The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) is a small, diving seabird inhabiting inshore waters of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. This species feeds on small, schooling fishes and zooplankton, and nests primarily on the moss-covered branches of large, old-growth conifers, and also, in some parts of its range, on the ground. We reviewed existing information on this species to evaluate its current status in the northern part of its range—Alaska (U.S.) and British Columbia (Canada). Within the southern part of its range (Washington, Oregon, and California, U.S.), the Marbled Murrelet was listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1993, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) needed information on the species throughout its range for ESA deliberations. We compiled published information on the conservation status, population biology, foraging ecology, population genetics, population status and trends, demography, marine and nesting habitat characteristics, threats, and ongoing conservation efforts for Marbled Murrelets in Alaska and British Columbia. We conducted a new genetic study using samples from a segment of the range that had not been included in previous studies (Washington, Oregon) and additional nuclear intron and microsatellite markers. We also analyzed available at-sea survey data from several locations for trend. To understand the reasonableness of the empirical trend data, we developed demographic models incorporating stochasticity to discern what population trends were possible by chance. The genetic studies substantially confirmed previous findings on population structure in the Marbled Murrelet. Our present work finds three populations: (1) one comprising birds in the central and western Aleutian Islands; (2) one comprising birds in central California; and (3) one comprising birds within the center of the range from the eastern Aleutians to northern California. Our knowledge of genetic structure within this central population is limited and it requires additional study. Compiling available abundance information, we estimated that in the recent past, Marbled Murrelets in Alaska numbered on the order of 1 million birds. We were unable to generate a similar estimate for historical population size in British Columbia. Using trend information from at-sea surveys spanning a wide geographic range in Alaska, murrelet numbers declined significantly at five of eight trend sites at annual rates of -5.4 to -12.7 percent since the early 1990s. Applying these rates of decline to the historical population estimate, the current murrelet population in Alaska is projected to be on the order of 270,000 birds. This represents an overall population decline of about 70 percent during the past 25 years. In British Columbia, available trend data indicate that murrelet populations there have experienced similar declines. We updated a recent (2002) population estimate for British Columbia, concluding that there are now between 54,000 and 92,000 murrelets in British Columbia. The rates of decline we observed are within, but at the high end of, a range of rates expected by chance. Given that declines were estimated for sites over essentially the entire northern range of the species, there is cause for concern about the species’ status. In their marine habitats, Marbled Murrelets overlap with salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) gillnetting operations in British Columbia and in Alaska (especially in Prince William Sound and Southeast Alaska), and annual bycatch mortality is likely in the low thousands per year, although bycatch rates are difficult to measure. The species’ inshore distribution coincides with high levels of vessel traffic and makes them especially vulnerable to both chronic oil pollution and to catastrophic spills (e.g., the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill [EVOS] in south-central Alaska, which is estimated to have killed 12,000 to 15,000 murrelets). In their forested nesting habitats, Marbled Murrelets have lost about 15 percent of their suitable nesting habitat in Southeast Alaska, and 33 to 49 percent in British Columbia, from industrial-scale logging within the past half century. Increased predation also may be a threat to murrelet populations, related to fragmentation and edge effects from logging and development, and recent population increases observed for some important murrelet predators, including Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Common Ravens (Corvus corax), and Steller’s Jays (Cyanocitta stelleri). Nesting habitat losses cannot explain the declines observed in areas where industrial logging has not occurred on a large scale (e.g., Prince William Sound) or at all (Glacier Bay). The apparent change in population size and rates of decline reported for the Marbled Murrelet are large, and we therefore considered alternative explanations and precedents for changes of similar magnitude in other marine wildlife populations in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. The declines are likely real, and related to combined and cumulative effects from climate-related changes in the marine ecosystem (most likely the 1977 regime shift) and human activities (logging, gillnet bycatch, oil pollution). Much uncertainty about the decline could be alleviated by continuing to repeat boat surveys in Prince William Sound and lower Cook Inlet, and by repeating the boat survey of Southeast Alaska that was conducted in 1994. This survey used a statistically sound design and covered the region that has been and likely remains the center of the species’ abundance. Important questions remain to be addressed about methods for measuring population status and change, adult mortality (major sources, density dependence, seasonal concordance), and the movements of wintering populations.
