{"pageNumber":"875","pageRowStart":"21850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40783,"records":[{"id":70037015,"text":"70037015 - 2009 - Microseismicity at the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul, NW Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T14:50:00","indexId":"70037015","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microseismicity at the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul, NW Turkey","docAbstract":"The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) below the Sea of Marmara forms a “seismic gap” where a major earthquake is expected to occur in the near future. This segment of the fault lies between the 1912 Ganos and 1999 İzmit ruptures and is the only NAFZ segment that has not ruptured since 1766. To monitor the microseismic activity at the main fault branch offshore of Istanbul below the Çınarcık Basin, a permanent seismic array (PIRES) was installed on the two outermost Prince Islands, Yassiada and Sivriada, at a few kilometers distance to the fault. In addition, a temporary network of ocean bottom seismometers was deployed throughout the Çınarcık Basin. Slowness vectors are determined combining waveform cross correlation and P wave polarization. We jointly invert azimuth and traveltime observations for hypocenter determination and apply a bootstrap resampling technique to quantify the location precision. We observe seismicity rates of 20 events per month for M < 2.5 along the basin. The spatial distribution of hypocenters suggests that the two major fault branches bounding the depocenter below the Çınarcık Basin merge to one single master fault below ∼17 km depth. On the basis of a cross-correlation technique we group closely spaced earthquakes and determine composite focal mechanisms implementing recordings of surrounding permanent land stations. Fault plane solutions have a predominant right-lateral strike-slip mechanism, indicating that normal faulting along this part of the NAFZ plays a minor role. Toward the west we observe increasing components of thrust faulting. This supports the model of NW trending, dextral strike-slip motion along the northern and main branch of the NAFZ below the eastern Sea of Marmara.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006244","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bulut, F., Bohnhoff, M., Ellsworth, W.L., Aktar, M., and Dresen, G., 2009, Microseismicity at the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul, NW Turkey: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006244.","productDescription":"B09302: 16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476287,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb006244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006244"},{"id":245334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Turkey","city":"Istanbul","otherGeospatial":"Sea Of Marmara","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 25.5,39.25 ], [ 25.5,41.5 ], [ 41.0,41.5 ], [ 41.0,39.25 ], [ 25.5,39.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"114","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56a9e4b0c8380cd6d729","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bulut, Fatih","contributorId":64921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bulut","given":"Fatih","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohnhoff, Marco","contributorId":102718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohnhoff","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aktar, Mustafa","contributorId":94529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aktar","given":"Mustafa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dresen, Georg","contributorId":103500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dresen","given":"Georg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70037031,"text":"70037031 - 2009 - Bioenergetic model estimates of interannual and spatial patterns in consumption demand and growth potential of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Gulf of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037031","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioenergetic model estimates of interannual and spatial patterns in consumption demand and growth potential of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Gulf of Alaska","docAbstract":"A bioenergetic model of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) was used to estimate daily prey consumption and growth potential of four ocean habitats in the Gulf of Alaska during 2001 and 2002. Growth potential was not significantly higher in 2002 than in 2001 at an alpha level of 0.05 (P=0.073). Average differences in growth potential across habitats were minimal (slope habitat=0.844 g d<sup>-1</sup>, shelf habitat=0.806 g d<sup>-1</sup>, offshore habitat=0.820 g d<sup>-1</sup>, and nearshore habitat=0.703 g d<sup>-1</sup>) and not significantly different (P=0.630). Consumption demand differed significantly between hatchery and wild stocks (P=0.035) when examined within year due to the interaction between hatchery verses wild origin and year. However, the overall effect of origin across years was not significant (P=0.705) due to similar total amounts of prey consumed by all juvenile pink salmon in both study years. We anticipated that years in which ocean survival was high would have had high growth potential, but this relationship did not prove to be true. Therefore, modeled growth potential may not be useful as a tool for forecasting survival of Prince William Sound hatchery pink salmon stocks. Significant differences in consumption demand and a two-fold difference in nearshore abundance during 2001 of hatchery and wild pink salmon confirmed the existence of strong and variable interannual competition and the importance of the nearshore region as being a potential competitive bottleneck.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.03.005","issn":"09670645","usgsCitation":"Moss, J., Beauchamp, D., Cross, A., Farley, E., Murphy, J., Helle, J., Walker, R., and Myers, K., 2009, Bioenergetic model estimates of interannual and spatial patterns in consumption demand and growth potential of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Gulf of Alaska: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 56, no. 24, p. 2553-2559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.03.005.","startPage":"2553","endPage":"2559","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217214,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.03.005"},{"id":245141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f14ce4b0c8380cd4ab84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, J.H.","contributorId":38772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beauchamp, D.A.","contributorId":54397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beauchamp","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cross, A.D.","contributorId":71381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farley, E.V.","contributorId":51168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murphy, J.M.","contributorId":84760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helle, J.H.","contributorId":33522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helle","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Walker, R.V.","contributorId":78998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Myers, K.W.","contributorId":36725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70037035,"text":"70037035 - 2009 - Aeolian dunes as ground truth for atmospheric modeling on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037035","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeolian dunes as ground truth for atmospheric modeling on Mars","docAbstract":"Martian aeolian dunes preserve a record of atmosphere/surface interaction on a variety of scales, serving as ground truth for both Global Climate Models (GCMs) and mesoscale climate models, such as the Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS). We hypothesize that the location of dune fields, expressed globally by geographic distribution and locally by dune centroid azimuth (DCA), may record the long-term integration of atmospheric activity across a broad area, preserving GCM-scale atmospheric trends. In contrast, individual dune morphology, as expressed in slipface orientation (SF), may be more sensitive to localized variations in circulation, preserving topographically controlled mesoscale trends. We test this hypothesis by comparing the geographic distribution, DCA, and SF of dunes with output from the Ames Mars GCM and, at a local study site, with output from MRAMS. When compared to the GCM: 1) dunes generally lie adjacent to areas with strongest winds, 2) DCA agrees fairly well with GCM modeled wind directions in smooth-floored craters, and 3) SF does not agree well with GCM modeled wind directions. When compared to MRAMS modeled winds at our study site: 1) DCA generally coincides with the part of the crater where modeled mean winds are weak, and 2) SFs are consistent with some weak, topographically influenced modeled winds. We conclude that: 1) geographic distribution may be valuable as ground truth for GCMs, 2) DCA may be useful as ground truth for both GCM and mesoscale models, and 3) SF may be useful as ground truth for mesoscale models. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009JE003428","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hayward, R., Titus, T., Michaels, T., Fenton, L., Colaprete, A., and Christensen, P.R., 2009, Aeolian dunes as ground truth for atmospheric modeling on Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003428.