Slag from the former Hegeler Zn-smelting facility in Illinois (USA) is mainly composed of spinifex Ca-rich plagioclase, fine-grained dendritic or coarse-grained subhedral to anhedral clinopyroxenes, euhedral to subhedral spinels, spherical blebs of Fe sulfides, silicate glass, and less commonly fayalitic olivine. Mullite and quartz were also identified in one sample as representing remnants of the furnace lining. Secondary phases such as goethite, hematite and gypsum are significant in some samples and reflect surficial weathering of the dump piles or represent byproducts of roasting. A relatively rare Zn-rich material contains anhedral willemite, subhedral gahnite, massive zincite, hardystonite and a Zn sulfate (brianyoungite), among other phases, and likely represents the molten content of the smelting furnace before Zn extraction. The bulk major-element chemistry of most slag samples is dominated by SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and CaO. The bulk composition of the slag suggests a high viscosity of the melt and the mineralogy suggests a high silica content of the melt. Bulk slag trace-element chemistry shows that the dominant metal is Zn with >28.4 wt.% in the Zn-rich material and between 212 and 14,900 mg/kg in the other slags. The concentrations of other trace elements reach the following: 45 mg/kg As, 1170 mg/kg Ba, 191 mg/kg Cd, 242 mg/kg Co, 103 mg/kg Cr, 6360 mg/kg Cu, 107 mg/kg Ni, and 711 mg/kg Pb.
Zinc, as the dominant metal in the slags, is likely the most environmentally significant metal in these samples; Cd, Cu, and Pb are also of concern and their concentrations exceed US Environmental Protection Agency preliminary remediation goals for residential soils. Spinel was found to be the dominant concentrator of Zn for samples containing significant Zn (>1 wt.%); the silicate glass also contained relatively high concentrations of Zn compared to other phases. Zinc partitioned into the silicates and oxides in these samples is generally more resistant to weathering and therefore less leached when compared to the slag samples with lower bulk Zn concentrations where Zn is likely partitioned into volumetrically minor sulfides. This is confirmed by leachate tests that resulted in low leachate Zn concentrations for samples with Zn partitioned into spinel. In contrast, the concentrations of Zn and SO4 are close to those expected from the dissolution of stoichiometric ZnS in leachates from samples in which the dominant host of Zn is suspected to be sulfides. The fact that Zn and other metals occur commonly as sulfides, which are more reactive than the silicates and oxides into which they dominantly partition according to other slag studies, indicates the Hegeler slag pile may be more of an environmental concern than other slag piles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.12.001","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N., and Seal, R., 2010, Mineralogy and the release of trace elements from slag from the Hegeler Zinc smelter, Illinois (USA): Applied Geochemistry, v. 25, no. 2, p. 302-320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.12.001.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"19","ipdsId":"IP-015367","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216483,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.12.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5acae4b0c8380cd6f12a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":167138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":451339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035237,"text":"70035237 - 2010 - Controls of suspended sediment concentration, nutrient content, and transport in a subtropical wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-22T10:33:16","indexId":"70035237","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls of suspended sediment concentration, nutrient content, and transport in a subtropical wetland","docAbstract":"Redistribution of largely organic sediment from low elevation sloughs to higher elevation ridges is a leading hypothesis for the formation and maintenance of the native ridge and slough landscape pattern found in peat wetlands of the Florida Everglades. We tested this redistribution hypothesis by measuring the concentration and characteristics of suspended sediment and its associated nutrients in the flowpaths of adjacent ridge and slough plant communities. Over two wet seasons we found no sustained differences in suspended sediment mass concentrations, particle-associated P and N concentrations, or sizes of suspended particles between ridge and slough sites. Discharge of suspended sediment, particulate nutrients, and solutes were nearly double in the slough flowpath compared to the ridge flowpath due solely to deeper and faster water flow in sloughs. Spatial and temporal variations in suspended sediment were not related to water velocity, consistent with a hypothesis that the critical sheer stress causing entrainment is not commonly exceeded in the present-day managed Everglades. The uniformity in the concentrations and characteristics of suspended sediment at our research site suggests that sediment and particulate nutrient redistribution between ridges and sloughs does not occur, or rarely occurs, in the modern Everglades.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"http://www.springer.com","doi":"10.1007/s13157-009-0002-5","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Noe, G., Harvey, J., Schaffranek, R., and Larsen, L., 2010, Controls of suspended sediment concentration, nutrient content, and transport in a subtropical wetland: Wetlands, v. 30, no. 1, p. 39-54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0002-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215246,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0002-5"},{"id":243036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.5205,24.851 ], [ -81.5205,25.8915 ], [ -80.3887,25.8915 ], [ -80.3887,24.851 ], [ -81.5205,24.851 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbcce4b0c8380cd4df7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noe, G.B.","contributorId":66464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larsen, L. G.","contributorId":50741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"L. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035206,"text":"70035206 - 2010 - Multi-species occurrence models to evaluate the effects of conservation and management actions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035206","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-species occurrence models to evaluate the effects of conservation and management actions","docAbstract":"Conservation and management actions often have direct and indirect effects on a wide range of species. As such, it is important to evaluate the impacts that such actions may have on both target and non-target species within a region. Understanding how species richness and composition differ as a result of management treatments can help determine potential ecological consequences. Yet it is difficult to estimate richness because traditional sampling approaches detect species at variable rates and some species are never observed. We present a framework for assessing management actions on biodiversity using a multi-species hierarchical model that estimates individual species occurrences, while accounting for imperfect detection of species. Our model incorporates species-specific responses to management treatments and local vegetation characteristics and a hierarchical component that links species at a community-level. This allows for comprehensive inferences on the whole community or on assemblages of interest. Compared to traditional species models, occurrence estimates are improved for all species, even for those that are rarely observed, resulting in more precise estimates of species richness (including species that were unobserved during sampling). We demonstrate the utility of this approach for conservation through an analysis comparing bird communities in two geographically similar study areas: one in which white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities have been regulated through hunting and one in which deer densities have gone unregulated. Although our results indicate that species and assemblage richness were similar in the two study areas, point-level richness was significantly influenced by local vegetation characteristics, a result that would have been underestimated had we not accounted for variability in species detection.