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NSS compiles all current U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) regional regression equations for estimating streamflow statistics at ungaged sites in an easy-to-use interface that operates on computers with Microsoft Windows operating systems. NSS expands on the functionality of the USGS National Flood Frequency Program, and replaces it.\r\n\r\nThe regression equations included in NSS are used to transfer streamflow statistics from gaged to ungaged sites through the use of watershed and climatic characteristics as explanatory or predictor variables. Generally, the equations were developed on a statewide or metropolitan-area basis as part of cooperative study programs. Equations are available for estimating rural and urban flood-frequency statistics, such as the 1 00-year flood, for every state, for Puerto Rico, and for the island of Tutuila, American Samoa. Equations are available for estimating other statistics, such as the mean annual flow, monthly mean flows, flow-duration percentiles, and low-flow frequencies (such as the 7-day, 0-year low flow) for less than half of the states. All equations available for estimating streamflow statistics other than flood-frequency statistics assume rural (non-regulated, non-urbanized) conditions.\r\n\r\nThe NSS output provides indicators of the accuracy of the estimated streamflow statistics. The indicators may include any combination of the standard error of estimate, the standard error of prediction, the equivalent years of record, or 90 percent prediction intervals, depending on what was provided by the authors of the equations.\r\n\r\nThe program includes several other features that can be used only for flood-frequency estimation. These include the ability to generate flood-frequency plots, and plots of typical flood hydrographs for selected recurrence intervals, estimates of the probable maximum flood, extrapolation of the 500-year flood when an equation for estimating it is not available, and weighting techniques to improve flood-frequency estimates for gaging stations and ungaged sites on gaged streams.\r\n\r\nThis report describes the regionalization techniques used to develop the equations in NSS and provides guidance on the applicability and limitations of the techniques. The report also includes a users manual and a summary of equations available for estimating basin lagtime, which is needed by the program to generate flood hydrographs. The NSS software and accompanying database, and the documentation for the regression equations included in NSS, are available on the Web at http://water.usgs.gov/software/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm4A6","collaboration":"Chapter 6 of\r\nBook 4, Hydrologic Analysis and Interpretation\r\nSection A, Statistical Analysis","usgsCitation":"Ries, K.G., With sections by Atkins, J.B., Hummel, P., Gray, M., Dusenbury, R., Jennings, M., Kirby, W., Riggs, H.C., Sauer, V., and Thomas, W., 2007, The National Streamflow Statistics Program: A Computer Program for Estimating Streamflow Statistics for Ungaged Sites: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A6, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4A6.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_4_a6.gif"},{"id":9234,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm4a6/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. 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JRI has been the focus of several geological studies because it \nprovides a window on Neogene magmatic processes and paleoenvironments. However, little is known about its internal \nstructure. New airborne gravity data were collected as part of the first high-resolution aerogeophysical survey flown over \nthe island and reveal a prominent negative Bouguer gravity anomaly over Mt Haddington. This is intriguing as basaltic \nvolcanoes are typically associated with positive Bouguer anomalies, linked to underlying mafic intrusions. The negative \nBouguer anomaly may be associated with a hitherto unrecognised low-density sub-surface body, such as a breccia-filled \ncaldera, or a partially molten magma chamber.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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New detailed structural data from the southern end of the dislocation zone reveal that earliest\ndisplacement along the boundary appears to have been associated with dip-slip reverse shear, characterised by\nwidespread proto- to meso-mylonitic granitic rocks within the basement assemblage exposed to the southwest of the\nshear zone. Along the northeast margin, highly sheared and mylonitised metasedimentary and metabasic rocks reveal\nsinistral strike-slip kinematics and a sub-horizontal mineral lineation. Narrow zones of sinistral shear are locally superimposed within the basement rocks along the SW margin, that together with the presence of brittle sinistral faults\nsuggest that the strike-slip component of deformation postdates the dip-slip. Comparison with the tectonic history of the\nRocas Verdas Marginal Basin, Fuegian Andes, suggests that the sinistral shear event preserved along the CBDZ maybe\nbe related to Late Cretaceous, main Andean orogenic transpression, although a Cenozoic event cannot to ruled out.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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The U.S. Land Cover Trends project is analyzing contemporary (1973–2000) land-cover change in the conterminous United States. The newly developed FORE-SCE model used Land Cover Trends data and theoretical, statistical, and deterministic modeling techniques to project future land cover change through 2020 for multiple plausible scenarios. Projected proportions of future land use were initially developed, and then sited on the lands with the highest potential for supporting that land use and land cover using a statistically based stochastic allocation procedure. Three scenarios of 2020 land cover were mapped for the western Great Plains in the US. The model provided realistic, high-resolution, scenario-based land-cover products suitable for multiple applications, including studies of climate and weather variability, carbon dynamics, and regional hydrology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/17474230701218202","usgsCitation":"Sohl, T.L., Sayler, K., Drummond, M.A., and Loveland, T., 2007, The FORE-SCE model: a practical approach for projecting land cover change using scenario-based modeling: Journal of Land Use Science, v. 2, no. 2, p. 103-126, https://doi.org/10.1080/17474230701218202.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17474230701218202","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310455,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08f4e4b011227bf1fde7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sayler, Kristi L. 0000-0003-2514-242X sayler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-242X","contributorId":2988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayler","given":"Kristi","email":"sayler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drummond, Mark A. 0000-0001-7420-3503 madrummond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7420-3503","contributorId":3053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drummond","given":"Mark","email":"madrummond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70158998,"text":"70158998 - 2007 - Geometric correction and digital elevation extraction using multiple MTI datasets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T13:20:53","indexId":"70158998","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geometric correction and digital elevation extraction using multiple MTI datasets","docAbstract":"Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are traditionally acquired from a stereo pair of aerial photographs sequentially captured by an airborne metric camera. Standard DEM extraction techniques can be naturally extended to satellite imagery, but the particular characteristics of satellite imaging can cause difficulties. The spacecraft ephemeris with respect to the ground site during image collects is the most important factor in the elevation extraction process. When the angle of separation between the stereo images is small, the extraction process typically produces measurements with low accuracy, while a large angle of separation can cause an excessive number of erroneous points in the DEM from occlusion of ground areas.
The use of three or more images registered to the same ground area can potentially reduce these problems and improve the accuracy of the extracted DEM. The pointing capability of some sensors, such as the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI), allows for multiple collects of the same area from different perspectives. This functionality of MTI makes it a good candidate for the implementation of a DEM extraction algorithm using multiple images for improved accuracy. Evaluation of this capability and development of algorithms to geometrically model the MTI sensor and extract DEMs from multi-look MTI imagery are described in this paper. An RMS elevation error of 6.3-meters is achieved using 11 ground test points, while the MTI band has a 5-meter ground sample distance.