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003428"},{"id":245206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e70ee4b0c8380cd4780d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayward, R.K.","contributorId":31885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayward","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titus, T.N.","contributorId":102615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michaels, T.I.","contributorId":100632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaels","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fenton, L.K.","contributorId":102189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colaprete, A.","contributorId":26047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colaprete","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70037037,"text":"70037037 - 2009 - The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea as a biomonitor of trace element contamination: Accounting for different sources of variation using an hierarchical linear model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037037","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea as a biomonitor of trace element contamination: Accounting for different sources of variation using an hierarchical linear model","docAbstract":"In the present study, specimens of the invasive clam, Corbicula fluminea, were collected above and below possible sources of potentially toxic trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in the Altamaha River system (Georgia, USA). Bioaccumulation of these elements was quantified, along with environmental (water and sediment) concentrations. Hierarchical linear models were used to account for variability in tissue concentrations related to environmental (site water chemistry and sediment characteristics) and individual (growth metrics) variables while identifying the strongest relations between these variables and trace element accumulation. The present study found significantly elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Hg downstream of the outfall of kaolin-processing facilities, Zn downstream of a tire cording facility, and Cr downstream of both a nuclear power plant and a paper pulp mill. Models of the present study indicated that variation in trace element accumulation was linked to distance upstream from the estuary, dissolved oxygen, percentage of silt and clay in the sediment, elemental concentrations in sediment, shell length, and bivalve condition index. By explicitly modeling environmental variability, the Hierarchical linear modeling procedure allowed the identification of sites showing increased accumulation of trace elements that may have been caused by human activity. Hierarchical linear modeling is a useful tool for accounting for environmental and individual sources of variation in bioaccumulation studies. ?? 2009 SETAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/09-058.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Shoults-Wilson, W.A., Peterson, J., Unrine, J.M., Rickard, J., and Black, M., 2009, The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea as a biomonitor of trace element contamination: Accounting for different sources of variation using an hierarchical linear model: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 28, no. 10, p. 2224-2232, https://doi.org/10.1897/09-058.1.","startPage":"2224","endPage":"2232","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217303,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/09-058.1"}],"volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba68ce4b08c986b3211d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoults-Wilson, W. A.","contributorId":66515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoults-Wilson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, J.T.","contributorId":30170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unrine, J. M.","contributorId":60887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unrine","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rickard, J.","contributorId":45933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Black, M.C.","contributorId":89091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70037041,"text":"70037041 - 2009 - Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037041","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The rapid growth of housing in and near the wildland-urban interface (WUI) increases wildfire risk to lives and structures. To reduce fire risk, it is necessary to identify WUI housing areas that are more susceptible to wildfire. This is challenging, because wildfire patterns depend on fire behavior and spread, which in turn depend on ignition locations, weather conditions, the spatial arrangement of fuels, and topography. The goal of our study was to assess wildfire risk to a 60,000 ha WUI area in northwestern Wisconsin while accounting for all of these factors. We conducted 6000 simulations with two dynamic fire models: Fire Area Simulator (FARSITE) and Minimum Travel Time (MTT) in order to map the spatial pattern of burn probabilities. Simulations were run under normal and extreme weather conditions to assess the effect of weather on fire spread, burn probability, and risk to structures. The resulting burn probability maps were intersected with maps of structure locations and land cover types. The simulations revealed clear hotspots of wildfire activity and a large range of wildfire risk to structures in the study area. As expected, the extreme weather conditions yielded higher burn probabilities over the entire landscape, as well as to different land cover classes and individual structures. Moreover, the spatial pattern of risk was significantly different between extreme and normal weather conditions. The results highlight the fact that extreme weather conditions not only produce higher fire risk than normal weather conditions, but also change the fine-scale locations of high risk areas in the landscape, which is of great importance for fire management in WUI areas. In addition, the choice of weather data may limit the potential for comparisons of risk maps for different areas and for extrapolating risk maps to future scenarios where weather conditions are unknown. Our approach to modeling wildfire risk to structures can aid fire risk reduction management activities by identifying areas with elevated wildfire risk and those most vulnerable under extreme weather conditions. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Bar-Massada, A., Radeloff, V.C., Stewart, S.I., and Hawbaker, T., 2009, Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 258, no. 9, p. 1990-1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051.","startPage":"1990","endPage":"1999","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217390,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051"},{"id":245335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0cfe4b08c986b32f08f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bar-Massada, A.","contributorId":7524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bar-Massada","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radeloff, V. C.","contributorId":58467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radeloff","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, S. I.","contributorId":99779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hawbaker, T. J.","contributorId":98118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawbaker","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70037045,"text":"70037045 - 2009 - Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-25T13:19:36","indexId":"70037045","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Two issues in ecological network theory are: (1) how to construct an ecological network model and (2) how do entire networks (as opposed to individual species) adapt to changing conditions? We present a novel method for constructing an ecological network model for the food web of southeastern Lake Michigan (USA) and we identify changes in key system properties that are large relative to their uncertainty as this ecological network adapts from one time point to a second time point in response to multiple perturbations. To construct our food web for southeastern Lake Michigan, we followed the list of seven recommendations outlined in Cohen et al. [Cohen, J.E., et al., 1993. Improving food webs. Ecology 74, 252–258] for improving food webs. We explored two inter-related extensions of hierarchical system theory with our food web; the first one was that subsystems react to perturbations independently in the short-term and the second one was that a system's properties change at a slower rate than its subsystems’ properties. We used Shannon's equations to provide quantitative versions of the basic food web properties: number of prey, number of predators, number of feeding links, and connectance (or density). We then compared these properties between the two time-periods by developing distributions of each property for each time period that took uncertainty about the property into account. We compared these distributions, and concluded that non-overlapping distributions indicated changes in these properties that were large relative to their uncertainty. Two subsystems were identified within our food web system structure (<i>p</i> < 0.001). One subsystem had more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2 than the other subsystem. The overall system had all overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2. These results supported both extensions of hierarchical systems theory. Interestingly, the subsystem with more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties was the subsystem that contained primarily benthic taxa, contrary to expectations that the identified major perturbations (lower phosphorous inputs and invasive species) would more greatly affect the subsystem containing primarily pelagic taxa. Future food-web research should employ rigorous statistical analysis and incorporate uncertainty in food web properties for a better understanding of how ecological networks adapt.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.021","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Krause, A.E., Frank, K.A., Jones, M., Nalepa, T., Barbiero, R.P., Madenjian, C.P., Agy, M., Evans, M., Taylor, W., Mason, D.M., and Leonard, N.J., 2009, Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan: Ecological Modelling, v. 220, no. 22, p. 3147-3162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.021.