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.016","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Zipkin, E., Andrew, R.J., Dawson, D., and Bates, S., 2010, Multi-species occurrence models to evaluate the effects of conservation and management actions: Biological Conservation, v. 143, no. 2, p. 479-484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.016.","startPage":"479","endPage":"484","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.016"},{"id":243066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fc8e4b0c8380cd71129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zipkin, E.F.","contributorId":52790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zipkin","given":"E.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrew, Royle J.","contributorId":69800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrew","given":"Royle","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bates, S.","contributorId":44271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034666,"text":"70034666 - 2010 - Do larval fishes exhibit diel drift patterns in a large, turbid river?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034666","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do larval fishes exhibit diel drift patterns in a large, turbid river?","docAbstract":"Previous research suggested larval fishes do not exhibit a diel drift cycle in turbid rivers (transparency <30 cm). We evaluated this hypothesis in the turbid, lower Missouri River, Missouri. We also reviewed diel patterns of larval drift over a range of transparencies in rivers worldwide. Larval fishes were collected from the Missouri River primary channel every 4 h per 24-h period during spring-summer 2002. Water transparency was measured during this period and summarized for previous years. Diel drift patterns were analyzed at the assemblage level and lower taxonomic levels for abundant groups. Day and night larval fish catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) was compared for the entire May through August sampling period and spring (May - June) and summer (July - August) seasons separately. There were no significant differences between day and night CPUE at the assemblage level for the entire sampling period or for the spring and summer seasons. However, Hiodon alosoides, Carpiodes/Ictiobus spp. and Macrhybopsis spp. exhibited a diel cycle of abundance within the drift. This pattern was evident although mean Secchi depth (transparency) ranged from 4 to 25 cm during the study and was <30 cm from May through August over the previous nine years. Larval diel drift studies from 48 rivers excluding the Missouri River indicated the primary drift period for larval fishes was at night in 38 rivers and during the day for five, with the remaining rivers showing no pattern. Water transparency was reported for 10 rivers with six being <30 cm or 'low'. Two of these six turbid rivers exhibited significant diel drift patterns. The effect of water transparency on diel drift of larval fishes appears taxa-specific and patterns of abundant taxa could mask patterns of rare taxa when analyzed only at the assemblage level. ?? 2010 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01481.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Reeves, K., and Galat, D., 2010, Do larval fishes exhibit diel drift patterns in a large, turbid river?: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 571-577, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01481.x.","startPage":"571","endPage":"577","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475796,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01481.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215723,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01481.x"},{"id":243545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0362e4b0c8380cd5046f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, K.S.","contributorId":40824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galat, D.L.","contributorId":54546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034444,"text":"70034444 - 2010 - Food habits of stunted and non-stunted white perch (Morone americana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-17T13:25:12.03975","indexId":"70034444","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food habits of stunted and non-stunted white perch (Morone americana)","docAbstract":"We studied food habits of white perch (Morone americana) from two populations with different stable states (stunted [Branched Oak Lake, Nebraska] and non-stunted [Pawnee Lake, Nebraska]) to determine if change in food habits of white perch is likely to occur in situations where a stunted white perch population is altered to a non-stunted state and vice versa. Three approaches were used to quantitatively describe seasonal (spring = March-May, summer = June-August, autumn = September-November) diets of white perch—1) frequency of occurrence, 2) percentage of composition by volume, and 3) mean stomach fullness. White perch diets were dominated by cladocerans and dipterans in both reservoirs during all seasons. Fish egg predation was similar between reservoirs, and white perch rarely consumed fishes in either the stunted or the non-stunted population. Shifting a white perch population between stunted and non-stunted states will likely cause little or no change in food habits; fish in both states will primarily consume invertebrates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2010.9664354","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Gosch, N., Stittie, J., and Pope, K., 2010, Food habits of stunted and non-stunted white perch (Morone americana): Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 31-39, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2010.9664354.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Pawnee Lake, Branched Oak Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.97357177734375,\n 40.91558813293605\n ],\n [\n -96.8170166015625,\n 40.91558813293605\n ],\n [\n -96.8170166015625,\n 41.03171529379291\n ],\n [\n -96.97357177734375,\n 41.03171529379291\n ],\n [\n -96.97357177734375,\n 40.91558813293605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.89220428466797,\n 40.83394373956247\n ],\n [\n -96.85873031616211,\n 40.83394373956247\n ],\n [\n -96.85873031616211,\n 40.86199195708591\n ],\n [\n -96.89220428466797,\n 40.86199195708591\n ],\n [\n -96.89220428466797,\n 40.83394373956247\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12d0e4b0c8380cd5440e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gosch, N.J.C.","contributorId":66513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gosch","given":"N.J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stittie, J.R.","contributorId":46331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stittie","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pope, K.L.","contributorId":20454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034239,"text":"70034239 - 2010 - Piscicides and invertebrates: after 70 years, does anyone really know?