A temporary, 14‐meter‐high earthen cofferdam standing in place of Marmot Dam was breached on 19 October 2007, allowing the 80‐ kilometer‐long Sandy River to flow freely from Mount Hood, Oreg., to the Columbia River for the first time in nearly 100 years. Marmot Dam is one of the largest dams in the western United States (in terms of height and volume of stored sediment) to have been removed in the past 40 years, and its removal exposed approximately 730,000 cubic meters of stored sand and gravel to erosion and transport by the newly energetic mountain river. At the time, its breach represented the greatest release of sediment from any U.S. dam removal. (The March 2008 breaching of Montana's Milltown Dam exposed about 5–10 times as much sediment to potential erosion.)
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008EO270001","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., Spicer, K.R., Rhode, A., O’Connor, J.E., Bragg, H., Tanner, D.Q., Anderson, C., Wallick, J., and Grant, G., 2008, Initial fluvial response to the removal of Oregon's Marmot Dam: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 89, no. 27, p. 241-242, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008EO270001.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"242","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Marmot Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,45.166666666666664 ], [ -122.5,45.75 ], [ -121.75,45.75 ], [ -121.75,45.166666666666664 ], [ -122.5,45.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"89","issue":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b404e4b0702d0e844a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spicer, Kurt R. 0000-0001-5030-3198 krspicer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3198","contributorId":2684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Kurt","email":"krspicer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhode, Abagail","contributorId":73476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhode","given":"Abagail","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Connor, J. E.","contributorId":59489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bragg, Heather M. hmbragg@usgs.gov","contributorId":428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Heather M.","email":"hmbragg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tanner, Dwight Q.","contributorId":93452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":1151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey W.","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":740873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grant, Gordon E.","contributorId":30881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grant","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[{"id":12647,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":740875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70003481,"text":"70003481 - 2008 - A 26 million year gap in the central Arctic record at the greenhouse-icehouse transition: Looking for clues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T17:59:30.196365","indexId":"70003481","displayToPublicDate":"2011-05-31T12:59:01","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 26 million year gap in the central Arctic record at the greenhouse-icehouse transition: Looking for clues","docAbstract":"The Cenozoic record of the Lomonosov Ridge (central Arctic Ocean) recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302 revealed an unexpected 26 Ma hiatus, separating middle Eocene (∼44.4 Ma) from lower Miocene sediments (∼18.2 Ma). To elucidate the nature of this unconformity, we performed a multiproxy palynological (dinoflagellate cysts, pollen, and spores), micropaleontological (siliceous microfossils), inorganic, and organic (Tetra Ether Index of lipids with 86 carbon atoms (TEX86) and Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT)) geochemical analysis of the sediments from ∼5 m below to ∼7 m above the hiatus. Four main paleoenvironmental phases (A–D) are recognized in the sediments encompassing the unconformity, two below (A–B) and two above (C–D): (A) Below the hiatus, proxies show relatively warm temperatures, with Sea Surface Temperatures (TEX86‐derived SSTs) of about 8°C and high fresh to brackish water influence. (B) Approaching the hiatus, proxies indicate a cooling trend (TEX86‐derived SSTs of ∼5°C), increased freshwater influence, and progressive shoaling of the Lomonosov Ridge drilling site, located close to or at sea level. (C) The interval directly above the unconformity contains sparse reworked Cretaceous to Oligocene dinoflagellate cysts. Sediments were deposited in a relatively shallow, restricted marine environment. Proxies show the simultaneous influence of both fresh and marine waters, with alternating oxic and anoxic conditions. Pollen indicates a relatively cold climate. Intriguingly, TEX86‐derived SSTs are unexpectedly high, ∼15–19°C. Such warm surface waters may be partially explained by the ingression of warmer North Atlantic waters after the opening of the Fram Strait during the early Miocene. (D) Sediments of the uppermost interval indicate a phase of extreme oxic conditions, and a well‐ventilated environment, which occurred after the complete opening of the Fram Strait. Importantly, and in contrast with classical postrifting thermal subsidence models for passive margins, our data suggest that sediment erosion and/or nondeposition that generated the hiatus was likely due to a progressive shoaling of the Lomonosov Ridge. A shallow water setting both before and after the hiatus suggests that the Lomonosov Ridge remained at or near sea level for the duration of the gap in the sedimentary record. Interacting sea level changes and/or tectonic activity (possibly uplift) must be invoked as possible causes for such a long hiatus.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2007PA001477","usgsCitation":"Sangiorgi, F., Brumsack, H., Willard, D.A., Schouten, S., Stickley, C.E., O’Regan, M., Reichart, G., Damste, J.S., and Brinkhuis, H., 2008, A 26 million year gap in the central Arctic record at the greenhouse-icehouse transition: Looking for clues: Paleoceanography, v. 23, no. 1, PA1S04, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001477.","productDescription":"PA1S04, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic","volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b42d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sangiorgi, Francesca","contributorId":108238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sangiorgi","given":"Francesca","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumsack, Hans-Juergen","contributorId":61141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumsack","given":"Hans-Juergen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schouten, Stefan","contributorId":84888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"Stefan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stickley, Catherine E.","contributorId":40715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickley","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Regan, Matthew","contributorId":24483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Regan","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reichart, Gert-Jan","contributorId":43902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichart","given":"Gert-Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe","contributorId":104201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damste","given":"Jaap","email":"","middleInitial":"S. Sinninghe","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Brinkhuis, Henk","contributorId":97614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinkhuis","given":"Henk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":98821,"text":"ofr20071429 - 2008 - Suspended-sediment and nutrient loads for Waiakea and Alenaio Streams, Hilo, Hawaii, 2003-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"ofr20071429","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1429","title":"Suspended-sediment and nutrient loads for Waiakea and Alenaio Streams, Hilo, Hawaii, 2003-2006","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment and nutrient samples were collected during wet-weather conditions at three sites on two ephemeral streams in the vicinity of Hilo, Hawaii during March 2004 to March 2006. Two sites were sampled on Waiakea Stream at 80- and 860-foot altitudes during March 2004 to August 2005. One site was sampled on Alenaio Stream at 10-foot altitude during November 2005 to March 2006. The sites were selected to represent different land uses and land covers in the area. Most of the drainage area above the upper Waiakea Stream site is conservation land. The drainage areas above the lower site on Waiakea Stream, and the site on Alenaio Stream, are a combination of conservation land, agriculture, rural, and urban land uses.