{"pageNumber":"864","pageRowStart":"21575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70035739,"text":"70035739 - 2009 - Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T10:12:55","indexId":"70035739","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many low‐elevation dry forests of the western United States contain more small trees and fewer large trees, more down woody debris, and less diverse and vigorous understory plant communities compared to conditions under historical fire regimes. These altered structural conditions may contribute to increased probability of unnaturally severe wildfires, susceptibility to uncharacteristic insect outbreaks, and drought‐related mortality. Broad‐scale fuel reduction and restoration treatments are proposed to promote stand development on trajectories toward more sustainable structures. Little research to date, however, has quantified the effects of these treatments on the ecosystem, especially delayed and latent tree mortality resulting directly or indirectly from treatments. In this paper, we explore complex hypotheses relating to the cascade of effects that influence ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mortality using structural equation modeling (SEM). We used annual census and plot data through six growing seasons after thinning and four growing seasons after burning from a replicated, operational‐scale, completely randomized experiment conducted in northeastern Oregon, USA, as part of the national Fire and Fire Surrogate study. Treatments included thin, burn, thin followed by burn (thin + burn), and control. Burn and thin + burn treatments increased the proportion of dead trees while the proportion of dead trees declined or remained constant in thin and control units, although the density of dead trees was essentially unchanged with treatment. Most of the new mortality (96%) occurred within two years of treatment and was attributed to bark beetles. Bark beetle‐caused tree mortality, while low overall, was greatest in thin + burn treatments. SEM results indicate that the probability of mortality of large‐diameter ponderosa pine from bark beetles and wood borers was directly related to surface fire severity and bole charring, which in turn depended on fire intensity, which was greater in units where thinning increased large woody fuels. These results have implications when deciding among management options for restoring ecosystem health in similar ponderosa pine and Douglas‐fir forests.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/07-1751.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Youngblood, A., Grace, J., and Mciver, J., 2009, Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 2, p. 321-337, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487807,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216376,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe5de4b0c8380cd4ecd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youngblood, A.","contributorId":66085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngblood","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mciver, J.D.","contributorId":71665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mciver","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032555,"text":"70032555 - 2009 - A simulation of historic hydrology and salinity in Everglades National Park: Coupling paleoecologic assemblage data with regression models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-20T14:13:42","indexId":"70032555","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simulation of historic hydrology and salinity in Everglades National Park: Coupling paleoecologic assemblage data with regression models","docAbstract":"<p><span>Restoration of Florida’s Everglades requires scientifically supportable hydrologic targets. This study establishes a restoration baseline by developing a method to simulate hydrologic and salinity conditions prior to anthropogenic changes. The method couples paleoecologic data on long-term historic ecosystem conditions with statistical models derived from observed meteorologic and hydrologic data that provide seasonal and annual variation. Results indicate that pre-drainage freshwater levels and hydroperiods in major sloughs of the Everglades were about 0.15&nbsp;m higher and two to four times greater, respectively, on average compared to today’s values. Pre-drainage freshwater delivered to the wetlands and estuaries is estimated to be 2.5 to four times greater than the modern-day flow, and the largest deficit is during the dry season. In Florida Bay, salinity has increased between 5.3 and 20.1 with the largest differences in the areas near freshwater outflow points. These results suggest that additional freshwater flows to the Everglades are needed for restoration of the freshwater marshes of the Everglades and estuarine environment of Florida Bay, particularly near the end of the dry season.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s12237-008-9120-1","issn":"15592","usgsCitation":"Marshall, F.E., Wingard, G.L., and Pitts, P.A., 2009, A simulation of historic hydrology and salinity in Everglades National Park: Coupling paleoecologic assemblage data with regression models: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 32, no. 1, p. 37-53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9120-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-006005","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213821,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9120-1"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e596e4b0c8380cd46e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Frank E.","contributorId":88962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wingard, G. Lynn 0000-0002-3833-5207 lwingard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-5207","contributorId":605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G.","email":"lwingard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitts, Patrick A.","contributorId":90118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitts","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034919,"text":"70034919 - 2009 - Simulation modeling to understand how selective foraging by beaver can drive the structure and function of a willow community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034919","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation modeling to understand how selective foraging by beaver can drive the structure and function of a willow community","docAbstract":"Beaver-willow (Castor-Salix) communities are a unique and vital component of healthy wetlands throughout the Holarctic region. Beaver selectively forage willow to provide fresh food, stored winter food, and construction material. The effects of this complex foraging behavior on the structure and function of willow communities is poorly understood. Simulation modeling may help ecologists understand these complex interactions. In this study, a modified version of the SAVANNA ecosystem model was developed to better understand how beaver foraging affects the structure and function of a willow community in a simulated riparian ecosystem in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado (RMNP). The model represents willow in terms of plant and stem dynamics and beaver foraging in terms of the quantity and quality of stems cut to meet the energetic and life history requirements of beaver. Given a site where all stems were equally available, the model suggested a simulated beaver family of 2 adults, 2 yearlings, and 2 kits required a minimum of 4 ha of willow (containing about10 stems m<sup>-2</sup>) to persist in a steady-state condition. Beaver created a willow community where the annual net primary productivity (ANPP) was 2 times higher and plant architecture was more diverse than the willow community without beaver. Beaver foraging created a plant architecture dominated by medium size willow plants, which likely explains how beaver can increase ANPP. Long-term simulations suggested that woody biomass stabilized at similar values even though availability differed greatly at initial condition. Simulations also suggested that willow ANPP increased across a range of beaver densities until beaver became food limited. Thus, selective foraging by beaver increased productivity, decreased biomass, and increased structural heterogeneity in a simulated willow community.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.009","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Peinetti, H., Baker, B., and Coughenour, M., 2009, Simulation modeling to understand how selective foraging by beaver can drive the structure and function of a willow community: Ecological Modelling, v. 220, no. 7, p. 998-1012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.009.","startPage":"998","endPage":"1012","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215764,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.009"},{"id":243588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"220","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8feae4b08c986b319205","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peinetti, H.R.","contributorId":38115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peinetti","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, B.W.","contributorId":18707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coughenour, M.B.","contributorId":46473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coughenour","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034923,"text":"70034923 - 2009 - Near term climate projections for invasive species distributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034923","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near term climate projections for invasive species distributions","docAbstract":"Climate change and invasive species pose important conservation issues separately, and should be examined together. We used existing long term climate datasets for the US to project potential climate change into the future at a finer spatial and temporal resolution than the climate change scenarios generally available. These fine scale projections, along with new species distribution modeling techniques to forecast the potential extent of invasive species, can provide useful information to aide conservation and invasive species management efforts. We created habitat suitability maps for Pueraria montana (kudzu) under current climatic conditions and potential average conditions up to 30 years in the future. We examined how the potential distribution of this species will be affected by changing climate, and the management implications associated with these changes. Our models indicated that P. montana may increase its distribution particularly in the Northeast with climate change and may decrease in other areas. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Invasions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10530-008-9345-8","issn":"13873547","usgsCitation":"Jarnevich, C., and Stohlgren, T., 2009, Near term climate projections for invasive species distributions: Biological Invasions, v. 11, no. 6, p. 1373-1379, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9345-8.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1379","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215822,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9345-8"},{"id":243649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63d4e4b0c8380cd7270a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarnevich, C. S.","contributorId":54932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnevich","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034926,"text":"70034926 - 2009 - Geochemistry of surface water in alpine catchments in central Colorado, USA: Resolving host-rock effects at different spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034926","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of surface water in alpine catchments in central Colorado, USA: Resolving host-rock effects at different spatial scales","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey is conducting a study of surface-water quality in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado, an area of approximately 55,000 km<sup>2</sup>. Using new and existing geologic maps, the more than 200 rock formations represented in the area were arranged into 17 groups based on lithologic similarity. The dominant regional geologic feature affecting water quality in central Colorado is the Colorado mineral belt (CMB), a NE-trending zone hosting many polymetallic vein or replacement deposits, and porphyry Mo deposits, many of which have been mined historically. The influence of the CMB is seen in lower surface-water pH (&lt;5), and higher concentrations of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2 -</sup> (&gt;100 mg/L) and chalcophile metals such as Cu (&gt;10 ??g/L), Zn (&gt;100 ??g/L), and Cd (&gt;1 ??g/L) relative to surface water outside the CMB. Not all streams within the CMB have been affected by mineralization, as there are numerous catchments within the CMB that have no mineralization or alteration exposed at the surface. At the regional-scale, and away from sites affected by mineralization, hydrothermal alteration, or mining, the effects of lithology on water quality can be distinguished using geochemical reaction modeling and principal components analysis. At local scales (100 s of km<sup>2</sup>), effects of individual rock units on water chemistry are subtle but discernible, as shown by variations in concentrations of major lithophile elements or ratios between them. These results demonstrate the usefulness of regional geochemical sampling of surface waters and process-based interpretations incorporating geologic and geochemical understanding to establish geochemical baselines.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.012","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R., Verplanck, P., San, J.C., Church, S.E., Schmidt, T., Fey, D., deWitt, E., and Klein, T.L., 2009, Geochemistry of surface water in alpine catchments in central Colorado, USA: Resolving host-rock effects at different spatial scales: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 4, p. 600-610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.012.","startPage":"600","endPage":"610","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215852,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.012"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1717e4b0c8380cd55397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"San, Juan C.A. 0000-0002-9151-1919","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":71026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmidt, T.S.","contributorId":65175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"deWitt, E.H.","contributorId":103371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"deWitt","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035717,"text":"70035717 - 2009 - Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70035717","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","docAbstract":"1. Sea-level rise, one indirect consequence of increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, poses a major challenge to long-term stability of coastal wetlands. An important question is whether direct effects of elevated CO <sub>2</sub> on the capacity of marsh plants to accrete organic material and to maintain surface elevations outweigh indirect negative effects of stressors associated with sea-level rise (salinity and flooding). 2. In this study, we used a mesocosm approach to examine potential direct and indirect effects of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, salinity and flooding on elevation change in a brackish marsh community dominated by a C<sub>3</sub> species, Schoenoplectus americanus, and a C<sub>4</sub> grass, Spartina patens. This experimental design permitted identification of mechanisms and their role in controlling elevation change, and the development of models that can be tested in the field. 3. To test hypotheses related to CO<sub>2</sub> and sea-level rise, we used conventional anova procedures in conjunction with structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM explained 78% of the variability in elevation change and showed the direct, positive effect of S. americanus production on elevation. The SEM indicated that C<sub>3</sub> plant response was influenced by interactive effects between CO<sub>2</sub> and salinity on plant growth, not a direct CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization effect. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> ameliorated negative effects of salinity on S. americanus and enhanced biomass contribution to elevation. 4. The positive relationship between S. americanus production and elevation change can be explained by shoot-base expansion under elevated CO <sub>2</sub> conditions, which led to vertical soil displacement. While the response of this species may differ under other environmental conditions, shoot-base expansion and the general contribution of C<sub>3</sub> plant production to elevation change may be an important mechanism contributing to soil expansion and elevation gain in other coastal wetlands. 5. Synthesis. Our results revealed previously unrecognized interactions and mechanisms contributing to marsh elevation change, including amelioration of salt stress by elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and the importance of plant production and shoot-base expansion for elevation gain. Identification of biological processes contributing to elevation change is an important first step in developing comprehensive models that permit more accurate predictions of whether coastal marshes will persist with continued sea-level rise or become submerged. ?? 2008 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Cherry, J.A., McKee, K., and Grace, J., 2009, Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise: Journal of Ecology, v. 97, no. 1, p. 67-77, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x.","startPage":"67","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476522,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x"},{"id":243888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08c5e4b0c8380cd51c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, J. A.","contributorId":24880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035715,"text":"70035715 - 2009 - Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035715","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3478,"text":"Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data","docAbstract":"The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is a convenient method for investigating whether two underlying univariate probability distributions can be regarded as undistinguishable from each other or whether an underlying probability distribution differs from a hypothesized distribution. Application of the test requires that the sample be unbiased and the outcomes be independent and identically distributed, conditions that are violated in several degrees by spatially continuous attributes, such as topographical elevation. A generalized form of the bootstrap method is used here for the purpose of modeling the distribution of the statistic D of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The innovation is in the resampling, which in the traditional formulation of bootstrap is done by drawing from the empirical sample with replacement presuming independence. The generalization consists of preparing resamplings with the same spatial correlation as the empirical sample. This is accomplished by reading the value of