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T16:26:27","indexId":"70034239","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Piscicides and invertebrates: after 70 years, does anyone really know?","docAbstract":"The piscicides rotenone and antimycin have been used for more than 70 years to manage fish populations by eliminating undesirable fish species. The effects of piscicides on aquatic invertebrate assemblages are considered negligible by some and significant by others. This difference of opinion has created contentious situations and delayed native fish restoration projects. We review the scientific evidence and report that short-term (< 3 months) impacts of piscicides to invertebrate assemblages varied from minor to substantial and long-term (> 1 year) impacts are largely unknown. Recovery of invertebrate assemblages following treatments ranged from a few months for abundances of common taxa to several years for rarer taxa. Variation in reported effects was primarily due to natural variation among species and habitats and a lack of adequate pre- and post-treatment sampling which prevents determining the true impacts to invertebrate assemblages. The factors most likely to influence impacts and recovery of aquatic invertebrate assemblages following piscicide treatments are: (1) concentration, duration, and breadth of the piscicide treatment; (2) invertebrate morphology and life history characteristics, including surface area to volume ratios, type of respiration organs, generation time, and propensity to disperse; (3) refugia presence; and (4) distance from colonization sources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446-35.2.61","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Vinson, M., Dinger, E., and Vinson, D., 2010, Piscicides and invertebrates: after 70 years, does anyone really know?: Fisheries, v. 35, no. 2, p. 61-71, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-35.2.61.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268832,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-35.2.61"},{"id":244875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b7ee4b0c8380cd79491","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vinson, M.R.","contributorId":44755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinger, E.C.","contributorId":6333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinger","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vinson, D.K.","contributorId":25421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinson","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034101,"text":"70034101 - 2010 - Do competitors modulate rare plant response to precipitation change?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:44","indexId":"70034101","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do competitors modulate rare plant response to precipitation change?","docAbstract":"Ecologists increasingly suspect that climate change will directly impact species physiology, demography, and phenology, but also indirectly affect these measures via changes to the surrounding community. Unfortunately, few studies examine both the direct and indirect pathways of impact. Doing so is important because altered competitive pressures can reduce or magnify the direct responses of a focal species to climate change. Here, we examine the effects of changing rainfall on three rare annual plant species in the presence and absence of competition on the California Channel Islands. We used rain-out shelters and hand watering to exclude and augment early, late, and season-long rainfall, spanning the wide range of precipitation change forecast for the region. In the absence of competition, droughts reduced the population growth rates of two of three focal annuals, while increased rainfall was only sometimes beneficial, As compared to the focal species, the dominant competitors were more sensitive to the precipitation treatments, benefiting from increased season-long precipitation and harmed by droughts. Importantly, the response of two of three competitors to the precipitation treatments tended to be positively correlated with those of the focal annuals. Although this leads to the expectation that increased competition will counter the direct benefits of favorable conditions, such indirect effects of precipitation change proved weak to nonexistent in our experiment. Competitors had little influence on the precipitation response of two focal species, due to their low sensitivity to competition and highly variable precipitation responses. Competition did affect how our third focal species responded to precipitation change, but this effect only approached significance, and whether it truly resulted from competitor response to precipitation change was unclear. Our work suggests that even when competitors respond to climate change, these responses may have little effect on the focal species. Ultimately, the strength of the indirect effect depends on how strongly climate change alters competition, and how sensitive focal species are to changes in competition. ?? 2010 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/08-2039.1","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Levine, J., Kathryn, M.A., and Cowan, C., 2010, Do competitors modulate rare plant response to precipitation change?: Ecology, v. 91, no. 1, p. 130-140, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2039.1.","startPage":"130","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216870,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-2039.1"},{"id":244768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a035fe4b0c8380cd5045b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levine, J.M.","contributorId":77748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levine","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kathryn, Mceachern A.","contributorId":31233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kathryn","given":"Mceachern","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowan, C.","contributorId":46777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034095,"text":"70034095 - 2010 - Federal land management, carbon sequestration, and climate change in the Southeastern U.S.: a case study with fort benning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-25T09:51:36","indexId":"70034095","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Federal land management, carbon sequestration, and climate change in the Southeastern U.S.: a case study with fort benning","docAbstract":"Land use activities can have a major impact on the temporal trendsandspatialpatternsofregionalland-atmosphereexchange of carbon. Federal lands generally have substantially different land management strategies from surrounding areas, and the carbon consequences have rarely been quantified and assessed. Using the Fort Benning Installation as a case study, we used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate and compare ecosystem carbon sequestration between the U.S. Army's Fort Benning and surrounding areas from 1992 to 2050. Our results indicate that the military installation sequestered more carbon than surrounding areas from 1992 to 2007 (76.7 vs 18.5 g C m-2 yr-1), and is projected to continue sequestering more carbon from 2008 to 2050 (75.7 vs 25.6 g C m-2 yr-1), mostly because of the proactive management approaches adopted on military training lands. Our results suggest that federal lands might play a positive and important role in sequestering and conserving atmospheric carbon because some anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., urbanization, forest harvesting, and agriculture) can be minimized or prevented on federal lands","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es9009019","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Zhao, S., Liu, S., Li, Z., and Sohl, T.L., 2010, Federal land management, carbon sequestration, and climate change in the Southeastern U.S.: a case study with fort benning: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 992-997, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9009019.