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the sampling, continuous-record streamflow sites were established at the three sampling sites, as well as an additional site on Alenaio Stream at altitude of 75 feet and 0.47 miles upstream from the sampling site. Stage was measured continuously at 15-minute intervals at these sites. Discharge, for any particular instant, or for selected periods of time, were computed based on a stage-discharge relation determined from individual discharge measurements. Continuous records of discharge were computed at the two sites on Waiakea Stream and the upper site on Aleniao Stream. Due to non-ideal hydraulic conditions within the channel of Alenaio Stream, a continuous record of discharge was not computed at the lower site on Alenaio Stream where samples were taken.\r\n\r\nSamples were analyzed for suspended sediment, and the nutrients total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, and total phosphorus. Concentration data were converted to instantaneous load values: loads are the product of discharge and concentration, and are presented as tons per day for suspended sediment or pounds per day for nutrients. Daily-mean loads were computed by estimating concentrations relative to discharge using graphical constituent loading analysis techniques. Daily-mean loads were computed at the two Waiakea Stream sampling sites for the analyzed constituents, during the period October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2005. No record of daily-mean load was computed for the Alenaio Stream sampling site due to the problems with computing a discharge record.\r\n\r\nThe maximum daily-mean loads for the upper site on Waiakea Stream for suspended sediment was 79 tons per day, and the maximum daily-mean loads for total nitrogen, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, and total phosphorus were 1,350, 13, and 300 pounds per day, respectively. The maximum daily-mean loads for the lower site on Waiakea Stream for suspended sediment was 468 tons per day, and the maximum daily-mean loads for total nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, and total phosphorus were 913, 8.5, and 176 pounds per day, respectively. From the estimated continuous daily-mean load record, all of the maximum daily-mean loads occurred during October 2003 and September 2004, except for suspended sediment load for the lower site, which occurred on September 15, 2005. Maximum values were not all caused by a single storm event. Overall, the record of daily-mean loads showed lower loads during storm events for suspended sediments and nutrients at the downstream site of Waiakea Stream during 2004 than at the upstream site. During 2005, however, the suspended sediment loads were higher at the downstream site than the upstream site. Construction of a flood control channel between the two sites in 2005 may have contributed to the change in relative suspended-sediment loads. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071429","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Presley, T.K., Jamison, M.T., and Nishimoto, D.C., 2008, Suspended-sediment and nutrient loads for Waiakea and Alenaio Streams, Hilo, Hawaii, 2003-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1429, vii, 72 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071429.","productDescription":"vii, 72 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-10-01","temporalEnd":"2006-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2007_1429.jpg"},{"id":14235,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1429/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.4011111111111,19.533611111111114 ], [ -155.4011111111111,19.783611111111114 ], [ -155.0336111111111,19.783611111111114 ], [ -155.0336111111111,19.533611111111114 ], [ -155.4011111111111,19.533611111111114 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5455cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presley, Todd K. 0000-0001-5851-0634 tkpresle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-0634","contributorId":2671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presley","given":"Todd","email":"tkpresle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jamison, Marcael T. J.","contributorId":6817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Marcael","email":"","middleInitial":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishimoto, Dale C.","contributorId":13195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishimoto","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000126,"text":"70000126 - 2008 - Ocean acidification and calcifying reef organisms: A mesocosm investigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000126","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:11:19","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ocean acidification and calcifying reef organisms: A mesocosm investigation","docAbstract":"A long-term (10 months) controlled experiment was conducted to test the impact of increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) on common calcifying coral reef organisms. The experiment was conducted in replicate continuous flow coral reef mesocosms flushed with unfiltered sea water from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Mesocosms were located in full sunlight and experienced diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in temperature and sea water chemistry characteristic of the adjacent reef flat. Treatment mesocosms were manipulated to simulate an increase in pCO2 to levels expected in this century [midday pCO2 levels exceeding control mesocosms by 365 ?? 130 ??atm (mean ?? sd)]. Acidification had a profound impact on the development and growth of crustose coralline algae (CCA) populations. During the experiment, CCA developed 25% cover in the control mesocosms and only 4% in the acidified mesocosms, representing an 86% relative reduction. Free-living associations of CCA known as rhodoliths living in the control mesocosms grew at a rate of 0.6 g buoyant weight year-1 while those in the acidified experimental treatment decreased in weight at a rate of 0.9 g buoyant weight year-1, representing a 250% difference. CCA play an important role in the growth and stabilization of carbonate reefs, so future changes of this magnitude could greatly impact coral reefs throughout the world. Coral calcification decreased between 15% and 20% under acidified conditions. Linear extension decreased by 14% under acidified conditions in one experiment. Larvae of the coral Pocillopora damicornis were able to recruit under the acidified conditions. In addition, there was no significant difference in production of gametes by the coral Montipora capitata after 6 months of exposure to the treatments. ?? 2008 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coral Reefs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00338-008-0380-9","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Jokiel, P., Rodgers, K.S., Kuffner, I., Andersson, A., Cox, E., and MacKenzie, F., 2008, Ocean acidification and calcifying reef organisms: A mesocosm investigation: Coral Reefs, v. 27, no. 3, p. 473-483, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0380-9.","startPage":"473","endPage":"483","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18678,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0380-9"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jokiel, P. L.","contributorId":80367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jokiel","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodgers, K. S.","contributorId":40288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodgers","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuffner, I. B.","contributorId":40328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuffner","given":"I. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andersson, A.J.","contributorId":38265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cox, E.F.","contributorId":50271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70000098,"text":"70000098 - 2008 - A seepage meter designed for use in flowing water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000098","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:11:19","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seepage meter designed for use in flowing water","docAbstract":"Seepage meters provide one of the most direct means to measure exchange of water across the sediment-water interface, but they generally have been unsuitable for use in fluvial settings. Although the seepage bag can be placed inside a rigid container to minimize velocity head concerns, the seepage cylinder installed in the sediment bed projects into and disrupts the flow field, altering both the local-scale fluid exchange as well as measurement of that exchange. A low-profile seepage meter designed for use in moving water was tested in a seepage meter flux tank where both current velocity and seepage velocity could be controlled. The conical seepage cylinder protrudes only slightly above the sediment bed and is connected via tubing to a seepage bag or flowmeter positioned inside a rigid shelter that is located nearby where current velocity is much slower. Laboratory and field tests indicate that the net effect of the small protrusion of the seepage cylinder into the surface water flow field is inconsequentially small for surface water currents up to 65 cm s-1. Current velocity affects the variability of seepage measurements; seepage standard deviation increased from ???2 to ???6 cm d-1 as current velocity increased from 9 to 65 cm s-1. Substantial bias can result if the shelter is not placed to minimize hydraulic gradient between the bag and the seepage cylinder.