Assessments of the vulnerability to contamination of ground-water sources used by public-water systems, as mandated by the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, commonly have involved qualitative evaluations based on existing information on the geologic and hydrologic setting. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program has identified ground-water-age dating; detailed water-quality analyses of nitrate, pesticides, trace elements, and wastewater-related organic compounds; and assessed natural processes that affect those constituents as potential, unique improvements to existing methods of qualitative vulnerability assessment. To evaluate the improvement from use of these methods, in 2002 and 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Richmond, Indiana, compiled and interpreted hydrogeologic data and chemical analyses of water samples from seven wells in a part of the Whitewater Valley aquifer system in a former glacial valley near Richmond. This study investigated the application of ground-water-age dating, dissolved-gas analyses, and detailed water-quality analyses to quantitatively evaluate the vulnerability of ground water to contamination and to identify processes that affect the vulnerability to specific contaminants in an area of post-1972 greenfield development.
\nThe aquifer system in the study area includes an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer used for public-water supply (upper aquifer) and a confined sand and gravel aquifer (lower aquifer) separated by a till confining unit. Several hydrogeologic and cultural measures indicate that the upper aquifer is qualitatively vulnerable to contamination: the upper aquifer is unconfined and has a shallow depth to the water table (from about 4.75 to 14 feet below land surface), low-permeability sediments in the unsaturated zone are thin (less than 10 feet thick), estimated ground-water-flow rates through the upper aquifer are relatively rapid (the highest estimated rates ranged from 0.44 to about 5.0 feet per day), and potential contaminant sources were present.
\nGround-water-age dates indicate that ground-water samples represented recharge from about the time greenfield development began south of the ground-water-flow divide and that changes in water quality would lag changes in contaminant inputs. Estimates of ground-water age, computed with dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) concentrations in water samples collected from seven observation wells in February and March 2003, indicated that water in the upper aquifer had recharged within about 13 to 30 years before sampling. Ground-water ages were youngest (from about 13 to 15 years since recharge) in water from the shallow wells along the glacial-valley margin and oldest (30 years) in water from a well at the base of the aquifer in the valley center. Ground-water ages determined for the shallow wells may be affected by mixing of recent recharge with older ground water from deeper in the aquifer, as indicated by upward hydraulic gradients between paired shallow and deep wells in the upper aquifer. Other parts of the Whitewater Valley aquifer system with similar hydrogeologic characteristics could be expected to have similarly young ground-water ages and residence times.
\nAnalyses of water samples collected from the seven observation wells in August and September 2002 indicated that concentrations of chloride, sodium, and nitrate generally were larger in ground water from the upper aquifer than in other parts of the Whitewater Valley aquifer system. Drinking-water-quality standards for Indiana were exceeded in water samples from one well for chloride concentrations, from four wells for dissolved-solids concentrations, and from one well for nitrate concentrations. Application of low-level methods for trace-element analyses determined that concentrations of aluminum, cobalt, iron, lithium, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc were less than or equal to 8 micrograms per liter; concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and copper were less than or equal to 1 microgram per liter. Application of low-level analytical methods to water samples enabled the detection of several pesticides and volatile, semivolatile, and wastewater-related organic compounds; concentrations of individual pesticides and volatile organic compounds were less than 0.1 microgram per liter and concentrations of individual wastewater organic compounds were less than 0.5 microgram per liter. The low-level analytical methods will provide useful data with which to compare future changes in water quality.
\nResults of detailed water-quality analyses, ground-waterage dating, and dissolved-gas analyses indicated the vulnerability of ground water to specific types of contamination, the sequence of contaminant introduction to the aquifer relative to greenfield development, and processes that may mitigate the contamination. Concentrations of chloride and sodium and chloride/bromide weight ratios in sampled water from five wells indicated the vulnerability of the upper aquifer to roaddeicer contamination. Ground-water-age estimates from these wells indicated the onset of upgradient road-deicer use within the previous 25 years. Nitrate in the upper aquifer predates the post-1972 development, based on a ground-water-age date (30 years) and the nitrate concentration (5.12 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in water from a deep well. Vulnerability of the aquifer to nitrate contamination is limited partially by denitrification. Detection of one to four atrazine transformation products in water samples from the upper aquifer indicated biological and hydrochemical processes that may limit the vulnerability of the ground water to atrazine contamination. Microbial processes also may limit the aquifer vulnerability to small inputs of halogenated aliphatic compounds, as indicated by microbial transformations of trichlorofluoromethane and trichlorotrifluoroethane relative to dichlorodifluoromethane. The vulnerability of ground water to contamination in other parts of the aquifer system also may be mitigated by hydrodynamic dispersion and biologically mediated transformations of nitrate, pesticides, and some organic compounds. Identification of the sequence of contamination and processes affecting the vulnerability of ground water to contamination would have been unlikely with conventional assessment methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Society","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065281","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Richmond, Indiana","usgsCitation":"Buszka, P.M., Watson, L.R., and Greeman, T.K., 2007, Hydrogeology, Ground-Water-Age Dating, Water Quality, and Vulnerability of Ground Water to Contamination in a Part of the Whitewater Valley Aquifer System near Richmond, Indiana, 2002-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5281, viii, 120 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065281.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065281.GIF"},{"id":9468,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5281/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Ohio","county":"Darke, Dearborn, Fayette, Franklin, Preble, Randolph, Union, Wayne","otherGeospatial":"Whitewater Valley Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.8191,39.3056],[-84.8199,39.2262],[-84.8197,39.1907],[-84.8191,39.1069],[-84.8195,39.1067],[-84.8205,39.1062],[-84.8342,39.0983],[-84.8569,39.0807],[-84.8675,39.0755],[-84.8884,39.065],[-84.8903,39.0634],[-84.8917,39.0617],[-84.8922,39.0604],[-84.893,39.0556],[-84.8931,39.054],[-84.888,39.046],[-84.8825,39.0406],[-84.8759,39.0341],[-84.8752,39.0334],[-84.8987,39.0133],[-84.911,39.0189],[-84.9134,39.0189],[-84.9194,39.0149],[-84.9224,39.0136],[-84.9253,39.0155],[-84.9302,39.0092],[-84.9374,39.0052],[-84.9391,39.0079],[-84.9426,39.0089],[-84.9468,39.0067],[-84.9446,38.9998],[-84.947,38.9981],[-84.9523,38.9963],[-84.9542,38.9945],[-84.9601,38.9941],[-84.9648,38.9974],[-84.9696,38.9924],[-84.9831,38.9962],[-84.9855,38.9949],[-84.9915,38.9945],[-84.9938,38.9959],[-84.995,38.9973],[-84.9985,38.996],[-85.0023,38.9869],[-85.0012,38.9829],[-85.0066,38.9779],[-85.0137,38.9807],[-85.0207,38.9822],[-85.025,38.9741],[-85.0339,38.976],[-85.0404,38.9761],[-85.047,38.9689],[-85.0512,38.9676],[-85.0513,38.9631],[-85.0549,38.9595],[-85.0591,38.9577],[-85.058,38.9514],[-85.0593,38.9482],[-85.0669,38.9501],[-85.0717,38.9483],[-85.0741,38.9479],[-85.077,38.9484],[-85.0823,38.9525],[-85.0847,38.9512],[-85.0896,38.9426],[-85.0926,38.9413],[-85.0962,38.9355],[-85.0992,38.9369],[-85.1032,38.9405],[-85.1086,38.9392],[-85.1128,38.9361],[-85.1175,38.9362],[-85.1198,38.938],[-85.1215,38.9444],[-85.1136,38.9529],[-85.1142,38.9561],[-85.1213,38.9557],[-85.1291,38.9481],[-85.135,38.9481],[-85.1324,38.9617],[-85.1305,38.9707],[-85.1222,39.0006],[-85.1057,39.0906],[-85.0983,39.1327],[-85.0903,39.1788],[-85.0824,39.2195],[-85.0732,39.2675],[-85.0652,39.3082],[-85.2186,39.308],[-85.2204,39.3072],[-85.2966,39.268],[-85.2977,39.4534],[-85.2989,39.5264],[-85.3017,39.789],[-85.243,39.7902],[-85.2214,39.7895],[-85.2205,39.8748],[-85.2133,39.8751],[-85.2013,39.875],[-85.2014,40.0042],[-85.2152,40.0044],[-85.2157,40.0765],[-85.2165,40.135],[-85.2168,40.2198],[-85.2182,40.3073],[-85.1302,40.3082],[-85.0186,40.3092],[-84.901,40.3096],[-84.8064,40.3102],[-84.8059,40.3534],[-84.7865,40.3528],[-84.7099,40.3523],[-84.6001,40.3519],[-84.6001,40.3533],[-84.4951,40.3545],[-84.4342,40.3546],[-84.4323,40.1972],[-84.4261,39.9193],[-84.4854,39.9184],[-84.4836,39.8305],[-84.4818,39.7448],[-84.4806,39.6573],[-84.4788,39.5898],[-84.4788,39.5685],[-84.591,39.5676],[-84.7026,39.5675],[-84.815,39.5677],[-84.8154,39.5296],[-84.8154,39.5218],[-84.8159,39.4692],[-84.8166,39.4134],[-84.8181,39.3673],[-84.8186,39.3531],[-84.8191,39.3056]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dearborn\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buszka, Paul M. 0000-0001-8218-826X pmbuszka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-826X","contributorId":1786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"Paul","email":"pmbuszka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watson, Lee R.","contributorId":83545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79777,"text":"ofr20071041 - 2007 - Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2005-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T22:08:40.580533","indexId":"ofr20071041","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1041","title":"Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2005-06","docAbstract":"The N aquifer is the major source of water in the 5,400 square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in northeastern Arizona because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use and the needs of a growing population. Precipitation in the Black Mesa area averages about 6 to 14 inches per year. \r\n\r\nThe water monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and is designed to provide information about the long-term effects of ground-water withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected for the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from January 2005 to September 2006. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) ground-water pumping, (2) ground-water levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, (5) ground-water chemistry, and (6) periodic testing of ground-water withdrawal meters. \r\n\r\nIn 2005, ground-water withdrawals in the Black Mesa area totaled 7,330 acre-feet, including ground-water withdrawals for industrial (4,480 acre-feet) and municipal (2,850 acre-feet) uses. From 2004 to 2005, total withdrawals increased by less than 2 percent, industrial withdrawals increased by approximately 3 percent, and total municipal withdrawals increased by 0.35 percent. \r\n\r\nFrom 2005 to 2006, annually measured water levels in the Black Mesa area declined in 10 of 13 wells in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer, and the median change was -0.5 foot. Measurements indicated that water levels declined in 12 of 15 wells in the confined area of the aquifer, and the median change was -1.4 feet. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2006, the median water-level change for 29 wells was -8.5 feet. Median water-level changes were -0.2 foot for 13 wells in the unconfined areas and -46.6 feet for 16 wells in the confined area. \r\n\r\nGround-water discharges were measured once in 2005 and once in 2006 at Moenkopi School Spring and Burro Spring. Discharge decreased by 3.5 percent at Moenkopi School Spring and by 15 percent at Burro Spring. During the period of record at each spring, discharges fluctuated; a decreasing trend was apparent. \r\n\r\nContinuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area have been collected from streamflow gages at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash (1976 to 2005), Dinnebito Wash (1993 to 2005), Polacca Wash (1994 to 2005), Pasture Canyon Spring (August 2004 to December 2005), and Laguna Creek (1996 to 2005). Median flows during November, December, January, and February of each water year were used as an index of the amount of ground-water discharge to the above named sites. For the period of record at each streamflow-gaging station, the median winter flows have decreased for Moenkopi Wash, Dinnebito Wash, and Polacca Wash. There is not a long enough period of record for Pasture Canyon Spring and Laguna Creek was discontinued at the end of December 2005. \r\n\r\nIn 2006, water samples were collected from 6 wells and 2 springs in the Black Mesa area and analyzed for selected chemical constituents. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 111 to 588 milligrams per liter. Water samples from 5 of the wells and both of the springs had less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. Trends in the chemistry of water samples from the 6 wells show the Pi?on NTUA 1 and Peabody 9 wells increasing in dissolved solids, Forest Lake NTUA 1 and Peabody 2 wells decreasing in dissolved solids, and Kykotsmovi PM2 and Keams Canyon PM2 wells show a steady trend. Increasing trends in dissolved-solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations were evident from the more than 11 years of data for the 2 springs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Truini, M., and Macy, J.P., 2007, Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2005-06 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1041, vi, 42 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071041.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9465,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1041/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388254,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81107.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0,\n 35.6056\n ],\n [\n -109.7375,\n 35.6056\n ],\n [\n -109.7375,\n 36.7958\n ],\n [\n -111.0,\n 36.7958\n ],\n [\n -111.0,\n 35.6056\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truini, Margot mtruini@usgs.gov","contributorId":599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truini","given":"Margot","email":"mtruini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macy, J. P.","contributorId":41913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79775,"text":"ofr20071097 - 2007 - Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Use Along the Lower Colorado and Tributaries, 2006 Annual Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"ofr20071097","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1097","title":"Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Use Along the Lower Colorado and Tributaries, 2006 Annual Report","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\r\n\r\nThis 2006 annual report details the first season of a 2-year study documenting western yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) distribution, abundance, and habitat use throughout the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Plan boundary area. We conducted cuckoo surveys at 55 sites within 17 areas, between 11 June and 13 September. The 243 visits across all sites yielded 180 yellow-billed cuckoo detections. Cuckoos were detected at 27 of the 55 sites, primarily at the Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge AZ sites (n = 117 detections) and the Grand Canyon National Park-Lake Mead National Recreation Area AZ delta sites (n = 29 detections). There were also cuckoos at the Gila River-Colorado River Confluence, AZ (n = 9), Overton Wildlife Management, NV area (n = 7), and Limitrophe Division North, AZ (n = 6); however, at these sites the numbers were much lower and very few of these birds were considered to be paired or breeding. The greatest number of detections (n = 79) occurred during the second survey period (3-23 July). In 2006, we confirmed five breeding events, including one nesting observation and sightings of four juveniles; all confirmed breeding was at the Bill Williams River NWR and Grand Canyon NP-Lake Mead NRA delta sites. The breeding status of most of our detections were unknown, however, we observed 17 adult cuckoos carrying nest material or food and 40 cuckoo detections were detected while counter-calling occurred in same area during repeated surveys. \r\n\r\nWe used playback recordings to survey for western yellow-billed cuckoos. Compared to simple point counts or surveys, this method increases the number of detections of this secretive, elusive species. It has long been suspected that cuckoos have a fairly low response rate, and that the standard survey method of using playback recordings may fail to detect all birds present in an area. In 2006, we found that the majority (72%) of cuckoo detections were solicited through playback at all study sites. The number of solicited detections peaked during the first half of July and then declined as the breeding season progressed, while the number of unsolicited detections (cuckoos heard calling before playback was initiated) remained fairly constant. The majority (64%) of cuckoo detections, solicited or unsolicited, were aural; 27 percent were both heard and seen and nine percent were visual detections only. Cuckoos in areas with the largest populations had the highest rate of vocalizations before playback or after the first broadcast. In contrast, more than half the responses at sites with fewer cuckoos (with < 10 detections per site) first occurred after three or more playback recordings. This type of baseline information will be used to help refine the survey protocol for 2007, and to create hypotheses that can serve as the foundation for a full-scale evaluation and optimization of this survey technique. \r\n\r\nOur preliminary analysis of vegetation data from occupied and unoccupied sites in 2006 focused on general patterns in the distribution and abundance of woody species. The density and composition of woody riparian vegetation varied considerably among the study areas. Much of the variation in tree density was due to the patterns of abundance of trees in the smallest size class (< 8 cm dbh). The dominant tree species at the cuckoo survey sites were cottonwood, willow, and tamarisk. Tamarisk was the most common tree, due to the abundance of small (< 8 cm dbh) individuals. When occupied and unoccupied sites were compared, occupied sites tended to have higher average canopy cover, attributable to higher average cover of the mid and low canopy. The dominant canopy at occupied sites most often consisted of cottonwood or willow trees. In addition, occupied sites in most areas had lower than average total tree density whereas unoccupied sites were denser than average. When densities of trees in different size classes were com","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071097","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M.J., Holmes, J., Calvo, C., Samuels, I., Krantz, S., and Sogge, M.K., 2007, Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Use Along the Lower Colorado and Tributaries, 2006 Annual Report (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1097, ix, 210 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071097.","productDescription":"ix, 210 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c75c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Matthew J. mjjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Matthew","email":"mjjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":27989,"text":"Colorado Plateau Research Station, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":290794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Jennifer A.","contributorId":86437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Jennifer A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calvo, Christopher","contributorId":58721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvo","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Samuels, Ivan","contributorId":63887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuels","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krantz, Stefani","contributorId":19638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krantz","given":"Stefani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79776,"text":"ofr20071010 - 2007 - Preliminary Geologic Map of the Lake Mead 30' X 60' Quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada, and Mohave County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"ofr20071010","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1010","title":"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Lake Mead 30' X 60' Quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada, and Mohave County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThe geologic map of the Lake Mead 30' x 60' quadrangle was completed for the U.S. Geological Survey's Las Vegas Urban Corridor Project and the National Parks Project, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program. Lake Mead, which occupies the northern part of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAME), mostly lies within the Lake Mead quadrangle and provides recreation for about nine million visitors annually. The lake was formed by damming of the Colorado River by Hoover Dam in 1939. The recreation area and surrounding Bureau of Land Management lands face increasing public pressure from rapid urban growth in the Las Vegas area to the west. This report provides baseline earth science information that can be used in future studies of hazards, groundwater resources, mineral and aggregate resources, and of soils and vegetation distribution. \r\n\r\nThe preliminary report presents a geologic map and GIS database of the Lake Mead quadrangle and a description and correlation of map units. The final report will include cross-sections and interpretive text. The geology was compiled from many sources, both published and unpublished, including significant new mapping that was conducted specifically for this compilation. Geochronologic data from published sources, as well as preliminary unpublished 40Ar/39Ar ages that were obtained for this report, have been used to refine the ages of formal Tertiary stratigraphic units and define new informal Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic units.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071010","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Beard, L.S., Anderson, R., Block, D., Bohannon, R.G., Brady, R., Castor, S., Duebendorfer, E.M., Faulds, J.E., Felger, T., Howard, K.A., Kuntz, M.A., and Williams, V.S., 2007, Preliminary Geologic Map of the Lake Mead 30' X 60' Quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada, and Mohave County, Arizona (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1010, 3 Plates (Plate 1: 37 x 27 in, Plate 2: 37 x 30 in, Plate 3: 34 x 30 in); Pamphlet: iv, 105 p.; Metadata; Read Me; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071010.","productDescription":"3 Plates (Plate 1: 37 x 27 in, Plate 2: 37 x 30 in, Plate 3: 34 x 30 in); Pamphlet: iv, 105 p.; Metadata; Read Me; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110719,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81106.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81106"},{"id":192714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9464,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1010/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.01270,35.97910 ], [ -115.01270,36.52096 ], [ -113.97822,36.52096 ], [ -113.97822,35.97910 ], [ -115.01270,35.97910 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beard, L. S.","contributorId":29410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R.E.","contributorId":91479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Block, D.L.","contributorId":83214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Block","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brady, R.J.","contributorId":89620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castor, S.B.","contributorId":90832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castor","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Duebendorfer, E. M.","contributorId":79969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duebendorfer","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Faulds, J. E.","contributorId":84854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulds","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Felger, T.J.","contributorId":104076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felger","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kuntz, M. A.","contributorId":33323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuntz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Williams, V. S.","contributorId":8876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70242044,"text":"70242044 - 2007 - Crust and lithospheric structure – Global crustal structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T12:22:00.397394","indexId":"70242044","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-05T07:20:36","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Crust and lithospheric structure – Global crustal structure","docAbstract":"The Earth’s crust has played an important role in all aspects of this planet’s evolution. This chapter presents a review of our current understanding of the physical properties of the crust on a global basis. This understanding comes from extensive seismic measurements using many techniques, as well as nonseismic geophysics, including gravity, magnetic, geoelectric, and heat flow measurements. Seismic measurements include those that employ active (man-made) sources and those that use passive (naturally occurring) sources. Deep seismic reflection profiles provide a seismic image of the crust in twodimensions with a high (50–100m) resolution. Local earthquake tomography can provide three-dimensional (3-D) seismic images at moderate (500–1000m) resolution and higher, depending on the number and spacing of seismographs. Nonseismic methods provide estimates of crustal density, magnetic properties, conductivity and geotherms (temperature vs depth). The crust in deep ocean basins is 6–7km thick and has a relatively uniform seismic velocity structure, but there are numerous oceanic regions with anomalous crustal structure, including mid-ocean ridges, trenches, volcanic islands, and oceanic plateaux. Ocean–continent passive margins are also highly variable in structure, and may be classified as volcanic versus nonvolcanic margins. Continental crust ranges in thickness from 16 to 80km, and has a highly variable seismic velocity and density structure. The proportions of continental crust, by area, are 69% shield and platform (cratons), 15% old and young orogens, 9% extended (stretched) crust, 6 % magmatic arc, and 1% rifts. The weighted mean continental crustal thickness and average crustal velocity are 41km (SD 6.2km) and 6.45kms−1 (SD 0.21kms−1), respectively. A global geographic distribution of seismic data has made it possible to create global crustal models with cell sizes as small as 2°×2°. These models provide a complete description of seismic velocities and density within the crust and uppermost mantle, including, where present, ice, water, and sedimentary layers and the crystalline crust (parameterized in three layers, upper, middle and lower crust), and sub-Moho properties. The crust is the most intensely studied region of the Earth’s interior and consequently is the best understood in terms of its structure, composition, and evolution. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In 2004 and 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, reassessed the hydrologic system in and around the drainage basin of the North Fork of the Right Fork (NFRF) of Miller Creek, in Carbon and Emery Counties, Utah. The reassessment occurred 13 years after cessation of underground coal mining that was performed beneath private land at shallow depths (30 to 880 feet) beneath the NFRF of Miller Creek. This study is a follow-up to a previous USGS study of the effects of underground coal mining on the hydrologic system in the area from 1988 to 1992. The previous study concluded that mining related subsidence had impacted the hydrologic system through the loss of streamflow over reaches of the perennial portion of the stream, and through a significant increase in dissolved solids in the stream. The previous study also reported that no substantial differences in spring-water quality resulted from longwall mining, and that no clear relationship between mining subsidence and spring discharge existed.
During the summers of 2004 and 2005, the USGS measured discharge and collected water-quality samples from springs and surface water at various locations in the NFRF of Miller Creek drainage basin, and maintained a streamflow-gaging station in the NFRF of Miller Creek. This study also utilized data collected by Cyprus–Plateau Mining Corporation from 1992 through 2001.
Of thirteen monitored springs, five have discharge levels that have not returned to those observed prior to August 1988, which is when longwall coal mining began beneath the NFRF of Miller Creek. Discharge at two of these five springs appears to fluctuate with wet and dry cycles and is currently low due to a drought that occurred from 1999–2004. Discharge at two other of the five springs did not increase with increased precipitation during the mid-1990s, as was observed at other monitored springs. This suggests that flowpaths to these springs may have been altered by land subsidence caused by underground coal mining. Analysis of possible impacts to the fifth spring were inconclusive due to a lack of data collected during the mid-1990s. Discharge at eight other monitored springs in the study area appears to be controlled mainly by climatic fluctuations and was generally near the value measured prior to 1988. Discharge at one of these eight springs is significantly greater than that measured during the longwall mining period. Concentrations of magnesium, calcium, sulfate, and dissolved solids at one undermined spring were elevated in relation to other springs in the study area. Dissolved solids concentration at this spring ranged from 539–709 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-solids concentration for all other springs in the study area ranged from 163 to 360 milligrams per liter and was near the median value measured prior to longwall mining beneath the NFRF of Miller Creek drainage basin.
Baseflow measured at a streamflow-gaging station on the NFRF of Miller Creek located downstream of the mined area during the summer of 2004 was near 5 gallons per minute. Baseflow in 2005 increased to 7–8 gallons per minute, due to increased precipitation. This is slightly greater than the range of baseflow measured near the end of the longwall mining period which was approximately 3–5 gallons per minute.