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"997","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216781,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9009019"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Chattahoochee County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Benning","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.008096,32.220951 ], [ -85.008096,32.534956 ], [ -84.637323,32.534956 ], [ -84.637323,32.220951 ], [ -85.008096,32.220951 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f5ce4b0c8380cd53898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhao, S.","contributorId":71779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhao","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, Z.","contributorId":29160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":76419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034090,"text":"70034090 - 2010 - New and interesting species of the genus Muelleria (Bacillariophyta) from the Antarctic region and South Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034090","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3055,"text":"Phycologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New and interesting species of the genus Muelleria (Bacillariophyta) from the Antarctic region and South Africa","docAbstract":"During a survey of the terrestrial diatom flora of some sub-Antarctic islands in the southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans and of the Antarctic continent, more than 15 taxa belonging to the genus Muelleria were observed. Nine of these taxa are described as new species using light and scanning electron microscopy. Comments are made on their systematic position and how they are distinguished from other species in the genus. Additionally, two previously unrecognized taxa within the genus were discovered in samples from South Africa. One of these, Muelleria taylorii Van de Vijver & Cocquyt sp. nov., is new to science; the other, Muelleria vandermerwei (Cholnoky) Van de Vijver & Cocquyt nov. comb., had been included in the genus Diploneis. The large number of new Muelleria taxa on the (sub)-Antarctic locations is not surprising. Species in Muelleria occur rarely in collections; in many habitats, it is unusual to find more than 1-2 valves in any slide preparation. As a result, records are scarce. The practice of \"force-fitting\" (shoehorning) specimens into descriptions from common taxonomic keys (and species drift) results in European species, such as M. gibbula and M. linearis, being applied to Antarctic forms in ecological studies. Finally, the typical terrestrial habitats of soils, mosses and ephemeral water bodies of most of these taxa have been poorly studied in the past.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phycologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2216/09-27.1","issn":"00318884","usgsCitation":"Van De Vijver, B., Mataloni, G., Stanish, L., and Spaulding, S., 2010, New and interesting species of the genus Muelleria (Bacillariophyta) from the Antarctic region and South Africa: Phycologia, v. 49, no. 1, p. 22-41, https://doi.org/10.2216/09-27.1.","startPage":"22","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476044,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11336/53537","text":"External Repository"},{"id":244605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216719,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2216/09-27.1"}],"volume":"49","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6553e4b0c8380cd72b72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van De Vijver, B.","contributorId":19782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van De Vijver","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mataloni, G.","contributorId":67756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mataloni","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanish, L.","contributorId":31232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanish","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spaulding, S. A. 0000-0002-9787-7743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-7743","contributorId":74390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spaulding","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034006,"text":"70034006 - 2010 - Geochemistry of trace elements in coals from the Zhuji Mine, Huainan Coalfield, Anhui, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:47","indexId":"70034006","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of trace elements in coals from the Zhuji Mine, Huainan Coalfield, Anhui, China","docAbstract":"The abundances of nine major elements and thirty-eight trace elements in 520 samples of low sulfur coals from the Zhuji Mine, Huainan Coalfield, Anhui, China, were determined. Samples were mainly collected from 10 minable coal seams of 29 boreholes during exploration. The B content in coals shows that the influence of brackish water decreased toward the top of coal seams; marine transgression and regression occurred frequently in the Lower Shihezi Formation. A wide range of elemental abundances is found. Weighted means of Na, K, Fe, P, Be, B, Co, Ni, Cr, Se, Sb, Ba, and Bi abundances in Zhuji coals are higher, and the remainder elements are either lower or equal to the average values of elements in coals of northern China. Compared to the Chinese coals, the Zhuji coals are higher in Na, K, Be, B, Cr, Co, Se, Sn, Sb, and Bi, but lower in Ti, P, Li, V and Zn. The Zhuji coals are lower only in S, P, V and Zn than average U.S. and world coals. Potassium, Mg, Ca, Mn, Sr, As, Se, Sb and light rare earth elements (LREE) had a tendency to be enriched in thicker coal seams, whereas Fe, Ti, P, V, Co, Ni, Y, Mo, Pb and heavy rare earth elements (HREE) were inclined to concentrate in thinner coal seams. The enrichment of some elements in the Shanxi or Upper Shihezi Formations is related to their depositional environments. The elements are classified into three groups based on their stratigraphic distributions from coal seams 3 to 11-2, and the characteristics of each group are discussed. Lateral distributions of selected elements are also investigated. The correlation coefficients of elemental abundances with ash content show that the elements may be classified into four groups related to modes of occurrence of these elements. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2009.12.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Sun, R., Liu, G., Zheng, L., and Chou, C.L., 2010, Geochemistry of trace elements in coals from the Zhuji Mine, Huainan Coalfield, Anhui, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 81, no. 2, p. 81-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.12.001.","startPage":"81","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216928,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.12.001"},{"id":244830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1725e4b0c8380cd553d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, R.","contributorId":10137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Gaisheng","contributorId":15158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Gaisheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zheng, Lingyun","contributorId":68495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Lingyun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chou, C. L.","contributorId":32655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70194333,"text":"70194333 - 2010 - A review of silver-rich mineral deposits and their metallogeny","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T11:16:19","indexId":"70194333","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A review of silver-rich mineral deposits and their metallogeny","docAbstract":"Mineral deposits with large inventories or high grades of silver are found in four genetic groups: (1) volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), (2) sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), (3) lithogene, and, (4) magmatichydrothermal. Principal differences between the four groups relate to source rocks and regions, metal associations, process and timing of mineralization, and tectonic setting. These four groups may be subdivided into specific metal associations on ternary diagrams based on relative metal contents.