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.029","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., 2008, A seepage meter designed for use in flowing water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 359, no. 1-2, p. 118-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.029.","startPage":"118","endPage":"130","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":199660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18670,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.029"}],"volume":"359","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a639b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000555,"text":"70000555 - 2008 - Response of macroinvertebrate communities to remediation-simulating conditions in Pennsylvania streams influenced by acid mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:38","indexId":"70000555","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of macroinvertebrate communities to remediation-simulating conditions in Pennsylvania streams influenced by acid mine drainage","docAbstract":"We compared naturally alkaline streams with limestone lithology to freestone streams with and without acid mine drainage (AMD) to predict benthic macroinvertebrate community recovery from AMD in limestone-treated watersheds. Surrogate-recovered (limestone) and, in many cases, freestone systems had significantly higher macroinvertebrate densities; diversity; taxa richness; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa; EPT/chironomid ratios; scraper/collector - gatherer ratios; herbivores; collector - filterers; and scrapers. AMD-influenced systems had significantly greater numbers of Diptera and collector - gatherers. An entire trophic level (herbivores) was 'restored' in surrogate-recovered streams, which also showed greater trophic specialization. Indicator analysis identified seven taxa (within Crustacea, Diptera, Nematoda, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera) as significant indicators of limestone systems and six taxa (within Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Tricoptera, Coleoptera, and Mollusca) as significant freestone indicators, all useful as biological indicators of recovery from AMD. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-007-0042-3","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., Long, E., and Dropkin, D.S., 2008, Response of macroinvertebrate communities to remediation-simulating conditions in Pennsylvania streams influenced by acid mine drainage: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 145, no. 1-3, p. 323-338, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0042-3.","startPage":"323","endPage":"338","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18949,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0042-3"},{"id":203491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bdd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, E.S.","contributorId":85305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000536,"text":"70000536 - 2008 - Geoelectrical inference of mass transfer parameters using temporal moments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-21T11:42:55","indexId":"70000536","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:28","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geoelectrical inference of mass transfer parameters using temporal moments","docAbstract":"We present an approach to infer mass transfer parameters based on (1) an analytical model that relates the temporal moments of mobile and bulk concentration and (2) a bicontinuum modification to Archie's law. Whereas conventional geochemical measurements preferentially sample from the mobile domain, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is sensitive to bulk electrical conductivity and, thus, electrolytic solute in both the mobile and immobile domains. We demonstrate the new approach, in which temporal moments of collocated mobile domain conductivity (i.e., conventional sampling) and ERT‐estimated bulk conductivity are used to calculate heterogeneous mass transfer rate and immobile porosity fractions in a series of numerical column experiments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006750","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, F.D., and Singha, K., 2008, Geoelectrical inference of mass transfer parameters using temporal moments: Water Resources Research, v. 44, no. 5, W05201; 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006750.","productDescription":"W05201; 6 p.","ipdsId":"IP-003982","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006750","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":346237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singha, Kamini","contributorId":76733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70000560,"text":"70000560 - 2008 - Tracking acid mine-drainage in Southeast Arizona using GIS and sediment delivery models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000560","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:27","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracking acid mine-drainage in Southeast Arizona using GIS and sediment delivery models","docAbstract":"This study investigates the application of models traditionally used to estimate erosion and sediment deposition to assess the potential risk of water quality impairment resulting from metal-bearing materials related to mining and mineralization. An integrated watershed analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based tools was undertaken to examine erosion and sediment transport characteristics within the watersheds. Estimates of stream deposits of sediment from mine tailings were related to the chemistry of surface water to assess the effectiveness of the methodology to assess the risk of acid mine-drainage being dispersed downstream of abandoned tailings and waste rock piles. A watershed analysis was preformed in the Patagonia Mountains in southeastern Arizona which has seen substantial mining and where recent water quality samples have reported acidic surface waters. This research demonstrates an improvement of the ability to predict streams that are likely to have severely degraded water quality as a result of past mining activities. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-007-0024-5","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Norman, L., Gray, F., Guertin, D., Wissler, C., and Bliss, J.D., 2008, Tracking acid mine-drainage in Southeast Arizona using GIS and sediment delivery models: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 145, no. 1-3, p. 145-157, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0024-5.","startPage":"145","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18954,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0024-5"}],"volume":"145","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, L.M.","contributorId":20455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, F.","contributorId":87270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guertin, D.P.","contributorId":36264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guertin","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wissler, C.","contributorId":71304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wissler","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bliss, J. D.","contributorId":25564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70000551,"text":"70000551 - 2008 - Biogeochemical legacy of prescribed fire in a giant sequoia - Mixed conifer forest: A 16-year record of watershed balances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T12:58:02","indexId":"70000551","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:27","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical legacy of prescribed fire in a giant sequoia - Mixed conifer forest: A 16-year record of watershed balances","docAbstract":"The effects of prescription burning on watershed balances of major ions in mixed conifer forest were examined in a 16-year paired catchment study in Sequoia National Park, California. The objective was to determine whether fire-related changes in watershed balances persist as long as estimated low-end natural fire-return intervals (???10 years), and whether cumulative net export caused by fire could deplete nutrient stocks between successive fires. Inputs (wet + dry deposition) and outputs (stream export) of N, S, Cl-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, H+, and SiO2 were measured for 7 years preceding, and 9 years following, a prescribed burn of one of the catchments. After fire, runoff coefficients increased by 7% (in dry years) to 35% (in wet years). Inorganic N was elevated in stream water for 3 years after fire. Increased export of water, SO42-, Cl-,SiO2, and base cations continued through the end of the study. Pools and processes attributed to fire led to the cumulative loss, per hectare, of 1.2 kg N, 16 kg S, 25 kg Cl-, 130 kg Ca2+, 19 kg Mg2+, 71 kg Na+, 29 kg K+ and 192 kg Si, above that predicted by prefire regression equations relating export in the paired catchments. This additional export equaled <1% of the N, up to one-third of the Ca and Mg, and up to three-fourths of the K, contained in the forest floor prior to combustion. Changes in watershed balances indicated that low-end natural fire-return intervals may prevent complete reaccumulation of several elements between fires. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/2006JG000391","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Engle, D., Sickman, J., Moore, C., Esperanza, A., Melack, J., and Keeley, J., 2008, Biogeochemical legacy of prescribed fire in a giant sequoia - Mixed conifer forest: A 16-year record of watershed balances: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 113, no. G1, G01014; 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000391.","productDescription":"G01014; 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jg000391","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"G1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625d6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engle, D.L.","contributorId":58752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sickman, J.O.","contributorId":85127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickman","given":"J.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, C.M.","contributorId":58001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Esperanza, A.M.","contributorId":11999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esperanza","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melack, J.M.","contributorId":59164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70000541,"text":"70000541 - 2008 - Mapping and interpretation of Sinlap crater on Titan using Cassini VIMS and RADAR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70000541","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:27","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping and interpretation of Sinlap crater on Titan using Cassini VIMS and RADAR data","docAbstract":"Only a few impact craters have been unambiguously detected on Titan by the Cassini-Huygens mission. Among these, Sinlap is the only one that has been observed both by the RADAR and VIMS instruments. This paper describes observations at centimeter and infrared wavelengths which provide complementary information about the composition, topography, and surface roughness. Several units appear in VIMS false color composites of band ratios in the Sinlap area, suggesting compositional heterogeneities. A bright pixel possibly related to a central peak does not show significant spectral variations, indicating either that the impact site was vertically homogeneous, or that this area has been recovered by homogeneous deposits. Both VIMS ratio images and dielectric constant measurements suggest the presence of an area enriched in water ice around the main ejecta blanket. Since the Ku-band SAR may see subsurface structures at the meter scale, the difference between infrared and SAR observations can be explained by the presence of a thin layer transparent to the radar. An analogy with terrestrial craters in Libya supports this interpretation. Finally, a tentative model describes the geological history of this area prior, during, and after the impact. It involves mainly the creation of ballistic ejecta and an expanding plume of vapor triggered by the impact, followed by the redeposition of icy spherules recondensed from this vapor plume blown downwind. Subsequent evolution is then driven by erosional processes and aeolian deposition. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JE002965","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Le Mouelic, S., Paillou, P., Janssen, M., Barnes, J.W., Rodriguez, S., Sotin, C., Brown, R.H., Baines, K.H., Buratti, B.J., Clark, R.N., Crapeau, M., Encrenaz, P., Jaumann, R., Geudtner, D., Paganelli, F., Soderblom, L., Tobie, G., and Wall, S., 2008, Mapping and interpretation of Sinlap crater on Titan using Cassini VIMS and RADAR data: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 113, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002965.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476477,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00261442","text":"External Repository"},{"id":203538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18939,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002965"}],"volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Le Mouélic, Stéphane","contributorId":92786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le Mouélic","given":"Stéphane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillou, P.","contributorId":45043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillou","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janssen, M.A.","contributorId":28345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, J. W.","contributorId":14554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, S.","contributorId":54329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Crapeau, M.","contributorId":33438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crapeau","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Encrenaz, P.J.","contributorId":18092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Encrenaz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Geudtner, D.","contributorId":46667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geudtner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Paganelli, F.","contributorId":17353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paganelli","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Soderblom, L.","contributorId":106244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Tobie, G.","contributorId":89267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobie","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Wall, S.","contributorId":103774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70000303,"text":"70000303 - 2008 - Landscape-scale evaluation of genetic structure among barrier-isolated populations of coastal cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T13:49:35","indexId":"70000303","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape-scale evaluation of genetic structure among barrier-isolated populations of coastal cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii","docAbstract":"Relationships among landscape structure, stochastic disturbance, and genetic diversity were assessed by examining interactions between watershed-scale environmental factors and genetic diversity of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) in 27 barrier-isolated watersheds from western Oregon, USA. Headwater populations of coastal cutthroat trout were genetically differentiated (mean FST = 0.33) using data from seven microsatellite loci (2232 individuals), but intrapopulation microsatellite genetic diversity (mean number of alleles per locus = 5, mean He = 0.60) was only moderate. Genetic diversity of coastal cutthroat trout was greater (P = 0.02) in the Coast Range ecoregion (mean alleles = 47) than in the Cascades ecoregion (mean alleles = 30), and differences coincided with indices of regional within-watershed complexity and connectivity. Furthermore, regional patterns of diversity evident from isolation-by-distance plots suggested that retention of within-population genetic diversity in the Coast Range ecoregion is higher than that in the Cascades, where genetic drift is the dominant factor influencing genetic patterns. Thus, it appears that physical landscape features have influenced genetic patterns in these populations isolated from short-term immigration. ?? 2008 NRC.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F08-090","usgsCitation":"Guy, T., Gresswell, R., and Banks, M., 2008, Landscape-scale evaluation of genetic structure among barrier-isolated populations of coastal cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 8, p. 1749-1762, https://doi.org/10.1139/F08-090.