When simulating natural and engineered groundwater flow and transport systems, one objective is to produce a model that accurately represents important aspects of the true system. However, using direct measurements of system characteristics, such as hydraulic conductivity, to construct a model often produces simulated values that poorly match observations of the system state, such as hydraulic heads, flows and concentrations (for example, Barth et al., 2001). This occurs because of inaccuracies in the direct measurements and because the measurements commonly characterize system properties at different scales from that of the model aspect to which they are applied. In these circumstances, the conservation of mass equations represented by flow and transport models can be used to test the applicability of the direct measurements, such as by comparing model simulated values to the system state observations. This comparison leads to calibrating the model, by adjusting the model construction and the system properties as represented by model parameter values, so that the model produces simulated values that reasonably match the observations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater: Resource Evaluation, Augmentation, Contamination, Restoration, Modeling and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English ","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-5729-8_9","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., and Hill, M.C., 2007, Model calibration and issues related to validation, sensitivity analysis, post-audit, uncertainty evaluation and assessment of prediction data needs, chap. of Groundwater: Resource Evaluation, Augmentation, Contamination, Restoration, Modeling and Management, p. 237-282, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5729-8_9.","productDescription":"46 p. ","startPage":"237","endPage":"282","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595ca915e4b0d1f9f054ca18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79601,"text":"fs20073006 - 2007 - Regional Water-Resources Studies in Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"fs20073006","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-3006","title":"Regional Water-Resources Studies in Nevada","docAbstract":"Introduction: Water-resources information for the State of Nevada should be readily accessible to community planners and the general public in a user-friendly web environment and should be actively managed and maintained with accurate historic and current hydrologic data. The USGS, in cooperation with State of Nevada and local government agencies, has established a data framework that provides critical hydrologic information to meet the challenges of water resources planning for Nevada.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20073006","usgsCitation":"Bauer, E.M., and Watermolen, S.C., 2007, Regional Water-Resources Studies in Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3006, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20073006.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2007_3006.jpg"},{"id":9222,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, Eva M.","contributorId":60737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Eva","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watermolen, Shannon C. scwaterm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watermolen","given":"Shannon","email":"scwaterm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79603,"text":"ofr20071023 - 2007 - Summary of Survival Data from Juvenile Coho Salmon in the Klamath River, Northern California, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"ofr20071023","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1023","title":"Summary of Survival Data from Juvenile Coho Salmon in the Klamath River, Northern California, 2006","docAbstract":"Little is known about the survival of ESA-listed juvenile coho salmon during their seaward migration in the lower Klamath River. In 2006, the Bureau of Reclamation funded a study to estimate the survival of radio-tagged juvenile coho salmon in the Klamath River downstream of Iron Gate Dam. A series of models were evaluated to determine if survival varied between hatchery and wild fish and among several river reaches between the dam river kilometer 33, a total distance of 276 kilometers. The results from 2006, the first year of study, indicated little support for differences in survival between hatchery and wild fish and lower survival in the most upstream reach than in those farther downstream. This document is a brief summary of survival results to date.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071023","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J.W., 2007, Summary of Survival Data from Juvenile Coho Salmon in the Klamath River, Northern California, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1023, iv, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071023.","productDescription":"iv, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"10","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9225,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, John W. jbeeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","email":"jbeeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79602,"text":"ds241 - 2007 - 3D Visualization of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms Using ArcScene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:44:29","indexId":"ds241","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"241","title":"3D Visualization of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms Using ArcScene","docAbstract":"We created a new tool, 3D Focal Mechanisms (3DFM), for viewing earthquake focal mechanism symbols three dimensionally. This tool operates within the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI®) GIS software ArcScene® 9.x. The program requires as input a GIS point dataset of earthquake locations containing strike, dip, and rake values for a nodal plane of each earthquake. Other information, such as depth and magnitude of the earthquake, may also be included in the dataset. By default for each focal point, 3DFM will create a black and white sphere or “beach ball” that is oriented based on the strike, dip, and rake values. If depth values for each earthquake are included, the focal symbol will also be placed at its appropriate location beneath the Earth's surface.
\nIn addition to the default settings, there are several other options in 3DFM that can be adjusted. The appearance of the symbols can be changed by (1) creating rings around the fault planes that are colored based on magnitude, (2) showing only the fault planes instead of a sphere, (3) drawing a flat disc that identifies the primary nodal plane, (4) or by displaying the null, pressure, and tension axes. The size of the symbols can be changed by adjusting their diameter, scaling them based on the magnitude of the earthquake, or scaling them by the estimated size of the rupture patch based on earthquake magnitude. It is also possible to filter the data using any combination of the strike, dip, rake, magnitude, depth, null axis plunge, pressure axis plunge, tension axis plunge, or fault type values of the points. For a large dataset, these filters can be used to create different subsets of symbols. Symbols created by 3DFM are stored in graphics layers that appear in the ArcScene® table of contents. Multiple graphics layers can be created and saved to preserve the output from different symbol options.