Seepage investigations carried out in the summer of 2004 and 2005 along the NFRF of Miller Creek showed a net loss of surface flow along the studied reach. Specific areas within the study reach had streamflow losses prior to longwall mining, however, the study reach as a whole was observed to gain in discharge when measured in 1986–1988, immediately before longwall mining began. The area where the greatest loss in discharge from the NFRF of Miller Creek occurred corresponds to an area where overburden (material overlying a deposit of useful geological materials or bedrock) is between 700 and 210 feet thick. Overburden thickness at the place where the streambed first dried up was approximately 600 feet thick. In 2004, approximately 1,600 ft of the streambed of the NFRF of Miller Creek was dry. Only 300 feet of the streambed was dry during the wetter year of 2005. Prior to longwall mining, no dry reaches were observed, though seepage loss was documented. Average discharge measured at a tributary to the NFRF of Miller Creek has increased from 1.6 gallons per minute measured during longwall mining to 7.2 gallons per minute measured in 2004–2005. During both years of this study, the lower reach of the stream regained flow from this tributary and from seepage gains.
Water quality in the lower reach of the NFRF of Miller Creek downstream of the longwall-mined area, showed significantly higher concentrations of magnesium, calcium, sulfate, and strontium, in relation to water in the upper reach of the NFRF of Miller Creek and to the springs sampled in the area. Dissolved-solids concentration measured in the lower reach of the stream in 2004 and 2005 ranged from 1,880 to 2,220 milligrams per liter, while sulfate concentrations ranged from 1,090 to 1,320 mg/L. The maximum contaminant level for drinking water in the state of Utah for dissolved solids and sulfate is 2,000 and 1,000 mg/L respectively. Concentrations of these ions are slightly greater than those measured during and just following mining beneath the NFRF of Miller Creek drainage basin, but are significantly higher than those measured prior to mining. With the exception of strontium, dissolved metals concentrations in the NFRF of Miller Creek were similar to those measured in area springs. pH in the creek and at all spring sites was near neutral. Qualitative observations of the creek bottom suggest that mining-related activities have had little effect on vegetative growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Wilkowske, C., Cillessen, J., and Brinton, P., 2007, Hydrologic conditions and water-quality conditions following underground coal mining in the North Fork of the Right Fork of Miller Creek drainage basin, Carbon and Emery Counties, Utah, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5026, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075026.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"71","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9436,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Carbon County, Emery County","otherGeospatial":"Miller Creek drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.12945556640625,\n 39.47383544493172\n ],\n [\n -111.12945556640625,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -110.91041564941406,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -110.91041564941406,\n 39.47383544493172\n ],\n [\n -111.12945556640625,\n 39.47383544493172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61460a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkowske, C.D.","contributorId":63050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkowske","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cillessen, J.L.","contributorId":33803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cillessen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brinton, P.N.","contributorId":37844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"P.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79750,"text":"ofr20071004 - 2007 - Geochemistry of Surface and Ground Water in Cement Creek from Gladstone to Georgia Gulch and in Prospect Gulch, San Juan County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T10:29:43","indexId":"ofr20071004","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1004","title":"Geochemistry of Surface and Ground Water in Cement Creek from Gladstone to Georgia Gulch and in Prospect Gulch, San Juan County, Colorado","docAbstract":"In San Juan County, Colo., the effects of historical mining continue to contribute metals to ground water and surface water. Previous research by the U.S. Geological Survey identified ground-water discharge as a significant pathway for the loading of metals to surface water in the upper Animas River watershed from both acid-mine drainage and acid-rock drainage. In support of this ground-water research effort, Prospect Gulch was selected for further study and the geochemistry of surface and ground water in the area was analyzed as part of four sampling plans: (1) ten streamflow and geochemistry measurements at five stream locations (four locations along Cement Creek plus the mouth of Prospect Gulch from July 2004 through August 2005), (2) detailed stream tracer dilution studies in Prospect Gulch and in Cement Creek from Gladstone to Georgia Gulch in early October 2004, (3) geochemistry of ground water through sampling of monitoring wells, piezometers, mine shafts, and springs, and (4) samples for noble gases and tritium/helium for recharge temperatures (recharge elevation) and ground-water age dating. This report summarizes all of the surface and ground-water data that was collected and includes: (1) all sample collection locations, (2) streamflow and geochemistry, (3) ground-water geochemistry, and (4) noble gas and tritium/helium data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071004","collaboration":"In Cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.H., Wirt, L., Manning, A.H., Leib, K.J., Fey, D.L., and Yager, D.B., 2007, Geochemistry of Surface and Ground Water in Cement Creek from Gladstone to Georgia Gulch and in Prospect Gulch, San Juan County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1004, xi, 140 p.; 3 Appendix Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071004.","productDescription":"xi, 140 p.; 3 Appendix Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9424,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"San Juan County","otherGeospatial":"Animas River, Georgia Gulch, Prospect Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.88162231445311,\n 37.62837193983584\n ],\n [\n -107.88162231445311,\n 37.95827503526034\n ],\n [\n -107.369384765625,\n 37.95827503526034\n ],\n [\n -107.369384765625,\n 37.62837193983584\n ],\n [\n -107.88162231445311,\n 37.62837193983584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4895e4b07f02db522912","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wirt, Laurie","contributorId":13204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"Laurie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yager, Douglas B. 0000-0001-5074-4022 dyager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-4022","contributorId":798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Douglas","email":"dyager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79751,"text":"ofr20071046 - 2007 - Geologic Mapping and Mineral Resource Assessment of the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains Quadrangles, Alaska Using Minimal Cloud- and Snow-Cover ASTER Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"ofr20071046","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1046","title":"Geologic Mapping and Mineral Resource Assessment of the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains Quadrangles, Alaska Using Minimal Cloud- and Snow-Cover ASTER Data","docAbstract":"On July 8, 2003, ASTER acquired satellite imagery of a 60 km-wide swath of parts of two 1:250,000 Alaska quadrangles, under favorable conditions of minimal cloud- and snow-cover. Rocks from eight different lithotectonic terranes are exposed within the swath of data, several of which define permissive tracts for various mineral deposit types such as: volcanic-hosted massive sulfides (VMS) and porphyry copper and molybdenum. Representative rock samples collected from 13 different lithologic units from the Bonnifield mining district within the Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT), plus hydrothermally altered VMS material from the Red Mountain prospect, were analyzed to produce a spectral library spanning the VNIR-SWIR (0.4 - 2.5 ?m) through the TIR (8.1 - 11.7 ?m). \r\n\r\nComparison of the five-band ASTER TIR emissivity and decorrelation stretch data to available geologic maps indicates that rocks from the YTT display the greatest range and diversity of silica composition of the mapped terranes, ranging from mafic rocks to silicic quartzites. The nine-band ASTER VNIR-SWIR reflectance data and spectral matched-filter processing were used to map several lithologic sequences characterized by distinct suites of minerals that exhibit diagnostic spectral features (e.g. chlorite, epidote, amphibole and other ferrous-iron bearing minerals); other sequences were distinguished by their weathering characteristics and associated hydroxyl- and ferric-iron minerals, such as illite, smectite, and hematite. \r\n\r\nSmectite, kaolinite, opaline silica, jarosite and/or other ferric iron minerals defined narrow (< 250 m diameter) zonal patterns around Red Mountain and other potential VMS targets. Using ASTER we identified some of the known mineral deposits in the region, as well as mineralogically similar targets that may represent potential undiscovered deposits. Some known deposits were not identified and may have been obscured by vegetation- or snow-cover, or were too small to be resolved.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071046","usgsCitation":"Hubbard, B.E., Rowan, L., Dusel-Bacon, C., and Eppinger, R.G., 2007, Geologic Mapping and Mineral Resource Assessment of the Healy and Talkeetna Mountains Quadrangles, Alaska Using Minimal Cloud- and Snow-Cover ASTER Data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1046, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071046.