Nitrate (NO3−) concentrations and dual isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) were measured during various seasons and tidal conditions in Elkhorn Slough to evaluate mixing of sources of NO3− within this California estuary. We found the isotopic composition of NO3− was influenced most heavily by mixing of two primary sources with unique isotopic signatures, a marine (Monterey Bay) and terrestrial agricultural runoff source (Old Salinas River). However, our attempt to use a simple two end‐member mixing model to calculate the relative contribution of these two NO3− sources to the Slough was complicated by periods of nonconservative behavior and/or the presence of additional sources, particularly during the dry season when NO3− concentrations were low. Although multiple linear regression generally yielded good fits to the observed data, deviations from conservative mixing were still evident. After consideration of potential alternative sources, we concluded that deviations from two end‐member mixing were most likely derived from interactions with marsh sediments in regions of the Slough where high rates of NO3− uptake and nitrification result in NO3− with low δ15N and high δ18O values. A simple steady state dual isotope model is used to illustrate the impact of cycling processes in an estuarine setting which may play a primary role in controlling NO3− isotopic composition when and where cycling rates and water residence times are high. This work expands our understanding of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes as biogeochemical tools for investigating NO3− sources and cycling in estuaries, emphasizing the role that cycling processes may play in altering isotopic composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008JG000729","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wankel, S.D., Kendall, C., and Paytan, A., 2009, Using nitrate dual isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) as a tool for exploring sources and cycling of nitrate in an estuarine system: Elkhorn Slough, California: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 114, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000729.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000729"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Elkhorn Slough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.83151245117186,\n 36.79279036766672\n ],\n [\n -121.83151245117186,\n 36.88071909009633\n ],\n [\n -121.67907714843751,\n 36.88071909009633\n ],\n [\n -121.67907714843751,\n 36.79279036766672\n ],\n [\n -121.83151245117186,\n 36.79279036766672\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc07fe4b08c986b32a168","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wankel, Scott D.","contributorId":98076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wankel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paytan, Adina","contributorId":75242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paytan","given":"Adina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035134,"text":"70035134 - 2009 - Regional nutrient trends in streams and rivers of the United States, 1993-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:01:43","indexId":"70035134","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional nutrient trends in streams and rivers of the United States, 1993-2003","docAbstract":"Trends in flow-adjusted concentrations (indicators of anthropogenic changes) and observed concentrations (indicators of natural and anthropogenic changes) of total phosphorus and total nitrogen from 1993 to 2003 were evaluated in the eastern, central, and western United States by adapting the Regional Kendall trend test to account for seasonality and spatial correlation. The only significant regional trend was an increase in flow-adjusted concentrations of total phosphorus in the central United States, which corresponded to increases in phosphorus inputs from fertilizer in the region, particularly west of the Mississippi River. A similar upward regional trend in observed total phosphorus concentrations in the central United States was not found, likely because precipitation and runoff decreased during drought conditions in the region, offsetting the increased source loading on the land surface. A greater number of regional trends would have been significant if spatial correlation had been disregarded, indicating the importance of spatial correlation modifications in regional trend assessments when sites are not spatially independent.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es803664x","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Sprague, L.A., and Lorenz, D.L., 2009, Regional nutrient trends in streams and rivers of the United States, 1993-2003: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 10, p. 3430-3435, https://doi.org/10.1021/es803664x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"3430","endPage":"3435","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476427,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es803664x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803664x"}],"volume":"43","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a53ee4b0e8fec6cdbdb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sprague, Lori A. 0000-0003-2832-6662 lsprague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-6662","contributorId":726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"Lori","email":"lsprague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70045492,"text":"70045492 - 2009 - Predictive models for fish assemblages in eastern USA streams: implications for assessing biodiversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-14T10:25:05","indexId":"70045492","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictive models for fish assemblages in eastern USA streams: implications for assessing biodiversity","docAbstract":"Management and conservation of aquatic systems require the ability to assess biological conditions and identify changes in biodiversity. Predictive models for fish assemblages were constructed to assess biological condition and changes in biodiversity for streams sampled in the eastern United States as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program. Separate predictive models were developed for northern and southern regions. Reference sites were designated using land cover and local professional judgment. Taxonomic completeness was quantified based on the ratio of the number of observed native fish species expected to occur to the number of expected native fish species. Models for both regions accurately predicted fish species composition at reference sites with relatively high precision and low bias. In general, species that occurred less frequently than expected (decreasers) tended to prefer riffle areas and larger substrates, such as gravel and cobble, whereas increaser species (occurring more frequently than expected) tended to prefer pools, backwater areas, and vegetated and sand substrates. In the north, the percentage of species identified as increasers and the percentage identified as decreasers were equal, whereas in the south nearly two-thirds of the species examined were identified as decreasers. Predictive models of fish species can provide a standardized indicator for consistent assessments of biological condition at varying spatial scales and critical information for an improved understanding of fish species that are potentially at risk of loss with changing water quality conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/T08-132.1","usgsCitation":"Meador, M., and Carlisle, D.M., 2009, Predictive models for fish assemblages in eastern USA streams: implications for assessing biodiversity: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 138, no. 4, p. 725-740, https://doi.org/10.1577/T08-132.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-003386","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272208,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T08-132.1"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.00,24.96 ], [ -100.00,48.97 ], [ -66.98,48.97 ], [ -66.98,24.96 ], [ -100.00,24.96 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"138","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6c75e4b0b290851048f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, Michael R. mrmeador@usgs.gov","contributorId":615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael R.","email":"mrmeador@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlisle, Daren M. 0000-0002-7367-348X dcarlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-348X","contributorId":513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"Daren","email":"dcarlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035066,"text":"70035066 - 2009 - Evaluation of a moderate resolution, satellite-based impervious surface map using an independent, high-resolution validation data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035066","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of a moderate resolution, satellite-based impervious surface map using an independent, high-resolution validation data set","docAbstract":"Given the relatively high cost of mapping impervious surfaces at regional scales, substantial effort is being expended in the development of moderate-resolution, satellite-based methods for estimating impervious surface area (ISA). To rigorously assess the accuracy of these data products high quality, independently derived validation data are needed. High-resolution data were collected across a gradient of development within the Mid-Atlantic region to assess the accuracy of National Land Cover Data (NLCD) Landsat-based ISA estimates. Absolute error (satellite predicted area - \"reference area\") and relative error [satellite (predicted area - \"reference area\")/ \"reference area\"] were calculated for each of 240 sample regions that are each more than 15 Landsat pixels on a side. The ability to compile and examine ancillary data in a geographic information system environment provided for evaluation of both validation and NLCD data and afforded efficient exploration of observed errors. In a minority of cases, errors could be explained by temporal discontinuities between the date of satellite image capture and validation source data in rapidly changing places. In others, errors were created by vegetation cover over impervious surfaces and by other factors that bias the satellite processing algorithms. On average in the Mid-Atlantic region, the NLCD product underestimates ISA by approximately 5%. While the error range varies between 2 and 8%, this underestimation occurs regardless of development intensity. Through such analyses the errors, strengths, and weaknesses of particular satellite products can be explored to suggest appropriate uses for regional, satellite-based data in rapidly developing areas of environmental significance. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(369)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.W., and Jarnagin, T., 2009, Evaluation of a moderate resolution, satellite-based impervious surface map using an independent, high-resolution validation data set: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 14, no. 4, p. 369-376, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(369).","startPage":"369","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(369)"},{"id":242958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c32e4b0c8380cd52a8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, J. W.","contributorId":89233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarnagin, T.","contributorId":15422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnagin","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034888,"text":"70034888 - 2009 - Environmental forcing on life history strategies: Evidence for multi-trophic level responses at ocean basin scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-05T16:08:45","indexId":"70034888","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3194,"text":"Progress in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental forcing on life history strategies: Evidence for multi-trophic level responses at ocean basin scales","docAbstract":"Variation in life history traits of organisms is thought to reflect adaptations to environmental forcing occurring from bottom-up and top-down processes. Such variation occurs not only among, but also within species, indicating demographic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. From a broad literature review, we present evidence for ocean basin- and large marine ecosystem-scale variation in intra-specific life history traits, with similar responses occurring among trophic levels from relatively short-lived secondary producers to very long-lived apex predators. Between North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean basins, for example, species in the Eastern Pacific exhibited either later maturation, lower fecundity, and/or greater annual survival than conspecifics in the Western Atlantic. Parallel variations in life histories among trophic levels also occur in adjacent seas and between eastern vs. western ocean boundaries. For example, zooplankton and seabird species in cooler Barents Sea waters exhibit lower fecundity or greater annual survival than conspecifics in the Northeast Atlantic. Sea turtles exhibit a larger size and a greater reproductive output in the Western Pacific vs. Eastern Pacific. These examples provide evidence for food-web-wide modifications in life history strategies in response to environmental forcing. We hypothesize that such dichotomies result from frequency and amplitude shifts in resource availability over varying temporal and spatial scales. We review data that supports three primary mechanisms by which environmental forcing affects life history strategies: (1) food-web structure; (2) climate variability affecting the quantity and seasonality of primary productivity; (3) bottom-up vs. top-down forcing. These proposed mechanisms provide a framework for comparisons of ecosystem function among oceanic regions (or regimes) and are essential in modeling ecosystem response to climate change, as well as for creating dynamic ecosystem-based marine conservation strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","doi":"10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.012","issn":"00796611","usgsCitation":"Suryan, R., Saba, V.S., Wallace, B.P., Hatch, S.A., Frederiksen, M., and Wanless, S., 2009, Environmental forcing on life history strategies: Evidence for multi-trophic level responses at ocean basin scales: Progress in Oceanography, v. 81, no. 1-4, p. 214-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.012.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09c3e4b0c8380cd52059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suryan, Robert M.","contributorId":101799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suryan","given":"Robert M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saba, Vincent S.","contributorId":49098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saba","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, Bryan P.","contributorId":45819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frederiksen, Morten","contributorId":96404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"Morten","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wanless, Sarah","contributorId":45446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanless","given":"Sarah","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037457,"text":"70037457 - 2009 - Beach morphology and change along the mixed grain-size delta of the dammed Elwha River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70037457","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach morphology and change along the mixed grain-size delta of the dammed Elwha River, Washington","docAbstract":"Sediment supply provides a fundamental control on the morphology of river deltas, and humans have significantly modified these supplies for centuries. Here we examine the effects of almost a century of sediment supply reduction from the damming of the Elwha River in Washington on shoreline position and beach morphology of its wave-dominated delta. The mean rate of shoreline erosion during 1939-2006 is ~ 0.6??m/yr, which is equivalent to ~ 24,000??m3/yr of sediment divergence in the littoral cell, a rate approximately equal to 25-50% of the littoral-grade sediment trapped by the dams. Semi-annual surveys between 2004 and 2007 show that most erosion occurs during the winter with lower rates of change in the summer. Shoreline change and morphology also differ spatially. Negligible shoreline change has occurred updrift (west) of the river mouth, where the beach is mixed sand to cobble, cuspate, and reflective. The beach downdrift (east) of the river mouth has had significant and persistent erosion, but this beach differs in that it has a reflective foreshore with a dissipative low-tide terrace. Downdrift beach erosion results from foreshore retreat, which broadens the low-tide terrace with time, and the rate of this kind of erosion has increased significantly from ~ 0.8??m/yr during 1939-1990 to ~ 1.4??m/yr during 1990-2006. Erosion rates for the downdrift beach derived from the 2004-2007 topographic surveys vary between 0 and 13??m/yr, with an average of 3.8??m/yr. We note that the low-tide terrace is significantly coarser (mean grain size ~ 100??mm) than the foreshore (mean grain size ~ 30??mm), a pattern contrary to the typical observation of fining low-tide terraces in the region and worldwide. Because this cobble low-tide terrace is created by foreshore erosion, has been steady over intervals of at least years, is predicted to have negligible longshore transport compared to the foreshore portion of the beach, and is inconsistent with oral history of abundant shellfish collections from the low-tide beach, we suggest that it is an armored layer of cobble clasts that are not generally competent in the physical setting of the delta. Thus, the cobble low-tide terrace is very likely a geomorphological feature caused by coastal erosion of a coastal plain and delta, which in turn is related to the impacts of the dams on the Elwha River to sediment fluxes to the coast.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.04.012","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., George, D., Gelfenbaum, G., Ruggiero, P., Kaminsky, G.M., and Beirne, M., 2009, Beach morphology and change along the mixed grain-size delta of the dammed Elwha River, Washington: Geomorphology, v. 111, no. 3-4, p. 136-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.04.012.","startPage":"136","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217440,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.04.012"}],"volume":"111","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f030e4b0c8380cd4a632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, J.A.","contributorId":53503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, D.A.","contributorId":43897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruggiero, P.","contributorId":25995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaminsky, G. M.","contributorId":50586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beirne, M.","contributorId":19815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beirne","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70034834,"text":"70034834 - 2009 - The role of reaction affinity and secondary minerals in regulating chemical weathering rates at the Santa Cruz Soil Chronosequence, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:24:58","indexId":"70034834","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of reaction affinity and secondary minerals in regulating chemical weathering rates at the Santa Cruz Soil Chronosequence, California","docAbstract":"In order to explore the reasons for the apparent discrepancy between laboratory and field weathering rates and to determine the extent to which weathering rates are controlled by the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, secondary mineral precipitation, and flow rates, a multicomponent reactive transport model (CrunchFlow) was used to interpret soil profile development and mineral precipitation and dissolution rates at the 226 ka Marine Terrace Chronosequence near Santa Cruz, CA. Aqueous compositions, fluid chemistry, transport, and mineral abundances are well characterized [White A. F., Schulz M. S., Vivit D. V., Blum A., Stonestrom D. A. and Anderson S. P. (2008) Chemical weathering of a Marine Terrace Chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California. I: interpreting the long-term controls on chemical weathering based on spatial and temporal element and mineral distributions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72 (1), 36-68] and were used to constrain the reaction rates for the weathering and precipitating minerals in the reactive transport modeling. When primary mineral weathering rates are calculated with either of two experimentally determined rate constants, the nonlinear, parallel rate law formulation of Hellmann and Tisserand [Hellmann R. and Tisserand D. (2006) Dissolution kinetics as a function of the Gibbs free energy of reaction: An experimental study based on albite feldspar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2), 364-383] or the aluminum inhibition model proposed by Oelkers et al. [Oelkers E. H., Schott J. and Devidal J. L. (1994) The effect of aluminum, pH, and chemical affinity on the rates of aluminosilicate dissolution reactions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (9), 2011-2024], modeling results are consistent with field-scale observations when independently constrained clay precipitation rates are accounted for. Experimental and field rates, therefore, can be reconciled at the Santa Cruz site. Additionally, observed maximum clay abundances in the argillic horizons occur at the depth and time where the reaction fronts of the primary minerals overlap. The modeling indicates that the argillic horizon at Santa Cruz can be explained almost entirely by weathering of primary minerals and in situ clay precipitation accompanied by undersaturation of kaolinite at the top of the profile. The rate constant for kaolinite precipitation was also determined based on model simulations of mineral abundances and dissolved Al, SiO2(aq) and pH in pore waters. Changes in the rate of kaolinite precipitation or the flow rate do not affect the gradient of the primary mineral weathering profiles, but instead control the rate of propagation of the primary mineral weathering fronts and thus total mass removed from the weathering profile. Our analysis suggests that secondary clay precipitation is as important as aqueous transport in governing the amount of dissolution that occurs within a profile because clay minerals exert a strong control over the reaction affinity of the dissolving primary minerals. The modeling also indicates that the weathering advance rate and the total mass of mineral dissolved is controlled by the thermodynamic saturation of the primary dissolving phases plagioclase and K-feldspar, as is evident from the difference in propagation rates of the reaction fronts for the two minerals despite their very similar kinetic rate laws. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.030","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Maher, K., Steefel, C., White, A.F., and Stonestrom, D.A., 2009, The role of reaction affinity and secondary minerals in regulating chemical weathering rates at the Santa Cruz Soil Chronosequence, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 10, p. 2804-2831, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.030.","startPage":"2804","endPage":"2831","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476121,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/951793","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215846,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.030"},{"id":243677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf90e4b08c986b3248ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maher, K.","contributorId":17046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maher","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steefel, Carl","contributorId":66932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steefel","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6670,"text":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036997,"text":"70036997 - 2009 - High-quality unsaturated zone hydraulic property data for hydrologic applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-08T07:47:51","indexId":"70036997","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-quality unsaturated zone hydraulic property data for hydrologic applications","docAbstract":"In hydrologic studies, especially those using dynamic unsaturated zone moisture modeling, calculations based on property transfer models informed by hydraulic property databases are often used in lieu of measured data from the site of interest. Reliance on database-informed predicted values has become increasingly common with the use of neural networks. High-quality data are needed for databases used in this way and for theoretical and property transfer model development and testing. Hydraulic properties predicted on the basis of existing databases may be adequate in some applications but not others. An obvious problem occurs when the available database has few or no data for samples that are closely related to the medium of interest. The data set presented in this paper includes saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention, particle-size distributions, and bulk properties. All samples are minimally disturbed, all measurements were performed using the same state of the art techniques and the environments represented are diverse.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/2008WR007497","usgsCitation":"Perkins, K., and Nimmo, J.R., 2009, High-quality unsaturated zone hydraulic property data for hydrologic applications: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, W07417; 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007497.","productDescription":"W07417; 9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476139,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007497","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f8e4b0c8380cd5dafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, Kimberlie 0000-0001-8349-447X kperkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":138544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kimberlie","email":"kperkins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037220,"text":"70037220 - 2009 - Fish passage and abundance around grade control structures on incised streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037220","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Fish passage and abundance around grade control structures on incised streams","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes research from separate studies of fish passage over weirs (Larson et al., 2004; Litvan, 2006; Litvan, et al., 2008a-c) and weir hydraulics (Papanicolaou and Dermisis, 2006; Papanicolaou and Dermisis, in press). Channel incision in the deep loess region of western Iowa has caused decreased biodiversity because streams have high sediment loads, altered flow regimes, lost habitat, and lost lateral connectivity with their former floodplains. In-stream grade control structures (GCS) are built to prevent further erosion, protect infrastructure, and reduce sediment loads. However, GCS can have a detrimental impact on fisheries abundance and migration, biodiversity, and longitudinal connectivity. Fish mark-recapture studies were performed on stretches of streams with and without GCS. GCS with vertical or 1:4 (rise/run) downstream slopes did not allow fish migration, but GCS with slopes ??? 1:15 did. GCS sites were characterized by greater proportions of pool habitat, maximum depths, fish biomass, slightly higher index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores, and greater macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity than non-GCS sites. After modification of three GCS, IBI scores increased and fish species exhibiting truncated distributions before were found throughout the study area. Another study examined the hydraulic performance of GCS to facilitate unimpeded fish passage by determining the mean and turbulent flow characteristics in the vicinity of the GCS via detailed, non-intrusive field tests. Mean flow depth (Y) and velocity (V) atop the GCS were critical for evaluating GCS performance. Turbulent flow measurements illustrated that certain GCS designs cause sudden constrictions which form eddies large enough to disorient fish. GCS with slopes ??? 1:15 best met the minimum requirements to allow catfish passage of a flow depth of ??? 0.31 m and a mean flow velocity of ??? 1.22 m/s. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)312","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J., Papanicolaou, A., Pierce, C., Dermisis, D., Litvan, M., and Larson, C., 2009, Fish passage and abundance around grade control structures on incised streams, in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 3082-3091, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)312.","startPage":"3082","endPage":"3091","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476273,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=nrem_conf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)312"},{"id":245184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10a0e4b0c8380cd53d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J.T.","contributorId":80119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papanicolaou, A.N.","contributorId":10208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papanicolaou","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dermisis, D.C.","contributorId":13465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dermisis","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Litvan, M.E.","contributorId":67734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvan","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larson, C.J.","contributorId":35957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037489,"text":"70037489 - 2009 - Comparative endocrinology in the 21st century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037489","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2010,"text":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative endocrinology in the 21st century","docAbstract":"Hormones coordinate developmental, physiological, and behavioral processes within and between all living organisms. They orchestrate and shape organogenesis from early in development, regulate the acquisition, assimilation, and utilization of nutrients to support growth and metabolism, control gamete production and sexual behavior, mediate organismal responses to environmental change, and allow for communication of information between organisms. Genes that code for hormones; the enzymes that synthesize, metabolize, and transport hormones; and hormone receptors are important targets for natural selection, and variation in their expression and function is a major driving force for the evolution of morphology and life history. Hormones coordinate physiology and behavior of populations of organisms, and thus play key roles in determining the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems. The field of endocrinology is concerned with the study of hormones and their actions. This field is rooted in the comparative study of hormones in diverse species, which has provided the foundation for the modern fields of evolutionary, environmental, and biomedical endocrinology. Comparative endocrinologists work at the cutting edge of the life sciences. They identify new hormones, hormone receptors and mechanisms of hormone action applicable to diverse species, including humans; study the impact of habitat destruction, pollution, and climatic change on populations of organisms; establish novel model systems for studying hormones and their functions; and develop new genetic strains and husbandry practices for efficient production of animal protein. While the model system approach has dominated biomedical research in recent years, and has provided extraordinary insight into many basic cellular and molecular processes, this approach is limited to investigating a small minority of organisms. Animals exhibit tremendous diversity in form and function, life-history strategies, and responses to the environment. A major challenge for life scientists in the 21st century is to understand how a changing environment impacts all life on earth. A full understanding of the capabilities of organisms to respond to environmental variation, and the resilience of organisms challenged by environmental changes and extremes, is necessary for understanding the impact of pollution and climatic change on the viability of populations. Comparative endocrinologists have a key role to play in these efforts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/icb/icp082","issn":"15407063","usgsCitation":"Denver, R., Hopkins, P., McCormick, S., Propper, C., Riddiford, L., Sower, S., and Wingfield, J., 2009, Comparative endocrinology in the 21st century: Integrative and Comparative Biology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 339-348, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp082.