unconditional stochastic realizations at the sampling locations, realizations that are generated by simulated annealing. The new approach was tested by two empirical samples taken from an exhaustive sample closely following a lognormal distribution. One sample was a regular, unbiased sample while the other one was a clustered, preferential sample that had to be preprocessed. Our results show that the p-value for the spatially correlated case is always larger that the p-value of the statistic in the absence of spatial correlation, which is in agreement with the fact that the information content of an uncorrelated sample is larger than the one for a spatially correlated sample of the same size. ?? Springer-Verlag 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1","issn":"14363240","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., and Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., 2009, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data: Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, v. 23, no. 6, p. 749-757, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1.","startPage":"749","endPage":"757","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216488,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1"},{"id":244361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40c8e4b0c8380cd65027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":452036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pawlowsky-Glahn, V.","contributorId":96511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlowsky-Glahn","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70033008,"text":"70033008 - 2009 - Channel responses to varying sediment input: A flume experiment modeled after Redwood Creek, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:42:14","indexId":"70033008","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channel responses to varying sediment input: A flume experiment modeled after Redwood Creek, California","docAbstract":"At the reach scale, a channel adjusts to sediment supply and flow through mutual interactions among channel form, bed particle size, and flow dynamics that govern river bed mobility. Sediment can impair the beneficial uses of a river, but the timescales for studying recovery following high sediment loading in the field setting make flume experiments appealing. We use a flume experiment, coupled with field measurements in a gravel-bed river, to explore sediment transport, storage, and mobility relations under various sediment supply conditions. Our flume experiment modeled adjustments of channel morphology, slope, and armoring in a gravel-bed channel. Under moderate sediment increases, channel bed elevation increased and sediment output increased, but channel planform remained similar to pre-feed conditions. During the following degradational cycle, most of the excess sediment was evacuated from the flume and the bed became armored. Under high sediment feed, channel bed elevation increased, the bed became smoother, mid-channel bars and bedload sheets formed, and water surface slope increased. Concurrently, output increased and became more poorly sorted. During the last degradational cycle, the channel became armored and channel incision ceased before all excess sediment was removed. Selective transport of finer material was evident throughout the aggradational cycles and became more pronounced during degradational cycles as the bed became armored. Our flume results of changes in bed elevation, sediment storage, channel morphology, and bed texture parallel those from field surveys of Redwood Creek, northern California, which has exhibited channel bed degradation for 30??years following a large aggradation event in the 1970s. The flume experiment suggested that channel recovery in terms of reestablishing a specific morphology may not occur, but the channel may return to a state of balancing sediment supply and transport capacity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.017","issn":"01695","usgsCitation":"Madej, M.A., Sutherland, D., Lisle, T., and Pryor, B., 2009, Channel responses to varying sediment input: A flume experiment modeled after Redwood Creek, California: Geomorphology, v. 103, no. 4, p. 507-519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.017.","startPage":"507","endPage":"519","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213519,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.017"}],"volume":"103","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f45ae4b0c8380cd4bca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutherland, D.G.","contributorId":98549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutherland","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisle, T.E.","contributorId":104424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisle","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pryor, B.","contributorId":51991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pryor","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70033943,"text":"70033943 - 2009 - Mesozoic magmatism in an upper- to middle-crustal section through the Cordilleran continental margin arc, eastern Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:31","indexId":"70033943","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesozoic magmatism in an upper- to middle-crustal section through the Cordilleran continental margin arc, eastern Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"The eastern Transverse Ranges provide essentially continuous exposure for >100 km across the strike of the Mesozoic Cordilleran orogen. Thermobarometric calculations based on hornblende and plagioclase compositions in Mesozoic plutonic rocks show that the fi rst-order distribution of rock units resulted from differential Laramide exhumation. Mesozoic supracrustal rocks are preserved in the relatively little exhumed eastern part of the eastern Transverse Ranges and south-central Mojave Desert, and progressively greater rock uplift and exhumation toward the west exposed rocks originating at mid-crustal depths. The eastern Transverse Ranges thus constitute a tilted, nearly continuously exposed crustal section of the Mesozoic magmatic arc and framework rocks from subvolcanic levels to paleodepths as great as ??22 km. The base of this tilted arc section is a moderately east-dipping sheeted magmatic complex >10 km in width by 70 km in length, constructed structurally beneath, yet synchronous with Late Jurassic and Cretaceous upper-crustal plutons. Geochronology and regional structural relations thus suggest that arc magmas generated in the lower crust of this continental arc interacted in a complex mid-crustal zone of crystallization and mixing; products of this zone were parental magmas that formed relatively homogeneous upper crustal felsic plutons and fed lavas and voluminous ignimbrites. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2456(07)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Needy, S., Anderson, J.L., Wooden, J.L., Fleck, R., Barth, A.P., Paterson, S.R., Memeti, V., and Pignotta, G., 2009, Mesozoic magmatism in an upper- to middle-crustal section through the Cordilleran continental margin arc, eastern Transverse Ranges, California: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 456, p. 187-218, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2456(07).","startPage":"187","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214482,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2456(07)"},{"id":242210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"456","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5455e4b0c8380cd6cf56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Needy, S.K.","contributorId":73026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needy","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barth, A. P.","contributorId":16997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paterson, Scott R.","contributorId":38338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paterson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Memeti, V.","contributorId":57283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Memeti","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pignotta, G.S.","contributorId":82936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pignotta","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035714,"text":"70035714 - 2009 - Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035714","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","docAbstract":"Abstract. Forest structure and species composition in many western U.S. coniferous forests have been altered through fire exclusion, past and ongoing harvesting practices, and livestock grazing over the 20th century. The effects of these activities have been most pronounced in seasonally dry, low and mid-elevation coniferous forests that once experienced frequent, low to moderate intensity, fire regimes. In this paper, we report the effects of Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) forest stand treatments on fuel load profiles, potential fire behavior, and fire severity under three weather scenarios from six western U.S. FFS sites. This replicated, multisite experiment provides a framework for drawing broad generalizations about the effectiveness of prescribed fire and mechanical treatments on surface fuel loads, forest structure, and potential fire severity. Mechanical treatments without fire resulted in combined 1-, 10-, and 100-hour surface fuel loads that were significantly greater than controls at three of five FFS sites. Canopy cover was significantly lower than controls at three of five FFS sites with mechanical-only treatments and at all five FFS sites with the mechanical plus burning treatment; fire-only treatments reduced canopy cover at only one site. For the combined treatment of mechanical plus fire, all five FFS sites with this treatment had a substantially lower likelihood of passive crown fire as indicated by the very high torching indices. FFS sites that experienced significant increases in 1-, 10-, and 100-hour combined surface fuel loads utilized harvest systems that left all activity fuels within experimental units. When mechanical treatments were followed by prescribed burning or pile burning, they were the most effective treatment for reducing crown fire potential and predicted tree mortality because of low surface fuel loads and increased vertical and horizontal canopy separation. Results indicate that mechanical plus fire, fire-only, and mechanical-only treatments using whole-tree harvest systems were all effective at reducing potential fire severity under severe fire weather conditions. Retaining the largest trees within stands also increased fire resistance. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/07-1755.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Stephens, S., Moghaddas, J., Edminster, C., Fiedler, C., Haase, S., Harrington, M., Keeley, J., Knapp, E.E., Mciver, J., Metlen, K., Skinner, C., and Youngblood, A., 2009, Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 2, p. 305-320, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1.","startPage":"305","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216460,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1"},{"id":244331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1049e4b0c8380cd53be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, S.L.","contributorId":85694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moghaddas, J.J.","contributorId":107822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moghaddas","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edminster, C.","contributorId":18202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edminster","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fiedler, C.E.","contributorId":90129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiedler","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haase, S.","contributorId":35156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harrington, M.","contributorId":13834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knapp, E. E.","contributorId":54938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knapp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mciver, J.D.","contributorId":71665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mciver","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Metlen, K.","contributorId":99798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metlen","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Skinner, C.N.","contributorId":19909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Youngblood, A.","contributorId":66085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngblood","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70035323,"text":"70035323 - 2009 - Temperature mediated moose survival in Northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035323","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature mediated moose survival in Northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The earth is in the midst of a pronounced warming trend and temperatures in Minnesota, USA, as elsewhere, are projected to increase. Northern Minnesota represents the southern edge to the circumpolar distribution of moose (Alces alces), a species intolerant of heat. Moose increase their metabolic rate to regulate their core body temperature as temperatures rise. We hypothesized that moose survival rates would be a function of the frequency and magnitude that ambient temperatures exceeded the upper critical temperature of moose. We compared annual and seasonal moose survival in northeastern Minnesota between 2002 and 2008 with a temperature metric. We found that models based on January temperatures above the critical threshold were inversely correlated with subsequent survival and explained >78 of variability in spring, fall, and annual survival. Models based on late-spring temperatures also explained a high proportion of survival during the subsequent fall. A model based on warm-season temperatures was important in explaining survival during the subsequent winter. Our analyses suggest that temperatures may have a cumulative influence on survival. We expect that continuation or acceleration of current climate trends will result in decreased survival, a decrease in moose density, and ultimately, a retreat of moose northward from their current distribution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2008-265","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Lenarz, M., Nelson, M., Schrage, M., and Edwards, A., 2009, Temperature mediated moose survival in Northeastern Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 4, p. 503-510, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-265.","startPage":"503","endPage":"510","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215099,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-265"}],"volume":"73","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4c9e4b08c986b3205af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lenarz, M.S.","contributorId":99923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenarz","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, M.E.","contributorId":102021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schrage, M.W.","contributorId":39602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrage","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, A.J.","contributorId":92065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035014,"text":"70035014 - 2009 - Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining-lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-17T08:51:16","indexId":"70035014","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining-lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts","docAbstract":"Regulations are being developed through the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for the exploration and mining of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. This paper lays out geologic and geomorphologic criteria that can be used to determine the size and number of exploration and mine-site blocks that will be the focus of much discussion within the ISBA Council deliberations. The surface areas of 155 volcanic edifices in the central equatorial Pacific were measured and used to develop a mine-site model. The mine-site model considers areas above 2,500 m water depth as permissive, and narrows the general area available for exploration and mining to 20% of that permissive area. It is calculated that about eighteen 100 km<sup>2</sup> explora-tion blocks, each composed of five 20km<sup>2</sup> contiguous sub-blocks, would be adequate to identify a 260 km<sup>2</sup> 20-year-mine site; the mine site would be composed of thirteen of the 20km<sup>2</sup> sub-blocks. In this hypothetical example, the 260 km<sup>2</sup> mine site would be spread over four volcanic edifices and comprise 3.7% of the permissive area of the four edifices and 0.01% of the total area of those four edifices. The eighteen 100km<sup>2</sup> exploration blocks would be selected from a limited geographic area. That confinement area is defined as having a long dimension of not more than 1,000 km and an area of not more than 300,000 km<sup>2</sup>.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10641190902852485","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., Conrad, T., and Dunham, R.E., 2009, Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining-lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 160-176, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641190902852485.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"176","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215384,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190902852485"},{"id":243183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b883ae4b08c986b31687a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":2828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":448883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrad, Tracey A.","contributorId":52540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"Tracey A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, Rachel E.","contributorId":78293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032629,"text":"70032629 - 2009 - Characterization of the interferon genes in homozygous rainbow trout reveals two novel genes, alternate splicing and differential regulation of duplicated genes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T12:34:10","indexId":"70032629","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the interferon genes in homozygous rainbow trout reveals two novel genes, alternate splicing and differential regulation of duplicated genes","docAbstract":"The genes encoding the type I and type II interferons (IFNs) have previously been identified in rainbow trout and their proteins partially characterized. These previous studies reported a single type II IFN (rtIFN-??) and three rainbow trout type I IFN genes that are classified into either group I (rtIFN1, rtIFN2) or group II (rtIFN3). In this present study, we report the identification of a novel IFN-?? gene (rtIFN-??2) and a novel type I group II IFN (rtIFN4) in homozygous rainbow trout and predict that additional IFN genes or pseudogenes exist in the rainbow trout genome. Additionally, we provide evidence that short and long forms of rtIFN1 are actively and differentially transcribed in homozygous trout, and likely arose due to alternate splicing of the first exon. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assays were developed to systematically profile all of the rainbow trout IFN transcripts, with high specificity at an individual gene level, in na??ve fish and after stimulation with virus or viral-related molecules. Cloned PCR products were used to ensure the specificity of the qRT-PCR assays and as absolute standards to assess transcript abundance of each gene. All IFN genes were modulated in response to Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a DNA vaccine based on the IHNV glycoprotein, and poly I:C. The most inducible of the type I IFN genes, by all stimuli tested, were rtIFN3 and the short transcript form of rtIFN1. Gene expression of rtIFN-??1 and rtIFN-??2 was highly up-regulated by IHNV infection and DNA vaccination but rtIFN-??2 was induced to a greater magnitude. The specificity of the qRT-PCR assays reported here will be useful for future studies aimed at identifying which cells produce IFNs at early time points after infection. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.012","issn":"10504","usgsCitation":"Purcell, M.K., Laing, K., Woodson, J., Thorgaard, G., and Hansen, J., 2009, Characterization of the interferon genes in homozygous rainbow trout reveals two novel genes, alternate splicing and differential regulation of duplicated genes: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 293-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.012.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"304","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213858,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.012"},{"id":241523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e5e4b0c8380cd4bfaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purcell, M. K.","contributorId":78464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laing, K.J.","contributorId":17037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laing","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodson, J.C.","contributorId":58477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodson","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thorgaard, G.H.","contributorId":76678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorgaard","given":"G.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansen, J.D.","contributorId":107880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035640,"text":"70035640 - 2009 - Numerical simulations and observations of surface wave fields under an extreme tropical cyclone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035640","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2426,"text":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulations and observations of surface wave fields under an extreme tropical cyclone","docAbstract":"The performance of the wave model WAVEWATCH III under a very strong, category 5, tropical cyclone wind forcing is investigated with different drag coefficient parameterizations and ocean current inputs. The model results are compared with field observations of the surface wave spectra from an airborne scanning radar altimeter, National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) time series, and satellite altimeter measurements in Hurricane Ivan (2004). The results suggest that the model with the original drag coefficient parameterization tends to overestimate the significant wave height and the dominant wavelength and produces a wave spectrum with narrower directional spreading. When an improved drag parameterization is introduced and the wave-current interaction is included, the model yields an improved forecast of significant wave height, but underestimates the dominant wavelength. When the hurricane moves over a preexisting mesoscale ocean feature, such as the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico or a warm-and cold-core ring, the current associated with the feature can accelerate or decelerate the wave propagation and significantly modulate the wave spectrum. ?? 2009 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/2009JPO4224.1","issn":"00223670","usgsCitation":"Fan, Y., Ginis, I., Hara, T., Wright, C.W., and Walsh, E., 2009, Numerical simulations and observations of surface wave fields under an extreme tropical cyclone: Journal of Physical Oceanography, v. 39, no. 9, p. 2097-2116, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4224.1.","startPage":"2097","endPage":"2116","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487263,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4224.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4224.1"},{"id":244137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692fe4b0c8380cd73be8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fan, Y.","contributorId":53624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginis, I.","contributorId":17070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginis","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hara, T.","contributorId":93215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hara","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, C. W. wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":49758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walsh, E.J.","contributorId":25792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034473,"text":"70034473 - 2009 - Rates and trends of coastal change in california and the regional behavior of the beach and cliff system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034473","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates and trends of coastal change in california and the regional behavior of the beach and cliff system","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed an analysis of shoreline change and cliff retreat along the California coast. This is the first regional, systematic measurement of coastal change conducted for the West Coast. Long-term (-120 y) and short-term (-25 y) shoreline change rates were calculated for more than 750 km of coastline, and 70 year cliff-retreat rates were generated for 350 km of coast. Results show that 40% of California's beaches were eroding in the long term. This number increased to 66% in the short term, indicating that many beaches have shifted toward a state of chronic erosion. The statewide average net shoreline change rates for the long and short term were 0.2 m/y and -0.2 m/y, respectively. The long-term accretional signal is likely related to large coastal engineering projects in some parts of the state and to large fluxes of sediment from rivers in other areas. The cliff-retreat assessment yielded a statewide average of -0.3 m/y. It was found that Northern California has the highest overall retreat rates, which are influenced by erosion hot spots associated with large coastal landslides and slumps. The databases established as part of the shoreline change and cliff-retreat analyses were further investigated to examine the dynamics of the beach/cliff system. A correlation analysis identified a strong relationship between the geomorphology of the coast and the behavior of the beach/cliff system. Areas of high-relief coast show negative correlations, indicating that higher rates of cliff retreat correlate with lower rates of shoreline erosion. In contrast, low- to moderate-relief coasts show strong positive correlations, wherein areas of high shoreline change correspond to areas of high cliff retreat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/08-1006.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Hapke, C., Reid, D., and Richmond, B., 2009, Rates and trends of coastal change in california and the regional behavior of the beach and cliff system: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 25, no. 3, p. 603-615, https://doi.org/10.2112/08-1006.1.","startPage":"603","endPage":"615","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/08-1006.1"},{"id":243593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9540e4b0c8380cd818ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hapke, C.J.","contributorId":108233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Don","contributorId":68110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richmond, B.","contributorId":78117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036546,"text":"70036546 - 2009 - A critical evaluation of crustal dehydration as the cause of an overpressured and weak San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036546","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A critical evaluation of crustal dehydration as the cause of an overpressured and weak San Andreas Fault","docAbstract":"Many plate boundary faults, including the San Andreas Fault, appear to slip at unexpectedly low shear stress. One long-standing explanation for a \"weak\" San Andreas Fault is that fluid release by dehydration reactions during regional metamorphism generates elevated fluid pressures that are localized within the fault, reducing the effective normal stress. We evaluate this hypothesis by calculating realistic fluid production rates for the San Andreas Fault system, and incorporating them into 2-D fluid flow models. Our results show that for a wide range of permeability distributions, fluid sources from crustal dehydration are too small and short-lived to generate, sustain, or localize fluid pressures in the fault sufficient to explain its apparent mechanical weakness. This suggests that alternative mechanisms, possibly acting locally within the fault zone, such as shear compaction or thermal pressurization, may be necessary to explain a weak San Andreas Fault. More generally, our results demonstrate the difficulty of localizing large fluid pressures generated by regional processes within near-vertical fault zones. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.009","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Fulton, P., Saffer, D., and Bekins, B., 2009, A critical evaluation of crustal dehydration as the cause of an overpressured and weak San Andreas Fault: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 284, no. 3-4, p. 447-454, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.009.","startPage":"447","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217613,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.009"},{"id":245569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"284","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e39fe4b0c8380cd46135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, P.M.","contributorId":47552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saffer, D.M.","contributorId":72945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036556,"text":"70036556 - 2009 - Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:01:23","indexId":"70036556","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean","docAbstract":"The great Lisbon earthquake of November 1st, 1755 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.5-9.0 was the most destructive earthquake in European history. The associated tsunami run-up was reported to have reached 5-15??m along the Portuguese and Moroccan coasts and the run-up was significant at the Azores and Madeira Island. Run-up reports from a trans-oceanic tsunami were documented in the Caribbean, Brazil and Newfoundland (Canada). No reports were documented along the U.S. East Coast. Many attempts have been made to characterize the 1755 Lisbon earthquake source using geophysical surveys and modeling the near-field earthquake intensity and tsunami effects. Studying far field effects, as presented in this paper, is advantageous in establishing constraints on source location and strike orientation because trans-oceanic tsunamis are less influenced by near source bathymetry and are unaffected by triggered submarine landslides at the source. Source location, fault orientation and bathymetry are the main elements governing transatlantic tsunami propagation to sites along the U.S. East Coast, much more than distance from the source and continental shelf width. Results of our far and near-field tsunami simulations based on relative amplitude comparison limit the earthquake source area to a region located south of the Gorringe Bank in the center of the Horseshoe Plain. This is in contrast with previously suggested sources such as Marqu??s de Pombal Fault, and Gulf of C??diz Fault, which are farther east of the Horseshoe Plain. The earthquake was likely to be a thrust event on a fault striking ~ 345?? and dipping to the ENE as opposed to the suggested earthquake source of the Gorringe Bank Fault, which trends NE-SW. Gorringe Bank, the Madeira-Tore Rise (MTR), and the Azores appear to have acted as topographic scatterers for tsunami energy, shielding most of the U.S. East Coast from the 1755 Lisbon tsunami. Additional simulations to assess tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast from possible future earthquakes along the Azores-Iberia plate boundary indicate that sources west of the MTR and in the Gulf of Cadiz may affect the southeastern coast of the U.S. The Azores-Iberia plate boundary west of the MTR is characterized by strike-slip faults, not thrusts, but the Gulf of Cadiz may have thrust faults. Southern Florida seems to be at risk from sources located east of MTR and South of the Gorringe Bank, but it is mostly shielded by the Bahamas. Higher resolution near-shore bathymetry along the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean as well as a detailed study of potential tsunami sources in the central west part of the Horseshoe Plain are necessary to verify our simulation results. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.010","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Barkan, R., ten Brink, U., and Lin, J., 2009, Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean: Marine Geology, v. 264, no. 1-2, p. 109-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.010.","startPage":"109","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217756,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.010"}],"volume":"264","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ef8e4b0c8380cd536d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barkan, R.","contributorId":35987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":456731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, J.","contributorId":33065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036649,"text":"70036649 - 2009 - Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036649","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors","docAbstract":"Adaptation to divergent environments creates and maintains biological diversity, but we know little about the importance of different agents of ecological divergence. Coevolution in obligate mutualisms has been hypothesized to drive divergence, but this contention has rarely been tested against alternative ecological explanations. Here, we use a well-established example of coevolution in an obligate pollination mutualism, Yucca brevifolia and its two pollinating yucca moths, to test the hypothesis that divergence in this system is the result of mutualists adapting to different abiotic environments as opposed to coevolution between mutualists. ??? We used a combination of principal component analyses and ecological niche modeling to determine whether varieties of Y. brevifolia associated with different pollinators specialize on different environments. ??? Yucca brevifolia occupies a diverse range of climates. When the two varieties can disperse to similar environments, they occupy similar habitats. ??? This suggests that the two varieties have not specialized on distinct habitats. In turn, this suggests that nonclimatic factors, such as the biotic interaction between Y. brevifolia and its pollinators, are responsible for evolutionary divergence in this system. ?? New Phytologist (2009).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Phytologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x","issn":"0028646X","usgsCitation":"Godsoe, W., Strand, E., Smith, C., Yoder, J., Esque, T., and Pellmyr, O., 2009, Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors: New Phytologist, v. 183, no. 3, p. 589-599, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x.","startPage":"589","endPage":"599","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217706,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x"}],"volume":"183","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0348e4b0c8380cd503e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godsoe, W.","contributorId":7106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsoe","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strand, Espen","contributorId":91280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strand","given":"Espen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, C.I.","contributorId":41670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoder, J.B.","contributorId":58874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoder","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pellmyr, O.","contributorId":98970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellmyr","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70036656,"text":"70036656 - 2009 - Accretionary orogens through Earth history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T18:52:58.037581","indexId":"70036656","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accretionary orogens through Earth history","docAbstract":"<p>Accretionary orogens form at intraoceanic and continental margin convergent plate boundaries. They include the supra-subduction zone forearc, magmatic arc and back-arc components. Accretionary orogens can be grouped into retreating and advancing types, based on their kinematic framework and resulting geological character. Retreating orogens (e.g. modern western Pacific) are undergoing long-term extension in response to the site of subduction of the lower plate retreating with respect to the overriding plate and are characterized by back-arc basins. Advancing orogens (e.g. Andes) develop in an environment in which the overriding plate is advancing towards the downgoing plate, resulting in the development of foreland fold and thrust belts and crustal thickening. Cratonization of accretionary orogens occurs during continuing plate convergence and requires transient coupling across the plate boundary with strain concentrated in zones of mechanical and thermal weakening such as the magmatic arc and back-arc region. Potential driving mechanisms for coupling include accretion of buoyant lithosphere (terrane accretion), flat-slab subduction, and rapid absolute upper plate motion overriding the downgoing plate. Accretionary orogens have been active throughout Earth history, extending back until at least 3.2 Ga, and potentially earlier, and provide an important constraint on the initiation of horizontal motion of lithospheric plates on Earth. They have been responsible for major growth of the continental lithosphere through the addition of juvenile magmatic products but are also major sites of consumption and reworking of continental crust through time, through sediment subduction and subduction erosion. It is probable that the rates of crustal growth and destruction are roughly equal, implying that net growth since the Archaean is effectively zero.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","doi":"","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Cawood, P.A., Kroner, A., Collins, W., Kusky, T., Mooney, W.D., and Windley, B., 2009, Accretionary orogens through Earth history: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 318, p. 1-36, https://doi.org/.