Earthquake predictability depends, in part, on the degree to which sudden slip is preceded by slow aseismic slip. Recently, observations of deep tremor have enabled inferences of deep slow slip even when detection by other means is not possible, but these data are limited to certain areas and mostly the last decade. The region near Parkfield, California, provides a unique convergence of several years of high-quality tremor data bracketing a moderate earthquake, the 2004 magnitude 6.0 event. Here, I present detailed observations of tectonic tremor from mid-2001 through 2008 that indicate deep fault slip both before and after the Parkfield earthquake that cannot be detected with surface geodetic instruments. While there is no obvious short-term precursor, I find unidirectional tremor migration accompanied by elevated tremor rates in the 3 months prior to the earthquake, which suggests accelerated creep on the fault ∼16 km beneath the eventual earthquake hypocenter.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009GL039589","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Shelly, D.R., 2009, Possible deep fault slip preceding the 2004 Parkfield earthquake, inferred from detailed observations of tectonic tremor: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 17, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039589.","productDescription":"L17318; 6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","ipdsId":"IP-013818","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216458,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039589"}],"volume":"36","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e16e4b0c8380cd7a328","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelly, David R. dshelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":2978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelly","given":"David","email":"dshelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70035688,"text":"70035688 - 2009 - Real-time flood forecasting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70035688","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":743,"text":"American Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Real-time flood forecasting","docAbstract":"Researchers at the Hydroinformatic Research and Development Team (HIRDT) of the National Taiwan University undertook a project to create a real time flood forecasting model, with an aim to predict the current in the Tamsui River Basin. The model was designed based on deterministic approach with mathematic modeling of complex phenomenon, and specific parameter values operated to produce a discrete result. The project also devised a rainfall-stage model that relates the rate of rainfall upland directly to the change of the state of river, and is further related to another typhoon-rainfall model. The geographic information system (GIS) data, based on precise contour model of the terrain, estimate the regions that were perilous to flooding. The HIRDT, in response to the project's progress, also devoted their application of a deterministic model to unsteady flow of thermodynamics to help predict river authorities issue timely warnings and take other emergency measures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Scientist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00030996","usgsCitation":"Lai, C., Tsay, T., Chien, C., and Wu, I., 2009, Real-time flood forecasting: American Scientist, v. 97, no. 2, p. 119-125.","startPage":"119","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95a1e4b0c8380cd81b33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lai, C.","contributorId":27622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tsay, T.-K.","contributorId":76155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsay","given":"T.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chien, C.-H.","contributorId":39214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chien","given":"C.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wu, I.-L.","contributorId":101908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"I.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035690,"text":"70035690 - 2009 - Untangling the biological contributions to soil stability in semiarid shrublands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-10T15:23:11","indexId":"70035690","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Untangling the biological contributions to soil stability in semiarid shrublands","docAbstract":"Communities of plants, biological soil crusts (BSCs), and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to influence soil stability individually, but their relative contributions, interactions, and combined effects are not well understood, particularly in arid and semiarid ecosystems. In a landscape-scale field study we quantified plant, BSC, and AM fungal communities at 216 locations along a gradient of soil stability levels in southern Utah, USA. We used multivariate modeling to examine the relative influences of plants, BSCs, and AM fungi on surface and subsurface stability in a semiarid shrubland landscape. Models were found to be congruent with the data and explained 35% of the variation in surface stability and 54% of the variation in subsurface stability. The results support several tentative conclusions. While BSCs, plants, and AM fungi all contribute to surface stability, only plants and AM fungi contribute to subsurface stability. In both surface and subsurface models, the strongest contributions to soil stability are made by biological components of the system. Biological soil crust cover was found to have the strongest direct effect on surface soil stability (0.60; controlling for other factors). Surprisingly, AM fungi appeared to influence surface soil stability (0.37), even though they are not generally considered to exist in the top few millimeters of the soil. In the subsurface model, plant cover appeared to have the strongest direct influence on soil stability (0.42); in both models, results indicate that plant cover influences soil stability both directly (controlling for other factors) and indirectly through influences on other organisms. Soil organic matter was not found to have a direct contribution to surface or subsurface stability in this system. The relative influence of AM fungi on soil stability in these semiarid shrublands was similar to that reported for a mesic tallgrass prairie. Estimates of effects that BSCs, plants, and AM fungi have on soil stability in these models are used to suggest the relative amounts of resources that erosion control practitioners should devote to promoting these communities. This study highlights the need for system approaches in combating erosion, soil degradation, and arid-land desertification.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/07-2076.