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds241","usgsCitation":"Labay, K., and Haeussler, P.J., 2007, 3D Visualization of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms Using ArcScene (Version 1.1 (Revised Apr 2007)): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 241, Report: 17 p.; 3DFM files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds241.","productDescription":"Report: 17 p.; 3DFM files","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9224,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/241/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1 (Revised Apr 2007)","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd492de4b0b290850eef1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Labay, Keith A. 0000-0002-6763-3190 klabay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-3190","contributorId":2097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labay","given":"Keith A.","email":"klabay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074354,"text":"ofr20071047SRP023 - 2007 - Zircon U-Pb Ages from an Ultra-High Temperature Metapelite, Rauer Group, East Antarctica: Implications for Overprints by Grenvillian and Pan-African Events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-29T12:53:57","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP023","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-29T12:16:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-023","title":"Zircon U-Pb Ages from an Ultra-High Temperature Metapelite, Rauer Group, East Antarctica: Implications for Overprints by Grenvillian and Pan-African Events","docAbstract":"SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from an ultra-high temperature (UHT, ~1000 °C) granulite-facies metapelite \nfrom the Rauer Group, Mather Peninsula, east Antarctica, has yielded evidence for two episodes of metamorphic zircon \ngrowth, at ~1.00 Ga and ~530 Ma, and two episodes of magmatism in the source region for the protolith sediment, at \n~2.53 and ~2.65 Ga, were identified from the zircon cores. Successive zircon growth at ~1.00 Ga and ~530 Ma records \na sequence of distinct, widely spaced high-temperature metamorphic and/or anatectic events related to Grenvillian and \nPan-African orogenesis. This study presents the first robust geochronological evidence for the timing of UHT \nmetamorphism of the Rauer Group, supporting arguments that the peak UHT metamorphic event occurred at ~1.00 Ga \nand was overprinted by a separate high-grade event at ~530 Ma. The new age data indicate that the UHT granulites of \nthe Rauer Group experienced a complex, multi-stage tectonothermal history, which cannot simply be explained via a \nsingle Pan-African (~500 Ma) high-grade tectonic event. This is critical in understanding the role of the eastern Prydz \nBay region during the assembly of the east Gondwana supercontinent, and the newly recognized inherited Archaean \nages (~2.53 and ~2.65 Ga) suggest a close tectonic relationship between the Rauer Group and the adjacent Archaean of \nthe Vestfold Hills","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.--August 26 to September 1, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071047SRP023","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., Tong, L., and Liu, D., 2007, Zircon U-Pb Ages from an Ultra-High Temperature Metapelite, Rauer Group, East Antarctica: Implications for Overprints by Grenvillian and Pan-African Events: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047-SRP-023, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071047SRP023.","productDescription":"4 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071047SRP023.png"},{"id":281655,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp023/of2007-1047srp023.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7defe4b0b2908510fb24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Yanbin","contributorId":18678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Yanbin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tong, Laixi","contributorId":103965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tong","given":"Laixi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Dunyi","contributorId":92173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Dunyi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79599,"text":"ofr20061368 - 2007 - U.S. Geological Survey Georgia Water Science Center and City of Brunswick–Glynn County Cooperative Water Program— Summary of activities, July 2005 through June 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T20:47:02.580711","indexId":"ofr20061368","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1368","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Georgia Water Science Center and City of Brunswick–Glynn County Cooperative Water Program— Summary of activities, July 2005 through June 2006","docAbstract":"Since 1959, the U.S. Geological Survey has conducted a cooperative water resources program (CWP) with the City of Brunswick and Glynn County in the Brunswick, Georgia, area. Since the late 1950s, the salinity of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick, Georgia, has been increasing, and its occurrence has been detected across an area of increasing size. Pumping of the Upper Floridan aquifer near downtown Brunswick has lowered water levels in the aquifer and resulted in an upward hydraulic gradient between the highly saline parts of the Lower Floridan aquifer and the normally fresh Upper Floridan aquifer. Saltwater likely enters the Upper Floridan aquifer through localized, vertically oriented conduits of relatively high permeability and moves laterally in response to the distribution of stresses within the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe Brunswick-Glynn County CWP for fiscal year 2006 includes the operation and maintenance of 12 continuous water-level recorders. In addition, water-level data were collected from 52 wells and water from 70 wells was analyzed for chloride concentration during June 2005. Geophysical logs were obtained from one well to assess whether the cause of elevated chloride concentration could be due to leaky well casing. A summary of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division (GaEPD) Georgia Coastal Sound Science Initiative (CSSI) activities that directly benefit the CWP-Brunswick-Glynn County is included in this report. The GaEPD CSSI is a program of scientific and feasibility studies to support development of a final strategy to protect the Upper Floridan aquifer from saltwater contamination. These data presented in this report are needed by State and local authorities to manage water resources effectively in the coastal area of Georgia.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061368","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., 2007, U.S. Geological Survey Georgia Water Science Center and City of Brunswick–Glynn County Cooperative Water Program— Summary of activities, July 2005 through June 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1368, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061368.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-07-01","temporalEnd":"2006-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389994,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80641.htm"},{"id":192638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9220,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1368/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn County","city":"Brunswick","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 31.103509440594742\n ],\n [\n -81.42105102539061,\n 31.103509440594742\n ],\n [\n -81.42105102539061,\n 31.22219703210317\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 31.22219703210317\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 31.103509440594742\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e60b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79600,"text":"sir20065316 - 2007 - Geostatistical Modeling of Sediment Abundance in a Heterogeneous Basalt Aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20065316","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5316","title":"Geostatistical Modeling of Sediment Abundance in a Heterogeneous Basalt Aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"The spatial distribution of sediment in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer was evaluated and modeled to improve the parameterization of hydraulic conductivity (K) for a subregional-scale ground-water flow model being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The aquifer is hosted within a layered series of permeable basalts within which intercalated beds of fine-grained sediment constitute local confining units. These sediments have K values as much as six orders of magnitude lower than the most permeable basalt, and previous flow-model calibrations have shown that hydraulic conductivity is sensitive to the proportion of intercalated sediment.