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3147","endPage":"3162","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216988,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.021"},{"id":244895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0108,41.5185 ], [ -88.0108,46.0544 ], [ -84.9506,46.0544 ], [ -84.9506,41.5185 ], [ -88.0108,41.5185 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"220","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e1e4b0c8380cd476c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krause, Ann E.","contributorId":9201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, Ken A.","contributorId":45550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nalepa, Thomas F.","contributorId":28212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nalepa","given":"Thomas F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barbiero, Richard P.","contributorId":108342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbiero","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Agy, Megan","contributorId":51130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agy","given":"Megan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Evans, Marlene S.","contributorId":22724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Marlene S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Taylor, William W.","contributorId":49735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"William W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mason, Doran M.","contributorId":75114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Doran","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Leonard, Nancy J.","contributorId":107528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leonard","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70037060,"text":"70037060 - 2009 - Mapping Curie temperature depth in the western United States with a fractal model for crustal magnetization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037060","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping Curie temperature depth in the western United States with a fractal model for crustal magnetization","docAbstract":"We have revisited the problem of mapping depth to the Curie temperature isotherm from magnetic anomalies in an attempt to provide a measure of crustal temperatures in the western United States. Such methods are based on the estimation of the depth to the bottom of magnetic sources, which is assumed to correspond to the temperature at which rocks lose their spontaneous magnetization. In this study, we test and apply a method based on the spectral analysis of magnetic anomalies. Early spectral analysis methods assumed that crustal magnetization is a completely uncorrelated function of position. Our method incorporates a more realistic representation where magnetization has a fractal distribution defined by three independent parameters: the depths to the top and bottom of magnetic sources and a fractal parameter related to the geology. The predictions of this model are compatible with radial power spectra obtained from aeromagnetic data in the western United States. Model parameters are mapped by estimating their value within a sliding window swept over the study area. The method works well on synthetic data sets when one of the three parameters is specified in advance. The application of this method to western United States magnetic compilations, assuming a constant fractal parameter, allowed us to detect robust long-wavelength variations in the depth to the bottom of magnetic sources. Depending on the geologic and geophysical context, these features may result from variations in depth to the Curie temperature isotherm, depth to the mantle, depth to the base of volcanic rocks, or geologic settings that affect the value of the fractal parameter. Depth to the bottom of magnetic sources shows several features correlated with prominent heat flow anomalies. It also shows some features absent in the map of heat flow. Independent geophysical and geologic data sets are examined to determine their origin, thereby providing new insights on the thermal and geologic crustal structure of the western United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006494","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bouligand, C., Glen, J., and Blakely, R., 2009, Mapping Curie temperature depth in the western United States with a fractal model for crustal magnetization: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006494.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476228,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://insu.hal.science/insu-00498534","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217244,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006494"},{"id":245174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5044e4b0c8380cd6b574","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouligand, C.","contributorId":55928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouligand","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glen, J.M.G.","contributorId":38330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"J.M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037064,"text":"70037064 - 2009 - A spatial simulation model for forest succession in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037064","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1452,"text":"Ecological Complexity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial simulation model for forest succession in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain","docAbstract":"A Markov-chain transition model (FORSUM) and Monte Carlo simulations were used to simulate the succession patterns and predict a long-term impact of flood on the forest structure and growth in the floodplain of the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois River. Model variables, probabilities, functions, and parameters were derived from the analysis of two comprehensive field surveys conducted in this floodplain. This modeling approach describes the establishment, growth, competition, and death of individual trees for modeled species on a 10,000-ha landscape with spatial resolution of 1 ha. The succession characteristics of each Monte Carlo simulation are summed up to describe forest development and dynamics on a landscape level. FORSUM simulated the impacts of flood intensity and frequency on species composition and dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain ecosystem. The model provides a useful tool for testing hypotheses about forest succession and enables ecologists and managers to evaluate the impacts of flood disturbances and ecosystem restoration on forest succession. The simulation results suggest that the Markov-chain Monte Carlo method is an efficient tool to help organize the existing data and knowledge of forest succession into a system of quantitative predictions for the Upper Mississippi River floodplain ecosystem. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Complexity","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.09.003","issn":"1476945X","usgsCitation":"Yin, Y., Wu, Y., and Bartell, S., 2009, A spatial simulation model for forest succession in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain: Ecological Complexity, v. 6, no. 4, p. 494-502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.09.003.","startPage":"494","endPage":"502","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217276,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.09.003"},{"id":245209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5a2e4b0c8380cd46eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yin, Y.","contributorId":106228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wu, Y.","contributorId":79312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartell, S.M.","contributorId":16247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartell","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037067,"text":"70037067 - 2009 - A spatial model of white sturgeon rearing habitat in the lower Columbia River, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037067","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial model of white sturgeon rearing habitat in the lower Columbia River, USA","docAbstract":"Concerns over the potential effects of in-water placement of dredged materials prompted us to develop a GIS-based model that characterizes in a spatially explicit manner white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus rearing habitat in the lower Columbia River, USA. The spatial model was developed using water depth, riverbed slope and roughness, fish positions collected in 2002, and Mahalanobis distance (D<sup>2</sup>). We created a habitat suitability map by identifying a Mahalanobis distance under which &gt;50% of white sturgeon locations occurred in 2002 (i.e., high-probability habitat). White sturgeon preferred relatively moderate to high water depths, and low to moderate riverbed slope and roughness values. The eigenvectors indicated that riverbed slope and roughness were slightly more important than water depth, but all three variables were important. We estimated the impacts that fill might have on sturgeon habitat by simulating the addition of fill to the thalweg, in 3-m increments, and recomputing Mahalanobis distances. Channel filling simulations revealed that up to 9 m of fill would have little impact on high-probability habitat, but 12 and 15 m of fill resulted in habitat declines of ???12% and ???45%, respectively. This is the first spatially explicit predictive model of white sturgeon rearing habitat in the lower Columbia River, and the first to quantitatively predict the impacts of dredging operations on sturgeon habitat. Future research should consider whether water velocity improves the accuracy and specificity of the model, and to assess its applicability to other areas in the Columbia River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.006","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J., and Parsley, M., 2009, A