The VMS deposits rarely contain more than 15,600 t Ag (500 Moz). Grades average 33 g/t Ag. Variable Ag- Pb-Zn-Cu-Au ± Sn concentrations are interpreted as having been derived both from shallow plutons and by leaching of the volcanic rock pile in regions of thin or no continental crust and the mineralization is syngenetic. Higher silver grades are associated with areas of abundant felsic volcanic rocks. The SEDEX deposits rarely contain more than 15,600 t Ag (500 Moz). Grades average 46 g/t Ag. Silver, lead, and zinc in relatively consistent proportions are leached from sedimentary rocks filling rift-related basins, where the continental crust is thin, and deposited as syngenetic to diagenetic massive sulfides. Pre-mineral volcanic rocks and their detritus may occur deep within the basin and gold is typically absent.
Lithogene silver-rich deposits are epigenetic products of varying combinations of compaction, dewatering, meteoric water recharge, and metamorphism of rift basin-related clastic sedimentary and interbedded volcanic rocks. Individual deposits may contain more than 15,600 t Ag (500 Moz) at high grades. Ores are characterized by four well-defined metal associations, including Ag, Ag-Pb-Zn, Ag-Cu, and Ag-Co-Ni-U. Leaching, transport, and deposition of metals may occur both in specific sedimentary strata and other rock types adjacent to the rift. Multiple mineralizing events lasting 10 to 15 m.y., separated by as much as 1 b.y., may occur in a single basin. Gold is absent at economic levels.
The magmatic-hydrothermal silver-rich deposits are epigenetic and related to cordilleran igneous and volcanic suites. Six magmatic-hydrothermal districts each contain more than 31,000 t Ag (1,000 Moz) with grades of veins >600 g/t Ag. Mineralization occurs as veins, massive sulfides in carbonate rocks, and disseminated deposits including porphyry silver deposits, a proposed exploration model. Most deposits are epithermal with low-sulfidation alteration assemblages. Deposits are often telescoped and well-zoned. All large and high-grade magmatic-hydrothermal deposits appear confined to regions of relatively thick continental crust above Cenozoic consuming plate margins on the eastern side of the Pacific Rim. Silver in these deposits may be partly derived by hydrothermal leaching of rocks under or adjacent to the deposits.
