Over the last century, land use and land cover (LULC) in the United States Corn Belt region shifted from mixed perennial and annual cropping systems to primarily annual crops. Historical LULC change impacted the annual water balance in many Midwestern basins by decreasing annual evapotranspiration (ET) and increasing streamflow and base flow. Recent expansion of the biofuel industry may lead to future LULC changes from increasing corn acreage and potential conversion of the industry to cellulosic bioenergy crops of warm or cool season grasses. In this paper, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate potential impacts from future LULC change on the annual and seasonal water balance of the Raccoon River watershed in west‐central Iowa. Three primary scenarios for LULC change and three scenario variants were evaluated, including an expansion of corn acreage in the watershed and two scenarios involving expansion of land using warm season and cool season grasses for ethanol biofuel. Modeling results were consistent with historical observations. Increased corn production will decrease annual ET and increase water yield and losses of nitrate, phosphorus, and sediment, whereas increasing perennialization will increase ET and decrease water yield and loss of nonpoint source pollutants. However, widespread tile drainage that exists today may limit the extent to which a mixed perennial‐annual land cover would ever resemble pre‐1940s hydrologic conditions. Study results indicate that future LULC change will affect the water balance of the watershed, with consequences largely dependent on the future LULC trajectory.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006644","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., Jha, M.K., Zhang, Y., Gassman, P.W., and Wolter, C.F., 2009, Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, Article W00A09; 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006644.","productDescription":"Article W00A09; 12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006644","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38bfe4b0c8380cd61699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Keith E.","contributorId":106429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schilling","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jha, Manoj K.","contributorId":198896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jha","given":"Manoj","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, You-Kuan","contributorId":203735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"You-Kuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gassman, Philip W.","contributorId":33952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gassman","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolter, Calvin F.","contributorId":198897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolter","given":"Calvin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036880,"text":"70036880 - 2009 - Influence of flow variability on floodplain formation and destruction, Little Missouri River, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036880","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of flow variability on floodplain formation and destruction, Little Missouri River, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Resolving observations of channel change into separate planimetric measurements of floodplain formation and destruction reveals distinct relations between these processes and the flow regime. We analyzed a time sequence of eight bottomland images from 1939 to 2003 along the Little Missouri River, North Dakota, to relate geomorphic floodplain change to flow along this largely unregulated river. At the decadal scale, floodplain formation and destruction varied independently. Destruction was strongly positively correlated with the magnitude of infrequent high flows that recur every 5-10 yr, whereas floodplain formation was negatively correlated with the magnitude of frequent low flows exceeded 80% of the time. At the century scale, however, a climatically induced decrease in peak flows has reduced the destruction rate, limiting the area made available for floodplain formation. The rate of destruction was not uniform across the floodplain. Younger surfaces were consistently destroyed at a higher rate than older surfaces, suggesting that throughput of contaminants would have occurred more rapidly than predicted by models that assume uniform residence time of sediment across the floodplain. Maps of floodplain ages produced by analysis of sequential floodplain images are similar to maps of forest ages produced through dendrochronology, confirming the assumption of dendrogeomorphic studies that riparian tree establishment in this system is limited to recent channel locations. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B26355.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Miller, J., and Friedman, J.M., 2009, Influence of flow variability on floodplain formation and destruction, Little Missouri River, North Dakota: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, no. 5-6, p. 752-759, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26355.1.","startPage":"752","endPage":"759","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217545,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B26355.1"}],"volume":"121","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b36e4b0c8380cd62313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, J.R.","contributorId":86555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035451,"text":"70035451 - 2009 - The surface of Mars: An unusual laboratory that preserves a record of catastrophic and unusual events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035451","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The surface of Mars: An unusual laboratory that preserves a record of catastrophic and unusual events","docAbstract":"Catastrophic and unusual events on Earth such as bolide impacts, megafloods, supereruptions, flood volcanism, and subice volcanism may have devastating effects when they occur. Although these processes have unique characteristics and form distinctive features and deposits, we have diffi culties identifying them and measuring the magnitude of their effects. Our diffi culties with interpreting these processes and identifying their consequences are understandable considering their infrequency on Earth, combined with the low preservation potential of their deposits in the terrestrial rock record. Although we know these events do happen, they are infrequent enough that the deposits are poorly preserved on the geologically active face of the Earth, where erosion, volcanism, and tectonism constantly change the surface. Unlike the Earth, on Mars catastrophic and unusual features are well preserved because of the slow modifi cation of the surface. Signifi cant precipitation has not occurred on Mars for billions of years and there appears to be no discrete crustal plates to have undergone subduction and destruction. Therefore the ancient surface of Mars preserves geologic features and deposits that result from these extraordinary events. Also, unlike the other planets, Mars is the most similar to our own, having an atmosphere, surface ice, volcanism, and evidence of onceflowing water. So although our understanding of precursors, processes, and possible biological effects of catastrophic and unusual processes is limited on Earth, some of these mysteries may be better understood through investigating the surface of Mars. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.453(01)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.G., 2009, The surface of Mars: An unusual laboratory that preserves a record of catastrophic and unusual events: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 453, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(01).","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215528,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(01)"}],"issue":"453","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0aae4b08c986b324fdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, M. G.","contributorId":105737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036878,"text":"70036878 - 2009 - Structured decision making as a conceptual framework to identify thresholds for conservation and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036878","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structured decision making as a conceptual framework to identify thresholds for conservation and management","docAbstract":"Thresholds and their relevance to conservation have become a major topic of discussion in the ecological literature. Unfortunately, in many cases the lack of a clear conceptual framework for thinking about thresholds may have led to confusion in attempts to apply the concept of thresholds to conservation decisions. Here, we advocate a framework for thinking about thresholds in terms of a structured decision making process. The purpose of this framework is to promote a logical and transparent process for making informed decisions for conservation. Specification of such a framework leads naturally to consideration of definitions and roles of different kinds of thresholds in the process. We distinguish among three categories of thresholds. Ecological thresholds are values of system state variables at which small changes bring about substantial changes in system dynamics. Utility thresholds are components of management objectives (determined by human values) and are values of state or performance variables at which small changes yield substantial changes in the value of the management outcome. Decision thresholds are values of system state variables at which small changes prompt changes in management actions in order to reach specified management objectives. The approach that we present focuses directly on the objectives of management, with an aim to providing decisions that are optimal with respect to those objectives. This approach clearly distinguishes the components of the decision process that are inherently subjective (management objectives, potential management actions) from those that are more objective (system models, estimates of system state). Optimization based on these components then leads to decision matrices specifying optimal actions to be taken at various values of system state variables. Values of state variables separating different actions in such matrices are viewed as decision thresholds. Utility thresholds are included in the objectives component, and ecological thresholds may be embedded in models projecting consequences of management actions. Decision thresholds are determined by the above-listed components of a structured decision process. These components may themselves vary over time, inducing variation in the decision thresholds inherited from them. These dynamic decision thresholds can then be determined using adaptive management. We provide numerical examples (that are based on patch occupancy models) of structured decision processes that include all three kinds of thresholds. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/08-0255.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Martin, J., Runge, M., Nichols, J., Lubow, B., and Kendall, W., 2009, Structured decision making as a conceptual framework to identify thresholds for conservation and management: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 5, p. 1079-1090, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0255.1.","startPage":"1079","endPage":"1090","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217517,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0255.1"},{"id":245469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c7be4b08c986b31d409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, J.","contributorId":18871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lubow, B. C.","contributorId":64603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubow","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":458263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034691,"text":"70034691 - 2009 - Inducing in situ, nonlinear soil response applying an active source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034691","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inducing in situ, nonlinear soil response applying an active source","docAbstract":"[1] It is well known that soil sites have a profound effect on ground motion during large earthquakes. The complex structure of soil deposits and the highly nonlinear constitutive behavior of soils largely control nonlinear site response at soil sites. Measurements of nonlinear soil response under natural conditions are critical to advancing our understanding of soil behavior during earthquakes. Many factors limit the use of earthquake observations to estimate nonlinear site response such that quantitative characterization of nonlinear behavior relies almost exclusively on laboratory experiments and modeling of wave propagation. Here we introduce a new method for in situ characterization of the nonlinear behavior of a natural soil formation using measurements obtained immediately adjacent to a large vibrator source. To our knowledge, we are the first group to propose and test such an approach. Employing a large, surface vibrator as a source, we measure the nonlinear behavior of the soil by incrementally increasing the source amplitude over a range of frequencies and monitoring changes in the output spectra. We apply a homodyne algorithm for measuring spectral amplitudes, which provides robust signal-to-noise ratios at the frequencies of interest. Spectral ratios are computed between the receivers and the source as well as receiver pairs located in an array adjacent to the source, providing the means to separate source and near-source nonlinearity from pervasive nonlinearity in the soil column. We find clear evidence of nonlinearity in significant decreases in the frequency of peak spectral ratios, corresponding to material softening with amplitude, observed across the array as the source amplitude is increased. The observed peak shifts are consistent with laboratory measurements of soil nonlinearity. Our results provide constraints for future numerical modeling studies of strong ground motion during earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JB005832","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Johnson, P., Bodin, P., Gomberg, J., Pearce, F., Lawrence, Z., and Menq, F., 2009, Inducing in situ, nonlinear soil response applying an active source: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005832.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215602,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005832"},{"id":243416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3aace4b0c8380cd61e93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, P.A.","contributorId":91220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodin, P.","contributorId":29554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearce, F.","contributorId":73322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lawrence, Z.","contributorId":12962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Menq, F.-Y.","contributorId":90024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menq","given":"F.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035879,"text":"70035879 - 2009 - Development of regression models to estimate flow duration statistics at ungaged streams in Oklahoma using a regional approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035879","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of regression models to estimate flow duration statistics at ungaged streams in Oklahoma using a regional approach","docAbstract":"Multiple-regression analysis was used to develop equations for estimating annual and seasonal flow-duration statistics at ungaged streams in and near Oklahoma that are not substantially affected by human alteration. Ordinary least-squares and left-censored (Tobit) multiple-regression techniques were used to develop equations that relate these statistics, from continuous streamflow data at gaged locations with 10 or more years of record, to physical and climatic basin characteristics. Separate equations were developed to estimate these statistics for stations within similar hydrologic and geologic regions. Use of separate regressions by region substantially improved the accuracy of the estimate for streams in eastern and central Oklahoma when compared with estimating equations developed for the entire State, especially for regressions estimating lower flow duration values. For all regions, the equations were more reliable for estimating higher flow duration values. The accuracy of regressions for estimating flow duration statistics in western Oklahoma was very poor, especially for lower flow duration values. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)486","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Esralew, R., 2009, Development of regression models to estimate flow duration statistics at ungaged streams in Oklahoma using a regional approach, in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 4819-4831, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)486.","startPage":"4819","endPage":"4831","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216084,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)486"},{"id":243926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0062e4b0c8380cd4f729","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esralew, R.A.","contributorId":71030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70035292,"text":"70035292 - 2009 - A prototype feature system for feature retrieval using relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035292","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A prototype feature system for feature retrieval using relationships","docAbstract":"Using a feature data model, geographic phenomena can be represented effectively by integrating space, theme, and time. This paper extends and implements a feature data model that supports query and visualization of geographic features using their non-spatial and temporal relationships. A prototype feature-oriented geographic information system (FOGIS) is then developed and storage of features named Feature Database is designed. Buildings from the U.S. Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and subways in Chicago, Illinois are used to test the developed system. The results of the applications show the strength of the feature data model and the developed system 'FOGIS' when they utilize non-spatial and temporal relationships in order to retrieve and visualize individual features.