spatial model of white sturgeon rearing habitat in the lower Columbia River, USA: Ecological Modelling, v. 220, no. 24, p. 3638-3646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.006.","startPage":"3638","endPage":"3646","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217306,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.006"}],"volume":"220","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5a1e4b0c8380cd46ea4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatten, J.R.","contributorId":39564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsley, M.J.","contributorId":59542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsley","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037069,"text":"70037069 - 2009 - Controls on groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh: Regional modeling analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037069","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh: Regional modeling analysis","docAbstract":"Groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes is produced primarily from shallow parts of the Bengal Basin aquifer system (India and Bangladesh), which contains high concentrations of dissolved arsenic (exceeding worldwide drinking water standards), though deeper groundwater is generally low in arsenic. An essential first step for determining sustainable management of the deep groundwater resource is identification of hydrogeologic controls on flow and quantification of basin-scale groundwater flow patterns. Results from groundwater modeling, in which the Bengal Basin aquifer system is represented as a single aquifer with higher horizontal than vertical hydraulic conductivity, indicate that this anisotropy is the primary hydrogeologic control on the natural flowpath lengths. Despite extremely low hydraulic gradients due to minimal topographic relief, anisotropy implies large-scale (tens to hundreds of kilometers) flow at depth. Other hydrogeologic factors, including lateral and vertical changes in hydraulic conductivity, have minor effects on overall flow patterns. However, because natural hydraulic gradients are low, the impact of pumping on groundwater flow is overwhelming; modeling indicates that pumping has substantially changed the shallow groundwater budget and flowpaths from predevelopment conditions. ?? Springer-Verlag 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-008-0429-4","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Michael, H., and Voss, C., 2009, Controls on groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh: Regional modeling analysis: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 17, no. 7, p. 1561-1577, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0429-4.","startPage":"1561","endPage":"1577","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217334,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0429-4"},{"id":245275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd0e4b0c8380cd4df98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, H.A.","contributorId":98858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, C.I.","contributorId":79515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037072,"text":"70037072 - 2009 - Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T16:22:47","indexId":"70037072","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets","docAbstract":"<p><span>The flow structure in the developing region of a turbulent jet has been examined using particle image velocimetry methods, considering the flow at steady state conditions. The velocity fields were integrated to determine the ratio of the entrained air speed to the jet speed, which was approximately 0.03 for a range of Mach numbers up to 0.89 and Reynolds numbers up to 217,000. This range of experimental Mach and Reynolds numbers is higher than previously considered for high-accuracy entrainment measures, particularly in the near-vent region. The entrainment values are below those commonly used for geophysical analyses of volcanic plumes, suggesting that existing 1-D models are likely to understate the tendency for column collapse.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006298","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Solovitz, S.A., and Mastin, L.G., 2009, Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298.","productDescription":"B10203; 9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","ipdsId":"IP-010659","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de7e4b0c8380cd53248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solovitz, Stephen A.","contributorId":21434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solovitz","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037073,"text":"70037073 - 2009 - Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037073","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change","docAbstract":"Research on grazing effects usually compares the same sites through time or grazed and ungrazed sites over the same time period. Both approaches are complicated in arid environments where grazing can have a long undocumented history and landscapes can be spatially heterogenous. This work employs both approaches simultaneously by comparing grazed and ungrazed samples through both time and space using fossil plant macrofossils and pollen from packrat middens. A series of 27 middens, spanning from 995 yr BP to the present, were collected from Glen Canyon in southeastern Utah, USA. These middens detail vegetation change just prior to, and following, the historical introduction of domesticated grazers and also compares assemblages from nearby ungrazable mesas. Pre-grazing middens, and modern middens from ungrazed areas, record more native grasses, native herbs, and native shrubs such as Rhus trilobata, Amelanchier utahensis, and Shepherdia rotundifolia than modern middens from grazed areas. Ordinations demonstrate that site-to-site variability is more important than any temporal changes, making selection of comparable grazed versus ungrazed study treatments difficult. But within similar sites, the changes through time show that grazing lowered the number of taxa recorded, and lessened the pre-existing site differences, homogenizing the resultant plant associations in this desert grassland.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Fisher, J., Cole, K., and Anderson, R., 2009, Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 73, no. 10, p. 937-948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006.","startPage":"937","endPage":"948","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006"},{"id":245337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc08de4b08c986b32a1b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, J.","contributorId":37160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037076,"text":"70037076 - 2009 - Antipredator responses by native mosquitofish to non-native cichlids: An examination of the role of prey naiveté","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-30T14:40:21","indexId":"70037076","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1589,"text":"Ethology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antipredator responses by native mosquitofish to non-native cichlids: An examination of the role of prey naiveté","docAbstract":"<p><span>The strong impact of non-native predators in aquatic systems is thought to relate to the evolutionary naivet&eacute; of prey. Due to isolation and limited dispersal, this naivet&eacute; may be relatively high in freshwater systems. In this study, we tested this notion by examining the antipredator response of native mosquitofish,&nbsp;</span><i>Gambusia holbrooki,</i><span>&nbsp;to two non-native predators found in the Everglades, the African jewelfish,</span><i>Hemichromis letourneuxi,</i><span>&nbsp;and the Mayan cichlid,&nbsp;</span><i>Cichlasoma urophthalmus</i><span>. We manipulated prey naivet&eacute; by using two mosquitofish populations that varied in their experience with the recent invader, the African jewelfish, but had similar levels of experience with the longer-established Mayan cichlid. Specifically, we tested these predictions: (1) predator hunting modes differed between the two predators, (2) predation rates would be higher by the novel jewelfish predator, (3) particularly on the naive population living where jewelfish have not invaded yet, (4) antipredator responses would be stronger to Mayan cichlids due to greater experience and weaker and/or ineffective to jewelfish, and (5) especially weakest by the naive population. We assayed prey and predator behavior, and prey mortality in lab aquaria where both predators and prey were free-ranging. Predator hunting modes and habitat domains differed, with jewelfish being more active search predators that used slightly higher parts of the water column and less of the habitat structure relative to Mayan cichlids. In disagreement with our predictions, predation rates were similar between the two predators, antipredator responses were stronger to African jewelfish (except for predator inspections), and there was no difference in response between jewelfish-savvy and jewelfish-naive populations. These results suggest that despite the novelty of introduced predators, prey may be able to respond appropriately if non-native predator archetypes are similar enough to those of native predators, if prey rely on general antipredator responses or predation cues, and/or show neophobic responses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Verlag","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01694.x","issn":"01791613","usgsCitation":"Rehage, J.S., Dunlop, K.L., and Loftus, W., 2009, Antipredator responses by native mosquitofish to non-native cichlids: An examination of the role of prey naiveté: Ethology, v. 115, no. 11, p. 1046-1056, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01694.