\r\n\r\nStratigraphic data in the form of sediment thicknesses from 333 boreholes in and around the Idaho National Laboratory were evaluated as grouped subsets of lithologic units (composite units) corresponding to their relative time-stratigraphic position. The results indicate that median sediment abundances of the stratigraphic units below the water table are statistically invariant (stationary) in a spatial sense and provide evidence of stationarity across geologic time, as well. Based on these results, the borehole data were kriged as two-dimensional spatial data sets representing the sediment content of the layers that discretize the ground-water flow model in the uppermost 300 feet of the aquifer.\r\n\r\nMultiple indicator kriging (mIK) was used to model the geographic distribution of median sediment abundance within each layer by defining the local cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) of sediment via indicator variograms defined at multiple thresholds. The mIK approach is superior to ordinary kriging because it provides a statistically best estimate of sediment abundance (the local median) drawn from the distribution of local borehole data, independent of any assumption of normality. A methodology is proposed for delineating and constraining the assignment of hydraulic conductivity zones for parameter estimation, based on the locally estimated CFDs and relative kriging uncertainty. A kriging-based methodology improves the spatial resolution of hydraulic property zones that can be considered during parameter estimation and should improve calibration performance and sensitivity by more accurately reflecting the nuances of sediment distribution within the aquifer.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065316","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Welhan, J.A., Farabaugh, R.L., Merrick, M.J., and Anderson, S.R., 2007, Geostatistical Modeling of Sediment Abundance in a Heterogeneous Basalt Aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5316, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065316.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9221,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5316/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b3a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welhan, John A.","contributorId":12128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welhan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farabaugh, Renee L.","contributorId":92361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farabaugh","given":"Renee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrick, Melissa J.","contributorId":80368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrick","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Steven R.","contributorId":6532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70068817,"text":"ofr20071047SRP010 - 2007 - Holocene oceanographic and climatic variability of the Vega Drift deduced through foraminiferal interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T13:42:59","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP010","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-23T13:34:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-010","title":"Holocene oceanographic and climatic variability of the Vega Drift deduced through foraminiferal interpretation","docAbstract":"A sediment sequence recovered from the Vega Drift, Antarctica was analyzed for benthic foraminifera to \ndetermine Holocene oceanographic and climatic variability of the northern Antarctic Peninsula margin. Core \nNBP0003-JPC38, collected during cruise 00-03 of the R.V. Nathaniel B. Palmer recovered 20.53 meters of Holocene \nglacio-marine sediments. Samples were collected every 4 cm for foraminiferal analyses. The data were analyzed using \nprincipal component and cluster analyses. Results of these analyses show significant stratigraphic changes in the \nbenthic foraminiferal record of the Vega Drift. \nThree assemblages characterize the core, including the Miliammina arenacea, Textulariawiesneri, and Stainforthia\nfusiformis assemblages. Most agglutinated forms tend to decrease downcore, and comparisons to modern analogues \nimply post-depositional disintegration, while calcareous taxa indicate non-corrosive bottom waters. The lower to \nmiddle Holocene Vega Drift sediments are characterized by the calcareous S. fusiformis assemblage and glacial plume \nsediments. This assemblage is characterized by calcareous forms including Globocassidulina biora, G. subglobosa, and \nNonionella iridea. The planktic species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma is associated with the S. fusiformis assemblage. \nThe S. fusiformis assemblage is faunally similar to assemblages described in fjords of the western Antarctic Peninsula \nand indicates non-corrosive bottom water. Sediments of the mid to upper Holocene interval are characterized by the T. \nwiesneri and M. arenacea assemblages and indicate the presence of Hyper Saline Shelf Water. These assemblages are \nsimilar to modern assemblages directly to the south in the Prince Gustav Channel. The upper Holocene is marked by \nseveral small intervals with taxonomic characteristics similar to the S. fusiformis assemblage, indicating periodic \nintroduction of non-corrosive bottom water to the Vega Drift","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.--August 26 to September 1, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071047SRP010","usgsCitation":"Szymcek, P., Ishman, S.E., Domack, E.W., and Leventer, A., 2007, Holocene oceanographic and climatic variability of the Vega Drift deduced through foraminiferal interpretation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047-SRP-010, Text: 4 p.; Plate: 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071047SRP010.","productDescription":"Text: 4 p.; Plate: 36 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280898,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071047SRP010.JPG"},{"id":280896,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp010/of2007-1047srp010_text.pdf"},{"id":280897,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp010/of2007-1047srp010_plate1.