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9426,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68364f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbard, Bernard E. 0000-0002-9315-2032 bhubbard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-2032","contributorId":2342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Bernard","email":"bhubbard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowan, Lawrence C.","contributorId":22860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Lawrence C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eppinger, Robert G. eppinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppinger","given":"Robert","email":"eppinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79749,"text":"ofr20071080 - 2007 - Streamflow and nutrient fluxes of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin and subbasins for the period of record through 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-20T10:34:42","indexId":"ofr20071080","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1080","displayTitle":"Streamflow and Nutrient Fluxes of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin and Subbasins for the Period of Record Through 2005","title":"Streamflow and nutrient fluxes of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin and subbasins for the period of record through 2005","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey has monitored streamflow and water quality systematically in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) for more than five decades. This report provides streamflow and estimates of nutrient delivery (flux) to the Gulf of Mexico from both the Atchafalaya River and the main stem of the Mississippi River. This report provides streamflow and nutrient flux estimates for nine major subbasins of the Mississippi River. This report also provides streamflow and flux estimates for 21 selected subbasins of various sizes, hydrology, land use, and geographic location within the Basin. The information is provided at each station for the period for which sufficient water-quality data are available to make statistically based flux estimates (starting as early as water year1 1960 and going through water year 2005). Nutrient fluxes are estimated using the adjusted maximum likelihood estimate, a type of regression-model method; nutrient fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico also are estimated using the composite method. Regression models were calibrated using a 5-year moving calibration period; the model was used to estimate the last year of the calibration period. Nutrient flux estimates are provided for six water-quality constituents: dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total organic nitrogen plus ammonia nitrogen (total Kjeldahl nitrogen), dissolved ammonia, total phosphorous, dissolved orthophosphate, and dissolved silica.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, the contribution of streamflow and net nutrient flux for five large subbasins comprising the MARB were determined from streamflow and nutrient fluxes from seven of the aforementioned major subbasins. These five large subbasins are: 1. Lower Mississippi, 2. Upper Mississippi, 3. Ohio/Tennessee, 4. Missouri, and 5. Arkansas/Red.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071080","usgsCitation":"Aulenbach, B.T., Buxton, H.T., Battaglin, W.A., and Coupe, R.H., 2007, Streamflow and nutrient fluxes of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin and subbasins for the period of record through 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1080, Available online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071080.","productDescription":"Available online only","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1959-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":443,"text":"National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1080/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Atchfalaya River Basin, Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 29.204918463909035\n ],\n [\n -89.813232421875,\n 29.204918463909035\n ],\n [\n -89.813232421875,\n 32.71797709835758\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 32.71797709835758\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 29.204918463909035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T. 0000-0003-2863-1288 btaulenb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1288","contributorId":3057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent","email":"btaulenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coupe, Richard H. 0000-0001-8679-1015 rhcoupe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-1015","contributorId":551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"Richard","email":"rhcoupe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":394,"text":"Mississippi Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79753,"text":"ofr20071063 - 2007 - Sequential Extraction Results and Mineralogy of Mine Waste and Stream Sediments Associated With Metal Mines in Vermont, Maine, and New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:08","indexId":"ofr20071063","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1063","title":"Sequential Extraction Results and Mineralogy of Mine Waste and Stream Sediments Associated With Metal Mines in Vermont, Maine, and New Zealand","docAbstract":"We report results from sequential extraction experiments and the quantitative mineralogy for samples of stream sediments and mine wastes collected from metal mines. Samples were from the Elizabeth, Ely Copper, and Pike Hill Copper mines in Vermont, the Callahan Mine in Maine, and the Martha Mine in New Zealand. The extraction technique targeted the following operationally defined fractions and solid-phase forms: (1) soluble, adsorbed, and exchangeable fractions; (2) carbonates; (3) organic material; (4) amorphous iron- and aluminum-hydroxides and crystalline manganese-oxides; (5) crystalline iron-oxides; (6) sulfides and selenides; and (7) residual material. For most elements, the sum of an element from all extractions steps correlated well with the original unleached concentration. Also, the quantitative mineralogy of the original material compared to that of the residues from two extraction steps gave insight into the effectiveness of reagents at dissolving targeted phases. The data are presented here with minimal interpretation or discussion and further analyses and interpretation will be presented elsewhere.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071063","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N., Seal, R., Sanzolone, R.F., Lamothe, P.J., Brown, Z.A., and Adams, M., 2007, Sequential Extraction Results and Mineralogy of Mine Waste and Stream Sediments Associated With Metal Mines in Vermont, Maine, and New Zealand: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1063, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071063.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9428,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1063/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, N.M. 0000-0002-1973-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":46636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Z. A.","contributorId":82708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adams, M.","contributorId":81176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70179536,"text":"70179536 - 2007 - Developing methods to assess and predict the population and community level effects of environmental contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:50:58","indexId":"70179536","displayToPublicDate":"2007-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2006,"text":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing methods to assess and predict the population and community level effects of environmental contaminants","docAbstract":"The field of ecological toxicity seems largely to have drifted away from what its title implies—assessing and predicting the ecological consequences of environmental contaminants—moving instead toward an emphasis on individual effects and physiologic case studies. This paper elucidates how a relatively new ecological methodology, interaction assessment (INTASS), could be useful in addressing the field's initial goals. Specifically, INTASS is a model platform and methodology, applicable across a broad array of taxa and habitat types, that can be used to construct population dynamics models from field data. Information on environmental contaminants and multiple stressors can be incorporated into these models in a form that bypasses the problems inherent in assessing uptake, chemical interactions in the environment, and synergistic effects in the organism. INTASS can, therefore, be used to evaluate the effects of contaminants and other stressors at the population level and to predict how changes in stressor levels or composition of contaminant mixtures, as well as various mitigation measures, might affect population dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1897/IEAM_2005-080.1","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J.M., and Springman, K.R., 2007, Developing methods to assess and predict the population and community level effects of environmental contaminants: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 3, no. 2, p. 157-165, https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_2005-080.1.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"157","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2005-080.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332858,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1833e4b0f5ce109fcb2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Springman, Kathrine R.","contributorId":177938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springman","given":"Kathrine","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79744,"text":"ds252 - 2007 - Surface-Water Conditions in Georgia, Water Year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-02T11:25:44","indexId":"ds252","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"252","title":"Surface-Water Conditions in Georgia, Water Year 2005","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center-in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies-collected surface-water streamflow, water-quality, and ecological data during the 2005 Water Year (October 1, 2004-September 30, 2005). These data were compiled into layers of an interactive ArcReaderTM published map document (pmf). ArcReaderTM is a product of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc (ESRI?). Datasets represented on the interactive map are\r\n* continuous daily mean streamflow \r\n* continuous daily mean water levels \r\n* continuous daily total precipitation \r\n* continuous daily water quality (water temperature, specific conductance dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity) \r\n* noncontinuous peak streamflow \r\n* miscellaneous streamflow measurements \r\n* lake or reservoir elevation \r\n* periodic surface-water quality \r\n* periodic ecological data \r\n* historical continuous daily mean streamflow discontinued prior to the 2005 water year \r\n\r\nThe map interface provides the ability to identify a station in spatial reference to the political boundaries of the State of Georgia and other features-such as major streams, major roads, and other collection stations. Each station is hyperlinked to a station summary showing seasonal and annual stream characteristics for the current year and for the period of record. For continuous discharge stations, the station summary includes a one page graphical summary page containing five graphs, a station map, and a photograph of the station. The graphs provide a quick overview of the current and period-of-record hydrologic conditions of the station by providing a daily mean discharge graph for the water year, monthly statistics graph for the water year and period of record, an annual mean streamflow graph for the period of record, an annual minimum 7-day average streamflow graph for the period of record, and an annual peak streamflow graph for the period of record. Additionally, data can be accessed through the layer's link to the National Water Inventory System Web (NWISWeb) Interface.