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Chaudhary, V.B., Bowker, M.A., O’Dell, T.E., Grace, J.B., Redman, A.E., Rillig, M.C., and Johnson, N.C., 2009, Untangling the biological contributions to soil stability in semiarid shrublands: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 1, p. 110-122, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2076.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476133,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://ecommons.luc.edu/ies_facpubs/4","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216074,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-2076.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Cannonville;Escalante","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.114,37.351 ], [ -112.114,37.973 ], [ -111.325,37.973 ], [ -111.325,37.351 ], [ -112.114,37.351 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf6e4b08c986b328e73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaudhary, V. Bala","contributorId":101483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaudhary","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bala","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowker, Matthew A. mbowker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"Matthew","email":"mbowker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":451909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Dell, Thomas E.","contributorId":36518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dell","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Redman, Andrea E.","contributorId":96506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rillig, Matthias C.","contributorId":54427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rillig","given":"Matthias","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Nancy C.","contributorId":107524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035692,"text":"70035692 - 2009 - Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T17:56:46","indexId":"70035692","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth","title":"Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth","docAbstract":"Metabolically inert, accretionary structures such as the dentin growth layers in teeth provide a life history record of individual diet with near-annual resolution. We constructed ontogenetic δ13C and δ15N profiles by analyzing tooth dentin growth layers from 13 individual killer whales Orcinus orca collected in the eastern northeast Pacific Ocean between 1961 and 2003. The individuals sampled were 6 to 52 yr old, representing 2 ecotypes—resident and transient—collected across ~25° of latitude. The average isotopic values of transient individuals (n = 10) are consistent with a reliance on mammalian prey, while the average isotopic values of residents (n = 3) are consistent with piscivory. Regardless of ecotype, most individuals show a decrease in δ15N values of ~2.5‰ through the first 3 yr of life, roughly equivalent to a decrease of one trophic level. We interpret this as evidence of gradual weaning, after which, ontogenetic shifts in isotopic values are highly variable. A few individuals (n = 2) maintained relatively stable δ15N and δ13C values throughout the remainder of their lives, whereas δ15N values of most (n = 11) increased by ~1.5‰, suggestive of an ontogenetic increase in trophic level. Significant differences in mean δ13C and δ15N values among transients collected off California suggest that individuality in prey preferences may be prevalent within this ecotype. Our approach provides retrospective individual life history and dietary information that cannot be obtained through traditional field observations of free-ranging and elusive species such as killer whales, including unique historic ecological information that pre-dates modern studies. By providing insights into individual diet composition, stable isotope analysis of teeth and/or bones may be the only means of evaluating a number of hypothesized historical dietary shifts in killer whales of the northeast Pacific Ocean
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps07747","usgsCitation":"Newsome, S.D., Etnier, M.A., Monson, D., and Fogel, M.L., 2009, Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 374, p. 229-242, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07747.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07747","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"374","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac24e4b0c8380cd86b9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newsome, Seth D.","contributorId":81640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newsome","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7000,"text":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":451921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Etnier, Michael A.","contributorId":66072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etnier","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":451919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fogel, Marilyn L.","contributorId":99699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogel","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035706,"text":"70035706 - 2009 - Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the des moines river, iowa using SWAT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035706","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the des moines river, iowa using SWAT","docAbstract":"The Des Moines River that drains a watershed of 16,175 km2 in portions of Iowa and Minnesota is impaired for nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) due to concentrations that exceed regulatory limits for public water supplies. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to model streamflow and nitrate loads and evaluate a suite of basin-wide changes and targeting configurations to potentially reduce nitrate loads in the river. The SWAT model comprised 173 subbasins and 2,516 hydrologic response units and included point and nonpoint nitrogen sources. The model was calibrated for an 11-year period and three basin-wide and four targeting strategies were evaluated. Results indicated that nonpoint sources accounted for 95% of the total nitrate export. Reduction in fertilizer applications from 170 to 50 kg/ha achieved the 38% reduction in nitrate loads, exceeding the 34% reduction required. In terms of targeting, the most efficient load reductions occurred when fertilizer applications were reduced in subbasins nearest the watershed outlet. The greatest load reduction for the area of land treated was associated with reducing loads from 55 subbasins with the highest nitrate loads, achieving a 14% reduction in nitrate loads achieved by reducing applications on 30% of the land area. SWAT model results provide much needed guidance on how to begin implementing load reduction strategies most efficiently in the Des Moines River watershed. ?? 