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1749","endPage":"1762","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F08-090"}],"volume":"65","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b145c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guy, T.J.","contributorId":38087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gresswell, R. E.","contributorId":38084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banks, M. A.","contributorId":96631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000274,"text":"70000274 - 2008 - Recovery of a fish pathogenic bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, from ebonyshell mussels Fusconaia ebena using nondestructive sample collection procedures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70000274","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2455,"text":"Journal of Shellfish Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of a fish pathogenic bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, from ebonyshell mussels Fusconaia ebena using nondestructive sample collection procedures","docAbstract":"Refugia are increasingly being used to maintain and propagate imperiled freshwater mussels for future population augmentations. Success for this endeavor is dependent on good husbandry, including a holistic program of resource health management. A significant aspect to optimal health is the prevention or control of infectious diseases. Describing and monitoring pathogens and diseases in mussels involves examination of tissues or samples collected from an appropriate number of individuals that satisfies a certain confidence level for expected prevalences of infections. In the present study, ebonyshell mussels Fusconaia ebena were infected with a fish pathogenic bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, through their cohabitation with diseased brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. At a 100% prevalence of infection, the F. ebena were removed from the cohabitation tank to clean tanks that were supplied with pathogen-free water, which initiated their depuration of A. salmonicida. Three samples (nondestructive fluid, mantle, hemolymph) collected using nondestructive procedures were compared with fluids and soft tissue homogenates collected after sacrificing the mussels for recovery of the bacterium during this period of depuration. Nondestructive sample collections, especially ND fluid, provide a comparable alternative to sacrificing mussels to determine pathogen status.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Shellfish Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[775:ROAFPB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"07308000","usgsCitation":"Starliper, C.E., 2008, Recovery of a fish pathogenic bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida, from ebonyshell mussels Fusconaia ebena using nondestructive sample collection procedures: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 27, no. 4, p. 775-782, https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[775:ROAFPB]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"775","endPage":"782","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18753,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[775:ROAFPB]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a329e4b0e8fec6cdb790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000286,"text":"70000286 - 2008 - Effect of soil disturbance on recharging fluxes: Case study on the Snake River Plain, Idaho National Laboratory, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000286","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of soil disturbance on recharging fluxes: Case study on the Snake River Plain, Idaho National Laboratory, USA","docAbstract":"Soil structural disturbance influences the downward flow of water that percolates deep enough to become aquifer recharge. Data from identical experiments in an undisturbed silt-loam soil and in an adjacent simulated waste trench composed of the same soil material, but disturbed, included (1) laboratory- and field-measured unsaturated hydraulic properties and (2) field-measured transient water content profiles through 24 h of ponded infiltration and 75 d of redistribution. In undisturbed soil, wetting fronts were highly diffuse above 2 m depth, and did not go much deeper than 2 m. Darcian analysis suggests an average recharge rate less than 2 mm/year. In disturbed soil, wetting fronts were sharp and initial infiltration slower; water moved slowly below 2 m without obvious impediment. Richards' equation simulations with realistic conditions predicted sharp wetting fronts, as observed for disturbed soil. Such simulations were adequate for undisturbed soil only if started from a post-initial moisture distribution that included about 3 h of infiltration. These late-started simulations remained good, however, through the 76 d of data. Overall results suggest the net effect of soil disturbance, although it reduces preferential flow, may be to increase recharge by disrupting layer contrasts. ?? Springer-Verlag 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-007-0261-2","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., and Perkins, K., 2008, Effect of soil disturbance on recharging fluxes: Case study on the Snake River Plain, Idaho National Laboratory, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 16, no. 5, p. 829-844, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0261-2.","startPage":"829","endPage":"844","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18762,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0261-2"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, K. S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":77557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70000288,"text":"70000288 - 2008 - Evaluation of an aerial survey to estimate abundance of wintering ducks in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T18:01:17.297523","indexId":"70000288","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an aerial survey to estimate abundance of wintering ducks in Mississippi","docAbstract":"Researchers have successfully designed aerial surveys that provided precise estimates of wintering populations of ducks over large physiographic regions, yet few conservation agencies have adopted these probability-based sampling designs for their surveys. We designed and evaluated an aerial survey to estimate abundance of wintering mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), dabbling ducks (tribe Anatini) other than mallards, diving ducks (tribes Aythini, Mergini, and Oxyurini), and total ducks in western Mississippi, USA. We used design-based sampling of fixed width transects to estimate population indices (Î), and we used model-based methods to correct population indices for visibility bias and estimate population abundance (N̂) for 14 surveys during winters 2002–2004. Correcting for bias increased estimates of mallards, other dabbling ducks, and diving ducks by an average of 40–48% among all surveys and contributed 48–61% of the estimated variance of N̂. However, mean-squared errors were consistently less for N̂ than Î. Estimates of N̂ met our goals for precision (CV ≤ 15%) in 7 of 14 surveys for mallards, 5 surveys for other dabbling ducks, no surveys for diving ducks, and 10 surveys for total ducks. Generally, we estimated more mallards and other dabbling ducks in mid- and late winter (Jan–Feb) than early winter (Nov–Dec) and determined that population indices from the late 1980s were nearly 3 times greater than those from our study. We developed a method to display relative densities of ducks spatially as an additional application of survey data. Our study advanced methods of estimating abundance of wintering waterfowl, and we recommend this design for continued monitoring of wintering ducks in western Mississippi and similar physiographic regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.2193/2007-471","usgsCitation":"Pearse, A.T., Dinsmore, S., Kaminski, R.M., and Reinecke, K.J., 2008, Evaluation of an aerial survey to estimate abundance of wintering ducks in Mississippi: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 6, p. 1413-1419, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-471.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1413","endPage":"1419","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Alluvial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.3506529084705,\n 34.8155049576614\n ],\n [\n -91.16265886235584,\n 33.804792398733014\n ],\n [\n -91.18356048811279,\n 33.03680764466297\n ],\n [\n -91.00234230882234,\n 32.525992065614446\n ],\n [\n -90.04531989694982,\n 33.13430838520391\n ],\n [\n -89.92175342496049,\n 34.38245463409882\n ],\n [\n -90.3506529084705,\n 34.8155049576614\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearse, Aaron T. 0000-0002-6137-1556 apearse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-1556","contributorId":1772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearse","given":"Aaron","email":"apearse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":345300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinsmore, Stephen J.","contributorId":61718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinsmore","given":"Stephen J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaminski, Richard M.","contributorId":78205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaminski","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17848,"text":"Mississippi State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":345298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reinecke, Kenneth J.","contributorId":87275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinecke","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000234,"text":"70000234 - 2008 - Controls on coastal dune morphology, shoreline erosion and barrier island response to extreme storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T12:59:07","indexId":"70000234","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on coastal dune morphology, shoreline erosion and barrier island response to extreme storms","docAbstract":"The response of a barrier island to an extreme storm depends in part on the surge elevation relative to the height and extent of the foredunes which can exhibit considerable variability alongshore. While it is recognized that alongshore variations in dune height and width direct barrier