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"318","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e671e4b0c8380cd4742e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cawood, Peter A.","contributorId":75280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cawood","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kroner, A.","contributorId":58785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroner","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, W.J.","contributorId":79736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kusky, T.M.","contributorId":38719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusky","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Windley, B.F.","contributorId":14981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windley","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70036779,"text":"70036779 - 2009 - Along-Arc and Back-Arc Attenuation, Site Response, and Source Spectrum for the Intermediate-Depth 8 January 2006 M 6.7 Kythera, Greece, Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T15:21:33","indexId":"70036779","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Along-Arc and Back-Arc Attenuation, Site Response, and Source Spectrum for the Intermediate-Depth 8 January 2006 M 6.7 Kythera, Greece, Earthquake","docAbstract":"An M 6.7 intermediate-depth (66 km), in-slab earthquake occurring near the island of Kythera in Greece on 8 January 2006 was well recorded on networks of stations equipped with acceleration sensors and with broadband velocity sensors. All data were recorded digitally using recording instruments with resolutions ranging from almost 11 to 24 bits. We use data from these networks to study the distance dependence of the horizontal-component Fourier acceleration spectra (FAS) and horizontal-component pseudoabsolute response spectral acceleration (PSA). For purposes of simulating motions in the future, we parameterize the distance decay using several forms of the geometrical-spreading function, for each of which we derive Q as a function of frequency. By extrapolating the distance decay back to 1 km, we obtain a reference spectrum that can be used in future simulations. This spectrum requires a more complicated spectral shape than the classic single-corner-frequency model; in particular, there appears to be an enhancement of motion around 0.2-0.3 Hz that may be due to the radiation of a 3-5 sec pulse from the source. We infer a ??<sub>0</sub> value of about 0.055 sec for rock stations and a stress parameter in the range of 400-600 bars. We also find distinctive differences in the site response of stations on soft soil and soil; both the FAS and the 5% damped PSA amplifications have similar peak amplitudes (about 2 and 4 for soil and soft-soil sites, respectively, relative to the rock sites) at similar frequencies (between about 0.4 and 2.0 Hz, with the soft-soil amplifications peaking at somewhat lower frequencies than the soil amplifications). One of the most distinctive features of the data is the clear difference in the motions for along-arc and back-arc stations, with the former being significantly higher than the latter over a broad range of frequencies at distances beyond about 250 km. The motions from the Kythera earthquake are roughly comparable to those from intermediate-depth earthquakes elsewhere, but they appear to be significantly higher than those from recordings of shallow earthquakes in Greece of comparable magnitude and hypocentral distance.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120080229","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., Skarlatoudis, A., Margaris, B., Costas, B., and Ventouzi, C., 2009, Along-Arc and Back-Arc Attenuation, Site Response, and Source Spectrum for the Intermediate-Depth 8 January 2006 M 6.7 Kythera, Greece, Earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 99, no. 4, p. 2410-2434, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080229.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"2410","endPage":"2434","numberOfPages":"25","ipdsId":"IP-007991","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080229"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e972e4b0c8380cd482ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skarlatoudis, A.A.","contributorId":60476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skarlatoudis","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Margaris, B.N.","contributorId":16610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margaris","given":"B.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Costas, B.P.","contributorId":76166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costas","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ventouzi, C.","contributorId":85016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ventouzi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034162,"text":"70034162 - 2009 - Postglacial sedimentary record of the Southern California continental shelf and slope, Point Conception to Dana Point","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:44","indexId":"70034162","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postglacial sedimentary record of the Southern California continental shelf and slope, Point Conception to Dana Point","docAbstract":"Sedimentary strata on the Southern California shelf and slope (Point Conception to Dana Point) display patterns and rates of sediment accumulation that convey information on sea-level inundation, sediment supply, and oceanic transport processes following the Last Glacial Maximum. In Santa Monica Bay and San Pedro Bay, postglacial transgression is recorded in shelf deposits by wave-ravinement surfaces dated at 13-11 ka and an upsection transition from coastal to shallow-marine sediment facies. Depositional conditions analogous to the modern environment were established in the bays by 8-9 ka. On the continental slope, transgression is evidenced in places by an increase in sediment grain size and accumulation rate ca. 15-10 ka, a consequence of coastal ravinement and downslope resedimentation, perhaps in conjunction with climatic increases in fluvial sediment delivery. Grain sizes and accumulation rates then decreased after 12-10 ka when the shelf flooded and backfilled under rising sea level. The Santa Barbara coastal cell contains the largest mass of postglacial sediment at 32-42 ?? 10<sup>9</sup> metric tons, most of which occurs between offshore Santa Barbara and Hueneme Canyon. The San Pedro cell contains the second largest quantity of sediment, 8-11 ?? 10<sup>9</sup> metric tons, much of which is present on the eastern Palos Verdes and outer San Pedro shelves. By comparison, the mass of sediment sequestered within the Santa Monica cell is smaller at ??6-8 ?? 10<sup>9</sup> metric tons. The postglacial sediment mass distribution among coastal cells reflects the size of local fluvial sediment sources, whereas intracell accumulation patterns reflect antecedent bathymetric features conducive for sediment bypass or trapping. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2454(2.5)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Sommerfield, C., Lee, H., and Normark, W.R., 2009, Postglacial sedimentary record of the Southern California continental shelf and slope, Point Conception to Dana Point: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 454, p. 89-115, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(2.5).","startPage":"89","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216843,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(2.5)"},{"id":244739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e8ce4b0c8380cd7a5e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommerfield, C.K.","contributorId":54387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036658,"text":"70036658 - 2009 - Thermal characteristics of amphibian microhabitats in a fire-disturbed landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036658","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal characteristics of amphibian microhabitats in a fire-disturbed landscape","docAbstract":"Disturbance has long been a central issue in amphibian conservation, often regarding negative effects of logging or other forest management activities, but some amphibians seem to prefer disturbed habitats. After documenting increased use of recently burned forests by boreal toads (Bufo boreas), we hypothesized that burned habitats provided improved thermal opportunities in terrestrial habitats. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a radio telemetry study of habitat use (reported previously) and by using physical models that simulated the temperature of adult toads. We deployed 108 physical models in and adjacent to a 1-year old burn using a fully-replicated design with three burn severities (unburned, partial, high severity) and four microhabitats (open surface, under vegetation, under log, in burrow). Model temperatures were compared to a range of preferred temperatures in published studies. We found 70% more observations within the preferred temperature range of B. boreas in forests burned with high severity than in unburned areas. Burned forest was warmer than unburned forest across all microhabitats, but the largest relative difference was in burrows, which averaged 3 ??C warmer in high-severity burn areas and remained warmer though the night. More than twice as many observations were within the preferred temperature range in high-severity burrows than in unburned burrows. Areas burned with high severity were still warmer than unburned forest 3 years after the fire. Habitat use of toads during the concurrent radio telemetry study matched that predicted by the physical models. These results suggest there are fitness-linked benefits to toads using burned habitats, such as increased growth, fertility, and possibly disease resistance. However, increased soil temperatures that result from wildfire may be detrimental to other amphibian species that prefer cooler temperatures and stable environments. More broadly, our data illustrate the use of physical models to measure and interpret changes that amphibians may experience from disturbance, and highlight the need for research linking vital rates such as growth and survival to disturbance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.043","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Hossack, B., Eby, L., Guscio, C., and Corn, P., 2009, Thermal characteristics of amphibian microhabitats in a fire-disturbed landscape: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 258, no. 7, p. 1414-1421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.043.