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1046","endPage":"1056","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217423,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01694.x"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","volume":"115","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec6de4b0c8380cd49272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rehage, Jennifer S.","contributorId":25364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehage","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunlop, Katherine L.","contributorId":30072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlop","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loftus, William F.","contributorId":48628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037096,"text":"70037096 - 2009 - Physical modeling of river spanning rock structures: Evaluating interstitial flow, local hydraulics, downstream scour development, and structure stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037096","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Physical modeling of river spanning rock structures: Evaluating interstitial flow, local hydraulics, downstream scour development, and structure stability","docAbstract":"Rock weir and ramp structures uniquely serve a necessary role in river management: to meet water deliveries in an ecologically sound manner. Uses include functioning as low head diversion dams, permitting fish passage, creating habitat diversity, and stabilizing stream banks and profiles. Existing information on design and performance of in-stream rock structures does not provide the guidance necessary to implement repeatable and sustainable construction and retrofit techniques. As widespread use of rock structures increases, the need for reliable design methods with a broad range of applicability at individual sites grows as well. Rigorous laboratory testing programs were implemented at the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and at Colorado State University (CSU) as part of a multifaceted research project focused on expanding the current knowledge base and developing design methods to improve the success rate of river spanning rock structures in meeting project goals. Physical modeling at Reclamation is being used to measure, predict, and reduce interstitial flow through rock ramps. CSU is using physical testing to quantify and predict scour development downstream of rock weirs and its impact on the stability of rock structures. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)345","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Collins, K., Thornton, C., Mefford, B., and Holmquist-Johnson, C.L., 2009, Physical modeling of river spanning rock structures: Evaluating interstitial flow, local hydraulics, downstream scour development, and structure stability, <i>in</i> Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 3419-3431, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)345.","startPage":"3419","endPage":"3431","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217247,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)345"},{"id":245177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ab1e4b0c8380cd7904b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, K.L.","contributorId":24201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornton, C.I.","contributorId":25388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornton","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mefford, B.","contributorId":104312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mefford","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holmquist-Johnson, C. L.","contributorId":72615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmquist-Johnson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70037098,"text":"70037098 - 2009 - Integrating GIS-based geologic mapping, LiDAR-based lineament analysis and site specific rock slope data to delineate a zone of existing and potential rock slope instability located along the grandfather mountain window-Linville Falls shear zone contact, Southern Appalachian Mountains, Watauga County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037098","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrating GIS-based geologic mapping, LiDAR-based lineament analysis and site specific rock slope data to delineate a zone of existing and potential rock slope instability located along the grandfather mountain window-Linville Falls shear zone contact, Southern Appalachian Mountains, Watauga County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Landslide hazard maps of Watauga County identify >2200 landslides, model debris flow susceptibility, and evaluate a 14km x 0.5km zone of existing and potential rock slope instability (ZEPRSI) near the Town of Boone. The ZEPRSI encompasses west-northwest trending (WNWT) topographic ridges where 14 active/past-active rock/weathered rock slides occur mainly in rocks of the Grandfather Mountain Window (GMW). The north side of this ridgeline is the GMW / Linville Falls Fault (LFF) contact. Sheared rocks of the Linville Falls Shear Zone (LFSZ) occur along the ridge and locally in the valley north of the contact. The valley is underlain principally by layered granitic gneiss comprising the Linville Falls/Beech Mountain/Stone Mountain Thrust Sheet. The integration of ArcGIS??? - format digital geologic and lineament mapping on a 6m LiDAR (Light Detecting and Ranging) digital elevation model (DEM) base, and kinematic analyses of site specific rock slope data (e.g., presence and degree of ductile and brittle deformation fabrics, rock type, rock weathering state) indicate: WNWT lineaments are expressions of a regionally extensive zone of fractures and faults; and ZEPRSI rock slope failures concentrate along excavated, north-facing LFF/LFSZ slopes where brittle fabrics overprint older metamorphic foliations, and other fractures create side and back release surfaces. Copyright 2009 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association.","largerWorkTitle":"43rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 4th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium","conferenceTitle":"43rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 4th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium","conferenceDate":"28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009","conferenceLocation":"Asheville, NC","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gillon, K., Wooten, R., Latham, R., Witt, A., Douglas, T., Bauer, J., and Fuemmeler, S., 2009, Integrating GIS-based geologic mapping, LiDAR-based lineament analysis and site specific rock slope data to delineate a zone of existing and potential rock slope instability located along the grandfather mountain window-Linville Falls shear zone contact, Southern Appalachian Mountains, Watauga County, North Carolina, <i>in</i> 43rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 4th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, Asheville, NC, 28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c72e4b0c8380cd62d42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillon, K.A.","contributorId":63464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillon","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooten, R.M.","contributorId":93593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooten","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Latham, R.L.","contributorId":36394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latham","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Witt, A.W.","contributorId":85439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, T.J.","contributorId":79308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bauer, J.B.","contributorId":67293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fuemmeler, S.J.","contributorId":92873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuemmeler","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70037101,"text":"70037101 - 2009 - A search in strainmeter data for slow slip associated with triggered and ambient tremor near Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:40:45","indexId":"70037101","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A search in strainmeter data for slow slip associated with triggered and ambient tremor near Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"We test the hypothesis that, as in subduction zones, slow slip facilitates triggered and ambient tremor in the transform boundary setting of California. Our study builds on the study of Peng et al. (2009) of triggered and ambient tremor near Parkfield, California during time intervals surrounding 31, potentially triggering, M ≥ 7.5 teleseismic earthquakes; waves from 10 of these triggered tremor and 29 occurred in periods of ambient tremor activity. We look for transient slow slip during 3-month windows that include 11 of these triggering and nontriggering teleseisms, using continuous strain data recorded on two borehole Gladwin tensor strainmeters (GTSM) located within the distribution of tremor epicenters. We model the GTSM data assuming only tidal and “drift” signals are present and find no detectable slow slip, either ongoing when the teleseismic waves passed or triggered by them. We infer a conservative detection threshold of about 5 nanostrain for abrupt changes and about twice this for slowly evolving signals. This could be lowered slightly by adding analyses of other data types, modeled slow slip signals, and GTSM data calibration. Detection of slow slip also depends on the slipping fault's location and size, which we describe in terms of equivalent earthquake moment magnitude, M. In the best case of the GTSM above a very shallow slipping fault, detectable slip events must exceed M~2, and if the slow slip is beneath the seismogenic zone (below ~15 km depth), even M~5 events are likely to remain hidden.