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd60b2e4b0b290850fd180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szymcek, Phillip","contributorId":53693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szymcek","given":"Phillip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishman, Scott E.","contributorId":102468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Domack, Eugene W.","contributorId":27783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domack","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leventer, Amy","contributorId":80580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leventer","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70068782,"text":"ofr20071047SRP007 - 2007 - Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotopic constraints for crustal evolution during Late Neoproterozic from rocks of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: geodynamic development coeval with the East African Orogeny","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T12:56:23","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP007","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-23T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-007","title":"Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotopic constraints for crustal evolution during Late Neoproterozic from rocks of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: geodynamic development coeval with the East African Orogeny","docAbstract":"Recent post-750 Ma continental reconstructions constrain models for East African Orogeny formation and \nalso the scattered remnants of ~640 Ma granulites, whose genesis is controversial. One such Neoproterozoic granulite \nbelt is the Schirmacher Oasis in East Antarctica, isolated from the distinctly younger Pan-African orogen to the south in \nthe central Droning Maud Land. To ascertain the duration of granulite-facies events in these remnants, garnet Sm-Nd \nand monazite and titanite U-Pb IDTIMS geochronology was carried out on a range of metamorphic rocks. Garnet \nformation ages from a websterite enclave and gabbro were 660±48 Ma and 587±9 Ma respectively, and those from Stype granites were 598±4 Ma and 577±4 Ma. Monazites from metapelite and metaquartzite yielded lower intercept UPb ages of 629±3 Ma and 639±5 Ma, respectively. U-Pb titanite age from calcsilicate gneiss was 580±5 Ma. These \nindicate peak metamorphism to have occurred between 640 and 630 Ma, followed by near isobaric cooling to ~580 Ma. \nThough an origin as an exotic terrane from the East African Orogen cannot be discounted, from the present data there is \na greater likelihood that Mesoproterozoic microplate collision between Maud orogen and a northerly Lurio-Nampula \nblock resulted in formation of these granulite belt(s).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.--August 26 to September 1, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071047SRP007","usgsCitation":"Ravikant, V., Laux, J., and Pimentel, M., 2007, Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotopic constraints for crustal evolution during Late Neoproterozic from rocks of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: geodynamic development coeval with the East African Orogeny: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047-SRP-007, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071047SRP007.","productDescription":"5 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071047SRP007.JPG"},{"id":280881,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp007/of2007-1047srp007.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7312e4b0b29085108b87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ravikant, V.","contributorId":6367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravikant","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laux, J.H.","contributorId":79013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laux","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pimentel, M.M.","contributorId":99460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pimentel","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79587,"text":"ofr20061390 - 2007 - Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79587,"text":"ofr20061390 - 2007 - Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr20061390","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":80141,"text":"sir20075062 - 2007 - Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill-Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada","indexId":"sir20075062","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill-Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":80141,"text":"sir20075062 - 2007 - Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill-Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada","indexId":"sir20075062","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill-Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"ofr20061390","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1390","title":"Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Yucca Flat is a topographic and structural basin in the northeastern part of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in Nye County, Nevada, that has been the site of numerous underground nuclear tests; many of these tests occurred within the young alluvial basin-fill deposits. The migration of radionuclides to the Paleozoic carbonate aquifer involves passage through this thick, heterogeneous section of Tertiary and Quaternary rock. An understanding of the lateral and vertical changes in the material properties of young alluvial basin-fill deposits will aid in the further development of the hydrogeologic framework and the delineation of hydrostratigraphic units and hydraulic properties required for simulating ground-water flow in the Yucca Flat area. This report by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, presents data and interpretation regarding the three-dimensional variability of the shallow alluvial aquifers in areas of testing at Yucca Flat, data that are potentially useful in the understanding of the subsurface flow system. This report includes a summary and interpretation of alluvial basin-fill stratigraphy in the Yucca Flat area based on drill hole data from 285 selected drill holes. Spatial variations in lithology and grain size of the Neogene basin-fill sediments can be established when data from numerous drill holes are considered together. Lithologic variations are related to different depositional environments within the basin including alluvial fan, channel, basin axis, and playa deposits.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061390","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office under Interagency Agreement DE-AI52-01NV13944","usgsCitation":"Sweetkind, D., and Drake, R.M., 2007, Geologic Characterization of Young Alluvial Basin-Fill Deposits from Drill Hole Data in Yucca Flat, Nye County, Nevada (Superseded by SIR 2007-5062): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1390, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061390.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9206,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1390/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Superseded by SIR 2007-5062","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a870d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, Ronald M. II 0000-0002-1770-4667 rmdrake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1770-4667","contributorId":1353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Ronald","suffix":"II","email":"rmdrake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70065939,"text":"ofr20071047SRP001 - 2007 - Advances through collaboration: sharing seismic reflection data via the Antarctic Seismic Data Library System for Cooperative Research (SDLS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T14:09:02","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP001","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-17T13:44:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-001","title":"Advances through collaboration: sharing seismic reflection data via the Antarctic Seismic Data Library System for Cooperative Research (SDLS)","docAbstract":"The Antarctic Seismic Data Library System for Cooperative Research (SDLS) has served for the past 16 \nyears under the auspices of the Antarctic Treaty (ATCM Recommendation XVI-12) as a role model for collaboration \nand equitable sharing of Antarctic multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) data for geoscience studies. During this \nperiod, collaboration in MCS studies has advanced deciphering the seismic stratigraphy and structure of Antarctica’s \ncontinental margin more rapidly than previously. MCS data compilations provided the geologic framework for scientific \ndrilling at several Antarctic locations and for high-resolution seismic and sampling studies to decipher Cenozoic \ndepositional paleoenvironments. The SDLS successes come from cooperation of National Antarctic Programs and \nindividual investigators in “on-time” submissions of their MCS data. Most do, but some do not. The SDLS \ncommunity has an International Polar Year (IPY) goal of all overdue MCS data being sent to the SDLS by end of IPY. \nThe community science objective is to compile all Antarctic MCS data to derive a unified seismic stratigraphy for the \ncontinental margin – a stratigraphy to be used with drilling data to derive Cenozoic circum-Antarctic paleobathymetry \nmaps and local-to-regional scale paleoenvironmental histories.