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304009789786353","issn":"15230406","usgsCitation":"Choi, J., and Usery, E., 2009, A prototype feature system for feature retrieval using relationships: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 36, no. 4, p. 331-345, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304009789786353.","startPage":"331","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304009789786353"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e520e4b0c8380cd46b37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choi, J.","contributorId":42741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Usery, E.L.","contributorId":45355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161751,"text":"70161751 - 2009 - Mapping and monitoring Mt. Graham Red Squirrel habitat with GIS and thematic mapper imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:58:32","indexId":"70161751","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mapping and monitoring Mt. Graham Red Squirrel habitat with GIS and thematic mapper imagery","docAbstract":"To estimate the Mt. Graham red squirrel (MGRS) population, personnel visit a proportion of middens each year to determine their occupancy (Snow in this vol.). The method results in very tight confidence intervals (high precision), but the accuracy of the population estimate is dependent upon knowing where all the middens are located. I hypothesized that there might be areas outside the survey boundary that contained Mt. Graham red squirrel middens, but the ruggedness of the Pinaleno Mountains made mountain-wide surveys difficult. Therefore, I started exploring development of a spatially explicit (geographic information system [GIS]-based) habitat model in 1998 that could identify MGRS habitat remotely with satellite imagery and a GIS. A GIS-based model would also allow us to assess changes in MGRS habitat between two time periods because Landsat passes over the same location every 16 days, imaging the earth in 185 km swaths (Aronoff 1989). Specifically, the objectives of this analysis were to (1) develop a pattern recognition model for MGRS habitat, (2) map potential (predicted/modeled) MGRS habitat, (3) identify changes in potential MGRS habitat between 1993 and 2003, and (4) evaluate the current location of the MGRS survey boundary.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Last Refuge of the Mt. Graham Red Squirrel","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Arizona Press","publisherLocation":"Tuscon, AR","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J.R., and Koprowski, J., 2009, Mapping and monitoring Mt. Graham Red Squirrel habitat with GIS and thematic mapper imagery, chap. of The Last Refuge of the Mt. 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Orographic rainout systematically lowers the hydrogen isotope composition of precipitation (δDppt) and therefore δDppt reflects a measure of the magnitude of the rain shadow. Hydrogen isotope compositions of volcanic glass (δDglass) hydrated at the earth's surface provide a unique opportunity to track the elevation and precipitation history of the Sierra Nevada and adjacent Basin and Range Province. Analysis of 67 well dated volcanic glass samples from widespread volcanic ash-fall deposits located from the Pacific coast to the Basin and Range Province demonstrates that between 0.6 and 12.1 Ma the hydrogen isotope compositions of meteoric water displayed a large (>40‰) decrease from the windward to the leeward side of the central Sierra Nevada, consistent with the existence of a rain shadow of modern magnitude over that time. Evidence for a Miocene-to-recent rain shadow of constant magnitude and systematic changes in the longitudinal climate and precipitation patterns strongly suggest that the modern first-order topographic elements of the Sierra Nevada characterized the landscape over at least the last 12 million years.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0708811105","usgsCitation":"Mulch, A., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Perkins, M.E., and Chamberlain, C., 2009, A Miocene to Pleistocene climate and elevation record of the Sierra Nevada (California): PNAS, v. 105, no. 19, p. 6819-6824, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708811105.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6819","endPage":"6824","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2383980","text":"External Repository"},{"id":398314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.400390625,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 40.39676430557203\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -119.00390625,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -115.400390625,\n 35.10193405724606\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulch, A.","contributorId":289906,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulch","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":840028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, M. 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Antarctica is Earth's largest reservoir of glacial ice. Melting of the West Antarctic part alone of the Antarctic ice sheet would cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 meters (m), and the potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m (Lythe and others, 2001) to 73 m (Williams and Hall, 1993). The mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is highly complex, responding differently to different climatic and other conditions in each region (Vaughan, 2005). In a review paper, Rignot and Thomas (2002) concluded that the West Antarctic ice sheet is probably becoming thinner overall; although it is known to be thickening in the west, it is thinning in the north. The mass balance of the East Antarctic ice sheet is thought by Davis and others (2005) to be positive on the basis of the change in satellite-altimetry measurements made between 1992 and 2003. \r\n\r\nMeasurement of changes in area and mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), in subsequent recommendations by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989, 1993), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Programs. On the basis of these recommendations, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) decided that the archive of early 1970s Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the subsequent repeat coverage made possible with Landsat and other satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the cryospheric coastline of Antarctica (Ferrigno and Gould, 1987). The availability of this information provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) images (and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images), RADARSAT images, aerial photography, and other data where available, to compare changes that occurred during a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps (I-2600) (Williams and others, 1995; Swithinbank and others, 2003a,b, 2004; Ferrigno and others, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and in press; and Williams and Ferrigno, 2005) (available online at http://www.glaciers.er.usgs.gov).\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2600C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the British Antarctic Survey, the Scott Polar Research Institute, and the Bundesamt fur Kartographie und Geodasie ","usgsCitation":"Ferrigno, J.G., Cook, A.J., Mathie, A., Williams, R., Swithinbank, C., Foley, K.M., Fox, A.J., Thomson, J.W., and Sievers, J., 2009, Coastal-Change and Glaciological Map of the Palmer Land Area, Antarctica: 1947-2009 : U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2600, pamphlet iv, 28 p. ; map sheet (40.59 inches x 31.77 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2600C.","productDescription":"pamphlet iv, 28 p. ; map sheet (40.59 inches x 31.77 inches)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1947-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13489,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2600-c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Polar Stereographic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80,-74 ], [ -80,-68 ], [ -57,-68 ], [ -57,-74 ], [ -80,-74 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, Alison J.","contributorId":42665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mathie, Amy M.","contributorId":82803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathie","given":"Amy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. 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Section 7.5. Cyanobacteria in lakes and reservoirs: Toxin And taste-and-odor sampling guidelines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T12:19:42","indexId":"twri09A7.5","displayToPublicDate":"2019-04-25T11:01:29","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"09-A7.5","subchapterNumber":"Cyanobacteria in Lakes and Reservoirs: Toxin And Taste-and-Odor Sampling Guidelines","displayTitle":"Chapter A7. Section 7.5. Cyanobacteria in Lakes and Reservoirs: Toxin And Taste-and-Odor Sampling Guidelines","title":"Chapter A7. Section 7.5. Cyanobacteria in lakes and reservoirs: Toxin And taste-and-odor sampling guidelines","docAbstract":"Cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae) cause a multitude of water-quality concerns, including the potential to produce toxins and taste-and-odor compounds. Toxins and taste-and-odor compounds may cause significant economic and public health concerns, and are of particular interest in lakes, reservoirs, and rivers that are used for drinking-water supply, recreation, or aquaculture. The purpose of NFM 7.5 is to provide guidelines for collecting, processing, and handling samples to be analyzed for cyanobacterial community composition (enumeration and identification) and total, particulate, and dissolved cyanobacterial toxins and taste-and-odor compounds in lakes and reservoirs (sections 7.5.5 through 7.5.9). Sections 7.5.1 through 7.5.4, however, are designed to provide some background information about cyanobacteria, including typical study designs and objectives related to the spatial and temporal occurrence of cyanobacteria (modified from Graham and others, 2008), in order to provide a useful context for sampling activities. The information presented here pertains to the occurrence of planktonic (free-floating) cyanobacteria in lakes and reservoirs. Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters will be announced on the USGS Home Page on the World Wide Web under 'New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.'