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476200,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp082","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217070,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp082"},{"id":244982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f819e4b0c8380cd4ce99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denver, R.J.","contributorId":51159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, P.M.","contributorId":25828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Propper, C.R.","contributorId":11074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Propper","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riddiford, L.","contributorId":42844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddiford","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sower, S.A.","contributorId":52841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sower","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wingfield, J.C.","contributorId":22929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingfield","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70034916,"text":"70034916 - 2009 - The 1911 M ~6.6 Calaveras earthquake: Source parameters and the role of static, viscoelastic, and dynamic coulomb stress changes imparted by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034916","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1911 M ~6.6 Calaveras earthquake: Source parameters and the role of static, viscoelastic, and dynamic coulomb stress changes imparted by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake","docAbstract":"The occurrence of a right-lateral strike-slip earthquake in 1911 is inconsistent with the calculated 0.2-2.5 bar static stress decrease imparted by the 1906 rupture at that location on the Calaveras fault, and 5 yr of calculated post-1906 viscoelastic rebound does little to reload the fault. We have used all available first-motion, body-wave, and surface-wave data to explore possible focal mechanisms for the 1911 earthquake. We find that the event was most likely a right-lateral strikeslip event on the Calaveras fault, larger than, but otherwise resembling, the 1984 Mw 6.1 Morgan Hill earthquake in roughly the same location. Unfortunately, we could recover no unambiguous surface fault offset or geodetic strain data to corroborate the seismic analysis despite an exhaustive archival search. We calculated the static and dynamic Coulomb stress changes for three 1906 source models to understand stress transfer to the 1911 site. In contrast to the static stress shadow, the peak dynamic Coulomb stress imparted by the 1906 rupture promoted failure at the site of the 1911 earthquake by 1.4-5.8 bar. Perhaps because the sample is small and the aftershocks are poorly located, we find no correlation of 1906 aftershock frequency or magnitude with the peak dynamic stress, although all aftershocks sustained a calculated dynamic stress of ???3 bar. Just 20 km to the south of the 1911 epicenter, we find that surface creep of the Calaveras fault at Hollister paused for ~17 yr after 1906, about the expected delay for the calculated static stress drop imparted by the 1906 earthquake when San Andreas fault postseismic creep and viscoelastic relaxation are included. Thus, the 1911 earthquake may have been promoted by the transient dynamic stresses, while Calaveras fault creep 20 km to the south appears to have been inhibited by the static stress changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120080305","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Doser, D.I., Olsen, K., Pollitz, F., Stein, R., and Toda, S., 2009, The 1911 M ~6.6 Calaveras earthquake: Source parameters and the role of static, viscoelastic, and dynamic coulomb stress changes imparted by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 99, no. 3, p. 1746-1759, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080305.","startPage":"1746","endPage":"1759","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215706,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080305"},{"id":243528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba619e4b08c986b320ebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doser, D. I.","contributorId":93256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, K.B.","contributorId":66022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Toda, S.","contributorId":102228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toda","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034946,"text":"70034946 - 2009 - Environmental influences on speleothem growth in southwestern Oregon during the last 380, 000 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-27T11:13:24","indexId":"70034946","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental influences on speleothem growth in southwestern Oregon during the last 380, 000 years","docAbstract":"The growth of carbonate formations in caves (speleothems) is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions at the surface (temperature, precipitation and vegetation) and can provide useful paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental information. We use 73 230Th dates from speleothems collected from a cave in southwestern Oregon (USA) to constrain speleothem growth for the past 380 000 years. Most speleothem growth occurred during interglacial periods, whereas little growth occurred during glacial intervals. To evaluate potential environmental controls on speleothem growth we use two new modeling approaches: i) a one-dimensional thermal advection–diffusion model to estimate cave temperatures during the last glacial cycle, and ii) a regional climate model simulation for the Last Glacial Maximum (21 000 years before present) that assesses a range of potential controls on speleothem growth under peak glacial conditions. The two models are mutually consistent in indicating that permafrost formation did not influence speleothem growth during glacial periods. Instead, the regional climate model simulation combined with proxy data suggest that the influence of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets on atmospheric circulation induced substantial changes in water balance in the Pacific Northwest and affected speleothem growth at our location. The overall drier conditions during glacial intervals and associated periods of frozen topsoil at times of maximum surface runoff likely induced drastic changes in cave recharge and limited speleothem growth. This mechanism could have affected speleothem growth in other mid-latitude caves without requiring the presence of permafrost.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.008","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Ersek, V., Hostetler, S.W., Cheng, H., Clark, P., Anslow, F.S., Mix, A.C., and Edwards, R.L., 2009, Environmental influences on speleothem growth in southwestern Oregon during the last 380, 000 years: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 279, no. 3-4, p. 316-325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.008.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"316","endPage":"325","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215679,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 42.016651835568226\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -116.52099609375,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -117.00439453125,\n 46.057985244793024\n ],\n [\n -117.18017578125,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -119.0478515625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 45.75219336063106\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 46.11894150610708\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -124.60693359374999,\n 42.81152174509788\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 42.56926437219384\n ],\n [\n -124.43115234375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -124.25537109375,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 42.016651835568226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"279","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09d2e4b0c8380cd520a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ersek, Vasile","contributorId":37560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ersek","given":"Vasile","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, Hai","contributorId":85896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Hai","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Peter U.","contributorId":68994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Peter U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anslow, Faron S.","contributorId":35442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anslow","given":"Faron","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mix, Alan C.","contributorId":83346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mix","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Edwards, R. Lawrence","contributorId":69760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035690,"text":"70035690 - 2009 - Untangling the biological contributions to soil stability in semiarid shrublands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-10T15:23:11","indexId":"70035690","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Untangling the biological contributions to soil stability in semiarid shrublands","docAbstract":"Communities of plants, biological soil crusts (BSCs), and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to influence soil stability individually, but their relative contributions, interactions, and combined effects are not well understood, particularly in arid and semiarid ecosystems. In a landscape-scale field study we quantified plant, BSC, and AM fungal communities at 216 locations along a gradient of soil stability levels in southern Utah, USA. We used multivariate modeling to examine the relative influences of plants, BSCs, and AM fungi on surface and subsurface stability in a semiarid shrubland landscape. Models were found to be congruent with the data and explained 35% of the variation in surface stability and 54% of the variation in subsurface stability. The results support several tentative conclusions. While BSCs, plants, and AM fungi all contribute to surface stability, only plants and AM fungi contribute to subsurface stability. In both surface and subsurface models, the strongest contributions to soil stability are made by biological components of the system. Biological soil crust cover was found to have the strongest direct effect on surface soil stability (0.60; controlling for other factors). Surprisingly, AM fungi appeared to influence surface soil stability (0.37), even though they are not generally considered to exist in the top few millimeters of the soil. In the subsurface model, plant cover appeared to have the strongest direct influence on soil stability (0.42); in both models, results indicate that plant cover influences soil stability both directly (controlling for other factors) and indirectly through influences on other organisms. Soil organic matter was not found to have a direct contribution to surface or subsurface stability in this system. The relative influence of AM fungi on soil stability in these semiarid shrublands was similar to that reported for a mesic tallgrass prairie. Estimates of effects that BSCs, plants, and AM fungi have on soil stability in these models are used to suggest the relative amounts of resources that erosion control practitioners should devote to promoting these communities. This study highlights the need for system approaches in combating erosion, soil degradation, and arid-land desertification.