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-009-9364-y","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., and Wolter, C., 2009, Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the des moines river, iowa using SWAT: Environmental Management, v. 44, no. 4, p. 671-682, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9364-y.","startPage":"671","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216313,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9364-y"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c0fe4b0c8380cd6f9d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolter, C.F.","contributorId":23301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolter","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035707,"text":"70035707 - 2009 - Sinks without borders: Snowshoe hare dynamics in a complex landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:35:17","indexId":"70035707","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sinks without borders: Snowshoe hare dynamics in a complex landscape","docAbstract":"A full understanding of population dynamics of wide-ranging animals should account for the effects that movement and habitat use have on individual contributions to population growth or decline. Quantifying the per-capita, habitat-specific contribution to population growth can clarify the value of different patch types, and help to differentiate population sources from population sinks. Snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, routinely use various habitat types in the landscapes they inhabit in the contiguous US, where managing forests for high snowshoe hare density is a priority for conservation of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis. We estimated density and demographic rates via mark–recapture live trapping and radio-telemetry within four forest stand structure (FSS) types at three study areas within heterogeneous managed forests in western Montana. We found support for known fate survival models with time-varying individual covariates representing the proportion of locations in each of the FSS types, with survival rates decreasing as use of open young and open mature FSS types increased. The per-capita contribution to overall population growth increased with use of the dense mature or dense young FSS types and decreased with use of the open young or open mature FSS types, and relatively high levels of immigration appear to be necessary to sustain hares in the open FSS types. Our results support a conceptual model for snowshoe hares in the southern range in which sink habitats (open areas) prevent the buildup of high hare densities. More broadly, we use this system to develop a novel approach to quantify demographic sources and sinks for animals making routine movements through complex fragmented landscapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17621.x","usgsCitation":"Griffin, P., and Mills, L.S., 2009, Sinks without borders: Snowshoe hare dynamics in a complex landscape: Oikos, v. 118, no. 10, p. 1487-1498, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17621.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1487","endPage":"1498","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90eae4b08c986b3196d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Paul C. pgriffin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Paul C.","email":"pgriffin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":451998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mills, L. Scott","contributorId":89431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035710,"text":"70035710 - 2009 - Pedogenesis of a catena of the Farmdale-Sangamon Geosol complex in the north central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035710","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pedogenesis of a catena of the Farmdale-Sangamon Geosol complex in the north central United States","docAbstract":"The Farmdale-Sangamon Geosol pedocomplex consists of the Sangamon Geosol and the overlying Farmdale Geosol, which form the most extensive terrestrial record of the last interglacial to glacial transition in the Midwest United States. The geosol complex formed for upwards of 100??ka, extending from the end of MIS 6 through 4 for the Sangamon Geosol, then the Farmdale Geosol for during a brief episode at the end of MIS 3 following slow accumulation and pedogenic modification of eolian silt deposited on top of the Sangamon Geosol. Our study site consists of a buried paleo-hillslope transect that forms a catena, enabling evaluation of slope effects on interglacial-scale soil formation. The Sangamon Geosol is formed in calcareous and illitic glaciogenic sediment. Along the catena the Sangamon Geosol profiles display some morphological changes, namely in terms of colors that we interpret as indicators of differences in drainage. Most thickness and horizonation characteristics are similar all along the transect, with intact upper sola horizons (AE and E horizons) that overlie clay-enriched Bt horizons. The Bt horizons contain abundant clay that exists as illuvial clay coatings, matrix infills, and as mosaic-speckled domains. The clay originated both by in situ weathering and through illuviation from the clay depleted upper sola. Slope does not appear to affect Bt characteristics beyond redder hues of the matrix and clay coatings in the upper slope position. With depth, effects of carbonate leaching and infilling of clay in the matrix decrease and clay coatings are restricted to walls of voids adjacent to aggregates. Clay mineralogy shows illite depletion, but no interstratified kaolinite-expandable minerals, indicating the degree of weathering is not as great as is typical of Sangamon Geosol profiles formed in loess or in glaciogenic sediment of the central Illinois type area. Clay mineralogy is also stratified with depth, coincident with particle size, which probably indicates sorting of layers of illitic dolomite and shale. Variation of horizon and profile characteristics appears to largely be a function of particle size variability and stratification than topographic position in the catena. The influence of hillslope position on soil redistribution during formation of the Sangamon Geosol appears negligible given the uniformity of upper solum horizon thickness and sandy particle size characteristics, so we conclude that a bioturbation and rainwash origin of the upper solum and the texture contrast in these profiles is not the best process model explanation. We suggest that the base-rich nature of these soils led to ecosystem characteristics that discouraged erosion and encouraged infiltration and a lessivage-type origin of the texture contrast. No convincing evidence of MIS 6 through MIS 4 loess occurs at this site. The Farmdale Geosol formed in the Robein Silt, which is Roxana Silt (MIS 3 loess) that was redistributed downslope. The Robein Silt is thicker and finer in the topographic low and indicates the cooler and forested environmental conditions during MIS 3 were conducive to downslope movement of soil and also produced greater differences in drainage-induced soil morphological changes in the Farmdale Geosol. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.017","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Jacobs, P., Konen, M., and Curry, B.B., 2009, Pedogenesis of a catena of the Farmdale-Sangamon Geosol complex in the north central United States: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 282, no. 1-4, p. 119-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.017.","startPage":"119","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216401,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.017"},{"id":244269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"282","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7627e4b0c8380cd77f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobs, P.M.","contributorId":105026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobs","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konen, M.E.","contributorId":34356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konen","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035714,"text":"70035714 - 2009 - Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035714","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","docAbstract":"Abstract. Forest structure and species composition in many western U.S. coniferous forests have been altered through fire exclusion, past and ongoing harvesting practices, and livestock grazing over the 20th century. The effects of these activities have been most pronounced in seasonally dry, low and mid-elevation coniferous forests that once experienced frequent, low to moderate intensity, fire regimes. In this paper, we report the effects of Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) forest stand treatments on fuel load profiles, potential fire behavior, and fire severity under three weather scenarios from six western U.S. FFS sites. This replicated, multisite experiment provides a framework for drawing broad generalizations about the effectiveness of prescribed fire and mechanical treatments on surface fuel loads, forest structure, and potential fire severity. Mechanical treatments without fire resulted in combined 1-, 10-, and 100-hour surface fuel loads that were significantly greater than controls at three of five FFS sites. Canopy cover was significantly lower than controls at three of five FFS sites with mechanical-only treatments and at all five FFS sites with the mechanical plus burning treatment; fire-only treatments reduced canopy cover at only one site. For the combined treatment of mechanical plus fire, all five FFS sites with this treatment had a substantially lower likelihood of passive crown fire as indicated by the very high torching indices. FFS sites that experienced significant increases in 1-, 10-, and 100-hour combined surface fuel loads utilized harvest systems that left all activity fuels within experimental units. When mechanical treatments were followed by prescribed burning or pile burning, they were the most effective treatment for reducing crown fire potential and predicted tree mortality because of low surface fuel loads and increased vertical and horizontal canopy separation. Results indicate that mechanical plus fire, fire-only, and mechanical-only treatments using whole-tree harvest systems were all effective at reducing potential fire severity under severe fire weather conditions. Retaining the largest trees within stands also increased fire resistance. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/07-1755.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Stephens, S., Moghaddas, J., Edminster, C., Fiedler, C., Haase, S., Harrington, M., Keeley, J., Knapp, E.E., Mciver, J., Metlen, K., Skinner, C., and Youngblood, A., 2009, Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 2, p. 305-320, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1.","startPage":"305","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216460,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1"},{"id":244331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1049e4b0c8380cd53be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, S.L.","contributorId":85694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moghaddas, J.J.","contributorId":107822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moghaddas","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edminster, C.","contributorId":18202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edminster","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fiedler, C.E.","contributorId":90129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiedler","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haase, S.","contributorId":35156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harrington, M.","contributorId":13834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knapp, E. E.","contributorId":54938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knapp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mciver, J.D.","contributorId":71665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mciver","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Metlen, K.","contributorId":99798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metlen","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Skinner, C.N.","contributorId":19909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Youngblood, A.","contributorId":66085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngblood","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70032524,"text":"70032524 - 2009 - Shallow water processes govern system-wide phytoplankton bloom dynamics: A modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-08T09:05:19","indexId":"70032524","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2381,"text":"Journal of Marine Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow water processes govern system-wide phytoplankton bloom dynamics: A modeling study","docAbstract":"A pseudo-two-dimensional numerical model of estuarine phytoplankton growth and consumption, vertical turbulent mixing, and idealized cross-estuary transport was developed and applied to South San Francisco Bay. This estuary has two bathymetrically distinct habitat types (deep channel, shallow shoal) and associated differences in local net rates of phytoplankton growth and consumption, as well as differences in the water column's tendency to stratify. Because many physical and biological time scales relevant to algal population dynamics decrease with decreasing depth, process rates can be especially fast in the shallow water. We used the model to explore the potential significance of hydrodynamic connectivity between a channel and