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri09A7.5","usgsCitation":"Graham, J.L., Loftin, K., Ziegler, A.C., and Meyer, M.T., 2008, Chapter A7. Section 7.5. Cyanobacteria in lakes and reservoirs: Toxin And taste-and-odor sampling guidelines: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 09-A7.5, 61 p.; Related Work, https://doi.org/10.3133/twri09A7.5.","productDescription":"61 p.; Related Work","startPage":"1","endPage":"65","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":363229,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm9A0","text":"Techniques and Methods 9-A0","linkHelpText":" - General Introduction for the “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data”"},{"id":363222,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a7/twri9a7_7.5.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 7.5 - September 2008","description":"TWRI9A 7.5","linkHelpText":"- Cyanobacteria in Lakes and Resevoirs: Toxin and Taste-And-Odor Sampling Guidelines, Version 1.0"}],"contact":"Water Mission Area
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12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
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","tableOfContents":"The Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI) is a hybrid geospatial drought indicator and monitoring tool that provides timely drought severity information with relatively higher spatial resolution (1-km2) than the traditional drought monitoring maps. The VegDRI model integrates climate-based drought index data, satellite-based vegetation index information, and several biophysical parameters. During the 2008 growing season, VegDRI was produced in near-real time for 22 states in the central and western United States. Coverage will expand across the conterminous United States in 2009. Validating the results of large-area, operational monitoring tools such as VegDRI requires extensive ground truth information across space and time and to date, only a limited number of assessments of this index have been conducted. This study initiates a comprehensive assessment of historical VegDRI for two summer row crops identified using crop and irrigation masks in an effort to better characterize the accuracy and performance of this index for agricultural drought monitoring. The assessment evaluated drought severity information provided by VegDRI for Nebraska in 2006 and 2007, which represented drought and non-drought conditions over much of the state in those years, respectively. Spatial and statistical comparisons of VegDRI and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) crop yield data were conducted for both years. For this initial study, comparisons were restricted to Nebraska’s two predominant crops, corn and soybeans. Irrigated and non-irrigated row crops were analyzed separately. Preliminary results showed that non-irrigated corn yields had a stronger relationship to late-season VegDRI than non-irrigated soybeans. Moderate drought impacts in 2006 were also highlighted by this analysis.
","conferenceTitle":"Pecora 17 Symposium","conferenceDate":"November 16 - 20, 2008 ","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.F., Wardlow, B.D., Pervez, M., and Tadesse, T., 2008, Assessment of 2006 and 2007 drought patterns in the vegetation drought response index across Nebraska, Pecora 17 Symposium, Denver, CO., November 16 - 20, 2008 , CD-Rom: Paper 0009.","productDescription":"CD-Rom: Paper 0009","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bfd1473e4b0815414ca3910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998 jfbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":176609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn","email":"jfbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wardlow, Brian D.","contributorId":75845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlow","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pervez, Md Shahriar 0000-0003-3417-1871 spervez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-1871","contributorId":3099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pervez","given":"Md Shahriar","email":"spervez@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":752053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tadesse, Tsegaye 0000-0002-4102-1137","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4102-1137","contributorId":147617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tadesse","given":"Tsegaye","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041618,"text":"70041618 - 2008 - Viscoelastic love-type surface waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-29T09:52:05","indexId":"70041618","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-06T04:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Viscoelastic love-type surface waves","docAbstract":"The general theoretical solution for Love-Type surface waves in viscoelastic media provides theoreticalexpressions for the physical characteristics of the waves in elastic as well as anelastic media with arbitraryamounts of intrinsic damping. The general solution yields dispersion and absorption-coefficient curves for the waves as a function of frequency and theamount of intrinsic damping for any chosen viscoelastic model.Numerical results valid for a variety of viscoelastic models provide quantitative estimates of the physicalcharacteristics of the waves pertinent to models of Earth materials ranging from small amounts of damping in the Earth’s crust to moderate and large amounts of damping in soft soils and water-saturated sediments. Numerical results, presented herein, are valid for a wide range of solids and applications.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering","conferenceTitle":"The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering","conferenceDate":"October 12-17, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Beijing, China","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 2008, Viscoelastic love-type surface waves, in The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October 12-17, 2008, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-007898","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56334347e4b048076347eef3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120735,"text":"70120735 - 2008 - Sediment transport measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T17:16:00.548615","indexId":"70120735","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T16:18:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"110","chapter":"5","title":"Sediment transport measurements","docAbstract":"Sediment erosion, transport, and deposition in fluvial systems are complex processes that are treated in detail in other sections of this book. Development of methods suitable for the collection of data that contribute to understanding these processes is a still-evolving science. Sediment and ancillary data are fundamental requirements for the proper management of river systems, including the design of structures, the determination of aspects of stream behavior, ascertaining the probable effect of removing an existing structure, estimation of bulk erosion, transport, and sediment delivery to the oceans, ascertaining the long-term usefulness of reservoirs and other public works, tracking movement of solid-phase contaminants, restoration of degraded or otherwise modified streams, and assistance in the calibration and validation of numerical models.
