wave number spectra in this band for over 6,000 time windows that were extracted once per day for 17 years (1991-2007). Slowness analysis reveals a rich variety of seismic phases originating from distinct source regions: R<sub>g</sub> waves from the Great Slave Lake; L<sub>g</sub> waves from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans; and teleseismic P waves from the north Pacific and equatorial mid-Atlantic regions. The surface wave energy is generated along coastlines, while the body wave energy is generated at least in part in deep-water, pelagic regions. Surface waves tend to dominate at the longer periods and, just as in earthquake seismograms, L<sub>g</sub> is the most prominent arrival. Although the periods we study are slightly shorter than the classic double-frequency microseismic band of 4-10 s, the noise at YKA has clear seasonal behavior that is consistent with the ocean wave climate in the Northern Hemisphere. The temporal variation of most of the noise sources can be well fit using just two Fourier components: yearly and biyearly terms that combine to give a fast rise in microseismic power from mid-June through mid-October, followed by a gradual decline. The exception is the R<sub>g</sub> energy from the Great Slave Lake, which shows a sharp drop in noise power over a 2-week period in November as the lake freezes. The L <sub>g</sub> noise from the east has a small but statistically significant positive slope, perhaps implying increased ocean wave activity in the North Atlantic over the last 17 years. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006307","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Koper, K., De Foy, B., and Benz, H., 2009, Composition and variation of noise recorded at the Yellowknife Seismic Array, 1991-2007: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006307.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476268,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb006307","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217197,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006307"},{"id":245121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f922e4b0c8380cd4d460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koper, K.D.","contributorId":69798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koper","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Foy, B.","contributorId":42065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Foy","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benz, H.","contributorId":61953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037215,"text":"70037215 - 2009 - Social, political, and institutional setting: Water management problems of the Rio Grande","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70037215","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2501,"text":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social, political, and institutional setting: Water management problems of the Rio Grande","docAbstract":"This paper discusses various water management issues facing federal, state, and local agencies charged with managing the water resources of the Rio Grande River Basin and its major tributaries. The Rio Grande - 3,058 km (=1,900 mi) long - is the fourth longest river in the United States. The river's basin is 870,236 km<sup>2</sup> (=336,000 mi<sup>2</sup>) and for roughly two-thirds of its length it forms the United States-Mexican border. It is a major recreational resource providing world class trout fishing near its headwaters in Colorado's San Juan Mountains and shoreline, angling, and boating opportunities near the Colorado-New Mexico border. The Rio Grande is the principal tourist attraction of Big Bend National Park and flows through downtown Albuquerque and El Paso. Many reaches are wide and broad, but almost all are relatively shallow and not navigable by commercial ships. Nevertheless, it is one of the most important renewable water resources of the southwestern United States and North America. The issue of the \"manageability\" of the river in the face of social forces and disparate administrative jurisdictions that adversely impact Rio Grande flows is a thread linking various sections of the paper together. The length of the river; the fact that major reaches lie in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas; and its unique role as an international boundary pose complex management problems. The allocation status quo formed by the complex nexus of existing river laws make it difficult to reshape Rio Grande management. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:6(493)","issn":"07339496","usgsCitation":"Douglas, A.J., 2009, Social, political, and institutional setting: Water management problems of the Rio Grande: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 135, no. 6, p. 493-501, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:6(493).","startPage":"493","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217169,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:6(493)"},{"id":245090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91c8e4b08c986b319ad1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, A. J.","contributorId":11172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"A.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70037213,"text":"70037213 - 2009 - Stratigraphic controls on saltwater intrusion in the Dominguez Gap area of coastal Los Angeles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T01:41:59.101513","indexId":"70037213","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic controls on saltwater intrusion in the Dominguez Gap area of coastal Los Angeles","docAbstract":"<p>The Los Angeles Basin is a densely populated coastal area that significantly depends on groundwater. A part of this groundwater supply is at risk from saltwater intrusion—the impetus for this study. High-resolution seismic-reflection data collected from the Los Angeles–Long Beach Harbor Complex have been combined with borehole geophysical and descriptive geological data from four nearby ~400-m-deep continuously cored wells and with borehole geophysical data from adjacent water and oil wells to characterize the Pliocene to Holocene stratigraphy of the Dominguez Gap coastal aquifer system. The new data are shown as a north-south, two- dimensional, sequence-stratigraphic model that is compared to existing lithostratigraphic models of the Los Angeles Basin in an attempt to better understand pathways of saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2454(5.4)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Edwards, B.D., Ehman, K.D., Ponti, D.J., Reichard, E.G., Tinsley, J., Rosenbauer, R.J., and