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds252","usgsCitation":"Painter, J.A., and Landers, M.N., 2007, Surface-Water Conditions in Georgia, Water Year 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 252, Available as a CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds252.","productDescription":"Available as a CD-ROM","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9415,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/252/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79746,"text":"sir20075002 - 2007 - Relation of specific conductance in ground water to intersection of flow paths by wells, and associated major ion and nitrate geochemistry, Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer, Austin, Texas, 1978-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:40:31","indexId":"sir20075002","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5002","title":"Relation of specific conductance in ground water to intersection of flow paths by wells, and associated major ion and nitrate geochemistry, Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer, Austin, Texas, 1978-2003","docAbstract":"Understanding of karst flow systems can be complicated by the presence of solution-enlarged conduits, which can transmit large volumes of water through the aquifer rapidly. If the geochemistry at a well can be related to streamflow or spring discharge (springflow), or both, the relations can indicate the presence of recent recharge in water at the well, which in turn might indicate that the well intersects a conduit (and thus a major flow path). Increasing knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of conduits in the aquifer can contribute to better understanding of aquifer framework and function. To that end, 26 wells in the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards aquifer, Austin, Texas, were investigated for potential intersection with conduits; 26 years of arbitrarily timed specific conductance measurements in the wells were compared to streamflow in five creeks that provide recharge to the aquifer and were compared to aquifer flow conditions as indicated by Barton Springs discharge. A nonparametric statistical test (Spearman's rho) was used to divide the 26 wells into four groups on the basis of correlation of specific conductance of well water to streamflow or spring discharge, or both. Potential relations between conduit intersection by wells and ground-water geochemistry were investigated through analysis of historical major ion and nitrate geochemistry for wells in each of the four groups. Specific conductance at nine wells was negatively correlated with both streamflow and spring discharge, or streamflow only. These correlations were interpreted as evidence of an influx of surface-water recharge during periods of high streamflow and the influence at the wells of water from a large, upgradient part of the aquifer; and further interpreted as indicating that four wells intersect major aquifer flow paths and five wells intersect minor aquifer flow paths (short, tributary conduits). Specific conductance at six wells was positively correlated with spring discharge, which was interpreted as not intersecting a flow path (conduit). Of the 11 wells for which specific conductance did not correlate with either streamflow or spring discharge, no interpretations regarding flow-path intersection by wells were made. In some cases, specific conductance data might not have indicated intersection with a flow path because of small sample sets. Water in the Barton Springs segment generally is a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type, although some water compositions deviate from this. Multiple geochemical processes were identified that might affect geochemistry at the wells, but in general the geochemical composition of ground water, except for dilution by surface-water recharge, was not related to intersection of a well with a flow path. Some samples from wells indicate inflow of water from the saline zone to the east; this inflow is associated with low streamflow and spring discharge. Other samples indicate that the aquifer at some wells might be receiving water that has been in contact with rocks of the Trinity aquifer; this mixing is most evident when spring discharge is high. Occurrence of nitrate in ground water was unrelated to intersection of flow paths by wells and appeared to be the result of localized contamination. However, most of the wells with one or more samples contaminated by nitrate are in the more densely populated parts of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075002","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Austin","usgsCitation":"Garner, B.D., and Mahler, B., 2007, Relation of specific conductance in ground water to intersection of flow paths by wells, and associated major ion and nitrate geochemistry, Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer, Austin, Texas, 1978-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5002, vi, 171 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075002.","productDescription":"vi, 171 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20075002.gif"},{"id":9419,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5002/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327733,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5002/pdf/sir07-5002_508.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db612cea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garner, Bradley D. 0000-0002-6912-5093 bdgarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-5093","contributorId":2133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"Bradley","email":"bdgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5054,"text":"Office of Water Information","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahler, Barbara 0000-0002-9150-9552 bjmahler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-9552","contributorId":1249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"Barbara","email":"bjmahler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79745,"text":"sir20065271 - 2007 - Hydrogeology and Simulated Ground-Water Flow in the Salt Pond Region of Southern Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T14:20:40","indexId":"sir20065271","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5271","title":"Hydrogeology and Simulated Ground-Water Flow in the Salt Pond Region of Southern Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The Salt Pond region of southern Rhode Island extends from Westerly to Narragansett Bay and forms the natural boundary between the Atlantic Ocean and the shallow, highly permeable freshwater aquifer of the South Coastal Basin. Large inputs of fresh ground water coupled with the low flushing rates to the open ocean make the salt ponds particularly susceptible to eutrophication and bacterial contamination. Ground-water discharge to the salt ponds is an important though poorly quantified source of contaminants, such as dissolved nutrients. \r\n\r\nA ground-water-flow model was developed and used to delineate the watersheds to the salt ponds, including the areas that contribute ground water directly to the ponds and the areas that contribute ground water to streams that flow into ponds. The model also was used to calculate ground-water fluxes to these coastal areas for long-term average conditions. As part of the modeling analysis, adjustments were made to model input parameters to assess potential uncertainties in model-calculated watershed delineations and in ground-water discharge to the salt ponds. \r\n\r\nThe results of the simulations indicate that flow to the salt ponds is affected primarily by the ease with which water is transmitted through a glacial moraine deposit near the regional ground-water divide, and by the specified recharge rate used in the model simulations. The distribution of the total freshwater flow between direct ground-water discharge and ground-water-derived surface-water (streamflow) discharge to the salt ponds is affected primarily by simulated stream characteristics, including the streambed-aquifer connection and the stream stage. The simulated position of the ground-water divide and, therefore, the model-calculated watershed delineations for the salt ponds, were affected only by changes in the transmissivity of the glacial moraine.\r\n\r\nSelected changes in other simulated hydraulic parameters had substantial effects on total freshwater discharge and the distribution of direct ground-water discharge and ground-water-derived surface-water (streamflow) discharge to the salt ponds, but still provided a reasonable match to the hydrologic data available for model calibration. To reduce the uncertainty in predictions of watershed areas and ground-water discharge to the salt ponds, additional hydrogeologic data would be required to constrain the model input parameters that have the greatest effect on the simulation results.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065271","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Sorenson, J.R., Stone, J.R., Moran, S.B., and Hougham, A., 2007, Hydrogeology and Simulated Ground-Water Flow in the Salt Pond Region of Southern Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5271, viii, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065271.","productDescription":"viii, 57 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9418,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorenson, Jason R. 0000-0001-5553-8594 jsorenso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-8594","contributorId":3468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Jason","email":"jsorenso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moran, S. Bradley","contributorId":101339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bradley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hougham, Andrea","contributorId":81207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hougham","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79736,"text":"sim2962 - 2007 - Land-Cover Change in the Southern Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada, 1940-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:38","indexId":"sim2962","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2962","title":"Land-Cover Change in the Southern Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada, 1940-2002","docAbstract":"The Lake Tahoe basin has been subject to significant landscape-altering human activity since the mid-1850s; in particular, widespread timber harvest from the 1850s to 1920s and urban development from the 1950s to the present. The consequences of changes such as impacted water quality, degraded biotic communities, and increased fire hazard resulting from modern activity have prompted rising levels of concern for the ecological integrity of the region. The goal of this project is to map, quantify, and describe the spatial and temporal distribution and variability of historical changes in land use and land cover in the southern Lake Tahoe basin for the period from 1940 to 2002 in an effort to establish an understanding of regional landscape change. \r\n\r\nThis map shows areas of land-use/land-cover change in a 279-km2 portion of the Lake Tahoe basin identified using change-detection analysis of multitemporal land-use/land-cover datasets for four dates (1940, 1969, 1987, and 2002), which yielded three periods for analysis. Land use/land cover was mapped using manual (visual) interpretation techniques in a geographic information system (GIS) from multiple imagery sources: black-and-white digital orthophotos for 1940 and 1969, natural-color digital orthophotos for 1987, and IKONOS multispectral satellite imagery for 2002. The landscape was classified using a 0.4-hectare (1-acre) minimum mapping unit and a hierarchical classification system. Impervious-surface data was derived directly from the 2002 IKONOS imagery on a per-pixel basis using digital image processing and GIS data integration. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2962","usgsCitation":"Raumann, C.G., 2007, Land-Cover Change in the Southern Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada, 1940-2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2962, Map: 32 x 49 in, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2962.","productDescription":"Map: 32 x 49 in","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":293,"text":"Geographic Analysis and Monitoring Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110716,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81077.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81077"},{"id":191990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9407,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2007/2962/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"27000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.2,38.5 ], [ -120.2,39 ], [ -119.5,39 ], [ -119.5,38.5 ], [ -120.2,38.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raumann, Christian G.","contributorId":65893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raumann","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79737,"text":"sim2961 - 2007 - Field and laboratory data From an earthquake history study of scarps of the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault between the Elwha River and Siebert Creek, Clallam County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T21:47:02.614552","indexId":"sim2961","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2961","title":"Field and laboratory data From an earthquake history study of scarps of the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault between the Elwha River and Siebert Creek, Clallam County, Washington","docAbstract":"Fault scarps recently discovered on Airborne Laser Swath Mapping (ALSM; also known as LiDAR) imagery show Holocene movement on the Lake Creek–Boundary Creek fault on the north flank of the Olympic Mountains of northwestern Washington State. Such recent movement suggests the fault is a potential source of large earthquakes. As part of the effort to assess seismic hazard in the Puget Sound region, we map scarps on ALSM imagery and show primary field and laboratory data from backhoe trenches across scarps that are being used to develop a latest Pleistocene and Holocene history of large earthquakes on the fault. Although some scarp segments 0.5–2 km long along the fault are remarkably straight and distinct on shaded ASLM imagery, most scarps displace the ground surface <1 m, and, therefore, are difficult to locate in dense brush and forest. We are confident of a surface-faulting or folding origin and a latest Pleistocene to Holocene age only for scarps between Lake Aldwell and the easternmost fork of Siebert Creek, a distance of 22 km. Stratigraphy in five trenches at four sites help determine the history of surface-deforming earthquakes since glacier recession and alluvial deposition 11–17 ka. Although the trend and plunge of indicators of fault slip were measured only in the weathered basalt exposed in one trench, upward-splaying fault patterns and inconsistent displacement of successive beds along faults in three of the five trenches suggest significant lateral as well as vertical slip during the surface-faulting or folding earthquakes that produced the scarps. Radiocarbon ages on fragments of wood charcoal from two wedges of scarp-derived colluvium in a graben-fault trench suggest two surface-faulting earthquakes between 2,000 and 700 years ago. The three youngest of nine radiocarbon ages on charcoal fragments from probable scarp-derived colluvum in a fold-scarp trench 1.2 km to the west suggest a possible earlier surface-faulting earthquake less than 5,000 years ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2961","usgsCitation":"Nelson, A.R., Personius, S.F., Buck, J., Bradley, L., Wells, R., and Schermer, E.R., 2007, Field and laboratory data From an earthquake history study of scarps of the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault between the Elwha River and Siebert Creek, Clallam County, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2961, 2 Sheets: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and 80.00 x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2961.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and 80.00 x 36.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110718,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81102.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"81102"},{"id":190895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9408,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2007/2961/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Clallum County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123,\n 48.1853\n ],\n [\n -123.7333,\n 48.1853\n ],\n [\n -123.7333,\n 48.0167\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 48.0167\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 48.1853\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5ae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Alan R. 0000-0001-7117-7098 anelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Alan","email":"anelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Personius, Stephen F. personius@usgs.gov","contributorId":1214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"Stephen","email":"personius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buck, Jason","contributorId":45008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buck","given":"Jason","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Lee-Ann bradley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"bradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schermer, Elizabeth R.","contributorId":64344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schermer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79739,"text":"sir20065154 - 2007 - Estimated water use and availability in the Pawtuxet and Quinebaug River basins, Rhode Island, 1995-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T10:59:43","indexId":"sir20065154","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5154","title":"Estimated water use and availability in the Pawtuxet and Quinebaug River basins, Rhode Island, 1995-99","docAbstract":"Water availability became a concern in Rhode Island during a drought in 1999, and an investigation was needed to assess demands on the hydrologic system from withdrawals during periods of little to no precipitation. The low water levels during the drought prompted the U.S. Geological Survey and the Rhode Island Water Resources Board to begin a series of studies on water use and availability in each drainage area in Rhode Island for 1995–99. The study area for this report, which includes the Pawtuxet River Basin in central Rhode Island (231.6 square miles) and the Quinebaug River Basin in western Rhode Island (60.97 square miles), was delineated as the surface-water drainage areas of these basins.
During the study period from 1995 through 1999, two major water suppliers withdrew an average of 71.86 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) from the Pawtuxet River Basin; of this amount, about 35.98 Mgal/d of potable water were exported to other basins in Rhode Island. The estimated water withdrawals from minor water suppliers were 0.026 Mgal/d in the Pawtuxet River Basin and 0.003 Mgal/d in the Quinebaug River Basin. Total self-supply withdrawals were 2.173 Mgal/d in the Pawtuxet River Basin and 0.360 Mgal/d in the Quinebaug River Basin, which has no public water supply. Total water use averaged 18.07 Mgal/d in the Pawtuxet River Basin and 0.363 Mgal/d in the Quinebaug River Basin. Total return flow in the Pawtuxet River Basin was 30.64 Mgal/d, which included about 12.28 Mgal/d that were imported from other basins in Rhode Island. Total return flow was 0.283 Mgal/d in the Quinebaug River Basin.
During times of little to no recharge in the form of precipitation, the surface- and ground-water flows are from storage primarily in the stratified sand and gravel deposits; water also flows through the till deposits, but at a slower rate. The ground water discharging to the streams during times of little to no recharge from precipitation is referred to as base flow. The PART program, a computerized hydrograph-separation application, was used to analyze the data collected at two selected index stream-gaging stations to determine water availability on the basis of the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow; the base flow for the 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario; and the base flow for the Aquatic Base Flow scenario for both stations. The index stream-gaging stations used in the analysis were the Branch River at Forestdale, Rhode Island (period of record 1957–1999) and the Nooseneck River at Nooseneck, Rhode Island (period of record 1964–1980). A regression equation was used to estimate unknown base-flow contributions from sand and gravel deposits at the two stations. The base-flow contributions from sand and gravel deposits and till deposits at the index stations were computed for June, July, August, and September within the periods of record, and divided by the area of each type of surficial deposit at each index station. These months were selected because they define a period when there is usually an increased demand for water and little to no precipitation. The base flows at the stream-gaging station Branch River at Forestdale, Rhode Island were lowest in August at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles (29.67, 21.48, and 13.30 Mgal/d, respectively). The base flows at the stream-gaging station Nooseneck River at Nooseneck, Rhode Island were lowest in September at the 75th percentile (3.551 Mgal/d) and lowest in August at the 50th and 25th percentiles (2.554 and 1.811 Mgal/d).
The base flows per unit area for the index stations were multiplied by the areas of sand and gravel and till in the studyarea subbasins to determine the amount of available water for each scenario. The water availability in the Pawtuxet River Basin at the 50th percentile ranged from 126.5 Mgal/d in August to 204.7 Mgal/d in June, and the total gross water availability for the 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario at the 50th percentile ranged from 112.2 Mgal/d in August to 190.4 Mgal/d in June. The Scituate Reservoir safe yield was 83 Mgal/d in all scenarios. Water availability in the Quinebaug River Basin ranged from 13.94 Mgal/d in August to 30.53 Mgal/d in June at the 50th percentile. The total gross water availability for the 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario at the 50th percentile ranged from 14.26 Mgal/d in August to 42.69 Mgal/d in June.
Because water withdrawals and use are greater during the summer than other times of the year, water availability in June, July, August, and September was compared to water withdrawals in the basin and subbasins. The ratios of water withdrawn to water available were calculated for the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for the subbasins; the closer the ratio is to 1, the closer the withdrawals are to the estimated water available, and the less net water is available. Withdrawals in July were higher than in the other summer months in both basins. In the Pawtuxet River Basin, the ratios were close to 1 in July for the estimated gross yield (from sand and gravel and from till and from the Scituate Reservoir safe yield), 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario, and Aquatic Base Flow scenario at the 75th percentile and in August for all three scenarios at the 50th and 25th percentiles. In the Quinebaug River Basin, the ratios were close to 1 in August for the estimated gross yield; 7-day, 10-year low-flow scenario; and Aquatic Base Flow scenario.