shoal and whether lateral transport can allow physical or biological processes (e.g. stratification, benthic grazing, light attenuation) in one sub-region to control phytoplankton biomass and bloom development in the adjacent sub-region. Model results for South San Francisco Bay suggest that lateral transport from a productive shoal can result in phytoplankton biomass accumulation in an adjacent deep, unproductive channel. The model further suggests that turbidity and benthic grazing in the shoal can control the occurrence of a bloom system-wide; whereas, turbidity, benthic grazing, and vertical density stratification in the channel are likely to only control local bloom occurrence or modify system-wide bloom magnitude. Measurements from a related field program are generally consistent with model-derived conclusions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.07.011","issn":"09247","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., Koseff, J.R., Monismith, S., and Thompson, J., 2009, Shallow water processes govern system-wide phytoplankton bloom dynamics: A modeling study: Journal of Marine Systems, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 70-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.07.011.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"70","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213853,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.07.011"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e46e4b08c986b318834","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, L.V.","contributorId":62777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":436632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035717,"text":"70035717 - 2009 - Elevated CO2 enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70035717","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated CO2 enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","docAbstract":"1. Sea-level rise, one indirect consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2, poses a major challenge to long-term stability of coastal wetlands. An important question is whether direct effects of elevated CO 2 on the capacity of marsh plants to accrete organic material and to maintain surface elevations outweigh indirect negative effects of stressors associated with sea-level rise (salinity and flooding). 2. In this study, we used a mesocosm approach to examine potential direct and indirect effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration, salinity and flooding on elevation change in a brackish marsh community dominated by a C3 species, Schoenoplectus americanus, and a C4 grass, Spartina patens. This experimental design permitted identification of mechanisms and their role in controlling elevation change, and the development of models that can be tested in the field. 3. To test hypotheses related to CO2 and sea-level rise, we used conventional anova procedures in conjunction with structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM explained 78% of the variability in elevation change and showed the direct, positive effect of S. americanus production on elevation. The SEM indicated that C3 plant response was influenced by interactive effects between CO2 and salinity on plant growth, not a direct CO2 fertilization effect. Elevated CO2 ameliorated negative effects of salinity on S. americanus and enhanced biomass contribution to elevation. 4. The positive relationship between S. americanus production and elevation change can be explained by shoot-base expansion under elevated CO 2 conditions, which led to vertical soil displacement. While the response of this species may differ under other environmental conditions, shoot-base expansion and the general contribution of C3 plant production to elevation change may be an important mechanism contributing to soil expansion and elevation gain in other coastal wetlands. 5. Synthesis. Our results revealed previously unrecognized interactions and mechanisms contributing to marsh elevation change, including amelioration of salt stress by elevated CO2 and the importance of plant production and shoot-base expansion for elevation gain. Identification of biological processes contributing to elevation change is an important first step in developing comprehensive models that permit more accurate predictions of whether coastal marshes will persist with continued sea-level rise or become submerged. ?? 2008 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Cherry, J.A., McKee, K., and Grace, J., 2009, Elevated CO2 enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise: Journal of Ecology, v. 97, no. 1, p. 67-77, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x.","startPage":"67","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476522,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x"},{"id":243888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08c5e4b0c8380cd51c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, J. A.","contributorId":24880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035730,"text":"70035730 - 2009 - Magma degassing triggered by static decompression at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T10:32:05","indexId":"70035730","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma degassing triggered by static decompression at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i","docAbstract":"During mid-June 2007, the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, deflated rapidly as magma drained from the subsurface to feed an east rift zone intrusion and eruption. Coincident with the deflation, summit SO2 emission rates rose by a factor of four before decaying to background levels over several weeks. We propose that SO2 release was triggered by static decompression caused by magma withdrawal from Kīlauea's shallow summit reservoir. Models of the deflation suggest a pressure drop of 0.5–3 MPa, which is sufficient to trigger exsolution of the observed excess SO2 from a relatively small volume of magma at the modeled source depth beneath Kīlauea's summit. Static decompression may also explain other episodes of deflation accompanied by heightened gas emission, including the precursory phases of Kīlauea's 2008 summit eruption. Hazards associated with unexpected volcanic gas emission argue for increased awareness of magma reservoir pressure fluctuations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009GL039214","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Poland, M.P., Jeff, S.A., and Gerlach, T.M., 2009, Magma degassing triggered by static decompression at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039214.