This chapter presents techniques for measuring bed-material properties and suspended and bed-load discharges. Well-established and relatively recent, yet adequately tested, sampling equipment and methodologies, with designs that are guided by sound physical and statistical principles, are described. Where appropriate, the theory behind the development of the equipment and guidelines for its use are presented.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentation engineering: Processes, measurements, modeling, and practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/9780784408148.ch05","usgsCitation":"Diplas, P., Kuhnle, R., Gray, J., Glysson, D., and Edwards, T., 2008, Sediment transport measurements, chap. 5 of Sedimentation engineering: Processes, measurements, modeling, and practice, p. 307-353, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784408148.ch05.","productDescription":"47 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ed8e4b0bfa1f993f015","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Garcia, Marcelo H.","contributorId":114196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Marcelo","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509946,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Diplas, P.","contributorId":108411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diplas","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuhnle, R.","contributorId":71897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhnle","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, J.","contributorId":100683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glysson, D.","contributorId":98649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edwards, T.","contributorId":59743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70120727,"text":"70120727 - 2008 - Estimating sediment discharge: Appendix D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T16:25:39","indexId":"70120727","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-15T16:07:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"110","title":"Estimating sediment discharge: Appendix D","docAbstract":"Sediment-discharge measurements usually are available on a discrete or periodic basis. However, estimates of sediment transport often are needed for unmeasured periods, such as when daily or annual sediment-discharge values are sought, or when estimates of transport rates for unmeasured or hypothetical flows are required. Selected methods for estimating suspended-sediment, bed-load, bed- material-load, and total-load discharges have been presented in some detail elsewhere in this volume. The purposes of this contribution are to present some limitations and potential pitfalls associated with obtaining and using the requisite data and equations to estimate sediment discharges and to provide guidance for selecting appropriate estimating equations.
Records of sediment discharge are derived from data collected with sufficient frequency to obtain reliable estimates for the computational interval and period. Most sediment- discharge records are computed at daily or annual intervals based on periodically collected data, although some partial records represent discrete or seasonal intervals such as those for flood periods. The method used to calculate sediment- discharge records is dependent on the types and frequency of available data. Records for suspended-sediment discharge computed by methods described by Porterfield (1972) are most prevalent, in part because measurement protocols and computational techniques are well established and because suspended sediment composes the bulk of sediment dis- charges for many rivers. Discharge records for bed load, total load, or in some cases bed-material load plus wash load are less common.
Reliable estimation of sediment discharges presupposes that the data on which the estimates are based are comparable and reliable. Unfortunately, data describing a selected characteristic of sediment were not necessarily derived—collected, processed, analyzed, or interpreted—in a consistent manner. For example, bed-load data collected with different types of bed-load samplers may not be comparable (Gray et al. 1991; Childers 1999; Edwards and Glysson 1999). The total suspended solids (TSS) analytical method tends to produce concentration data from open-channel flows that are biased low with respect to their paired suspended-sediment concentration values, particularly when sand-size material composes more than about a quarter of the material in suspension. Instantaneous sediment-discharge values based on TSS data may differ from the more reliable product of suspended- sediment concentration values and the same water-discharge data by an order of magnitude (Gray et al. 2000; Bent et al. 2001; Glysson et al. 2000; 2001). An assessment of data comparability and reliability is an important first step in the estimation of sediment discharges.
There are two approaches to obtaining values describing sediment loads in streams. One is based on direct measurement of the quantities of interest, and the other on relations developed between hydraulic parameters and sediment- transport potential. In the next sections, the most common techniques for both approaches are briefly addressed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentation engineering: processes, measurements, modeling, and practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., and Simões, F., 2008, Estimating sediment discharge: Appendix D, chap. of Sedimentation engineering: processes, measurements, modeling, and practice, p. 1065-1086.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1065","endPage":"1086","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ecee4b0bfa1f993ef48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simões, Francisco J. M.","contributorId":23855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simões","given":"Francisco J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047696,"text":"70047696 - 2008 - Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":80498,"text":"ofr20071298 - 2007 - Population size and trends for nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: Region-wide surveys, 1977, 1992/1993 and 2006","indexId":"ofr20071298","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Population size and trends for nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: Region-wide surveys, 1977, 1992/1993 and 2006"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047696,"text":"70047696 - 2008 - Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective","indexId":"70047696","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-19T14:59:56","indexId":"70047696","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:55:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective","docAbstract":"We used a double-sampling technique (air plus ground survey) in 2006, with partial double coverage, to estimate the present size of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting population in northwestern Mexico (coastal Baja California, islands in the Gulf of California, and coastal Sonora and Sinaloa). With the exception of Natividad, Cedros, and San Benitos islands along the Pacific coast of Baja California (all three excluded from our coverage in 2006 due to fog), this survey was a repeat of previous surveys conducted by us with the same protocol in 1977 and 1992/1993, allowing for estimates of regional population trends. The minimum population estimate for the area we surveyed in 2006 was 1343 nesting pairs, an 81% increase since 1977, but only a 3% increase since 1992/1993. The population on the Gulf side of Baja California generally remained stable during the three surveys (255, 236, and 252 pairs, respectively). The population of the Midriff Islands (Gulf of California in the vicinity of 29°N latitude) remained similar from 1992/1993 (308 pairs) to 2006 (289 pairs), but with notable population changes on the largest two islands (Guardian Angel: 45 to 105 pairs [133% increase]; Tiburón: 164 to 109 pairs [34% decrease]). The minimum estimated Osprey population on the Sonora mainland decreased in a manner similar to adjacent Isla Tiburón, i.e., by 26%, from 214 pairs in 1993 to 158 pairs in 2006. In contrast, the population in coastal Sinaloa, which had increased by 150% between 1977 and 1993, grew again by 58% between 1993 and 2006, from 180 to 285 pairs. Our survey confirmed previously described patterns of rapid population changes at a local level, coupled with apparent shifts in spatial distribution. The large ground-nesting population that until recently nested on two islands in San Ignacio Lagoon ( Pacific Ocean side, Baja California) was no longer present on the islands in 2006, but an equivalent number of pairs were found to the north and south of the lagoon, nesting in small towns and along adjoining overhead electric lines, with no overall change in population size for that general area (198 pairs in 1992; 199 in 2006). Use of artificial nesting structures was 4.3% in 1977 and 6.2% in 1992/1993, but jumped to 26.4% in 2006. Use of poles that support overhead electric lines poses a risk of electrocution to Ospreys and also causes power outages and fires. We recommend modification of these poles to safely accommodate Osprey nests, as has been successfully accomplished in many countries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Raptor Research Foundation","doi":"10.3356/JRR-08-05.1","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Anderson, D.W., Vera, A.C., and Cartron, J.E., 2008, Region-wide trends of nesting ospreys in northwestern Mexico: a three-decade perspective: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 42, no. 4, p. 229-242, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-05.