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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The C aquifer occurs mainly in the eastern and southern parts of the 10,300-square-mile Coconino Plateau study area, and the Redwall-Muav aquifer underlies the entire study area. The C aquifer is a water-table aquifer for most of its occurrence with depths to water that range from a few hundred feet to more than 1,500 feet. In the western part of the Coconino Plateau study area, the C aquifer is dry except for small localized perched water-bearing zones decoupled from the C aquifer to the east. The Redwall-Muav aquifer underlies the C aquifer and ranges from at least 3,000 feet below land surface in the western part of the Coconino Plateau study area to more than 3,200 feet below land surface in the eastern part of the study area. The Redwall-Muav aquifer is a confined aquifer for most of its occurrence with hydraulic heads of several hundred to more than 500 feet above the top of the aquifer in the western part of the study area and more than 2,000 feet above the top of the aquifer in the eastern part of the study area near Flagstaff. In the eastern and northeast parts of the area, the C aquifer and the Redwall-Muav aquifer are in partial hydraulic connection through faults and other fractures. The water discharging from the two aquifers on the Coconino Plateau study area is generally of good quality for most intended uses. Water from sites in the lower Little Colorado River Canyon had high concentrations of most trace elements relative to other springs, rivers, and streams in the study area. Concentrations of barium, arsenic, uranium, and lead, and gross alpha radioactivity were greater than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels for drinking water at some sites. Ground water discharging to most springs, streams, and wells on the Coconino Plateau and in adjacent areas is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and has low concentrations of the major dissolved constituents. Ground water discharging from the Redwall-Muav aquifer to springs in the lower Little Colorado River Canyon is a mixture of water from the C aquifer and the Redwall-Muav aquifer and is a sodium chloride type with high concentrations of most major dissolved constituents. Concentrations of sulfate and chloride in ground water discharging from the Redwall-Muav aquifer at springs near the south rim of Grand Canyon increase toward the west. Water samples from the Verde River above Mormon Pocket had higher concentrations of most dissolved constituents than samples from springs that discharge from the Redwall-Muav aquifer at Mormon Pocket and in Sycamore Canyon. Water-chemistry data from C aquifer wells and springs in the Flagstaff area indicate that ground-water ages in the aquifer range from 7,000 years to modern and that samples were a mix of younger and older waters. Ground-water ages for the Redwall-Muav aquifer are estimated to range from 22,600 to 7,500 years, and low tritium values indicate that this water is older than water discharging from the C aquifer. Tritium and carbon-14 results indicate that ground water discharging at most springs and streams is a mixture of young and old ground waters, likely resulting from multiple flow paths and multiple recharge areas. Ground-water withdrawals in the study area increased from about 4,000 acre-feet per year prior to 1975, to about 20,000 acre-feet per year in 2003. About two-thirds of the water withdrawn is from the C aquifer and about one-third is from the Redwall-Muav aquifer. In the study area, most development of the C aquifer has occurred near Flagstaff. Development of the Redwall-Muav aquifer is more extensive in Verde Valley where water-bearing zones of the aquifer are closer to land surface. In recent years, however, development of the Redwall-Muav aquifer in the study area has increased in response to population growth and the atten
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Bills, D., Flynn, M., and Monroe, S.A., 2007, Hydrogeology of the Coconino Plateau and adjacent areas, Coconino and Yavapai Counties, Arizona (Version 1.0: Originally posted 2007; Version 1.1: March 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5222, Report: xi, 101 p.; 4 Plates: 30.88 x 31.88 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055222.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 101 p.; 4 Plates: 30.88 x 31.88 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"107","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318944,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5222/sir2005-5222_text.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5222 Report"},{"id":318945,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5222/sir2005-5222_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"9.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2005-5222 Plate 1"},{"id":9173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5222/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":318946,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5222/sir2005-5222_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"18.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2005-5222 Plate 2"},{"id":318947,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5222/sir2005-5222_plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"17.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2005-5222 Plate 3"},{"id":318948,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5222/sir2005-5222_plate4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","size":"17.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2005-5222 Plate 4"},{"id":318949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5222/coverthb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.25,34.5 ], [ -113.25,36.75 ], [ -111,36.75 ], [ -111,34.5 ], [ -113.25,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted 2007; Version 1.1: March 2016","contact":"Director, Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
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http://az.water.usgs.gov
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is working cooperatively with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) to interpret the surficial geology in estuaries along the coast of the northeastern United States. The purpose of our present study is to determine the distributions of surficial sediments and sedimentary environments in two areas of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, using sidescan sonar imagery, high-resolution bathymetry, and sediment data. This study provides a framework for future studies on topics such as benthic habitats and oceanographic processes that control the transport and distribution of bottom sediments. This study mapped two separate areas totalling about 33 km² One area lies in West Passage between Plum Point, Quonset Point and Conanicut Island; the other area lies in East Passage around Dyer Island and extends south of Prudence Island.