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/07-2076.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Chaudhary, V.B., Bowker, M.A., O’Dell, T.E., Grace, J.B., Redman, A.E., Rillig, M.C., and Johnson, N.C., 2009, Untangling the biological contributions to soil stability in semiarid shrublands: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 1, p. 110-122, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2076.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476133,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://ecommons.luc.edu/ies_facpubs/4","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216074,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-2076.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Cannonville;Escalante","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.114,37.351 ], [ -112.114,37.973 ], [ -111.325,37.973 ], [ -111.325,37.351 ], [ -112.114,37.351 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf6e4b08c986b328e73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaudhary, V. Bala","contributorId":101483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaudhary","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bala","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowker, Matthew A. mbowker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"Matthew","email":"mbowker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":451909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Dell, Thomas E.","contributorId":36518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dell","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Redman, Andrea E.","contributorId":96506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rillig, Matthias C.","contributorId":54427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rillig","given":"Matthias","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Nancy C.","contributorId":107524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70037430,"text":"70037430 - 2009 - Using time-dependent models to investigate body condition and growth rate of the giant gartersnake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:34:03","indexId":"70037430","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2515,"text":"Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using time-dependent models to investigate body condition and growth rate of the giant gartersnake","docAbstract":"Identifying links between phenotypic attributes and fitness is a primary goal of reproductive ecology. Differences in within-year patterns of body condition between sexes of gartersnakes in relation to reproduction and growth are not fully understood. We conducted an 11-year field study of body condition and growth rate of the giant gartersnake Thamnophis gigas across 13 study areas in the Central Valley of California, USA. We developed a priori mixed effects models of body condition index (BCI), which included covariates of time, sex and snout-vent length and reported the best-approximating models using an information theoretic approach. Also, we developed models of growth rate index (GRI) using covariates of sex and periods based on reproductive behavior. The largest difference in BCI between sexes, as predicted by a non-linear (cubic) time model, occurred during the mating period when female body condition (0.014??0.001 se) was substantially greater than males (-0.027??0.002 se). Males likely allocated energy to search for mates, while females likely stored energy for embryonic development. We also provided evidence that males use more body energy reserves than females during hibernation, perhaps because of different body temperatures between sexes. We found GRI of male snakes was substantially lower during the mating period than during a non-mating period, which indicated that a trade-off existed between searching for mates and growth. These findings contribute to our understanding of snake ecology in a Mediterranean climate. ?? 2009 The Zoological Society of London.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00617.x","issn":"09528369","usgsCitation":"Coates, P., Wylie, G., Halstead, B., and Casazza, M.L., 2009, Using time-dependent models to investigate body condition and growth rate of the giant gartersnake: Journal of Zoology, v. 279, no. 3, p. 285-293, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00617.x.","startPage":"285","endPage":"293","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217269,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00617.x"}],"volume":"279","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0b8e4b08c986b32a2ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, P.S.","contributorId":56047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, G.D.","contributorId":68238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halstead, B.J.","contributorId":42045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halstead","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035081,"text":"70035081 - 2009 - Survival of radio-implanted drymarchon couperi (Eastern Indigo Snake) in relation to body size and sex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70035081","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of radio-implanted drymarchon couperi (Eastern Indigo Snake) in relation to body size and sex","docAbstract":"Drymarchon couperi (eastern indigo snake) has experienced population declines across its range primarily as a result of extensive habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. Conservation efforts for D. couperi have been hindered, in part, because of informational gaps regarding the species, including a lack of data on population ecology and estimates of demographic parameters such as survival. We conducted a 2- year radiotelemetry study of D. couperi on Fort Stewart Military Reservation and adjacent private lands located in southeastern Georgia to assess individual characteristics associated with probability of survival. We used known-fate modeling to estimate survival, and an information-theoretic approach, based on a priori hypotheses, to examine intraspecific differences in survival probabilities relative to individual covariates (sex, size, size standardized by sex, and overwintering location). Annual survival in 2003 and 2004 was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.73-0.97, n = 25) and 0.72 (95% CI = 0.52-0.86; n = 27), respectively. Results indicated that body size, standardized by sex, was the most important covariate determining survival of adult D. couperi, suggesting lower survival for larger individuals within each sex. We are uncertain of the mechanisms underlying this result, but possibilities may include greater resource needs for larger individuals within each sex, necessitating larger or more frequent movements, or a population with older individuals. Our results may also have been influenced by analysis limitations because of sample size, other sources of individual variation, or environmental conditions. ?? 2009 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1655/08-004R1.1","issn":"00180831","usgsCitation":"Hyslop, N., Meyers, J., Cooper, R., and Norton, T., 2009, Survival of radio-implanted drymarchon couperi (Eastern Indigo Snake) in relation to body size and sex: Herpetologica, v. 65, no. 2, p. 199-206, https://doi.org/10.1655/08-004R1.1.","startPage":"199","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1655/08-004R1.1"},{"id":243188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2dae4b08c986b31f9f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hyslop, N.L.","contributorId":22066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyslop","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, J.M.","contributorId":54307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Norton, Terry M.","contributorId":71020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Terry M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037009,"text":"70037009 - 2009 - Contrasting residence times and fluxes of water and sulfate in two small forested watersheds in Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:11:25","indexId":"70037009","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting residence times and fluxes of water and sulfate in two small forested watersheds in Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Watershed mass balances for solutes of atmospheric origin may be complicated by the residence times of water and solutes at various time scales. In two small forested headwater catchments in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, USA, mean annual export rates of SO4= differ by a factor of 2, and seasonal variations in SO4= concentrations in atmospheric deposition and stream water are out of phase. These features were investigated by comparing 3H, 35S, δ34S, δ2H, δ18O, δ3He, CFC-12, SF6, and chemical analyses of open deposition, throughfall, stream water, and spring water. The concentrations of SO4= and radioactive 35S were about twice as high in throughfall as in open deposition, but the weighted composite values of 35S/S (11.1 and 12.1 × 10− 15) and δ34S (+ 3.8 and + 4.1‰) were similar. In both streams (Shelter Run, Mill Run), 3H concentrations and δ34S values during high flow were similar to those of modern deposition, δ2H and δ18O values exhibited damped seasonal variations, and 35S/S ratios (0–3 × 10− 15) were low throughout the year, indicating inter-seasonal to inter-annual storage and release of atmospheric SO4= in both watersheds. In the Mill Run watershed, 3H concentrations in stream base flow (10–13 TU) were consistent with relatively young groundwater discharge, most δ34S values were approximately the same as the modern atmospheric deposition values, and the annual export rate of SO4= was equal to or slightly greater than the modern deposition rate. In the Shelter Run watershed, 3H concentrations in stream base flow (1–3 TU) indicate that much of the discharging ground water had been deposited prior to the onset of atmospheric nuclear bomb testing in the 1950s, base flow δ34S values (+ 1.6‰) were significantly lower than the modern deposition values, and the annual export rate of SO4= was less than the modern deposition rate. Concentrations of 3H and 35S in Shelter Run base flow, and of 3H, 3He, CFC-12, SF6, and 35S in a spring discharging to Shelter Run, all were consistent with a bimodal distribution of discharging ground-water ages with approximately 5–20% less than a few years old and 75–95% more than 40 years old. These results provide evidence for 3 important time-scales of SO4= transport through the watersheds: (1) short-term (weekly to monthly) storage and release of dry deposition in the forest canopy between precipitation events; (2) mid-term (seasonal to interannual) cycles in net storage in the near-surface environment, and (3) long-term (decadal to centennial) storage in deep ground water that appears to be related to relatively low SO4= concentrations in spring discharge that dominates Shelter Run base flow. It is possible that the relatively low concentrations and low δ34S values of SO4= in spring discharge and Shelter Run base flow may reflect those of atmospheric deposition before the middle of the 20th century. In addition to storage in soils and biota, variations in ground-water residence times at a wide range of time scales may have important effects on monitoring, modeling, and predicting watershed responses to changing atmospheric deposition in small watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.007","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., and Michel, R.L., 2009, Contrasting residence times and fluxes of water and sulfate in two small forested watersheds in Virginia, USA: Science of the Total Environment, v. 407, no. 14, p. 4363-4377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.007.