Land, M.T., 2009, Stratigraphic controls on saltwater intrusion in the Dominguez Gap area of coastal Los Angeles: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 454, p. 375-395, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(5.4).","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.13999545807462,\n              34.26490751284281\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.13999545807462,\n              33.26025154311533\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.55796420807468,\n              33.26025154311533\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.55796420807468,\n              34.26490751284281\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.13999545807462,\n              34.26490751284281\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98dae4b08c986b31c164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ehman, Kenneth D.","contributorId":64745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehman","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":459920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tinsley, John jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":140545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Land, Michael T. 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":173276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":459917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70037239,"text":"70037239 - 2009 - Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium","docAbstract":"Flow-model particle-tracking results and geochemical data from seven study areas across the United States were analyzed using three statistical methods to test the hypothesis that these variables can successfully be used to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium. Principal components analysis indicated that arsenic and uranium concentrations were associated with particle-tracking variables that simulate time of travel and water fluxes through aquifer systems and also through specific redox and pH zones within aquifers. Time-of-travel variables are important because many geochemical reactions are kinetically limited, and geochemical zonation can account for different modes of mobilization and fate. Spearman correlation analysis established statistical significance for correlations of arsenic and uranium concentrations with variables derived using the particle-tracking routines. Correlations between uranium concentrations and particle-tracking variables were generally strongest for variables computed for distinct redox zones. Classification tree analysis on arsenic concentrations yielded a quantitative categorical model using time-of-travel variables and solid-phase-arsenic concentrations. The classification tree model accuracy on the learning data subset was 70%, and on the testing data subset, 79%, demonstrating one application in which particle-tracking variables can be used predictively in a quantitative screening-level assessment of public supply well vulnerability. Ground-water management actions that are based on avoidance of young ground water, reflecting the premise that young ground water is more vulnerable to anthropogenic contaminants than is old ground water, may inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability to natural contaminants due to the tendency for concentrations of many natural contaminants to increase with increasing ground-water residence time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S., Kauffman, L.J., Thomas, M., Brown, C.J., McCarthy, K.A., Eberts, S.M., Rosen, M.R., and Katz, B., 2009, Combining particle-tracking and geochemical data to assess public supply well vulnerability to arsenic and uranium: Journal of Hydrology, v. 376, no. 1-2, p. 132-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020.","startPage":"132","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.020"},{"id":244999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e0e4b0c8380cd4cd49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, S.R.","contributorId":74778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, L. J. 0000-0003-4564-0362","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":65217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":460025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, M.A.","contributorId":66877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, C. J.","contributorId":90342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035243,"text":"70035243 - 2009 - Soil and nutrient retention in winter-flooded ricefields with implications for watershed management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035243","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil and nutrient retention in winter-flooded ricefields with implications for watershed management","docAbstract":"The ability of water resources to support aquatic life and human needs depends, in part, on reducing nonpoint source pollution amid contemporary agricultural practices. Winter retention of shallow water on rice and other agricultural fields is an accepted management practice for wildlife conservation; however, soil and water conservation benefits are not well documented. We evaluated the ability of four post-harvest ricefield treatment combinations (stubble-flooded, stubble-open, disked-flooded and disked-open) to abate nonpoint source exports into watersheds of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Total suspended solid exports were 1,121 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (1,000 lb ac<sup>-1</sup>) from disked-open fields where rice stubble was disked after harvest and fields were allowed to drain, compared with 35 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (31 lb ac<sup>-1</sup>) from stubble-flooded fields where stubble was left standing after harvest and fields captured rainfall from November 1 to March 1. Estimates of total suspended solid exports from ricefields based on Landsat imagery and USDA crop data are 0.43 and 0.40 Mg km<sup>-2</sup> day<sup>-1</sup> in the Big Sunflower and L'Anguille watersheds, respectively. Estimated reductions in total suspended solid exports from ricefields into the Big Sunflower and L'Anguille water-sheds range from 26% to 64% under hypothetical scenarios in which 65% to 100% of the rice production area is managed to capture winter rainfall. Winter ricefield management reduced nonpoint source export by decreasing concentrations of solids and nutrients in, and reducing runoff volume from, ricefields