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487272,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039214","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216250,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039214"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.43496704101562,\n 22.19312709190348\n ],\n [\n -159.43496704101562,\n 22.234446448737287\n ],\n [\n -159.37763214111328,\n 22.234446448737287\n ],\n [\n -159.37763214111328,\n 22.19312709190348\n ],\n [\n -159.43496704101562,\n 22.19312709190348\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b30e4b0c8380cd6935b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":452099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jeff, Sutton A.","contributorId":95297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeff","given":"Sutton","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerlach, Terrence M.","contributorId":30246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035733,"text":"70035733 - 2009 - A calibrated, high-resolution goes satellite solar insolation product for a climatology of Florida evapotranspiration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035733","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A calibrated, high-resolution goes satellite solar insolation product for a climatology of Florida evapotranspiration","docAbstract":"Estimates of incoming solar radiation (insolation) from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite observations have been produced for the state of Florida over a 10-year period (1995-2004). These insolation estimates were developed into well-calibrated half-hourly and daily integrated solar insolation fields over the state at 2 km resolution, in addition to a 2-week running minimum surface albedo product. Model results of the daily integrated insolation were compared with ground-based pyranometers, and as a result, the entire dataset was calibrated. This calibration was accomplished through a three-step process: (1) comparison with ground-based pyranometer measurements on clear (noncloudy) reference days, (2) correcting for a bias related to cloudiness, and (3) deriving a monthly bias correction factor. Precalibration results indicated good model performance, with a station-averaged model error of 2.2 MJ m-2/day (13%). Calibration reduced errors to 1.7 MJ m -2/day (10%), and also removed temporal-related, seasonal-related, and satellite sensor-related biases. The calibrated insolation dataset will subsequently be used by state of Florida Water Management Districts to produce statewide, 2-km resolution maps of estimated daily reference and potential evapotranspiration for water management-related activities. ?? 2009 American Water Resources Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00366.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Paech, S., Mecikalski, J., Sumner, D.M., Pathak, C., Wu, Q., Islam, S., and Sangoyomi, T., 2009, A calibrated, high-resolution goes satellite solar insolation product for a climatology of Florida evapotranspiration: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 45, no. 6, p. 1328-1342, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00366.x.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1342","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00366.x"},{"id":244143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e334e4b0c8380cd45e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paech, S.J.","contributorId":50376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paech","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mecikalski, J.R.","contributorId":62053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecikalski","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pathak, C.S.","contributorId":15433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pathak","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wu, Q.","contributorId":93291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Islam, S.","contributorId":97347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Islam","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sangoyomi, T.","contributorId":35566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sangoyomi","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035735,"text":"70035735 - 2009 - Local-scale variability of seepage and hydraulic conductivity in a shallow gravel-bed river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035735","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local-scale variability of seepage and hydraulic conductivity in a shallow gravel-bed river","docAbstract":"Seepage rate and direction measured with a seepage metre modified for use in flowing water were greatly variable along a 300-m reach of a shallow, gravel-bed river and depended primarily on the local-scale bed topography. The median value of seepage measured at 24 locations was 24 cm/day, but seepage measured at specific sites ranged from -340 to +237 cm/day. Seepage also varied substantially over periods of hours to days and occasionally reversed direction in response to evolution of the sediment bed. Vertical hydraulic conductivity was related to seepage direction and was larger during upward seepage than during downward seepage; with differences ranging from 4 to 40% in areas of active sediment transport to more than an order of magnitude in areas where current was too slow to mobilize bed sediment. Seepage was poorly related to hydraulic gradient measured over vertical distances of 0.3 m and appeared to be opposite the hydraulic gradient at 18% of the locations where both parameters were measured. Results demonstrate the scale dependence of these measurements in coarse-grained hyporheic settings and indicate that hydraulic gradients should be determined over a much shorter vertical increment if used to indicate exchange across the sediment-water interface. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.7433","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., and Pitlick, J., 2009, Local-scale variability of seepage and hydraulic conductivity in a shallow gravel-bed river: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, no. 23, p. 3306-3318, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7433.","startPage":"3306","endPage":"3318","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216315,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7433"},{"id":244178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48ece4b0c8380cd68225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":452125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitlick, J.","contributorId":57020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitlick","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035739,"text":"70035739 - 2009 - Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T10:12:55","indexId":"70035739","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles","docAbstract":"Many low‐elevation dry forests of the western United States contain more small trees and fewer large trees, more down woody debris, and less diverse and vigorous understory plant communities compared to conditions under