Specific metal associations in SEDEX and lithogene deposits may reflect confinement of fluid flow to and derivation of metals from specific source rock types. Variable metal associations in VMS and magmatichydrothermal deposits may reflect derivation of metals from a more diverse suite of rocks by convecting hydrothermal systems and processes related to the generation of magma. The discovery rate for silver-rich deposits has accelerated during the past decade, with new deposit types, metal associations, and exploration models being identified that provide numerous exploration and research opportunities.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The challenge of finding new mineral resources: Global metallogeny, innovative exploration, and new discoveries; SEG Special Publication 15 Vol. 1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","usgsCitation":"Graybeal, F., and Vikre, P.G., 2010, A review of silver-rich mineral deposits and their metallogeny, chap. of The challenge of finding new mineral resources: Global metallogeny, innovative exploration, and new discoveries; SEG Special Publication 15 Vol. 1, p. 85-117.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"117","ipdsId":"IP-021427","costCenters":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.segweb.org/store/detail.aspx?id=EDOCSP15V1CH07"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610acde4b06e28e9c256e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graybeal, Frederick","contributorId":139000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graybeal","given":"Frederick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12586,"text":"Consultant","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":723332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vikre, Peter G. 0000-0001-7895-5972 pvikre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-5972","contributorId":139033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"Peter","email":"pvikre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208544,"text":"70208544 - 2010 - An automated approach for reconstructing recent forest disturbance history using dense Landsat time series stacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:07:02","indexId":"70208544","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-08T12:48:40","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automated approach for reconstructing recent forest disturbance history using dense Landsat time series stacks","docAbstract":"A highly automated algorithm called vegetation change tracker (VCT) has been developed for reconstructing recent forest disturbance history using Landsat time series stacks (LTSS). This algorithm is based on the spectral–temporal properties of land cover and forest change processes, and requires little or no fine tuning for most forests with closed or near close canopy cover. It was found very efficient, taking 2–3 h on average to analyze an LTSS consisting of 12 or more Landsat images using an average desktop PC. This LTSS-VCT approach has been used to examine disturbance patterns with a biennial temporal interval from 1984 to 2006 for many locations across the conterminous U.S. Accuracy assessment over 6 validation sites revealed that overall accuracies of around 80% were achieved for disturbances mapped at individual year level. Average user's and producer's accuracies of the disturbance classes were around 70% and 60% in 5 of the 6 sites, respectively, suggesting that although forest disturbances were typically rare as compared with no-change classes, on average the VCT detected more than half of those disturbances with relatively low levels of false alarms. Field assessment revealed that VCT was able to detect most stand clearing disturbance events, including harvest, fire, and urban development, while some non-stand clearing events such as thinning and selective logging were also mapped in western U.S. The applicability of the LTSS-VCT approach depends on the availability of a temporally adequate supply of Landsat imagery. To ensure that forest disturbance records can be developed continuously in the future, it is necessary to plan and develop observational capabilities today that will allow continuous acquisition of frequent Landsat or Landsat-like observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.017","usgsCitation":"Huang, C., Goward, S.N., Masek, J.G., Thomas, N., Zhu, Z., and Vogelmann, J., 2010, An automated approach for reconstructing recent forest disturbance history using dense Landsat time series stacks: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 114, no. 1, p. 183-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.017.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, Chengquan 0000-0003-0055-9798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798","contributorId":198972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7261,"text":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":782372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goward, Samuel N.","contributorId":44459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goward","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masek, Jeffery G.","contributorId":87438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masek","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, Nancy","contributorId":7657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nancy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70208554,"text":"70208554 - 2010 - Effects of vegetation restoration and slope positions on soil aggregation and soil carbon accumulation on heavily eroded tropical land of Southern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:08:20","indexId":"70208554","displayToPublicDate":"2009-07-24T14:49:49","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2457,"text":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of vegetation restoration and slope positions on soil aggregation and soil carbon accumulation on heavily eroded tropical land of Southern China","docAbstract":"Soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation is strongly affected by soil erosion and deposition that differ at slope positions of a watershed. However, studies on the effects of topography on soil aggregation and SOC dynamics, especially after the implementation of vegetation restoration, are rare. Poorly understood mechanisms and a lack of quantification for the suite of ecological benefits brought by the impacts of topography after planting further obstructed our understanding of terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) sequestration. The purposes of this study are to (1) quantify the impacts of vegetation restoration on size and stability of soil aggregates and the sequestration of C in soil and (2) to address the impacts of various slope locations on aggregates and SOC distribution.
The experimental sites were set up in 1959 on a highly disturbed barren land in a tropical and coastal area of Guangdong province in South China. One site received human-induced vegetation restoration (the restored site), while the other received no planting and has remained as barren land (the barren site). The soil in the study sites was a latosol developed from granite. Soil samples were taken from 0 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm soil layer at shoulder and toe slope positions at both sites for comparisons. Soils were analyzed for proportion of soil macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), the SOC in soil layers, and the aggregate soil organic carbon (AOC) at different aggregate sizes.
Measurements in 2007 showed that fractions of water stable macroaggregates in 0–40 cm at shoulder and toe slope ranged from 28% to 45%, about one third to one half of those of dry macroaggregates (91–95%) at the restored site. Soil macroaggregates were not detected at barren site in 2007. Average SOC storage in 0–40 cm soil layer of shoulder and toe slope positions at the restored site was 56.5 ± 10.9 Mg C ha−1, about 2.4 times of that (23.4 ± 4.6 Mg C ha−1) at barren site in 2007. Since 1959, the soil aggregation and SOC storage are significantly improved at the restored site; opposite to that, soil physical and chemical quality has remained low on the barren land without planting. SOC storage in 0–40 cm at toe slope was 15.9 ± 1.8 Mg C ha−1, which is only half of that (30.9 ± 9 Mg C ha−1) at shoulder slope of the barren site; this is opposite to the pattern found at restored site. The ratios of AOC in 0–20 cm to AOC in 20–40 cm at toe slope were lower than those at shoulder slope of the restored site. The comparison of organic carbon sequestered in soils at different slope positions suggest that soil aggregates played a role in sequestering C based upon landscape positions and soil profile depth as a consequence of soil erosion and deposition.
Results indicate that vegetation restoration and SOC accumulation significantly enhance soil aggregation, which in turn promotes further organic C accumulation in the aggregates via physical protection. Soil aggregation and soil C accumulation differed between slope positions. Soil aggregation was significantly enhanced in 0–20 cm layer and aggregates absorb C into deep layers in depositional environment (toe slope) under protection from human disturbances. The interactions of erosion–deposition, soil aggregates, and vegetation restoration play important roles on SOC accumulation and redistribution on land.