in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2489/jswc.64.3.173","issn":"00224561","usgsCitation":"Manley, S., Kaminski, R., Rodrigue, P., Dewey, J., Schoenholtz, S., Gerard, P., and Reinecke, K.J., 2009, Soil and nutrient retention in winter-flooded ricefields with implications for watershed management: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 64, no. 3, p. 173-182, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.64.3.173.","startPage":"173","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.64.3.173"},{"id":243131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91e9e4b08c986b319b96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manley, S.W.","contributorId":13716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaminski, R.M.","contributorId":53330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminski","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodrigue, P.B.","contributorId":98559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodrigue","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dewey, J.C.","contributorId":7100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoenholtz, S.H.","contributorId":60178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenholtz","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gerard, P.D.","contributorId":16368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerard","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reinecke, K. J.","contributorId":54537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinecke","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70035706,"text":"70035706 - 2009 - Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the des moines river, iowa using SWAT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035706","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the des moines river, iowa using SWAT","docAbstract":"The Des Moines River that drains a watershed of 16,175 km<sup>2</sup> in portions of Iowa and Minnesota is impaired for nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) due to concentrations that exceed regulatory limits for public water supplies. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to model streamflow and nitrate loads and evaluate a suite of basin-wide changes and targeting configurations to potentially reduce nitrate loads in the river. The SWAT model comprised 173 subbasins and 2,516 hydrologic response units and included point and nonpoint nitrogen sources. The model was calibrated for an 11-year period and three basin-wide and four targeting strategies were evaluated. Results indicated that nonpoint sources accounted for 95% of the total nitrate export. Reduction in fertilizer applications from 170 to 50 kg/ha achieved the 38% reduction in nitrate loads, exceeding the 34% reduction required. In terms of targeting, the most efficient load reductions occurred when fertilizer applications were reduced in subbasins nearest the watershed outlet. The greatest load reduction for the area of land treated was associated with reducing loads from 55 subbasins with the highest nitrate loads, achieving a 14% reduction in nitrate loads achieved by reducing applications on 30% of the land area. SWAT model results provide much needed guidance on how to begin implementing load reduction strategies most efficiently in the Des Moines River watershed. ?? 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-009-9364-y","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., and Wolter, C., 2009, Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the des moines river, iowa using SWAT: Environmental Management, v. 44, no. 4, p. 671-682, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9364-y.","startPage":"671","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216313,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9364-y"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c0fe4b0c8380cd6f9d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolter, C.F.","contributorId":23301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolter","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035254,"text":"70035254 - 2009 - Neotectonic analysis of upper klamath lake, oregon: New insights from seismic reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035254","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neotectonic analysis of upper klamath lake, oregon: New insights from seismic reflection data","docAbstract":"We present marine high-resolution seismic reflection data from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, to discern the underlying structure and estimate Quaternary slip rates in this actively extending Basin and Range system. The sediment patterns and structures imaged on our seismic profiles reveal a complex geologic system that reflects a changing climate record, shallow water conditions, growth faulting, contrasting sediment sources, and high slip rates. We observe that Upper Klamath Lake is a sedimentsaturated environment, and sediment accumulation rates are therefore controlled by basin subsidence rather than sediment supply. Published slip rates for Holocene extension are greater than our determined late Quaternary slip rates, assuming reasonable rates of deposition. The apparent increased Holocene fault-slip rates may be in part an artifact of long recurrence intervals between major earthquakes, with recent seismicity accommodating long-term strain. The quantity of observed faults below the lake is at least an order of magnitude greater than those mapped outside the lake, suggesting that many hidden faults throughout the region may be unaccounted for when estimating Basin and Range extension rates. Copyright ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2447(05)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Liberty, L., Pratt, T.L., Lyle, M., and Madin, I.P., 2009, Neotectonic analysis of upper klamath lake, oregon: New insights from seismic reflection data: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 447, p. 71-82, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2447(05).","startPage":"71","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215490,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2447(05)"},{"id":243299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"447","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a645be4b0c8380cd7299e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liberty, L.M.","contributorId":58749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liberty","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyle, M.","contributorId":40344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyle","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Madin, I. P.","contributorId":47031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madin","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036853,"text":"70036853 - 2009 - High-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphy at Atlantic Coastal Plain drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036853","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphy at Atlantic Coastal Plain drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8)","docAbstract":"We interpret borehole geophysical logs in conjunction with lithology developed from continuous core to produce high-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphic profiles for the drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8) in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The resulting hydrologic and stratigraphic columns show a generalized relation between hydrologic and geologic units. Fresh-water aquifers encountered are the surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River and Castle Hayne. Geologic units present are of the middle and upper Tertiary and Quaternary periods, these are the Castle Hayne (Eocene), Pungo River (Miocene), Yorktown (Pliocene), James City and Flanner Beach (Pleistocene), and the topsoil (Holocene). The River Bend Formation (Oligocene) is missing as a distinct unit between the Pungo River Formation and the Castle Hayne Formation. The confining unit underlying the Yorktown Aquifer corresponds to the Yorktown Geologic Unit. The remaining hydrologic units and geologic units are hydrologically transitional and non-coincident. The lower Pungo River Formation serves as the confining unit for the Castle Hayne Aquifer, rather than the River Bend Aquifer, and separates the Pungo River Aquifer from the upper Castle Hayne Aquifer. All geologic formations were bound by unconformities. All aquifers were confined by the anticipated hydrologic units. We conclude that CR-622 (Strat 8) represents a normal sequence in the Atlantic Coastal Plain.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stratigraphy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/1484318","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Wrege, B., and Isely, J.J., 2009, High-resolution hydro- and geo-stratigraphy at Atlantic Coastal Plain drillhole CR-622 (Strat 8): Stratigraphy, v. 6, no. 1, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.2307/1484318.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217573,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1484318"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a310be4b0c8380cd5dbb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wrege, B.M.","contributorId":100405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wrege","given":"B.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70036876,"text":"70036876 - 2009 - The δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O values of N<sub>2</sub>O produced during the co-oxidation of ammonia by methanotrophic bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-30T14:31:58","indexId":"70036876","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O values of N<sub>2</sub>O produced during the co-oxidation of ammonia by methanotrophic bacteria","docAbstract":"<p><span>In order to determine if the&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>15</sup><span>N and&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>18</sup><span>O values of N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O produced during co-oxidation of NH</span><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;by methanotrophic (methane oxidizing) bacteria can be isotopically distinguished from N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O produced either by autotrophic nitrifying or denitrifying bacteria, we conducted laboratory incubation experiments with pure cultures of methanotrophic bacteria that were provided NH</span><sub>4</sub><span>Cl as an oxidation substrate. The N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O produced during NH</span><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;oxidation by methanotrophic bacteria showed nitrogen isotope fractionation between NH</span><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;and N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O (</span><i>&epsilon;</i><sub>N<sub>2</sub>O&ndash;NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></sub><span>) of &minus;&nbsp;48 and &minus;&nbsp;55&permil; for&nbsp;</span><i>Methylomonas methanica</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Methylosinus trichosporium</i><span>, OB3b respectively. These large fractionations are similar to those previously measured for autotrophic nitrifying bacteria and consistent with N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O formation by multiple rate limiting steps that include NH</span><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><span>oxidation by the methane monooxygenase enzyme and reduction of NO</span><sub>2</sub><sup>&minus;</sup><span>&nbsp;to N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O. Consequently, N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O formed by NH</span><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;oxidation via methanotrophic or autotrophic nitrifying bacteria might generally be characterized by lower&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>15</sup><span>N</span><sub>N<sub>2</sub>O</sub><span>&nbsp;values than that formed by denitrificaiton, although this also depends on the variability of&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>15</sup><span>N of available nitrogen sources (e.g., NH</span><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><span>, NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>&minus;</sup><span>, NO</span><sub>2</sub><sup>&minus;</sup><span>). Additional incubations with&nbsp;</span><i>M. trichosporium</i><span>&nbsp;OB3b at high and low CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;conditions in waters of different&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>18</sup><span>O values revealed that 19&ndash;27% of the oxygen in N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O was derived from O</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;with the remainder from water. The biochemical mechanisms that could explain this amount of O</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;incorporation are discussed. The&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>18</sup><span>O of N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O formed under high CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;conditions