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4363","endPage":"4377","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217301,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.007"}],"volume":"407","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7be4b0c8380cd4db08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036630,"text":"70036630 - 2009 - Implications of estimated magmatic additions and recycling losses at the subduction zones of accretionary (non-collisional) and collisional (suturing) orogens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:47:20","indexId":"70036630","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of estimated magmatic additions and recycling losses at the subduction zones of accretionary (non-collisional) and collisional (suturing) orogens","docAbstract":"Arc magmatism at subduction zones (SZs) most voluminously supplies juvenile igneous material to build rafts of continental and intra-oceanic or island arc (CIA) crust. Return or recycling of accumulated CIA material to the mantle is also most vigorous at SZs. Recycling is effected by the processes of sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and detachment and sinking of deeply underthrust sectors of CIA crust. Long-term (>10-20 Ma) rates of additions and losses can be estimated from observational data gathered where oceanic crust underruns modern, long-running (Cenozoic to mid-Mesozoic) ocean-margin subduction zones (OMSZs, e.g. Aleutian and South America SZs). Long-term rates can also be observationally assessed at Mesozoic and older crust-suturing subduction zone (CSSZs) where thick bodies of CIA crust collided in tectonic contact (e.g. Wopmay and Appalachian orogens, India and SE Asia). At modern OMSZs arc magmatic additions at intra-oceanic arcs and at continental margins are globally estimated at c. 1.5 AU and c. 1.0 AU, respectively (1 AU, or Armstrong Unit,= 1 km3 a-1 of solid material). During collisional suturing at fossil CSSZs, global arc magmatic addition is estimated at 0.2 AU. This assessment presumes that in the past the global length of crustal collision zones averaged c. 6000 km, which is one-half that under way since the early Tertiary. The average long-term rate of arc magmatic additions extracted from modern OMSZs and older CSSZs is thus evaluated at 2.7 AU. Crustal recycling at Mesozoic and younger OMSZs is assessed at c. 60 km3 Ma-1 km-1 (c. 60% by subduction erosion). The corresponding global recycling rate is c. 2.5 AU. At CSSZs of Mesozoic, Palaeozoic and Proterozoic age, the combined upper and lower plate losses of CIA crust via subduction erosion, sediment subduction, and lower plate crustal detachment and sinking are assessed far less securely at c. 115 km3 Ma-1 km-1. At a global length of 6000 km, recycling at CSSZs is accordingly c. 0.7 AU. The collective loss of CIA crust estimated for modern OMSZs and for older CSSZs is thus estimated at c. 3.2 AU. SZ additions (2.7 AU) and subtractions (23.2 AU) are similar. Because many uncertainties and assumptions are involved in assessing and applying them to the deep past, the net growth of CIA crust during at least Phanerozoic time is viewed as effectively nil. With increasing uncertainty, the long-term balance can be applied to the Proterozoic, but not before the initiation of the present style of subduction at c. 3 Ga. Allowing that since this time a rounded-down rate of recycling of 3 AU is applicable, a startlingly high volume of CIA crust equal to that existing now has been recycled to the mantle. Although the recycled volume (c. 9 ?? 109 km3) is small (c. 1%) compared with that of the mantle, it is large enough to impart to the mantle the signature of recycled CIA crust. Because subduction zones are not spatially fixed, and their average global lengths have episodically been less or greater than at present, recycling must have contributed significantly to creating recognized heterogeneities in mantle geochemistry. ?? The Geological Society of London 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society Special Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/SP318.4","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D., and von Huene, R.E., 2009, Implications of estimated magmatic additions and recycling losses at the subduction zones of accretionary (non-collisional) and collisional (suturing) orogens: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 318, p. 105-125, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP318.4.","startPage":"105","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217875,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP318.4"}],"issue":"318","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3922e4b0c8380cd617f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037134,"text":"70037134 - 2009 - Comparison of humus and till as prospecting material in areas of thick overburden and multiple ice-flow events: An example from northeastern New Brunswick","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037134","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of humus and till as prospecting material in areas of thick overburden and multiple ice-flow events: An example from northeastern New Brunswick","docAbstract":"Thirty-nine elements in humus and till matrix were compared at 109 sites overlying Ag-As-Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn mineralized occurrences in northeastern New Brunswick to assess humus for anomaly identification. Humus element concentrations were not consistently correlative with maximum or minimum concentrations found in the underlying till or bedrock. The humus demonstrated significantly higher mean elemental concentrations than the till for six specific elements: 9 times greater for Mn, 6 times greater for Cd, 5 times greater for Ag and Pb, 3 times greater for Hg, and double the concentration of Zn. Spatial dispersal patterns for these elements were much larger for humus content than that exhibited by the till matrix analysis, but did not delineate a point source. For elements in till, the highest concentrations were commonly found directly overlying the underlying mineralized bedrock source or within one km down-glacier of the source. The complexity of the humus geochemical patterns is attributed to the effects of post-glacial biogenic, down-slope hydrodynamic and solifluction modification of dispersed mineralization in the underlying till, and the greater capacity of humus to adsorb cations and form complexes with some elements, relative to the till matrix. Humus sampling in areas of glaciated terrain is considered to be mostly valuable for reconnaissance exploration as elements can be spatially dispersed over a much larger area than that found in the till or underlying bedrock. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.08.002","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Broster, B.E., Dickson, M., and Parkhill, M., 2009, Comparison of humus and till as prospecting material in areas of thick overburden and multiple ice-flow events: An example from northeastern New Brunswick: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 103, no. 2-3, p. 115-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.08.002.","startPage":"115","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.08.002"},{"id":245279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f86ae4b0c8380cd4d0b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broster, Bruce E.","contributorId":85441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broster","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickson, M.L.","contributorId":25737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhill, M.A.","contributorId":57247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhill","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037428,"text":"70037428 - 2009 - Stratigraphic controls on seawater intrusion and implications for groundwater management, Dominguez Gap area of Los Angeles, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T14:34:04","indexId":"70037428","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic controls on seawater intrusion and implications for groundwater management, Dominguez Gap area of Los Angeles, California, USA","docAbstract":"Groundwater pumping has led to extensive water-level declines and seawater intrusion in coastal Los Angeles, California (USA). A SUTRA-based solute-transport model was developed to test the hydraulic implications of a sequence-stratigraphic model of the Dominguez Gap area and to assess the effects of water-management scenarios. The model is two-dimensional, vertical and follows an approximate flow line extending from the Pacific Ocean through the Dominguez Gap area. Results indicate that a newly identified fault system can provide a pathway for transport of seawater and that a stratigraphic boundary located between the Bent Spring and Upper Wilmington sequences may control the vertical movement of seawater. Three 50-year water-management scenarios were considered: (1) no change in water-management practices; (2) installation of a slurry wall; and (3) raising inland water levels to 7.6 m above sea level. Scenario 3 was the most effective by reversing seawater intrusion. The effects of an instantaneous 1-m sea-level rise were also tested using water-management scenarios 1 and 3. Results from two 100-year simulations indicate that a 1-m sea-level rise may accelerate seawater intrusion for scenario 1; however, scenario 3 remains effective for controlling seawater intrusion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-009-0481-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nishikawa, T., Siade, A.J., Reichard, E.G., Ponti, D.J., Canales, A., and Johnson, T., 2009, Stratigraphic controls on seawater intrusion and implications for groundwater management, Dominguez Gap area of Los Angeles, California, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 17, no. 7, p. 1699-1725, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0481-8.