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"242","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-08-05.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":276774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276772,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-05.1"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e38e4b0b08f44619921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Daniel W.","contributorId":74345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":482740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vera, Aradit Castellanos","contributorId":98824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vera","given":"Aradit","email":"","middleInitial":"Castellanos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cartron, Jean-Luc E.","contributorId":91012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartron","given":"Jean-Luc","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047121,"text":"70047121 - 2008 - High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) observations of glacial and periglacial morphologies in the circum-Argyre Planitia highlands, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-27T10:37:29","indexId":"70047121","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T08:57:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) observations of glacial and periglacial morphologies in the circum-Argyre Planitia highlands, Mars","docAbstract":"The landscape of the Argyre Planitia and adjoining Charitum and Nereidum Montes in the southern hemisphere of Mars has been heavily modified since formation of the Argyre impact basin. This study examines morphologies in the Argyre region revealed in images acquired by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera and discusses the implications for glacial and periglacial processes. Distinctive features such as large grooves, semicircular embayments in high topography, and streamlined hills are interpreted as glacially eroded grooves, cirques, and whalebacks or roche moutonnée, respectively. Large boulders scattered across the floor of a valley may be ground moraine deposited by ice ablation. Glacial interpretations are supported by the association of these features with other landforms typical of glaciated landscapes such as broad valleys with parabolic cross sections and stepped longitudinal profiles, lobate debris aprons interpreted as remnant debris covered glaciers or rock glaciers, and possible hanging valleys. Aligned boulders observed on slopes may also indicate glacial processes such as fluting. Alternatively, boulders aligned on slopes and organized in clumps and polygonal patterns on flatter surfaces may indicate periglacial processes, perhaps postglaciation, that form patterned ground. At least portions of the Argyre region appear to have been modified by processes of ice accumulation, glacial flow, erosion, sediment deposition, ice stagnation and ablation, and perhaps subsequent periglacial processes. The type of bedrock erosion apparent in images suggests that glaciers were, at times, wet based. The number of superposed craters is consistent with geologically recent glacial activity, but may be due to subsequent modification.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2007JE002994","usgsCitation":"Banks, M.E., McEwen, A.S., Kargel, J.S., Baker, V., Strom, R.G., Mellon, M.T., Gulick, V.C., Keszthelyi, L., Herkenhoff, K.E., Pelletier, J.D., and Jaeger, W.L., 2008, High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) observations of glacial and periglacial morphologies in the circum-Argyre Planitia highlands, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 113, no. E12, E12015; 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002994.","productDescription":"E12015; 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-007300","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275168,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"113","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ea8703e4b03397884d3994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Maria E.","contributorId":80914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":481123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kargel, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":76601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baker, Victor R.","contributorId":6931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Victor R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Strom, Robert G.","contributorId":20350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mellon, Michael T.","contributorId":8603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7037,"text":"Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":481119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gulick, Virginia C.","contributorId":52443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulick","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pelletier, Jon D.","contributorId":22657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelletier","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70044010,"text":"70044010 - 2008 - Development of hazard-compatible building fragility and vulnerability models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-24T22:17:40","indexId":"70044010","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of hazard-compatible building fragility and vulnerability models","docAbstract":"We present a methodology for transforming the structural and non-structural fragility functions in HAZUS into a format that is compatible with conventional seismic hazard analysis information. The methodology makes use of the building capacity (or pushover) curves and related building parameters provided in HAZUS. Instead of the capacity spectrum method applied in HAZUS, building response is estimated by inelastic response history analysis of corresponding single-degree-of-freedom systems under a large number of earthquake records. Statistics of the building response are used with the damage state definitions from HAZUS to derive fragility models conditioned on spectral acceleration values. Using the developed fragility models for structural and nonstructural building components, with corresponding damage state loss ratios from HAZUS, we also derive building vulnerability models relating spectral acceleration to repair costs. Whereas in HAZUS the structural and nonstructural damage states are treated as if they are independent, our vulnerability models are derived assuming \"complete\" nonstructural damage whenever the structural damage state is complete. We show the effects of considering this dependence on the final vulnerability models. The use of spectral acceleration (at selected vibration periods) as the ground motion intensity parameter, coupled with the careful treatment of uncertainty, makes the new fragility and vulnerability models compatible with conventional seismic hazard curves and hence useful for extensions to probabilistic damage and loss assessment.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEM","usgsCitation":"Karaca, E., and Luco, N., 2008, Development of hazard-compatible building fragility and vulnerability models, in The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-008241","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271441,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271440,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0405.PDF"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5178fee6e4b0d842c705f6f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karaca, E.","contributorId":81696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karaca","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luco, N.","contributorId":34240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044188,"text":"70044188 - 2008 - Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE): A modular framework to diagnose differences between hydrological models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T16:40:30","indexId":"70044188","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE): A modular framework to diagnose differences between hydrological models","docAbstract":"The problems of identifying the most appropriate model structure for a given problem and quantifying the uncertainty in model structure remain outstanding research challenges for the discipline of hydrology. Progress on these problems requires understanding of the nature of differences between models. This paper presents a methodology to diagnose differences in hydrological model structures: the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE). FUSE was used to construct 79 unique model structures by combining components of 4 existing hydrological models. These new models were used to simulate streamflow in two of the basins used in the Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): the Guadalupe River (Texas) and the French Broad River (North Carolina). Results show that the new models produced simulations of streamflow that were at least as good as the simulations produced by the models that participated in the MOPEX experiment. Our initial application of the FUSE method for the Guadalupe River exposed relationships between model structure and model performance, suggesting that the choice of model structure is just as important as the choice of model parameters. However, further work is needed to evaluate model simulations using multiple criteria to diagnose the relative importance of model structural differences in various climate regimes and to assess the amount of independent information in each of the models. This work will be crucial to both identifying the most appropriate model structure for a given problem and quantifying the uncertainty in model structure. To facilitate research on these problems, the FORTRAN‐90 source code for FUSE is available upon request from the lead author.