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Tod","contributorId":51404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schattgen","given":"P. 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The primary focusisto preserve and provide public\naccessto multibeam bathymetry acquired during expeditions of research vesselssupported by the U.S. National Science\nFoundation. Since itsinception in 2003, our primary goal has been to facilitate visualization and exploration of the subsea landscape to the full detail of the original data by both specialists and non-specialists. Visualization across a widerange of map scales at high latitudesis made possible by dynamic accessto a gridded synthesisin both Polar and\nMercator projections. A second goal isto support multi-disciplinary research needs by offering data discovery and\nvisualization of numerous complementary geoscience datasets.In thisreport, we describe the design objectives and\narchitecture of the AMBS, as well asrecent developmentsregarding data submission and delivery via Web Services","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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F.","contributorId":86486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"William B. F.","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":487941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Hara, S.","contributorId":95790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hara","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arko, R.","contributorId":12771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arko","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goodwillie, A.","contributorId":91401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwillie","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Melkonian, A.","contributorId":27352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melkonian","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weissel, R.A.","contributorId":103565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissel","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ferrini, V.L.","contributorId":26965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrini","given":"V.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70065938,"text":"ofr20071047KP11 - 2007 - Antarctica and global paleogeography: from Rodinia, rhrough Gondwanaland and Pangea, to the birth of the Southern Ocean and the opening of gateways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T13:38:04","indexId":"ofr20071047KP11","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-02T13:24:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-KP-11","title":"Antarctica and global paleogeography: from Rodinia, rhrough Gondwanaland and Pangea, to the birth of the Southern Ocean and the opening of gateways","docAbstract":"Neoproterozoic Rodinia reconstructions associate East Antarctica (EANT) with cratonic Western Australia. By further \nlinking EANT to both Gondwana and Pangea with relative \nplate circuits, a Synthetic Apparent Polar Wander (SAPW) \npath for EANT is calculated. This path predicts that EANT \nwas located at tropical to subtropical southerly latitudes from \nca. 1 Ga to 420 Ma. Around 400 Ma and again at 320 Ma, \nEANT underwent southward drift. Ca. 250 Ma Antarctica \nvoyaged briefly north but headed south again ca. 200 Ma. \nSince 75 Ma EANT became surrounded by spreading centers \nand has remained extremely stable. Although paleomagnetic \ndata of the blocks that embrace West Antarctica are sparse, \nwe attempt to model their complex kinematics since the \nMesozoic. Together with the SAPW path and a revised \ncircum-Antarctic seafloor spreading history we construct a \nseries of new paleogeographic maps.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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Abundant hyaloclastite \nbreccias are confined to a paleovalley; their primary geological features, and the stable isotope ratios of secondary \nminerals, are consistent with eruption in a subaqueous environment with calcite formation probably involving seawater. \nIn contrast, the lavas which stratigraphically overlie the hyaloclastites on Mayr Spur probably were erupted subaerially. \nK-Ar dating of eight samples from this basal sequence confirms the known older age limit (Late Miocene) of the Hallett \nvolcanic province. Geochemical data reveal an ocean island basalt-like affinity, similar to other Cenozoic igneous rocks \nof the Hallett volcanic province. If a submarine eruptive paleoenvironment is accepted then there has been net tectonic \nor isostatic post-Late Miocene uplift of a few hundred metres in the Robertson Bay-Adare Peninsula area","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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One of the common Impletosphaeridium species recovered, I.\nlorum, was previously found in Seymour Island’s La Meseta Formation. Two questions we asked are: “What is the age\nof this high abundance of Impletosphaeridium spp., providing that they come from a unique source?”, and second “What is the environmental significance of such a high relative abundance?” The samples are likely to have been derived from sediments ranging from Eocene to Miocene in age, as this is the range for most of the Impletosphaeridium\nspecies. The environmental significance of this high abundance is a difficult question, not only because the genus is extinct, but also because these species are poorly known. To try to understand the ecological significance, we used the hypothesis that the morphology of a dinocyst is linked to environmental sea-surface parameters, and looked at extant species with a similar morphology. The extant dinoflagellate cysts of Echinidinium spp, Islandinium cezare, Islandinium minutum, and Pentapharsodinium dalei were selected for their morphological similarity with Impletosphaeridium. Modern ecological parameters for the extant species listed above were derived from the DinoDatabase (940 modern sea-surface samples from around the world). The database showed that these species are all\nindicators of sea-ice cover, with a minimum of 8 months for Echinidinium spp., ~ 5 months for Islandinium cezare, and\nfrom 1 to 12 months for Pentapharsodinium dalei and Islandinium minutum. If our morphologic-similarity hypothesis is correct, and if this high abundance is indeed indicative of a paleo-environmental condition, then it is most likely to have been associated with ephemeral sea-ice development off Seymour Island, sometime between the Eocene and the\nMiocene.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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Wave heights coming from the Pacific Ocean commonly exceed 5 m during winter storms. During peak flow tidal currents approach 3 m/s at the Golden Gate, a 1 km wide entrance that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Flow structure in this region varies markedly spatially and temporally due to the complex interaction by wind, waves and tidal currents. A multibeam sonar survey was recently completed that mapped in high resolution, for the first time, the bottom morphology in the region of the ebb tidal delta. This data set includes a giant sand wave field covering an area of approximately 4 square kilometers. The new survey enables the calculation of seabed change that has occurred in the past 50 years, since the last comprehensive survey of the area was completed. This comparison indicates an average erosion of 60 centimeters which equates to a total volume change of approximately 9.3 x 107 m3. Morphologic change also indicates that flood channels have filled and that the entire ebb delta is contracting radially.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Hanes, D.M., and Barnard, P., 2007, Morphological evolution in the San Francisco Bight: Journal of Coastal Research, p. 469-473.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"473","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bight","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.107773,37.37753 ], [ -123.107773,38.239992 ], [ -121.904941,38.239992 ], [ -121.904941,37.37753 ], [ -123.107773,37.37753 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53edcd4ee4b0f61b386d2436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanes, Daniel M.","contributorId":96360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L.","contributorId":54936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093627,"text":"ofr20071047SRP040 - 2007 - Mega debris flow deposits on the western Wilkes Land margin, East Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-10T16:00:22","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP040","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T15:41:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-040","title":"Mega debris flow deposits on the western Wilkes Land margin, East Antarctica","docAbstract":"Multichannel seismic data collected off Western Wilkes Land (East Antarctica) reveal the occurrence of mega \ndebris flow deposits on the lower slope and rise that were formed throughout the Miocene. Commonly, debris flow units \nare separated by thin deposits of well-stratified facies, interpreted as predominantly glaciomarine mixed contouritic and \ndistal turbidite deposits. These units could act as weak layers and could have played a major role in the slope instability. \nHigh sedimentation rates, due to large amounts of sediment delivered from a temperate, wet-based ice sheet, constituted \na key factor in the sediment failures. The main trigger mechanism would probably have been earthquakes enhanced by \nisostatic rebound following major ice sheet retreats.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. 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E.","contributorId":91271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Brien","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Santis, L.","contributorId":96471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Santis","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rebesco, M.","contributorId":60120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebesco","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brancolini, Giuliano","contributorId":29150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brancolini","given":"Giuliano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}