was ~&nbsp;+&nbsp;15&permil; more positive than that formed under lower CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;conditions. This enrichment resulted in part from the incorporation of O</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;into N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O that was enriched in&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O due to an isotope fractionation effect of &minus;&nbsp;16.1&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;2.0&permil; and &minus;&nbsp;17.5&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;5.4&permil; associated with O</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;consumption during the high and low methane concentration incubations, respectively. Therefore, N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O formed by NH</span><sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;oxidation via methanotrophic or autotrophic nitrifying bacteria can have very positive&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>18</sup><span>O</span><sub>N<sub>2</sub>O</sub><span>&nbsp;values if the O</span><sub>2</sub><span>incorporated is previously enriched in&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O from high rates of respiration. Nitrous oxide was collected from various depths in soils overlying a coal-bed methane seep where methanotrophic bacteria are naturally enriched. In one sampling when soil methane concentrations were very high, the&nbsp;</span><i>&delta;</i><sup>18</sup><span>O</span><sub>VSMOW</sub><span>&nbsp;values of the N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O were highly enriched (+&nbsp;50&permil;), consistent with our laboratory experiments. Thus, soils overlying methane seeps could provide an&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O-enriched source of atmospheric N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.06.008","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Mandernack, K.W., Mills, C.T., Johnson, C.A., Rahn, T., and Kinney, C., 2009, The δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O values of N<sub>2</sub>O produced during the co-oxidation of ammonia by methanotrophic bacteria: Chemical Geology, v. 267, no. 1-2, p. 96-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.06.008.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"107","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217488,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.06.008"}],"volume":"267","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba65ae4b08c986b321097","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mandernack, Kevin W.","contributorId":43258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandernack","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, Christopher T. 0000-0001-8414-1414 cmills@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8414-1414","contributorId":1741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Christopher","email":"cmills@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rahn, Thomas","contributorId":81715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahn","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kinney, Chad","contributorId":107533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinney","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70036879,"text":"70036879 - 2009 - Spatial distribution and frequency of precipitation during an extreme event: July 2006 mesoscale convective complexes and floods in southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T15:04:33.523713","indexId":"70036879","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial distribution and frequency of precipitation during an extreme event: July 2006 mesoscale convective complexes and floods in southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>An extreme, multiday rainfall event over southeastern Arizona during 27–31 July 2006 caused record flooding and a historically unprecedented number of slope failures and debris flows in the Santa Catalina Mountains north of Tucson. An unusual synoptic weather pattern induced repeated nocturnal mesoscale convective systems over southeastern Arizona for five continuous days, generating multiday rainfall totals up to 360 mm. Analysis of point rainfall and weather radar data yielded storm totals for the southern Santa Catalina Mountains at 754 grid cells approximately 1 km × 1 km in size. Precipitation intensity for the 31 July storms was not unusual for typical monsoonal precipitation in this region (recurrence interval (RI) &lt; 1 year), but multiday rainfall where slope failures occurred had RI &gt; 50 years and individual grid cells had RI exceeding 1000 years. The 31 July storms caused the watersheds to be essentially saturated following 4 days of rainfall.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008WR007380","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, P.G., Magirl, C.S., Webb, R., Pytlak, E., Troch, P.A., and Lyon, S.W., 2009, Spatial distribution and frequency of precipitation during an extreme event: July 2006 mesoscale convective complexes and floods in southeastern Arizona: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, W07419, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007380.","productDescription":"W07419, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007380","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Santa Catalina Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.434326171875,\n              32.04998888314202\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.48974609375,\n              32.04998888314202\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.48974609375,\n              33.422272258866045\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.434326171875,\n              33.422272258866045\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.434326171875,\n              32.04998888314202\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9469e4b08c986b31aa7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":458271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":458266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pytlak, Erik","contributorId":103373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pytlak","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Troch, Peter A.","contributorId":93704,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troch","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":458270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lyon, Steve W.","contributorId":44780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70036882,"text":"70036882 - 2009 - Size and elemental distributions of nano- to micro-particulates in the geochemically-stratified Great Salt Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036882","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Size and elemental distributions of nano- to micro-particulates in the geochemically-stratified Great Salt Lake","docAbstract":"The characterization of trace elements in terms of their apportionment among dissolved, macromolecular, nano- and micro-particulate phases in the water column of the Great Salt Lake carries implications for the potential entry of toxins into the food web of the lake. Samples from the anoxic deep and oxic shallow brine layers of the lake were fractionated using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). The associated trace elements were measured via online collision cell inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CC-ICP-MS). Results showed that of the total (dissolved + particulate) trace element mass, the percent associated with particulates varied from negligible (e.g. Sb), to greater than 50% (e.g. Al, Fe, Pb). Elements such as Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Au, Hg, and U were associated with nanoparticles, as well as being present as dissolved species. Particulate-associated trace elements were predominantly associated with particulates larger than 450 nm in size. Among the smaller nanoparticulates (<450 nm), some trace elements (Ni, Zn, Au and Pb) showed higher percent mass (associated with nanoparticles) in the 0.9-7.5 nm size range relative to the 10-250 nm size range. The apparent nanoparticle size distributions were similar between the two brine layers; whereas, important differences in elemental associations to nanoparticles were discerned between the two layers. Elements such as Zn, Cu, Pb and Mo showed increasing signal intensities from oxic shallow to anoxic deep brine, suggesting the formation of sulfide nanoparticles, although this may also reflect association with dissolved organic matter. Aluminum and Fe showed greatly increased concentration with depth and equivalent size distributions that differed from those of Zn, Cu, Pb and Mo. Other elements (e.g. Mn, Ni, and Co) showed no significant change in signal intensity with depth. Arsenic was associated with <2 nm nanoparticles, and showed no increase in concentration with depth, possibly indicating dissolved arsenite. Mercury was associated with <2 nm nanoparticles, and showed greatly increased concentration with depth, possibly indicating association with dissolved organic matter. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.031","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Diaz, X., Johnson, W., Fernandez, D., and Naftz, D.L., 2009, Size and elemental distributions of nano- to micro-particulates in the geochemically-stratified Great Salt Lake: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 9, p. 1653-1665, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.031.","startPage":"1653","endPage":"1665","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217603,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.031"},{"id":245559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9112e4b08c986b31974f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, X.","contributorId":87380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.P.","contributorId":43315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez, D.","contributorId":68094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036884,"text":"70036884 - 2009 - Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T16:43:22","indexId":"70036884","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Over the last century, land use and land cover (LULC) in the United States Corn Belt region shifted from mixed perennial and annual cropping systems to primarily annual crops. Historical LULC change impacted the annual water balance in many Midwestern basins by decreasing annual evapotranspiration (ET) and increasing streamflow and base flow. Recent expansion of the biofuel industry may lead to future LULC changes from increasing corn acreage and potential conversion of the industry to cellulosic bioenergy crops of warm or cool season grasses. In this paper, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate potential impacts from future LULC change on the annual and seasonal water balance of the Raccoon River watershed in west‐central Iowa. Three primary scenarios for LULC change and three scenario variants were evaluated, including an expansion of corn acreage in the watershed and two scenarios involving expansion of land using warm season and cool season grasses for ethanol biofuel. Modeling results were consistent with historical observations. Increased corn production will decrease annual ET and increase water yield and losses of nitrate, phosphorus, and sediment, whereas increasing perennialization will increase ET and decrease water yield and loss of nonpoint source pollutants. However, widespread tile drainage that exists today may limit the extent to which a mixed perennial‐annual land cover would ever resemble pre‐1940s hydrologic conditions. Study results indicate that future LULC change will affect the water balance of the watershed, with consequences largely dependent on the future LULC trajectory.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006644","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., Jha, M.K., Zhang, Y., Gassman, P.W., and Wolter, C.F., 2009, Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, Article W00A09; 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006644.","productDescription":"Article W00A09; 12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006644","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38bfe4b0c8380cd61699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Keith E.","contributorId":106429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schilling","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jha, Manoj K.","contributorId":198896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jha","given":"Manoj","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, You-Kuan","contributorId":203735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"You-Kuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gassman, Philip W.","contributorId":33952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gassman","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolter, Calvin F.","contributorId":198897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolter","given":"Calvin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}