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006735","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., Slater, A.G., Rupp, D.E., Woods, R.A., Vrugt, J.A., Gupta, H.V., Wagener, T., and Hay, L.E., 2008, Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE): A modular framework to diagnose differences between hydrological models: Water Resources Research, v. 44, no. 12, Article W00B02; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006735.","productDescription":"Article W00B02; 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-005159","costCenters":[{"id":435,"text":"National Research Program - Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006735","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":272810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a08be1e4b0e42455806576","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Martyn P.","contributorId":21445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Martyn P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slater, Andrew G.","contributorId":72689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupp, David E.","contributorId":54097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupp","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woods, Ross A.","contributorId":7162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vrugt, Jasper A.","contributorId":45611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vrugt","given":"Jasper","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gupta, Hoshin V.","contributorId":7597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gupta","given":"Hoshin","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wagener, Thorsten","contributorId":22658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagener","given":"Thorsten","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70042764,"text":"pp171312 - 2008 - A four-dimensional petroleum systems model for the San Joaquin Basin Province, California: Chapter 12 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas in the San Joaquin Basin Province, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-31T11:54:34","indexId":"pp171312","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1713-12","title":"A four-dimensional petroleum systems model for the San Joaquin Basin Province, California: Chapter 12 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas in the San Joaquin Basin Province, California","docAbstract":"A calibrated numerical model depicts the geometry and three-dimensional (3-D) evolution of petroleum systems through time (4-D) in a 249 x 309 km (155 x 192 mi) area covering all of the San Joaquin Basin Province of California. Model input includes 3-D structural and stratigraphic data for key horizons and maps of unit thickness, lithology, paleobathymetry, heat flow, original total organic carbon, and original Rock-Eval pyrolysis hydrogen index for each source rock. The four principal petroleum source rocks in the basin are the Miocene Antelope shale of Graham and Williams (1985; hereafter referred to as Antelope shale), the Eocene Kreyenhagen Formation, the Eocene Tumey formation of Atwill (1935; hereafter referred to as Tumey formation), and the Cretaceous to Paleocene Moreno Formation. Due to limited Rock-Eval/total organic carbon data, the Tumey formation was modeled using constant values of original total organic carbon and original hydrogen index. Maps of original total organic carbon and original hydrogen index were created for the other three source rocks. The Antelope shale was modeled using Type IIS kerogen kinetics, whereas Type II kinetics were used for the other source rocks. Four-dimensional modeling and geologic field evidence indicate that maximum burial of the three principal Cenozoic source rocks occurred in latest Pliocene to Holocene time. For example, a 1-D extraction of burial history from the 4-D model in the Tejon depocenter shows that the bottom of the Antelope shale source rock began expulsion (10 percent transformation ratio) about 4.6 Ma and reached peak expulsion (50 percent transformation ratio) about 3.6 Ma. Except on the west flank of the basin, where steep dips in outcrop and seismic data indicate substantial uplift, little or no section has been eroded. Most petroleum migration occurred during late Cenozoic time in distinct stratigraphic intervals along east-west pathways from pods of active petroleum source rock in the Tejon and Buttonwillow depocenters to updip sandstone reservoirs. Satisfactory runs of the model required about 18 hours of computation time for each simulation using parallel processing on a Linux-based cluster.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas in the San Joaquin Basin Province, California (PP 1713)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp171312","usgsCitation":"Peters, K., Magoon, L.B., Lampe, C., Scheirer, A.H., Lillis, P.G., and Gautier, D.L., 2008, A four-dimensional petroleum systems model for the San Joaquin Basin Province, California: Chapter 12 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas in the San Joaquin Basin Province, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1713-12, Chapter 12: 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp171312.","productDescription":"Chapter 12: 35 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1713_12.jpg"},{"id":266299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1713/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":266300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1713/12/pp1713_ch12.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.75,34.75 ], [ -121.75,38.0 ], [ -118.75,38.0 ], [ -118.75,34.75 ], [ -121.75,34.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","publicComments":"This report is Chapter 12 in Petroleum systems and geologic assessment of oil and gas in the San Joaquin Basin Province, California. Please see Professional Paper 1713 for other chapters.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51011472e4b033b1feeb2bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Kenneth E.","contributorId":10897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Kenneth E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lampe, Carolyn","contributorId":21840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lampe","given":"Carolyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scheirer, Allegra Hosford","contributorId":93985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheirer","given":"Allegra","email":"","middleInitial":"Hosford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gautier, Donald L. gautier@usgs.gov","contributorId":1310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"Donald","email":"gautier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70045585,"text":"70045585 - 2008 - Development of the U.S. Geological Survey's PAGER system (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T09:57:14","indexId":"70045585","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of the U.S. Geological Survey's PAGER system (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response)","docAbstract":"The Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) System plays a primary alerting role for global earthquake disasters as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) response protocol. We provide an overview of the PAGER system, both of its current capabilities and our ongoing research and development. PAGER monitors the USGS’s near real-time U.S. and global earthquake origins and automatically identifies events that are of societal importance, well in advance of ground-truth or news accounts. Current PAGER notifications and Web pages estimate the population exposed to each seismic intensity level. In addition to being a useful indicator of potential impact, PAGER’s intensity/exposure display provides a new standard in the dissemination of rapid earthquake information. We are currently developing and testing a more comprehensive alert system that will include casualty estimates. This is motivated by