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1699","endPage":"1725","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217296,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0481-8"}],"volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98dbe4b08c986b31c167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siade, Adam J. asiade@usgs.gov","contributorId":1533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siade","given":"Adam","email":"asiade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":461021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Canales, A.G.","contributorId":23789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canales","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, T.A.","contributorId":72593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036770,"text":"70036770 - 2009 - An Atlas of ShakeMaps and population exposure catalog for earthquake loss modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036770","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1101,"text":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An Atlas of ShakeMaps and population exposure catalog for earthquake loss modeling","docAbstract":"We present an Atlas of ShakeMaps and a catalog of human population exposures to moderate-to-strong ground shaking (EXPO-CAT) for recent historical earthquakes (1973-2007). The common purpose of the Atlas and exposure catalog is to calibrate earthquake loss models to be used in the US Geological Survey's Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER). The full ShakeMap Atlas currently comprises over 5,600 earthquakes from January 1973 through December 2007, with almost 500 of these maps constrained-to varying degrees-by instrumental ground motions, macroseismic intensity data, community internet intensity observations, and published earthquake rupture models. The catalog of human exposures is derived using current PAGER methodologies. Exposure to discrete levels of shaking intensity is obtained by correlating Atlas ShakeMaps with a global population database. Combining this population exposure dataset with historical earthquake loss data, such as PAGER-CAT, provides a useful resource for calibrating loss methodologies against a systematically-derived set of ShakeMap hazard outputs. We illustrate two example uses for EXPO-CAT; (1) simple objective ranking of country vulnerability to earthquakes, and; (2) the influence of time-of-day on earthquake mortality. In general, we observe that countries in similar geographic regions with similar construction practices tend to cluster spatially in terms of relative vulnerability. We also find little quantitative evidence to suggest that time-of-day is a significant factor in earthquake mortality. Moreover, earthquake mortality appears to be more systematically linked to the population exposed to severe ground shaking (Modified Mercalli Intensity VIII+). Finally, equipped with the full Atlas of ShakeMaps, we merge each of these maps and find the maximum estimated peak ground acceleration at any grid point in the world for the past 35 years. We subsequently compare this \"composite ShakeMap\" with existing global hazard models, calculating the spatial area of the existing hazard maps exceeded by the combined ShakeMap ground motions. In general, these analyses suggest that existing global, and regional, hazard maps tend to overestimate hazard. Both the Atlas of ShakeMaps and EXPO-CAT have many potential uses for examining earthquake risk and epidemiology. All of the datasets discussed herein are available for download on the PAGER Web page ( http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ eqcenter/pager/prodandref/ ). ?? 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10518-009-9120-y","issn":"1570761X","usgsCitation":"Allen, T., Wald, D., Earle, P., Marano, K.D., Hotovec, A., Lin, K., and Hearne, M., 2009, An Atlas of ShakeMaps and population exposure catalog for earthquake loss modeling: Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, v. 7, no. 3, p. 701-718, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9120-y.","startPage":"701","endPage":"718","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217598,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9120-y"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9d2e4b0c8380cd484a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, T.I.","contributorId":6659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Earle, P.S.","contributorId":17011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marano, K. D.","contributorId":92390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marano","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hotovec, A.J.","contributorId":82954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotovec","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lin, K.","contributorId":24151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hearne, M.G.","contributorId":7538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70032627,"text":"70032627 - 2009 - Thallium isotope evidence for a permanent increase in marine organic carbon export in the early Eocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032627","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thallium isotope evidence for a permanent increase in marine organic carbon export in the early Eocene","docAbstract":"The first high resolution thallium (Tl) isotope records in two ferromanganese crusts (Fe-Mn crusts), CD29 and D11 from the Pacific Ocean are presented. The crusts record pronounced but systematic changes in 205Tl/203Tl that are unlikely to reflect diagenetic overprinting or changes in isotope fractionation between seawater and Fe-Mn crusts. It appears more likely that the Fe-Mn crusts track the Tl isotope composition of seawater over time. The present-day oceanic residence time of Tl is estimated to be about 20,000??yr, such that the isotopic composition should reflect ocean-wide events. New and published Os isotope data are used to construct age models for these crusts that are consistent with each other and significantly different from previous age models. Application of these age models reveals that the Tl isotope composition of seawater changed systematically between ~ 55??Ma and ~ 45??Ma. Using a simple box model it is shown that the present day Tl isotope composition of seawater depends almost exclusively on the ratio between the two principal output fluxes of marine Tl. These fluxes are the rate of removal of Tl from seawater via scavenging by authigenic Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide precipitation and the uptake rate of Tl during low temperature alteration of oceanic crust. It is highly unlikely that the latter has changed greatly. Therefore, assuming that the marine Tl budget has also not changed significantly during the Cenozoic, the low 205Tl/203Tl during the Paleocene is best explained by a more than four-fold higher sequestration of Tl by Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides compared with at the present day. The calculated Cenozoic Tl isotopic seawater curve displays a striking similarity to that of S, providing evidence that both systems may have responded to the same change in the marine environment. A plausible explanation is a marked and permanent increase in organic carbon export from ~ 55??Ma to ~ 45??Ma, which led to higher pyrite burial rates and a significantly reduced flux of Fe-Mn oxide removal as a result of increased biological uptake of Fe and Mn. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.010","issn":"00128","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, S., Mar-Gerrison, S., Gannoun, A., LaRowe, D., Klemm, V., Halliday, A.N., Burton, K., and Hein, J., 2009, Thallium isotope evidence for a permanent increase in marine organic carbon export in the early Eocene: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 278, no. 3-4, p. 297-307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.010.","startPage":"297","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487769,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1480213","text":"External Repository"},{"id":213826,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.010"},{"id":241487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"278","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba608e4b08c986b320e43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, S.G.","contributorId":49171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mar-Gerrison, S.","contributorId":63629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mar-Gerrison","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gannoun, A.","contributorId":39204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannoun","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaRowe, D.","contributorId":74210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRowe","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klemm, V.","contributorId":43898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemm","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Halliday, A. N.","contributorId":87663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burton, K.W.","contributorId":101399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70037364,"text":"70037364 - 2009 - A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037364","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1573,"text":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients","docAbstract":"Habitat association models are commonly developed for individual animal species using generalized linear modeling methods such as logistic regression. We considered the issue of grouping species based on their habitat use so that management decisions can be based on sets of species rather than individual species. This research was motivated by a study of western landbirds in northern Idaho forests. The method we examined was to separately fit models to each species and to use a generalized Mahalanobis distance between coefficient vectors to create a distance matrix among species. Clustering methods were used to group species from the distance matrix, and multidimensional scaling methods were used to visualize the relations among species groups. Methods were also discussed for evaluating the sensitivity of the conclusions because of outliers or influential data points. We illustrate these methods with data from the landbird study conducted in northern Idaho. Simulation results are presented to compare the success of this method to alternative methods using Euclidean distance between coefficient vectors and to methods that do not use habitat association models. These simulations demonstrate that our Mahalanobis-distance- based method was nearly always better than Euclidean-distance-based methods or methods not based on habitat association models. The methods used to develop candidate species groups are easily explained to other scientists and resource managers since they mainly rely on classical multivariate statistical methods. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Ecological Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10651-008-0093-9","issn":"13528505","usgsCitation":"Williams, C., and Heglund, P., 2009, A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, v. 16, no. 4, p. 495-513, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-008-0093-9.","startPage":"495","endPage":"513","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217062,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10651-008-0093-9"},{"id":244974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e44fe4b0c8380cd4658b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, C.J.","contributorId":80071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036281,"text":"70036281 - 2009 - SSTL UK-DMC SLIM-6 data quality assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T15:00:08","indexId":"70036281","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SSTL UK-DMC SLIM-6 data quality assessment","docAbstract":"Satellite data from the Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL) United Kingdom (UK) Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) were assessed for geometric and radiometric quality. The UK-DMC Surrey Linear Imager 6 (SLIM-6) sensor has a 32-m spatial resolution and a ground swath width of 640 km. The UK-DMC SLIM-6 design consists of a three-band imager with green, red, and near-infrared bands that are set to similar bandpass as Landsat bands 2, 3, and 4. The UK-DMC data consisted of imagery registered to Landsat orthorectified imagery produced from the GeoCover program. Relief displacements within the UK-DMC SLIM-6 imagery were accounted for by using global 1-km digital elevation models available through the Global Land One-km Base Elevation (GLOBE) Project. Positional accuracy and relative band-to-band accuracy were measured. Positional accuracy of the UK-DMC SLIM-6 imagery was assessed by measuring the imagery against digital orthophoto quadrangles (DOQs), which are designed to meet national map accuracy standards at 1 : 24 000 scales; this corresponds to a horizontal root-mean-square accuracy of about 6 m. The UK-DMC SLIM-6 images were typically registered to within 1.0-1.5 pixels to the DOQ mosaic images. Several radiometric artifacts like striping, coherent noise, and flat detector were discovered and studied. Indications are that the SSTL UK-DMC SLIM-6 data have few artifacts and calibration challenges, and these can be adjusted or corrected via calibration and processing algorithms. The cross-calibration of the UK-DMC SLIM-6 and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus was performed using image statistics derived from large common areas observed by the two sensors.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013206","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Saunier, S., Choate, M., and Scaramuzza, P.L., 2009, SSTL UK-DMC SLIM-6 data quality assessment: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 7, p. 2380-2391, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013206.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2380","endPage":"2391","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218222,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013206"}],"volume":"47","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf84e4b0c8380cd87625","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saunier, S.","contributorId":96914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunier","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choate, M.J.","contributorId":41194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scaramuzza, P. L. 0000-0002-2616-8456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":107504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036778,"text":"70036778 - 2009 - Mathematical modelling of anisotropy of illite-rich shale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036778","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mathematical modelling of anisotropy of illite-rich shale","docAbstract":"The estimation of illite-rich shale anisotropy to account for the alignment of clays and gas- or brine-filled cracks is presented via mathematical modelling. Such estimation requires analysis to interpret the dominance of one effect over another. This knowledge can help to evaluate the permeability in the unconventional reservoir, stress orientation, and the seal capacity for the conventional reservoir. Effective media modelling is used to predict the elastic properties of the illite-rich shale and to identify the dominant contributions to the shale anisotropy. We consider two principal reasons of the shale anisotropy: orientation of clay platelets and orientation of fluid-filled cracks. In reality, both of these two factors affect the shale anisotropy. The goal of this study is, first, to separately analyse the effect of these two factors to reveal the specific features in P- and S-wave velocity behaviour typical of each of the factors, and, then, consider a combined effect of the factors when the cracks are horizontally or vertically aligned. To do this, we construct four models of shale. The behaviour of P- and S-wave velocities is analysed when gas- and water-filled cracks embedded in a host matrix are randomly oriented, or horizontally or vertically aligned. The host matrix can be either isotropic or anisotropic (of VTI symmetry). In such a modelling, we use published data on mineralogy and clay platelet alignment along with other micromechanical measurements. In the model, where the host matrix is isotropic, the presence of a singularity point (when the difference VS1 - VS2 changes its sign) in shear wave velocities is an indicator of brine-filled aligned cracks. In the model with the VTI host matrix and horizontally aligned cracks filled with gas, an increase in their volume concentration leads to that the azimuth at which the singularity is observed moves toward the symmetry axis. In this case, if the clay content is small (around 20 per cent), the singularity point may even vanish. The Thomsen parameters are helpful in fluid type indication in shale. An indicator of gas-filled aligned cracks is ?? > ??. If aligned cracks in illite-rich shale are brine-filled, ?? < ??. Negative value of ?? indicates brine-filled cracks in illite-rich shale. A shale with brine-filled cracks exhibits higher Vp/Vs ratio in the vertical direction as compared to the gas-filled shale. A disorientation of clay platelets and brine-filled cracks may lead to that the singularity point is absent for brine-saturated shale as well. In this case one can also observe ?? > ?? and decreased values of Vp/Vs in the vertical direction as in the case of gas-filled cracks. In the presence of vertically aligned cracks, shales exhibit distinctly revealed features of orthorhombic symmetry. The results have important applications where seismic measurements are applied to predict the maturity state of the shale. ?? 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ?? 2009 RAS.","largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04244.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Chesnokov, E., Tiwary, D., Bayuk, I., Sparkman, M., and Brown, R., 2009, Mathematical modelling of anisotropy of illite-rich shale, in Geophysical Journal International, v. 178, no. 3, p. 1625-1648, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04244.x.","startPage":"1625","endPage":"1648","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476254,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04244.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217742,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04244.x"},{"id":245705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a528ae4b0c8380cd6c4bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chesnokov, E.M.","contributorId":69823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesnokov","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiwary, D.K.","contributorId":54827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiwary","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bayuk, I.O.","contributorId":44393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayuk","given":"I.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sparkman, M.A.","contributorId":28463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparkman","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, R.L.","contributorId":107014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035072,"text":"70035072 - 2009 - Potential environmental issues of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: Geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:54:00","indexId":"70035072","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential environmental issues of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: Geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"Sedimentary basins in general, and deep saline aquifers in particular, are being investigated as possible repositories for large volumes of anthropogenic CO2 that must be sequestered to mitigate global warming and related climate changes. To investigate the potential for the long-term storage of CO2 in such aquifers, 1600 t of CO2 were injected at 1500 m depth into a 24-m-thick \"C\" sandstone unit of the Frio Formation, a regional aquifer in the US Gulf Coast. Fluid samples obtained before CO2 injection from the injection well and an observation well 30 m updip showed a Na–Ca–Cl type brine with ∼93,000 mg/L TDS at saturation with CH4 at reservoir conditions; gas analyses showed that CH4 comprised ∼95% of dissolved gas, but CO2 was low at 0.3%. Following CO2 breakthrough, 51 h after injection, samples showed sharp drops in pH (6.5–5.7), pronounced increases in alkalinity (100–3000 mg/L as HCO3) and in Fe (30–1100 mg/L), a slug of very high DOC values, and significant shifts in the isotopic compositions of H2O, DIC, and CH4. These data, coupled with geochemical modeling, indicate corrosion of pipe and well casing as well as rapid dissolution of minerals, especially calcite and iron oxyhydroxides, both caused by lowered pH (initially ∼3.0 at subsurface conditions) of the brine in contact with supercritical CO2.
These geochemical parameters, together with perfluorocarbon tracer gases (PFTs), were used to monitor migration of the injected CO2 into the overlying Frio “B”, composed of a 4-m-thick sandstone and separated from the “C” by ∼15 m of shale and siltstone beds. Results obtained from the Frio “B” 6 months after injection gave chemical and isotopic markers that show significant CO2 (2.9% compared with 0.3% CO2 in dissolved gas) migration into the “B” sandstone. Results of samples collected 15 months after injection, however, are ambiguous, and can be interpreted to show no additional injected CO2 in the “B” sandstone. The presence of injected CO2 may indicate migration from “C” to “B” through the intervening beds or, more likely, a short-term leakage through the remedial cement around the casing of a 50-year old well. Results obtained to date from four shallow monitoring groundwater wells show no brine or CO2 leakage through the Anahuac Formation, the regional cap rock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.010","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J., Hovorka, S.D., Nance, H.S., Cole, D.R., Phelps, T.J., and Knauss, K.G., 2009, Potential environmental issues of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: Geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test, Texas, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1106-1112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.010.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1106","endPage":"1112","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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