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006040","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Smith, E., and Gomberg, J., 2009, A search in strainmeter data for slow slip associated with triggered and ambient tremor near Parkfield, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 12, B00A14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006040.","productDescription":"B00A14","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217335,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006040"},{"id":245276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e57de4b0c8380cd46d76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, E.F.","contributorId":94139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037107,"text":"70037107 - 2009 - Global irrigated area map (GIAM), derived from remote sensing, for the end of the last millennium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037107","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global irrigated area map (GIAM), derived from remote sensing, for the end of the last millennium","docAbstract":"A Global Irrigated Area Map (GIAM) has been produced for the end of the last millennium using multiple satellite sensor, secondary, Google Earth and groundtruth data. The data included: (a) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 3-band and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 10 km monthly time-series for 1997-1999, (b) Syste me pour l'Observation de la Terre Vegetation (SPOT VGT) NDVI 1 km monthly time series for 1999, (c) East Anglia University Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall 50km monthly time series for 1961-2000, (d) Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation Data Set (GTOPO30) 1 km digital elevation data of the World, (e) Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (JERS-1 SAR) data for the rain forests during two seasons in 1996 and (f) University of Maryland Global Tree Cover 1 km data for 1992-1993. A single mega-file data-cube (MFDC) of the World with 159 layers, akin to hyperspectral data, was composed by re-sampling different data types into a common 1 km resolution. The MFDC was segmented based on elevation, temperature and precipitation zones. Classification was performed on the segments. Quantitative spectral matching techniques (SMTs) used in hyperspectral data analysis were adopted to group class spectra derived from unsupervised classification and match them with ideal or target spectra. A rigorous class identification and labelling process involved the use of: (a) space-time spiral curve (ST-SC) plots, (b) brightness-greenness-wetness (BGW) plots, (c) time series NDVI plots, (d) Google Earth very-high-resolution imagery (VHRI) 'zoom-in views' in over 11 000 locations, (e) groundtruth data broadly sourced from the degree confluence project (3 864 sample locations) and from the GIAM project (1 790 sample locations), (f) high-resolution Landsat-ETM+ Geocover 150m mosaic of the World and (g) secondary data (e.g. national and global land use and land cover data). Mixed classes were resolved based on decision tree algorithms and spatial modelling, and when that did not work, the problem class was used to mask and re-classify the MDFC, and the class identification and labelling protocol repeated. The sub-pixel area (SPA) calculations were performed by multiplying full-pixel areas (FPAs) with irrigated area fractions (IAFs) for every class. A 28 class GIAM was produced and the area statistics reported as: (a) annualized irrigated areas (AIAs), which consider intensity of irrigation (i.e. sum of irrigated areas from different seasons in a year plus continuous year-round irrigation or gross irrigated areas), and (b) total area available for irrigation (TAAI), which does not consider intensity of irrigation (i.e. irrigated areas at any given point of time plus the areas left fallow but 'equipped for irrigation' at the same point of time or net irrigated areas). The AIA of the World at the end of the last millennium was 467 million hectares (Mha), which is sum of the non-overlapping areas of: (a) 252 Mha from season one, (b) 174 Mha from season two and (c) 41 Mha from continuous year-round crops. The TAAI at the end of the last millennium was 399 Mha. The distribution of irrigated areas is highly skewed amongst continents and countries. Asia accounts for 79% (370 Mha) of all AIAs, followed by Europe (7%) and North America (7%). Three continents, South America (4%), Africa (2%) and Australia (1%), have a very low proportion of the global irrigation. The GIAM had an accuracy of 79-91%, with errors of omission not exceeding 21%, and the errors of commission not exceeding 23%. The GIAM statistics were also compared with: (a) the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and University of Frankfurt (UF) derived irrigated areas and (b) national census data for India. The relationships and causes of differences are discussed in detail. The GIAM products are made available through a web portal (http://www.iwmigiam.org). ?? 2009 Taylor & Francis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01431160802698919","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Thenkabail, P., Biradar, C., Noojipady, P., Dheeravath, V., Li, Y., Velpuri, M., Gumma, M., Gangalakunta, O., Turral, H., Cai, X., Vithanage, J., Schull, M., and Dutta, R., 2009, Global irrigated area map (GIAM), derived from remote sensing, for the end of the last millennium: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 30, no. 14, p. 3679-3733, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802698919.","startPage":"3679","endPage":"3733","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217424,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160802698919"},{"id":245370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a294ce4b0c8380cd5a827","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenkabail, P.S.","contributorId":66071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biradar, C.M.","contributorId":35563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biradar","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noojipady, P.","contributorId":42453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noojipady","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dheeravath, V.","contributorId":55234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dheeravath","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Li, Y.","contributorId":41394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Velpuri, M. 0000-0002-6370-1926","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6370-1926","contributorId":7935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velpuri","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gumma, M.","contributorId":7942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gumma","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gangalakunta, O.R.P.","contributorId":84588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gangalakunta","given":"O.R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Turral, H.","contributorId":50750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turral","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cai, X.","contributorId":95294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cai","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Vithanage, J.","contributorId":62860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vithanage","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schull, M.A.","contributorId":70618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schull","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Dutta, R.","contributorId":17452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutta","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70037108,"text":"70037108 - 2009 - Using LiDAR and quickbird data to model plant production and quantify uncertainties associated with wetland detection and land cover generalizations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70037108","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using LiDAR and quickbird data to model plant production and quantify uncertainties associated with wetland detection and land cover generalizations","docAbstract":"Spatiotemporal data from satellite remote sensing and surface meteorology networks have made it possible to continuously monitor global plant production, and to identify global trends associated with land cover/use and climate change. Gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) are routinely derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard satellites Terra and Aqua, and estimates generally agree with independent measurements at validation sites across the globe. However, the accuracy of GPP and NPP estimates in some regions may be limited by the quality of model input variables and heterogeneity at fine spatial scales. We developed new methods for deriving model inputs (i.e., land cover, leaf area, and photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by plant canopies) from airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR) and Quickbird multispectral data at resolutions ranging from about 30??m to 1??km. In addition, LiDAR-derived biomass was used as a means for computing carbon-use efficiency. Spatial variables were used with temporal data from ground-based monitoring stations to compute a six-year GPP and NPP time series for a 3600??ha study site in the Great Lakes region of North America. Model results compared favorably with independent observations from a 400??m flux tower and a process-based ecosystem model (BIOME-BGC), but only after removing vapor pressure deficit as a constraint on photosynthesis from the MODIS global algorithm. Fine-resolution inputs captured more of the spatial variability, but estimates were similar to coarse-resolution data when integrated across the entire landscape. Failure to account for wetlands had little impact on landscape-scale estimates, because vegetation structure, composition, and conversion efficiencies were similar to upland plant communities. Plant productivity estimates were noticeably improved using LiDAR-derived variables, while uncertainties associated with land cover generalizations and wetlands in this largely forested landscape were considered less important.