island response to storm surge, the underlying causes of the alongshore variation remain poorly understood. This study examines the alongshore variation in dune morphology along a 11 km stretch of Santa Rosa Island in northwest Florida and relates the variation in morphology to the response of the island during Hurricane Ivan and historic and storm-related rates of shoreline erosion. The morphology of the foredune and backbarrier dunes was characterized before and after Hurricane Ivan using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and related through Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). The height and extent of the foredune, and the presence and relative location of the backbarrier dunes, varied alongshore at discrete length scales (of ~ 750, 1450 and 4550 m) that are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Cospectral analysis suggests that the variation in dune morphology is correlated with transverse ridges on the inner-shelf, the backbarrier cuspate headlands, and the historical and storm-related trends in shoreline change. Sections of the coast with little to no dune development before Hurricane Ivan were observed in the narrowest portions of the island (between headlands), west of the transverse ridges. Overwash penetration tended to be larger in these areas and island breaching was common, leaving the surface close to the watertable and covered by a lag of shell and gravel. In contrast, large foredunes and the backbarrier dunes were observed at the widest sections of the island (the cuspate headlands) and at crest of the transverse ridges. Due to the large dunes and the presence of the backbarrier dunes, these areas experienced less overwash penetration and most of the sediment from the beachface and dunes was deposited within the upper-shoreface. It is argued that this sediment is returned to the beachface through nearshore bar migration following the storm and that the areas with larger foredunes and backbarrier dunes have smaller rates of historical shoreline erosion compared to areas with smaller dunes and greater transfer of sediment to the washover terrace. Since the recovery of the dunes will vary depending on the availability of sediment from the washover and beachface, it is further argued that the alongshore pattern of dune morphology and the response of the island to the next extreme storm is forced by the transverse ridges and island width through alongshore variations in storm surge and overwash gradients respectively. These findings may be particularly important for coastal managers involved in the repair and rebuilding of coastal infrastructure that was damaged or destroyed during Hurricane Ivan.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.007","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Houser, C., Hapke, C., and Hamilton, S., 2008, Controls on coastal dune morphology, shoreline erosion and barrier island response to extreme storms: Geomorphology, v. 100, no. 3-4, p. 223-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.007.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18737,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.12.007"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.52008056640624,\n 30.38472258144958\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 30.393014902255455\n ],\n [\n -86.55853271484374,\n 30.3953840074964\n ],\n [\n -86.58462524414062,\n 30.3953840074964\n ],\n [\n -86.61483764648438,\n 30.40012204559436\n ],\n [\n -86.64779663085938,\n 30.40012204559436\n ],\n [\n -86.671142578125,\n 30.40012204559436\n ],\n [\n -86.70272827148438,\n 30.40012204559436\n ],\n [\n -86.7315673828125,\n 30.40012204559436\n ],\n [\n -86.75628662109375,\n 30.40012204559436\n ],\n [\n -86.77276611328125,\n 30.394199462058317\n ],\n [\n -86.80023193359374,\n 30.393014902255455\n ],\n [\n -86.82083129882812,\n 30.393014902255455\n ],\n [\n -86.8524169921875,\n 30.38827651940287\n ],\n [\n -86.868896484375,\n 30.385907241796573\n ],\n [\n -86.88400268554688,\n 30.379983796443767\n ],\n [\n -86.8963623046875,\n 30.378799064289495\n ],\n [\n -86.9183349609375,\n 30.378799064289495\n ],\n [\n -86.94580078125,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -86.98013305664061,\n 30.365766062875743\n ],\n [\n -87.07901000976562,\n 30.347990988731844\n ],\n [\n -87.12020874023436,\n 30.339694848974247\n ],\n [\n -87.15866088867186,\n 30.33258331240559\n ],\n [\n -87.18338012695312,\n 30.329027350425925\n ],\n [\n -87.20260620117188,\n 30.327842001072675\n ],\n [\n -87.23007202148438,\n 30.324285866937423\n ],\n [\n -87.242431640625,\n 30.321915039121063\n ],\n [\n -87.26165771484375,\n 30.320729603696027\n ],\n [\n -87.275390625,\n 30.32665663737329\n ],\n [\n -87.30148315429688,\n 30.331398006092723\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.324285866937423\n ],\n [\n -87.27676391601562,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -87.24929809570312,\n 30.313616689930676\n ],\n [\n -87.22732543945312,\n 30.318358689813856\n ],\n [\n -87.19985961914062,\n 30.321915039121063\n ],\n [\n -87.16278076171875,\n 30.32547125932808\n ],\n [\n -87.13943481445312,\n 30.327842001072675\n ],\n [\n -87.10372924804688,\n 30.33376860437097\n ],\n [\n -87.08038330078125,\n 30.34088005484784\n ],\n [\n -87.05841064453125,\n 30.34562073484083\n ],\n [\n -87.00897216796875,\n 30.350361185215682\n ],\n [\n -86.98699951171874,\n 30.35628642525117\n ],\n [\n -86.96640014648438,\n 30.36102635890718\n ],\n [\n -86.94854736328124,\n 30.364581158417973\n ],\n [\n -86.91970825195312,\n 30.36813582872057\n ],\n [\n -86.89361572265624,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -86.86752319335938,\n 30.37761431777479\n ],\n [\n -86.84417724609375,\n 30.381168514237228\n ],\n [\n -86.8194580078125,\n 30.38235321766959\n ],\n [\n -86.7919921875,\n 30.385907241796573\n ],\n [\n -86.76589965820312,\n 30.389461136661538\n ],\n [\n -86.737060546875,\n 30.391830328088137\n ],\n [\n -86.71508789062499,\n 30.393014902255455\n ],\n [\n -86.69036865234375,\n 30.393014902255455\n ],\n [\n -86.66702270507812,\n 30.394199462058317\n ],\n [\n -86.6436767578125,\n 30.394199462058317\n ],\n [\n -86.60385131835938,\n 30.394199462058317\n ],\n [\n -86.57913208007812,\n 30.389461136661538\n ],\n [\n -86.561279296875,\n 30.389461136661538\n ],\n [\n -86.53793334960938,\n 30.38709188778112\n ],\n [\n -86.52008056640624,\n 30.38472258144958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684af7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, C.","contributorId":7402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hapke, C.","contributorId":83649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, S.","contributorId":46203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000558,"text":"70000558 - 2008 - Investigation of hydrophobic contaminants in an urban slough system using passive sampling - Insights from sampling rate calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000558","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of hydrophobic contaminants in an urban slough system using passive sampling - Insights from sampling rate calculations","docAbstract":"Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed in the Columbia Slough, near Portland, Oregon, on three separate occasions to measure the spatial and seasonal distribution of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) in the slough. Concentrations of PAHs and OCs in SPMDs showed spatial and seasonal differences among sites and indicated that unusually high flows in the spring of 2006 diluted the concentrations of many of the target contaminants. However, the same PAHs - pyrene, fluoranthene, and the alkylated homologues of phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluorene - and OCs - polychlorinated biphenyls, pentachloroanisole, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, and the metabolites of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) - predominated throughout the system during all three deployment periods. The data suggest that storm washoff may be a predominant source of PAHs in the slough but that OCs are ubiquitous, entering the slough by a variety of pathways. Comparison of SPMDs deployed on the stream bed with SPMDs deployed in the overlying water column suggests that even for the very hydrophobic compounds investigated, bed sediments may not be a predominant source in this system. Perdeuterated phenanthrene (phenanthrene-d10). spiked at a rate of 2 ??g per SPMD, was shown to be a reliable performance reference compound (PRC) under the conditions of these deployments. Post-deployment concentrations of the PRC revealed differences in sampling conditions among sites and between seasons, but indicate that for SPMDs deployed throughout the main slough channel, differences in sampling rates were small enough to make site-to-site comparisons of SPMD concentrations straightforward. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-007-0014-7","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K., 2008, Investigation of hydrophobic contaminants in an urban slough system using passive sampling - Insights from sampling rate calculations: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 145, no. 1-3, p. 31-47, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0014-7.","startPage":"31","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0014-7"}],"volume":"145","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b2e4b07f02db530fb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K.","contributorId":48287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000547,"text":"70000547 - 2008 - Modeling wetland blackbird populations as a function of waterfowl abundance in the prairie pothole region of the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000547","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1527,"text":"Environmental Bioindicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling wetland blackbird populations as a function of waterfowl abundance in the prairie pothole region of the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"Blackbirds share wetland habitat with many waterfowl species in Bird Conservation Region 11 (BCR 11), the prairie potholes. Because of similar habitat preferences, there may be associations between blackbird populations and populations of one or more species of waterfowl in BCR11. This study models populations of red-winged blackbirds and yellow-headed blackbirds as a function of multiple waterfowl species using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey within BCR11. For each blackbird species, we created a global model with blackbird abundance modeled as a function of 11 waterfowl species; nuisance effects (year, route, and observer) also were included in the model. Hierarchical Poisson regression models were fit using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods in WinBUGS 1.4.1. Waterfowl abundances were weakly associated with blackbird numbers, and no single waterfowl species showed a strong correlation with any blackbird species. These findings suggest waterfowl abundance from a single species is not likely a good bioindicator of blackbird abundance; however, a global model provided good fit for predicting red-winged blackbird abundance. Increased model complexity may be required for accurate predictions of blackbird abundance; the amount of data required to construct appropriate models may limit this approach for predicting blackbird abundance in the prairie potholes. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Bioindicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15555270802275434","issn":"15555275","usgsCitation":"Forcey, G., Linz, G., Thogmartin, W., and Bleier, W., 2008, Modeling wetland blackbird populations as a function of waterfowl abundance in the prairie pothole region of the United States and Canada: Environmental Bioindicators, v. 3, no. 2, p. 124-135, https://doi.org/10.1080/15555270802275434.","startPage":"124","endPage":"135","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18944,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15555270802275434"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69975c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forcey, G.M.","contributorId":57998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forcey","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linz, G.M.","contributorId":70877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linz","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thogmartin, W.E. 0000-0002-2384-4279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":26392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"W.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bleier, W.J.","contributorId":79194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleier","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000179,"text":"70000179 - 2008 - Effects of habitat disturbance on survival rates of softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera) in an urban stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000179","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of habitat disturbance on survival rates of softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera) in an urban stream","docAbstract":"We monitored Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone spinifera) using mark-recapture during 1994-2005 in Gin Creek, Searcy, Arkansas. In 1997-2000 the creek bed and riparian zone were bulldozed in an effort to remove debris and improve water flow. This disturbance appeared to reduce the quantity and quality of turtle habitat. We tested for the potential effect of this habitat disturbance on the survival rates of marked turtles. We estimated annual survival rates for the population using models that allowed for variation in survival by state of maturation, year, and effects of the disturbance; we evaluated two different models of the disturbance impact. The first disturbance model incorporated a single change in survival rates, following the disturbance, whereas the second disturbance model incorporated three survival rates: pre- and postdisturbance, as well as a short-term decline during the disturbance. We used a state-transition model for our mark-recapture analysis, as softshells transition from juveniles to adults in a variable period of time. Our analysis indicated that survival varied by maturation state and was independent of a time trend or the disturbance. Annual survival rates were lower for juveniles (S?? = 0.717, SE = 0.039) than for adults (S?? = 0.836, SE = 0.025). Despite the dramatic habitat disturbance, we found no negative effects on survival rates. Our results demonstrate that, like a few other freshwater turtle species known to thrive in urban environments, populations of A. spinifera are resilient and can persist in urban environments despite periodic habitat disturbances. Copyright 2008 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Herpetology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1670/07-217.1","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"Plummer, M., Krementz, D., Powell, L., and Mills, N., 2008, Effects of habitat disturbance on survival rates of softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera) in an urban stream: Journal of Herpetology, v. 42, no. 3, p. 555-563, https://doi.org/10.1670/07-217.1.","startPage":"555","endPage":"563","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18711,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1670/07-217.1"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61230f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, M.V.","contributorId":38267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, L.A.","contributorId":51262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, N.E.","contributorId":105031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000198,"text":"70000198 - 2008 - Spatial patterns of simulated transpiration response to climate variability in a snow dominated mountain ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T16:15:56","indexId":"70000198","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial patterns of simulated transpiration response to climate variability in a snow dominated mountain ecosystem","docAbstract":"Transpiration is an important component of soil water storage and stream-flow and is linked with ecosystem productivity, species distribution, and ecosystem health. In mountain environments, complex topography creates heterogeneity in key controls on transpiration as well as logistical challenges for collecting representative measurements. In these settings, ecosystem models can be used to account for variation in space and time of the dominant controls on transpiration and provide estimates of transpiration patterns and their sensitivity to climate variability and change. The Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) model was used to assess elevational differences in sensitivity of transpiration rates to the spatiotemporal variability of climate variables across the Upper Merced River watershed, Yosemite Valley, California, USA. At the basin scale, predicted annual transpiration was lowest in driest and wettest years, and greatest in moderate precipitation years (R2 = 0.32 and 0.29, based on polynomial regression of maximum snow depth and annual precipitation, respectively). At finer spatial scales, responsiveness of transpiration rates to climate differed along an elevational gradient. Low elevations (1200-1800 m) showed little interannual variation in transpiration due to topographically controlled high soil moistures along the river corridor. Annual conifer stand transpiration at intermediate elevations (1800-2150 m) responded more strongly to precipitation, resulting in a unimodal relationship between transpiration and precipitation where highest transpiration occurred during moderate precipitation levels, regardless of annual air temperatures. Higher elevations (2150-2600 m) maintained this trend, but air temperature sensitivities were greater. At these elevations, snowfall provides enough moisture for growth, and increased temperatures influenced transpiration. Transpiration at the highest elevations (2600-4000 m) showed strong sensitivity to air temperature, little sensitivity to precipitation. Model results suggest elevational differences in vegetation water use and sensitivity to climate were significant and will likely play a key role in controlling responses and vulnerability of Sierra Nevada ecosystems to climate change. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6961","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Christensen, L., Tague, C., and Baron, J., 2008, Spatial patterns of simulated transpiration response to climate variability in a snow dominated mountain ecosystem: Hydrological Processes, v. 22, no. 18, p. 3576-3588, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6961.","startPage":"3576","endPage":"3588","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18724,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6961"},{"id":203701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, L.","contributorId":87271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tague, C.L.","contributorId":86085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tague","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":345121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000217,"text":"70000217 - 2008 - Pre-1991 sulfur transfer between mafic injections and dacite magma in the Mt. Pinatubo reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T09:08:38","indexId":"70000217","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre-1991 sulfur transfer between mafic injections and dacite magma in the Mt. Pinatubo reservoir","docAbstract":"Before the 1991–1992 activity, a large andesite lava dome belonging to the penultimate Pinatubo eruptive period (Buag ∼ 500 BP) formed the volcano summit. Buag porphyritic andesite contains abundant amphibole-bearing microgranular enclaves of basaltic–andesite composition. Buag enclaves have lower K2O and incompatible trace element (LREE, U, Th) contents than mafic pulses injected in the Pinatubo reservoir during the 1991–1992 eruptive cycle. This study shows that Buag andesite formed by mingling of a hot, water-poor and reduced mafic magma with cold, hydrous and oxidized dacite. Depending on their size, enclaves experienced variable re-equilibration during mixing/mingling. Re-equilibration resulted in hydration, oxidation and transfer of mobile elements (LILE, Cu) from the dacite to the mafic melts and prompted massive amphibole crystallization. In Buag enclaves, S-bearing phases (sulfides, apatite) and melt inclusions in amphibole and plagioclase record the evolution of sulfur partition among melt, crystal and fluid phases during magma cooling and oxidation. At high temperature, sulfur is partitioned between andesitic melt and sulfides (Ni-pyrrhotite). Magma cooling, oxidation and hydration resulted in exsolution of a S–Cl–H2O vapor phase at the S-solubility minimum near the sulfide–sulfate redox boundary. Primary magmatic sulfide (pyrrhotite) and xenocrystic sulfide grains (pyrite), recycled together with olivines and pyroxenes from old mafic intrusives, were replaced by Cu-rich phases (chalcopyrite, cubanite) and, partially, by Ba–Sr sulfate. Sulfides degassed and transformed into residual spongy magnetite in response to fS2 drop during final magma ascent and decompression. Our research suggests that a complete evaluation of the sulfur budget at Pinatubo must take into account the en route S assimilation from the country rocks. Moreover, this study shows that the efficiency of sulfur transfer between mafic recharges and injected magmas is controlled by the extent and rate of mingling, hydrous flushing and melt oxidation. Vigorous mixing/mingling and transformation of the magmatic recharge into a spray of small enclaves is required in order to efficiently strip their primary S-content that otherwise remains locked in the sulfides. Hydrous flushing increases the magma oxidation state of the recharges and modifies their primary volatile concentrations that cannot be recovered by the study of late-formed mineral phases and melt inclusions. Conversely, S stored in both late-formed Cu-rich sulfides and interstitial rhyolitic melt represents the pre-eruptive sulfur budget immediately available for release from mafic enclaves during their decompression.
As part of the continuing effort to collect baseline information on the environmental occurrence of pharmaceuticals, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in the Nation's water resources, water samples were collected from a network of 47 groundwater sites across 18 states in 2000. All samples collected were analyzed for 65 OWCs representing a wide variety of uses and origins. Site selection focused on areas suspected to be susceptible to contamination from either animal or human wastewaters (i.e. down gradient of a landfill, unsewered residential development, or animal feedlot). Thus, sites sampled were not necessarily used as a source of drinking water but provide a variety of geohydrologic environments with potential sources of OWCs. OWCs were detected in 81% of the sites sampled, with 35 of the 65 OWCs being found at least once. The most frequently detected compounds include N,N-diethyltoluamide (35%, insect repellant), bisphenol A (30%, plasticizer), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (30%, fire retardant), sulfamethoxazole (23%, veterinary and human antibiotic), and 4-octylphenol monoethoxylate (19%, detergent metabolite). Although sampling procedures were intended to ensure that all groundwater samples analyzed were indicative of aquifer conditions it is possible that detections of some OWCs could have resulted from leaching of well-construction materials and/or other site-specific conditions related to well construction and materials. Future research will be needed to identify those factors that are most important in determining the occurrence and concentrations of OWCs in groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.028","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Barnes, K., Kolpin, D., Furlong, E., Zaugg, S., Meyer, M.T., and Barber, L.B., 2008, A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States - I) Groundwater: Science of the Total Environment, v. 402, no. 2-3, p. 192-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.028.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"192","endPage":"200","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -92.724609375,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 47.98992166741417\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -88.154296875,\n 47.100044694025215\n ],\n [\n -86.748046875,\n 46.55886030311719\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 46.07323062540838\n ],\n [\n -86.748046875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -87.275390625,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -86.1328125,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -86.396484375,\n 43.51668853502909\n ],\n [\n -85.869140625,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -83.232421875,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -83.75976562499999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 42.81152174509788\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -76.640625,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 45.213003555993964\n ],\n [\n -70.224609375,\n 45.767522962149904\n ],\n [\n -68.994140625,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n 45.767522962149904\n ],\n [\n -67.060546875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -70.751953125,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 41.11246878918086\n ],\n [\n -74.091796875,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 39.707186656826565\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -76.728515625,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -78.486328125,\n 33.50475906922606\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 30.977609093348686\n ],\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 28.767659105691255\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n 26.667095801104814\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 25.085598897064777\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 25.085598897064777\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 27.994401411046173\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 27.761329874505233\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -98.96484375,\n 26.58852714730864\n ],\n [\n -99.580078125,\n 27.839076094777816\n ],\n [\n -100.986328125,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -102.568359375,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -103.18359375,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -104.501953125,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -105.029296875,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.05293398570514\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -114.9609375,\n 32.694865977875075\n ],\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 40.58058466412764\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 42.81152174509788\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 48.574789910928864\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 48.980216985374994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"402","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ac1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, K.K.","contributorId":99164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}