A long-term water budget was calculated for 1941 through 1999 to identify and assess the basin and subbasin inflow and outflows for the Pawtuxet and Quinebaug River Basins. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. Inflow was assumed to be equal to outflow; total inflows and outflows were 574.9 Mgal/d in the Pawtuxet River Basin and 148.4 Mgal/d in the Quinebaug River Basin. Precipitation and return flow were 95 and 5 percent of the estimated inflows to the Pawtuxet River Basin, respectively. Precipitation was 100 percent of the estimated inflow to the Quinebaug River Basin; return flow was less than 1 percent of the inflow. Evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 46, 41, and 13 percent, respectively, of the estimated outflows in the Pawtuxet River Basin. Evapotranspiration and streamflow were 49 and 51 percent, respectively, of the estimated outflows in the Quinebaug River Basin. Water withdrawals were less than 1 percent of outflows in the Quinebaug River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Nimiroski, M.T., 2007, Estimated water use and availability in the Pawtuxet and Quinebaug River basins, Rhode Island, 1995-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5154, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065154.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065154.JPG"},{"id":9410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5154/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Pawtuxet and Quinebaug River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.7572021484375,\n 42.0064481470799\n ],\n [\n -71.74346923828125,\n 41.97582726102573\n ],\n [\n -71.72698974609375,\n 41.94110578381598\n ],\n [\n -71.70639038085936,\n 41.89409955811395\n ],\n [\n -71.69677734375,\n 41.86853817536259\n ],\n [\n -71.6473388671875,\n 41.864447405239375\n ],\n [\n -71.6033935546875,\n 41.898188430430444\n ],\n [\n -71.57180786132812,\n 41.88694340165634\n ],\n [\n -71.55258178710938,\n 41.86240192202145\n ],\n [\n -71.50177001953125,\n 41.84501267270692\n ],\n [\n -71.47293090820311,\n 41.83785101947692\n ],\n [\n -71.42898559570312,\n 41.822501920711076\n ],\n [\n -71.39877319335938,\n 41.78360106648078\n ],\n [\n -71.40975952148438,\n 41.75287318430239\n ],\n [\n -71.43722534179688,\n 41.71085461169185\n ],\n [\n -71.47018432617188,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -71.50726318359375,\n 41.67086022030498\n ],\n [\n -71.54571533203125,\n 41.64520971221468\n ],\n [\n -71.56768798828125,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -71.6253662109375,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -71.66107177734375,\n 41.65752323108278\n ],\n [\n -71.68167114257812,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -71.72286987304688,\n 41.66675682554943\n ],\n [\n -71.79153442382812,\n 41.67393759473024\n ],\n [\n -71.79977416992188,\n 42.00950942549379\n ],\n [\n -71.7572021484375,\n 42.0064481470799\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201464,"text":"70201464 - 2007 - Urgent processing and control of lunar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-13T15:20:19","indexId":"70201464","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-30T15:19:48","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"Urgent processing and control of lunar data","docAbstract":"There is an urgent, time-critical need to begin tying together (geodetically controlling) all past and current lunar data, and to establish the cartographic foundation needed to make maximum use of future planned lunar data. Proper control of lunar datails required to properly support both lunar science and exploration, and at present we know of no plans within NASA to fund such work adequately. The utility of past and future lunar data will be severely hampered if they cannot be correlated/compared with each other or if the uncertainties in the positional accuracies are not well characterized. Since “required capabilities” and “technology developments” are on the primary list of issues for this workshop [1], it is clear that this issue is not only appropriate but critical to discuss and that strong recommendations must be made to address this problem. This white paper summarizes more detailed discussions that we have presented earlier [2].
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Workshop on Science Associated with the Lunar Exploration Architecture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Workshop on Science Associated with the Lunar Exploration Architecture","conferenceDate":"February 27-March 2, 2007","language":"English","publisher":"Lunar and Planetary Institute","usgsCitation":"Archinal, B.A., Gaddis, L.R., Kirk, R.L., Hare, T.M., and Rosiek, M.R., 2007, Urgent processing and control of lunar data, in Workshop on Science Associated with the Lunar Exploration Architecture, February 27-March 2, 2007, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360262,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LEA/whitepapers/index.shtml"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c137dd6e4b006c4f85148ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Archinal, Brent A. 0000-0002-6654-0742 barchinal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-0742","contributorId":2816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archinal","given":"Brent","email":"barchinal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hare, Trent M. 0000-0001-8842-389X thare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":3188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"Trent","email":"thare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosiek, Mark R. mrosiek@usgs.gov","contributorId":824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosiek","given":"Mark","email":"mrosiek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":754199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70201463,"text":"70201463 - 2007 - Resolution effects in radarclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-13T15:04:48","indexId":"70201463","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-30T15:02:11","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Resolution effects in radarclinometry","docAbstract":"Data from the Cassini-Huygens mission, in particular images from the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper (RADAR) have revealed Saturn's giant moon, Titan to be a world whose geologic diversity and complexity approach those of the Earth itself. Estimates of topographic relief are, naturally, of enormous interest in the effort to understand the nature of Titan's surface features and quantify the processes by which they formed. Such data are available from a variety of sources, including altimetry and, increasingly, stereo imaging by the RADAR, but radarclinometry (radar shape-from-shading) has received considerable attention because it provides the highest resolution topographic measurements and can be applied to single images, wherever topographic shading dominates intrinsic variations in radar backscattering strength.
In this abstract, we attempt to explain the surprising result that the majority of topographic measurements of Titan by radarclinometry appear to be asymmetric: slopes facing the RADAR instrument tend to be really extensive but shallow, whereas slopes facing away are limited in area but relatively steep. We describe how this is a natural consequence of the inability of the instrument to resolve the foreshortened facing slopes, causing them to be over-represented (by area, but underestimated in magnitude) when we attempt to reconstruct the surface from the image. We quantify this effect by constructing models of the imaging and reconstruction of idealized symmetrical mountains, and show that the magnitudes of slopes facing away from the instrument are estimated relatively accurately. As a result, height estimates from radarclinometry can be at least approximately corrected for the effects of limited resolution. This result is of obvious geoscientific significance for Titan: it indicates that some mountainous areas approach 2 km in local relief. Our modeling should also be useful to the interpretation of radarclinometric models of features at the limit of resolution in other SAR images, such as Magellan data for Venus, as well as current earth-based and planned orbital imaging of the Moon.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ISPRS Working Group IV/7: Extraterrestrial Mapping Workshop: Advances in Planetary Mapping 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ISPRS Working Group IV/7: Extraterrestrial Mapping Workshop","conferenceDate":"March 17, 2007","conferenceLocation":"Houston, Texas","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Radebaugh, J., 2007, Resolution effects in radarclinometry, in ISPRS Working Group IV/7: Extraterrestrial Mapping Workshop: Advances in Planetary Mapping 2007, Houston, Texas, March 17, 2007, p. 36-38.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Titan","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c137dd6e4b006c4f85148b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radebaugh, Jani","contributorId":101792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radebaugh","given":"Jani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201460,"text":"70201460 - 2007 - The HRSC DTM test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-13T16:33:49","indexId":"70201460","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-30T14:31:39","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The HRSC DTM test","docAbstract":"The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC, [1]) is part of the orbiter payload on the Mars Express (MEX) mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), orbiting the Red Planet in a highly elliptical orbit since January 2004. For the first time in planetary exploration, a camera system has especially been designed to meet the requirements of photogrammetry and cartography for mapping the complete surface of a planet [2]. For this purpose HRSC operates as a push broom scanning instrument with 9 CCD line detectors mounted in parallel in the focal plane of the camera. Data acquisition is achieved by five panchromatic channels under different observation angles and four colour channels. At periapsis the ground resolution of the nadir channel amounts to 12.5 m, the stereo channels are typically operated at a 2x coarser resolution with the two photometry and the four colour channels at 4x or 8x coarser resolution. The data provided by HRSC are well suited for the automatic generation of Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) and other 3D data products. Such products are of vital interest to planetary sciences. As the Mars Express mission has recently been extended the prospects for a complete topographic mapping of Mars by HRSC at very high resolution are very good, indeed.
Image matching is well researched and has been documented in the literature. In general, it is agreed that in simple terrain and with adequate image acquisition geometry very good results can be achieved by totally automated approaches. Things start to be much more complicated if more complex situations are faced, such as steep terrain, height discontinuities, occlusions, poor texture, shadows, atmospheric dust, clouds, increased image noise, compression artefacts etc., some of which are commonplace in HRSC images.
Nevertheless, automatic DTM generation from HRSC images by means of image matching has reached a very high level over the years. The systematic processing chain at DLR for producing preliminary DTMs with 200 m resolution [3] runs well and stable. In addition, several groups are able to produce DTMs using different approaches, or have developed alternative modules for parts of the DTM generation process [2]. Also, a few groups have been developing shape-from-shading techniques which have reached pre-operational efficiency.
It is against this background that the desire was expressed to compare the individual approaches for deriving DTMs from HRSC images in order to assess their advantages and disadvantages. Based on carefully chosen test sites the test participants have produced DTMs which have been subsequently analysed in a quantitative and a qualitative manner. This paper reports on the results obtained in this test, more details can be found in [4].