the idea that an estimated range of possible number of deaths will aid in decisions regarding humanitarian response. Underlying the PAGER exposure and loss models are global earthquake ShakeMap shaking estimates, constrained as quickly as possible by finite-fault modeling and observed ground motions and intensities, when available. Loss modeling is being developed comprehensively with a suite of candidate models that range from fully empirical to largely analytical approaches. Which of these models is most appropriate for use in a particular earthquake depends on how much is known about local building stocks and their vulnerabilities. A first-order country-specific global building inventory has been developed, as have corresponding vulnerability functions. For calibrating PAGER loss models, we have systematically generated an Atlas of 5,000 ShakeMaps for significant global earthquakes during the last 36 years. For many of these, auxiliary earthquake source and shaking intensity data are also available. Refinements to the loss models are ongoing. Fundamental to such an alert system, we are also developing computational and communications infrastructure for rapid and robust operations and worldwide notifications. PAGER’s methodologies and datasets are being developed in an open environment to support other loss estimation efforts and provide avenues for outside collaboration and critique.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEM","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., Earle, P., Allen, T., Jaiswal, K., Porter, K., and Hearne, M., 2008, Development of the U.S. Geological Survey's PAGER system (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response), in The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":415,"text":"National Earthquake Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5178fee7e4b0d842c705f6f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earle, P.S.","contributorId":17011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, T.I.","contributorId":6659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaiswal, K.","contributorId":89260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaiswal","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Porter, K.","contributorId":14930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hearne, M.","contributorId":86873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70045167,"text":"70045167 - 2008 - Finite-fault analysis of the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake using Pnl waveforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-27T14:57:47","indexId":"70045167","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finite-fault analysis of the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake using Pnl waveforms","docAbstract":"We apply a kinematic finite-fault inversion scheme to Pnl displacement waveforms recorded at 14 regional stations (Δ<2°) to recover the distribution of coseismic slip for the 2004 Parkfield earthquake using both synthetic Green’s functions (SGFs) calculated for one-dimensional (1D) crustal-velocity models and empirical Green’s functions (EGFs) based on the recordings of a single Mw 5.0 aftershock. Slip is modeled on a rectangular fault subdivided into 2×2 km subfaults assuming a constant rupture velocity and a 0.5 sec rise time. A passband filter of 0.1–0.5 Hz is applied to both data and subfault responses prior to waveform inversion. The SGF inversions are performed such that the final seismic moment is consistent with the known magnitude (Mw 6.0) of the earthquake. For these runs, it is difficult to reproduce the entire Pnl waveform due to inaccuracies in the assumed crustal structure. Also, the misfit between observed and predicted vertical waveforms is similar in character for different rupture velocities, indicating that neither the rupture velocity nor the exact position of slip sources along the fault can be uniquely identified. The pattern of coseismic slip, however, compares well with independent source models derived using other data types, indicating that the SGF inversion procedure provides a general first-order estimate of the 2004 Parkfield rupture using the vertical Pnl records. The best-constrained slip model is obtained using the single-aftershock EGF approach. In this case, the waveforms are very well reproduced for both vertical and horizontal components, suggesting that the method provides a powerful tool for estimating the distribution of coseismic slip using the regional Pnl waveforms. The inferred slip model shows a localized patch of high slip (55 cm peak) near the hypocenter and a larger slip area (~50 cm peak) extending between 6 and 20 km to the northwest.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120080111","usgsCitation":"Mendoza, C., and Hartzell, S., 2008, Finite-fault analysis of the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake using Pnl waveforms: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 98, no. 6, p. 2746-2755, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080111.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2746","endPage":"2755","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-006329","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272281,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080111"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.452654,35.879686 ], [ -120.452654,35.919686 ], [ -120.412654,35.919686 ], [ -120.412654,35.879686 ], [ -120.452654,35.879686 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"98","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5966e4b0b290850f8ade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70045836,"text":"70045836 - 2008 - Mineral resource of the month: arsenic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T11:17:43","indexId":"70045836","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: arsenic","docAbstract":"Arsenic has a long and varied history: Although it was not isolated as an element until the 13th century, it was known to the ancient Chinese, Egyptians and Greeks in compound form in the minerals arsenopyrite, realgar and orpiment. In the 1400s, “Scheele’s Green” was first used as an arsenic pigment in wallpaper, and leached arsenic from wallpaper may have contributed to Napoleon’s death in 1821. The 1940s play and later movie, Arsenic and Old Lace, dramatizes the metal’s more sinister role. Arsenic continues to be an important mineral commodity with many modern applications.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Brooks, W.E., 2008, Mineral resource of the month: arsenic: Geotimes, v. 2008, no. 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In the methodology, HAZUS curvilinear capacity curves were used to define nonlinear dynamic SDOF models that were subjected to the nonlinear time history analysis instead of the capacity spectrum method. In this study, we construct a multilinear capacity curve with negative stiffness after an ultimate (capping) point for the nonlinear time history analysis, as an alternative to the curvilinear model provided in HAZUS. As an illustration, here we propose parameter values of the multilinear capacity curve for a moderate-code low-rise steel moment resisting frame building (labeled S1L in HAZUS). To determine the final parameter values, we perform nonlinear time history analyses of SDOF systems with various parameter values and investigate their effects on resulting fragility functions through sensitivity analysis. The findings improve capacity curves and thereby fragility and/or vulnerability models for generic types of structures.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 14th world conference on earthquake engineering: innovation, practice, safety: October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"IAEE","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","usgsCitation":"Ryu, H., Luco, N., Baker, J., and Karaca, E., 2008, Converting HAZUS capacity curves to seismic hazard-compatible building fragility functions: effect of hysteretic models, in The 14th world conference on earthquake engineering: innovation, practice, safety: October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-008242","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271344,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.14wcee.org/Proceedings/files/05-01-0469.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51765be4e4b0f989f99e00c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryu, Hyeuk","contributorId":25442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryu","given":"Hyeuk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luco, Nicolas 0000-0002-5763-9847 nluco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-9847","contributorId":1188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"Nicolas","email":"nluco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":474600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Jack W.","contributorId":62113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Jack W.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karaca, Erdem","contributorId":75418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karaca","given":"Erdem","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}