The positive feedback between SOC and soil aggregates should be evaluated for improving the quantification of the impacts of land use change, erosion, and deposition on the dynamics of SOC and soil structure under the global climate change.
Perturbation analysis is a powerful tool to study population and community dynamics. This article describes expressions for sensitivity metrics reflecting changes in equilibrium occupancy resulting from small changes in the vital rates of patch occupancy dynamics (i.e., probabilities of local patch colonization and extinction). We illustrate our approach with a case study of occupancy dynamics of Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nesting territories. Examination of the hypothesis of system equilibrium suggests that the system satisfies equilibrium conditions. Estimates of vital rates obtained using patch occupancy models are used to estimate equilibrium patch occupancy of eagles. We then compute estimates of sensitivity metrics and discuss their implications for eagle population ecology and management. Finally, we discuss the intuition underlying our sensitivity metrics and then provide examples of ecological questions that can be addressed using perturbation analyses. For instance, the sensitivity metrics lead to predictions about the relative importance of local colonization and local extinction probabilities in influencing equilibrium occupancy for rare and common species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/08-0646.1","usgsCitation":"Martin, J., Nichols, J., McIntyre, C.L., Ferraz, G., and Hines, J., 2009, Perturbation analysis for patch occupancy dynamics: Ecology, v. 90, no. 1, p. 10-16, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0646.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476008,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0646.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":196412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688405","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Julien 0000-0002-7375-129X julienmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-129X","contributorId":5785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Julien","email":"julienmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":343216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIntyre, Carol L.","contributorId":94642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferraz, Goncalo","contributorId":101803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferraz","given":"Goncalo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043438,"text":"70043438 - 2009 - Life history and status of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Potomac River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T08:08:24","indexId":"70043438","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history and status of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Potomac River","docAbstract":"We collected the first life history information on shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in any of the rivers to Chesapeake Bay, the geographic center of the species range. In the Potomac River, two telemetry-tagged adult females used 124 km of river: a saltwater/freshwater reach at river km (rkm) 63-141 was the foraging-wintering concentration area, and one female migrated to spawn at rkm 187 in Washington, DC. The spawning migration explained the life history context of an adult captured 122 years ago in Washington, DC, supporting the idea that a natal population once lived in the river. Repeated homing migrations to foraging and wintering areas suggested the adults were residents, not transient coastal migrants. All habitats that adults need to complete life history are present in the river. The Potomac River shortnose sturgeon offers a rare opportunity to learn about the natural rebuilding of a sturgeon population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01224.x","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, M., 2009, Life history and status of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) in the Potomac River: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 34-38, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01224.x.","startPage":"34","endPage":"38","ipdsId":"IP-014671","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267985,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267984,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01224.x"}],"country":"United States","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f333e4b04edf7e93f906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, Micah 0000-0001-9310-018X mkieffer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-018X","contributorId":2641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"Micah","email":"mkieffer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209246,"text":"70209246 - 2009 - Deglaciation in the southeastern Laurentide Sector and the Hudson Valley – 15,000 Years of vegetational and climate history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:33:39","indexId":"70209246","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-31T11:57:37","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Deglaciation in the southeastern Laurentide Sector and the Hudson Valley – 15,000 Years of vegetational and climate history","docAbstract":"In this field trip, we provide a review of the significant controversy concerning the timing of deglaciation in the Hudson and Wallkill Valleys. We outline the differences in methodology and chronology with a circular route throughout the Hudson and Wallkill valleys. We begin the trip at Lake Mohonk near New Paltz led by Kirsten Menking and Dorothy Peteet, then continue to the “black dirt” region of the Wallkill Valley where John Rayburn has contributed a new GIS model of deglaciation in the Wallkill Valley and Guy Robinson will review the history of fossil mammals, including mammoths. From this point we travel southeast to a rare exposure of glaciolacustrine beds on the west side of the Huson River, described by Byron Stone and John Rayburn, and on to Croton Marsh at Croton Point, New York where Dorothy Peteet will review the marsh histories of the region.
A recent review of literature relating to the last glacial recession in the Hudson Valley indicates that the timing of de - glaciation is very controversial (Peteet et al., 2006; Peteet, in review; Balco et al., 2006; Balco et al., 2009; Schaefer, 2007). Some questions to consider:
1) How does timing of new lake basal dates at the margin of the ice (Staten Island) compare with sites to the north and inland (ie. Mohonk)?
2) What is the vegetational history of the region and how does it compare with Deevey’s classical southern New England stratigraphy?
3) What is the latest model of the deglaciation of the Wallkill Valley?
4) What have the Hudson marshes added to our understanding of the vegetation and landscape history, particularly in the last few millennia?