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1421","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217846,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.043"},{"id":245818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb213e4b08c986b3255a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hossack, B. R.","contributorId":10756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossack","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eby, L.A.","contributorId":57018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guscio, C.G.","contributorId":15339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guscio","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035562,"text":"70035562 - 2009 - Moon meteoritic seismic hum: Steady state prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035562","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moon meteoritic seismic hum: Steady state prediction","docAbstract":"We use three different statistical models describing the frequency of meteoroid impacts on Earth to estimate the seismic background noise due to impacts on the lunar surface. Because of diffraction, seismic events on the Moon are typically characterized by long codas, lasting 1 h or more. We find that the small but frequent impacts generate seismic signals whose codas overlap in time, resulting in a permanent seismic noise that we term the \"lunar hum\" by analogy with the Earth's continuous seismic background seismic hum. We find that the Apollo era impact detection rates and amplitudes are well explained by a model that parameterizes (1) the net seismic impulse due to the impactor and resulting ejecta and (2) the effects of diffraction and attenuation. The formulation permits the calculation of a composite waveform at any point on the Moon due to simulated impacts at any epicentral distance. The root-mean-square amplitude of this waveform yields a background noise level that is about 100 times lower than the resolution of the Apollo long-period seismometers. At 2 s periods, this noise level is more than 1000 times lower than the low noise model prediction for Earth's microseismic noise. Sufficiently sensitive seismometers will allow the future detection of several impacts per day at body wave frequencies. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JE003294","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lognonne, P., Feuvre, M., Johnson, C., and Weber, R., 2009, Moon meteoritic seismic hum: Steady state prediction: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003294.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476256,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://insu.hal.science/insu-02567454","text":"External Repository"},{"id":216183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003294"},{"id":244036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e22e4b0c8380cd707f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lognonne, P.","contributorId":62098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lognonne","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feuvre, M.L.","contributorId":35201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feuvre","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C.L.","contributorId":98546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, R.C.","contributorId":103111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036782,"text":"70036782 - 2009 - A grid-doubling finite-element technique for calculating dynamic three-dimensional spontaneous rupture on an earthquake fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T15:09:34","indexId":"70036782","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A grid-doubling finite-element technique for calculating dynamic three-dimensional spontaneous rupture on an earthquake fault","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a new finite-element technique for calculating dynamic 3-D spontaneous rupture on an earthquake fault, which can reduce the required computational resources by a factor of six or more, without loss of accuracy. The grid-doubling technique employs small cells in a thin layer surrounding the fault. The remainder of the modelling volume is filled with larger cells, typically two or four times as large as the small cells. In the resulting non-conforming mesh, an interpolation method is used to join the thin layer of smaller cells to the volume of larger cells. Grid-doubling is effective because spontaneous rupture calculations typically require higher spatial resolution on and near the fault than elsewhere in the model volume. The technique can be applied to non-planar faults by morphing, or smoothly distorting, the entire mesh to produce the desired 3-D fault geometry. Using our FaultMod finite-element software, we have tested grid-doubling with both slip-weakening and rate-and-state friction laws, by running the SCEC/USGS 3-D dynamic rupture benchmark problems. We have also applied it to a model of the Hayward fault, Northern California, which uses realistic fault geometry and rock properties. FaultMod implements fault slip using common nodes, which represent motion common to both sides of the fault, and differential nodes, which represent motion of one side of the fault relative to the other side. We describe how to modify the traction-at-split-nodes method to work with common and differential nodes, using an implicit time stepping algorithm.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04190.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Barall, M., 2009, A grid-doubling finite-element technique for calculating dynamic three-dimensional spontaneous rupture on an earthquake fault: Geophysical Journal International, v. 178, no. 2, p. 845-859, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04190.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"845","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-008423","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476135,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04190.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217824,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04190.x"}],"volume":"178","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e40de4b0c8380cd463a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barall, Michael mbarall@usgs.gov","contributorId":2595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barall","given":"Michael","email":"mbarall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70035127,"text":"70035127 - 2009 - Genetic structure of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035127","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic structure of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Genetic relationships among lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) spawning aggregates in Lake Michigan were assessed and used to predict a stock or management unit (MU) model for the resource. We hypothesized that distinct spawning aggregates represented potential MUs and that differences at molecular markers underlie population differentiation. Genetic stock identification using 11 microsatellite loci indicated the presence of six genetic MUs. Resolved MUs corresponded to geographically proximate spawning aggregates clustering into genetic groups. Within MUs, analyses suggested that all but one delineated MU was a stable grouping (i.e., no between-population differences), with the exception being the Hog Island - Traverse Bay grouping. Elk Rapids was the most genetically divergent population within Lake Michigan. However, low F <sub>st</sub> values suggested that moderate to high levels of gene flow occur or have occurred in the past between MUs. Significant tests of isolation by distance and low pairwise F<sub>st</sub> values potentially led to conflicting results between traditional analyses and a Bayesian approach. This data set could provide baseline data from which a comprehensive mixed-stock analysis could be performed, allowing for more efficient and effective management of this economically and socially important resource.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F08-213","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"VanDeHey, J., Sloss, B., Peeters, P.J., and Sutton, T., 2009, Genetic structure of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Michigan: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 66, no. 3, p. 382-393, https://doi.org/10.1139/F08-213.","startPage":"382","endPage":"393","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215085,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F08-213"},{"id":242857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1587e4b0c8380cd54e64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanDeHey, J.A.","contributorId":86193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanDeHey","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloss, Brian L.","contributorId":9754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloss","given":"Brian L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peeters, Paul J.","contributorId":83351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peeters","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutton, T.M.","contributorId":72193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}