historical fire regimes. These altered structural conditions may contribute to increased probability of unnaturally severe wildfires, susceptibility to uncharacteristic insect outbreaks, and drought‐related mortality. Broad‐scale fuel reduction and restoration treatments are proposed to promote stand development on trajectories toward more sustainable structures. Little research to date, however, has quantified the effects of these treatments on the ecosystem, especially delayed and latent tree mortality resulting directly or indirectly from treatments. In this paper, we explore complex hypotheses relating to the cascade of effects that influence ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mortality using structural equation modeling (SEM). We used annual census and plot data through six growing seasons after thinning and four growing seasons after burning from a replicated, operational‐scale, completely randomized experiment conducted in northeastern Oregon, USA, as part of the national Fire and Fire Surrogate study. Treatments included thin, burn, thin followed by burn (thin + burn), and control. Burn and thin + burn treatments increased the proportion of dead trees while the proportion of dead trees declined or remained constant in thin and control units, although the density of dead trees was essentially unchanged with treatment. Most of the new mortality (96%) occurred within two years of treatment and was attributed to bark beetles. Bark beetle‐caused tree mortality, while low overall, was greatest in thin + burn treatments. SEM results indicate that the probability of mortality of large‐diameter ponderosa pine from bark beetles and wood borers was directly related to surface fire severity and bole charring, which in turn depended on fire intensity, which was greater in units where thinning increased large woody fuels. These results have implications when deciding among management options for restoring ecosystem health in similar ponderosa pine and Douglas‐fir forests.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/07-1751.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Youngblood, A., Grace, J., and Mciver, J., 2009, Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 2, p. 321-337, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487807,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216376,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe5de4b0c8380cd4ecd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youngblood, A.","contributorId":66085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngblood","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mciver, J.D.","contributorId":71665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mciver","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035744,"text":"70035744 - 2009 - Mercury demethylation in waterbird livers: Dose-response thresholds and differences among species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-02T08:37:08","indexId":"70035744","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury demethylation in waterbird livers: Dose-response thresholds and differences among species","docAbstract":"We assessed methylmercury (MeHg) demethylation in the livers of adults and chicks of four waterbird species that commonly breed in San Francisco Bay: American avocets, black-necked stilts, Caspian terns, and Forster's terns. In adults (all species combined), we found strong evidence for a threshold, model where MeHg demethylation occurred above a hepatic total mercury concentration threshold of 8.51 ?? 0.93 ??g/g dry weight, and there was a strong decline in %MeHg values as total mercury (THg) concentrations increased above 8.51 ??g/g dry weight. Conversely, there was no evidence for a demethylation threshold in chicks, and we found that %MeHg values declined linearly with increasing THg concentrations. For adults, we also found taxonomie differences in the demethylation responses, with avocets and stilts showing a higher demethylation rate than that of terns when concentrations exceeded the threshold, whereas terns had a lower demethylation threshold (7.48 ?? 1.48 ??g/g dry wt) than that of avocets and stilts (9.91 ?? 1.29 ??g/g dry wt). Finally, we assessed the role of selenium (Se) in the demethylation process. Selenium concentrations were positively correlated with inorganic Hg in livers of birds above the demethylation threshold but not below. This suggests that Se may act as a binding site for demethylated Hg and may reduce the potential for secondary toxicity. Our findings indicate that waterbirds demethylate mercury in their livers if exposure exceeds a threshold value and suggest that taxonomie differences in demethylation ability may be an important factor in evaluating species-specific risk to MeHg exposure. Further, we provide strong evidence for a threshold of approximately 8.5 ??g/g dry weight of THg in the liver where demethylation is initiated. ?? 2009 SETAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/08-245.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Eagles-Smith, C.A., Ackerman, J., Julie, Y., and Adelsbach, T., 2009, Mercury demethylation in waterbird livers: Dose-response thresholds and differences among species: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 28, no. 3, p. 568-577, https://doi.org/10.1897/08-245.1.","startPage":"568","endPage":"577","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216431,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-245.1"},{"id":244301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53fde4b0c8380cd6ce52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285 ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin","email":"ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":452162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":452160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Julie, Y.E.E.","contributorId":71415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julie","given":"Y.E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adelsbach, T.L.","contributorId":85906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adelsbach","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035745,"text":"70035745 - 2009 - A less field-intensive robust design for estimating demographic parameters with Mark-resight data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035745","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A less field-intensive robust design for estimating demographic parameters with Mark-resight data","docAbstract":"The robust design has become popular among animal ecologists as a means for estimating population abundance and related demographic parameters with mark-recapture data. However, two drawbacks of traditional mark-recapture are financial cost and repeated disturbance to animals. Mark-resight methodology may in many circumstances be a less expensive and less invasive alternative to mark-recapture, but the models developed to date for these data have overwhelmingly concentrated only on the estimation of abundance. Here we introduce a mark-resight model analogous to that used in mark-recapture for the simultaneous estimation of abundance, apparent survival, and transition probabilities between observable and unobservable states. The model may be implemented using standard statistical computing software, but it has also been incorporated into the freeware package Program MARK. We illustrate the use of our model with mainland New Zealand Robin (Petroica australis) data collected to ascertain whether this methodology may be a reliable alternative for monitoring endangered populations of a closely related species inhabiting the Chatham Islands. We found this method to be a viable alternative to traditional mark-recapture when cost or disturbance to species is of particular concern in long-term population monitoring programs. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/08-0973.1","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"McClintock, B., and White, G.C., 2009, A less field-intensive robust design for estimating demographic parameters with Mark-resight data: Ecology, v. 90, no. 2, p. 313-320, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0973.1.","startPage":"313","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476331,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0973.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216461,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0973.1"},{"id":244332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e436e4b0c8380cd464e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClintock, B.T.","contributorId":29108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClintock","given":"B.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035761,"text":"70035761 - 2009 - Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035761","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1636,"text":"Fire Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest","docAbstract":"Fire is an important feature of many forest ecosystems, although the quantification of its effects is compromised by the large scale at which fire occurs and its inherent unpredictability. A recurring problem is the use of subsamples collected within individual burns, potentially resulting in spatially autocorrelated data. Using subsamples from six different fires (and three unburned control areas) we show little evidence for strong spatial autocorrelation either before or after burning for eight measures of forest conditions (both fuels and vegetation). Additionally, including a term for spatially autocorrelated errors provided little improvement for simple linear models contrasting the effects of early versus late season burning. While the effects of spatial autocorrelation should always be examined, it may not always greatly influence assessments of fire effects. If high patch scale variability is common in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests, even following more than a century of fire exclusion, treatments designed to encourage further heterogeneity in forest conditions prior to the reintroduction of fire will likely be unnecessary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.4996/fireecology.0502116","issn":"19339747","usgsCitation":"van Mantgem, P.J., and Schwilk, D., 2009, Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest: Fire Ecology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 116-125, https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0502116.","startPage":"116","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476393,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0502116","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216170,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0502116"},{"id":244019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a643ce4b0c8380cd72948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Mantgem, P. J.","contributorId":73527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwilk, D.W.","contributorId":29770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035762,"text":"70035762 - 2009 - Numerical analysis of the performance of rock weirs: Effects of structure configuration on local hydraulics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035762","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Numerical analysis of the performance of rock weirs: Effects of structure configuration on local hydraulics","docAbstract":"River spanning rock structures are being constructed for water delivery as well as to enable fish passage at barriers and provide or improve the aquatic habitat for endangered fish species. Current design methods are based upon anecdotal information applicable to a narrow range of channel conditions. The complex flow patterns and performance of rock weirs is not well understood. Without accurate understanding of their hydraulics, designers cannot address the failure mechanisms of these structures. Flow characteristics such as jets, near bed velocities, recirculation, eddies, and plunging flow govern scour pool development. These detailed flow patterns can be replicated using a 3D numerical model. Numerical studies inexpensively simulate a large number of cases resulting in an increased range of applicability in order to develop design tools and predictive capability for analysis and design. The analysis and results of the numerical modeling, laboratory modeling, and field data provide a process-based method for understanding how structure geometry affects flow characteristics, scour development, fish passage, water delivery, and overall structure stability. Results of the numerical modeling allow designers to utilize results of the analysis to determine the appropriate geometry for generating desirable flow parameters. The end product of this research will develop tools and guidelines for more robust structure design or retrofits based upon predictable engineering and hydraulic performance criteria. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)328","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Holmquist-Johnson, C.L., 2009, Numerical analysis of the performance of rock weirs: Effects of structure configuration on local hydraulics, in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 3244-3255, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)328.","startPage":"3244","endPage":"3255","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216193,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)328"},{"id":244047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68e9e4b0c8380cd73a7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmquist-Johnson, C. L.","contributorId":72615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmquist-Johnson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}