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field trip guidebook: New York State Geological Association 81st annual meeting, September 25-27, 2009","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"New York State Geological Association 81st annual meeting","conferenceDate":"September 25-27, 2009","conferenceLocation":"New Paltz, NY","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Geological Association","usgsCitation":"Peteet, D.M., Rayburn, J., Menking, K.M., Robinson, G., and Stone, B.D., 2009, Deglaciation in the southeastern Laurentide Sector and the Hudson Valley – 15,000 Years of vegetational and climate history, in Field trip guidebook: New York State Geological Association 81st annual meeting, September 25-27, 2009, New Paltz, NY, September 25-27, 2009, p. 4.1-4.18.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"4.1","endPage":"4.18","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373516,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":373515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nysga-online.net/guidebooks/1925-2018/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":" New Paltz","otherGeospatial":"Croton Point, Hudson Valley, Lake Mohonk, Wallkill Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.51751708984375,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -73.68804931640625,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -73.68804931640625,\n 42.256983603767466\n ],\n [\n -74.51751708984375,\n 42.256983603767466\n ],\n [\n -74.51751708984375,\n 41.062786068733026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peteet, Dorothy M. 0000-0003-3029-7506","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3029-7506","contributorId":147523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peteet","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16858,"text":"Goddard Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":785540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rayburn, John","contributorId":223595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rayburn","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Menking, Kirsten M.","contributorId":53564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menking","given":"Kirsten","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Guy","contributorId":223596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70197918,"text":"70197918 - 2009 - The struggle to save the Laysan duck: Managing diseases that threaten a rare bird in the Hawaiian islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-26T13:16:33","indexId":"70197918","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3587,"text":"The Wildlife Professional","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The struggle to save the Laysan duck: Managing diseases that threaten a rare bird in the Hawaiian islands","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., 2009, The struggle to save the Laysan duck: Managing diseases that threaten a rare bird in the Hawaiian islands: The Wildlife Professional, v. 3, p. 59-64.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b47049ae4b060350a162b7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":739099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98056,"text":"ds479 - 2009 - Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T12:12:41.782134","indexId":"ds479","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"479","title":"Groundwater-quality data in the Antelope Valley study unit, 2008: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the approximately 1,600 square-mile Antelope Valley study unit (ANT) was investigated from January to April 2008 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).
The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within ANT, and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of groundwater quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 57 wells in Kern, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino Counties. Fifty-six of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized, grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and one additional well was selected to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding well).
The groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs], gasoline additives and degradates, pesticides and pesticide degradates, fumigants, and pharmaceutical compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), and radioactive constituents (gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, radium isotopes, and radon-222). Naturally occurring isotopes (strontium, tritium, and carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. In total, 239 constituents and water-quality indicators (field parameters) were investigated.
Quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and samples for matrix spikes) were collected at 12 percent of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that contamination was not a noticeable source of bias in the data for the groundwater samples. Differences between replicate samples generally were within acceptable ranges, indicating acceptably low variability. Matrix spike recoveries were within acceptable ranges for most compoundsThis study did not evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, or blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to water that is served to the consumer, not to raw groundwater. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw groundwater were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and drinking-water thresholds are for illustrative purposes only, and are not indicative of compliance or non-compliance with drinking water standards.
Most constituents that were detected in groundwater samples were found at concentrations below drinking-water thresholds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in about one-half of the samples and pesticides detected in about one-third of the samples; all detections of these constituents were below health-based thresholds. Most detections of trace elements and nutrients in samples from ANT wells were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include: one detection of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen (NO2+NO3) above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US: 10 mg/L), five detections of arsenic above the MCL-US (6 μg/L), one detection of boron above the CDPH notification level (NL-CA: 1,000 μg/L), and two detections of vanadium above the NL-CA (50 μg/L). Most detections of radioactive constituents were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include two detections of gross alpha radioactivity (72-hour and 30-day counts) above the MCL-US (15 pCi/L). Also, radon-222 was detected above the proposed MCL-US (300 pCi/L) in 14 grid wells and the understanding well, but no wells had detections above the proposed alternative MCL-US (4,000 pCi/L). Most of the samples from ANT wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids (TDS), and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic concerns. Three samples contained sulfate and four samples contained total dissolved solids at concentrations above the SMCL-CA thresholds (250 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively). Two of the total dissolved solids detections were above the upper SMCL-CA (1,000 mg/L). Samples from four wells had field pH values above the SMCL-US (>pH 8.5). Field-measured specific conductance values were above the SMCL-CA (900 μS/cm at 25°C) at eight wells with four of these measurements above the upper SMCL-CA threshold (1,600 μS/cm at 25°C).
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Land-use studies are essential to understanding place because they generalize human activities on the physical landscape. Essentially, land use indicates past human decisions and actions, environmental constraints, and, in some cases, gives insight into subsequent change. Like vulnerability, land use is particular to a place at a certain time, and the analysis of that land use can be used as a baseline for future change and its implications. Vulnerability and land use are linked by the concept of place and are fundamental to contemporary research on human–environment interactions.
Although the literature on land use, land-use change, and climate change is extensive, the land-use component of vulnerability is usually conceptualized as a feedback mechanism to climate change: forest cutting releases carbon dioxide, which increases atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, which increases radiative forcing, which changes climate, and which ultimately changes land cover and subsequent land use (e.g. DeFries and Bounoua 2004; Jianchu et al. 2005; Salinger et al. 2005; Watson 2005). Moreover, land use is rarely specifically identified as a component of vulnerability.
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