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.017","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Cook, B., Bolstad, P., Naesset, E., Anderson, R., Garrigues, S., Morisette, J., Nickeson, J., and Davis, K., 2009, Using LiDAR and quickbird data to model plant production and quantify uncertainties associated with wetland detection and land cover generalizations: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 113, no. 11, p. 2366-2379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.017.","startPage":"2366","endPage":"2379","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216991,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.017"},{"id":244898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc013e4b08c986b329efc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, B.D.","contributorId":62437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bolstad, P.V.","contributorId":88977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolstad","given":"P.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naesset, E.","contributorId":44765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naesset","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garrigues, S.","contributorId":37176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrigues","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morisette, J.T.","contributorId":57029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nickeson, J.","contributorId":23786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickeson","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davis, K.J.","contributorId":39614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70037127,"text":"70037127 - 2009 - Lysimetric evaluation of simplified surface energy balance approach in the Texas high plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037127","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":833,"text":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lysimetric evaluation of simplified surface energy balance approach in the Texas high plains","docAbstract":"Numerous energy balance (EB) algorithms have been developed to make use of remote sensing data to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) regionally. However, most EB models are complex to use and efforts are being made to simplify procedures mainly through the scaling of reference ET. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) is one such method. This approach has never been evaluated using measured ET data. In this study, the SSEB approach was applied to 14 Landsat TM images covering a major portion of the Southern High Plains that were acquired during 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons. Performance of the SSEB was evaluated by comparing estimated ET with measured daily ET from four large monolithic lysimeters at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Texas. Statistical evaluation of results indicated that the SSEB accounted for 84% of the variability in the measured ET values with a slope and intercept of 0.75 and 1.1 mm d<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Considering the minimal amount of ancillary data required and excellent performance in predicting daily ET, the SSEB approach is a promising tool for mapping ET in the semiarid Texas High Plains and in other parts of the world with similar hydro-climatic conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08838542","usgsCitation":"Gowda, P., Senay, G., Howell, T., and Marek, T., 2009, Lysimetric evaluation of simplified surface energy balance approach in the Texas high plains: Applied Engineering in Agriculture, v. 25, no. 5, p. 665-669.","startPage":"665","endPage":"669","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4aa5e4b0c8380cd68f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gowda, P.H.","contributorId":63652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gowda","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, G.B. 0000-0002-8810-8539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":17741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howell, T.A.","contributorId":57694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marek, T.H.","contributorId":38815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marek","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70037130,"text":"70037130 - 2009 - Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: Land use, management, and climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:26:53","indexId":"70037130","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1011,"text":"Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: Land use, management, and climate","docAbstract":"<p><span>We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use and land cover, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the 20th century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> to 21.2 Mg C ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. If no land use change takes place from 2000 through 2100, low and high climate change scenarios (increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over time) will result in losses of soil organic C stock by 16% and 20%, respectively. A low nitrogen (N) fertilization rate is the principal constraint on current crop production. An increase in N fertilization under the low climate change scenario would lead to an increase in the average crop yield by 21% with 30 kg N ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> and by 42% with 60 kg N ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span> (varying with crop species), accordingly, the average soil C stock would decrease by 2% and increase by 17%, in all cropping systems by 2100. The results suggest that a reasonable N fertilization rate is critical to achieve food security and agricultural sustainability in the study area through the 21st century. Adaptation strategies for climate change in this study area require national plans to support policies and practices that provide adequate N fertilizers to sustain soil C and crop yields and to consider high temperature tolerant crop species if these temperature projections are exceeded.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/bg-6-45-2009","issn":"17264170","usgsCitation":"Tan, Z., Tieszen, L., Tachie-Obeng, E., Liu, S., and Dieye, A., 2009, Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: Land use, management, and climate: Biogeosciences, v. 6, no. 1, p. 45-58, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-45-2009.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-45-2009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266035,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-45-2009"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a317fe4b0c8380cd5df96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tan, Z.","contributorId":60831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tachie-Obeng, E.","contributorId":82550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tachie-Obeng","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dieye, A.M.","contributorId":35988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieye","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70037131,"text":"70037131 - 2009 - Tsunamis and splay fault dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037131","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tsunamis and splay fault dynamics","docAbstract":"The geometry of a fault system can have significant effects on tsunami generation, but most tsunami models to date have not investigated the dynamic processes that determine which path rupture will take in a complex fault system. To gain insight into this problem, we use the 3D finite element method to model the dynamics of a plate boundary/splay fault system. We use the resulting ground deformation as a time-dependent boundary condition for a 2D shallow-water hydrodynamic tsunami calculation. We find that if me stress distribution is homogeneous, rupture remains on the plate boundary thrust. When a barrier is introduced along the strike of the plate boundary thrust, rupture propagates to the splay faults, and produces a significantly larger tsunami man in the homogeneous case. The results have implications for the dynamics of megathrust earthquakes, and also suggest mat dynamic earthquake modeling may be a useful tool in tsunami researcn. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GL038295","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Wendt, J., Oglesby, D., and Geist, E., 2009, Tsunamis and splay fault dynamics: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038295.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476217,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038295","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217309,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038295"},{"id":245244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8afe4b08c986b3279f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wendt, J.","contributorId":25389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wendt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oglesby, D. D.","contributorId":23315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oglesby","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037134,"text":"70037134 - 2009 - Comparison of humus and till as prospecting material in areas of thick overburden and multiple ice-flow events: An example from northeastern New Brunswick","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037134","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of humus and till as prospecting material in areas of thick overburden and multiple ice-flow events: An example from northeastern New Brunswick","docAbstract":"Thirty-nine elements in humus and till matrix were compared at 109 sites overlying Ag-As-Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn mineralized occurrences in northeastern New Brunswick to assess humus for anomaly identification. Humus element concentrations were not consistently correlative with maximum or minimum concentrations found in the underlying till or bedrock. The humus demonstrated significantly higher mean elemental concentrations than the till for six specific elements: 9 times greater for Mn, 6 times greater for Cd, 5 times greater for Ag and Pb, 3 times greater for Hg, and double the concentration of Zn. Spatial dispersal patterns for these elements were much larger for humus content than that exhibited by the till matrix analysis, but did not delineate a point source. For elements in till, the highest concentrations were commonly found directly overlying the underlying mineralized bedrock source or within one km down-glacier of the source. The complexity of the humus geochemical patterns is attributed to the effects of post-glacial biogenic, down-slope hydrodynamic and solifluction modification of dispersed mineralization in the underlying till, and the greater capacity of humus to adsorb cations and form complexes with some elements, relative to the till matrix. Humus sampling in areas of glaciated terrain is considered to be mostly valuable for reconnaissance exploration as elements can be spatially dispersed over a much larger area than that found in the till or underlying bedrock. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.08.002","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Broster, B.E., Dickson, M., and Parkhill, M., 2009, Comparison of humus and till as prospecting material in areas of thick overburden and multiple ice-flow events: An example from northeastern New Brunswick: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 103, no. 2-3, p. 115-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.08.002.","startPage":"115","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.08.002"},{"id":245279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f86ae4b0c8380cd4d0b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broster, Bruce E.","contributorId":85441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broster","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickson, M.L.","contributorId":25737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhill, M.A.","contributorId":57247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhill","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037151,"text":"70037151 - 2009 - Age-distribution estimation for karst groundwater: Issues of parameterization and complexity in inverse modeling by convolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037151","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age-distribution estimation for karst groundwater: Issues of parameterization and complexity in inverse modeling by convolution","docAbstract":"Convolution modeling is useful for investigating the temporal distribution of groundwater age based on environmental tracers. The framework of a quasi-transient convolution model that is applicable to two-domain flow in karst aquifers is presented. The model was designed to provide an acceptable level of statistical confidence in parameter estimates when only chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and tritium (<sup>3</sup>H) data are available. We show how inverse modeling and uncertainty assessment can be used to constrain model parameterization to a level warranted by available data while allowing major aspects of the flow system to be examined. As an example, the model was applied to water from a pumped well open to the Madison aquifer in central USA with input functions of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and <sup>3</sup>H, and was calibrated to several samples collected during a 16-year period. A bimodal age distribution was modeled to represent quick and slow flow less than 50 years old. The effects of pumping and hydraulic head on the relative volumetric fractions of these domains were found to be influential factors for transient flow. Quick flow and slow flow were estimated to be distributed mainly within the age ranges of 0-2 and 26-41 years, respectively. The fraction of long-term flow (&gt;50 years) was estimated but was not dateable. The different tracers had different degrees of influence on parameter estimation and uncertainty assessments, where <sup>3</sup>H was the most critical, and CFC-113 was least influential.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.064","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Long, A., and Putnam, L., 2009, Age-distribution estimation for karst groundwater: Issues of parameterization and complexity in inverse modeling by convolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 376, no. 3-4, p. 579-588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.064.","startPage":"579","endPage":"588","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.064"},{"id":245086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8fde4b0c8380cd48014","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J.","contributorId":80023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putnam, L.D.","contributorId":47417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037155,"text":"70037155 - 2009 - A new numerical method for calculating extrema of received power for polarimetric SAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:48:47","indexId":"70037155","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1940,"text":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new numerical method for calculating extrema of received power for polarimetric SAR","docAbstract":"A numerical method called cross-step iteration is proposed to calculate the maximal/minimal received power for polarized imagery based on a target's Kennaugh matrix. This method is much more efficient than the systematic method, which searches for the extrema of received power by varying the polarization ellipse angles of receiving and transmitting polarizations. It is also more advantageous than the Schuler method, which has been adopted by the PolSARPro package, because the cross-step iteration method requires less computation time and can derive both the maximal and minimal received powers, whereas the Schuler method is designed to work out only the maximal received power. The analytical model of received-power optimization indicates that the first eigenvalue of the Kennaugh matrix is the supremum of the maximal received power. The difference between these two parameters reflects the depolarization effect of the target's backscattering, which might be useful for target discrimination. ?? 2009 IEEE.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/LGRS.2009.2022958","issn":"1545598X","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Lu, Z., and Gong, W., 2009, A new numerical method for calculating extrema of received power for polarimetric SAR: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, v. 6, no. 4, p. 666-670, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2009.2022958.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"670","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217221,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2009.2022958"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4ace4b0c8380cd46823","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Y.","contributorId":59969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Jiahua","contributorId":35479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiahua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gong, W.","contributorId":52325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gong","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70037156,"text":"70037156 - 2009 - Impediments to predicting site response: Seismic property estimation and modeling simplifications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037156","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impediments to predicting site response: Seismic property estimation and modeling simplifications","docAbstract":"We compare estimates of the empirical transfer function (ETF) to the plane SH-wave theoretical transfer function (TTF) within a laterally constant medium for invasive and noninvasive estimates of the seismic shear-wave slownesses at 13 Kiban-Kyoshin network stations throughout Japan. The difference between the ETF and either of the TTFs is substantially larger than the difference between the two TTFs computed from different estimates of the seismic properties. We show that the plane SH-wave TTF through a laterally homogeneous medium at vertical incidence inadequately models observed amplifications at most sites for both slowness estimates, obtained via downhole measurements and the spectral analysis of surface waves. Strategies to improve the predictions can be separated into two broad categories: improving the measurement of soil properties and improving the theory that maps the 1D soil profile onto spectral amplification. Using an example site where the 1D plane SH-wave formulation poorly predicts the ETF, we find a more satisfactory fit to the ETF by modeling the full wavefield and incorporating spatially correlated variability of the seismic properties. We conclude that our ability to model the observed site response transfer function is limited largely by the assumptions of the theoretical formulation rather than the uncertainty of the soil property estimates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120080224","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Thompson, E., Baise, L., Kayen, R.E., and Guzina, B., 2009, Impediments to predicting site response: Seismic property estimation and modeling simplifications: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 99, no. 5, p. 2927-2949, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080224.","startPage":"2927","endPage":"2949","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080224"},{"id":245180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3905e4b0c8380cd61790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, E.M.","contributorId":104688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baise, L.G.","contributorId":6239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baise","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guzina, B.B.","contributorId":33555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzina","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}