1. Human use of land and water resources modifies many streamflow characteristics, which can have significant ecological consequences. Streamflow and invertebrate data collected at 111 sites in the western U.S.A. were analysed to identify streamflow characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and variation) that are probably to limit characteristics of benthic invertebrate assemblages (abundance, richness, diversity and evenness, functional feeding groups and individual taxa) and, thus, would be important for freshwater conservation and restoration. Our analysis investigated multiple metrics for each biological and hydrological characteristic, but focuses on 14 invertebrate metrics and 13 streamflow metrics representing the key associations between streamflow and invertebrates.
\n2. Streamflow is only one of many environmental and biotic factors that influence the characteristics of invertebrate assemblages. Although the central tendency of invertebrate assemblage characteristics may not respond to any one factor across a large region like the western U.S.A., we postulate that streamflow may limit some invertebrates. To assess streamflow characteristics as limiting factors on invertebrate assemblages, we developed a nonparametric screening procedure to identify upper (ceilings) or lower (floors) limits on invertebrate metrics associated with streamflow metrics. Ceilings and floors for selected metrics were then quantified using quantile regression.
\n3. Invertebrate assemblages had limits associated with all streamflow characteristics that we analysed. Metrics of streamflow variation at daily to inter-annual scales were among the most common characteristics associated with limits on invertebrate assemblages. Baseflow recession, daily variation and monthly variation, in streamflow were associated with the largest number of invertebrate metrics. Since changes in streamflow variation are often a consequence of hydrologic alteration, they may serve as useful indicators of ecologically significant changes in streamflow and as benchmarks for managing streamflow for ecological objectives.
\n4. Relative abundance of Plecoptera, richness of non-insect taxa and relative abundance of intolerant taxa were associated with multiple streamflow metrics. Metrics of sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera), and intolerant taxa generally had ceilings associated with flow metrics while metrics of tolerant taxa, non-insects, dominance and chironomids generally had floors. Broader characteristics of invertebrate assemblages such as abundance and richness had fewer limits, but these limits were nonetheless associated with a broad range of streamflow characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02024.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C., Brasher, A., and May, J., 2008, Assessing streamflow characteristics as limiting factors on benthic invertebrate assemblages in streams across the western United States: Freshwater Biology, v. 53, no. 10, p. 1983-1998, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02024.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1983","endPage":"1998","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18641,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02024.x"}],"volume":"53","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672a65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, C.P.","contributorId":39027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brasher, A.M.D.","contributorId":8213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brasher","given":"A.M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, J. T. 0000-0002-5699-2112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":72505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"J. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000035,"text":"70000035 - 2008 - Development of a three-dimensional, regional, coupled wave, current, and sediment-transport model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T14:04:17","indexId":"70000035","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a three-dimensional, regional, coupled wave, current, and sediment-transport model","docAbstract":"We are developing a three-dimensional numerical model that implements algorithms for sediment transport and evolution of bottom morphology in the coastal-circulation model Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS v3.0), and provides a two-way link between ROMS and the wave model Simulating Waves in the Nearshore (SWAN) via the Model-Coupling Toolkit. The coupled model is applicable for fluvial, estuarine, shelf, and nearshore (surfzone) environments. Three-dimensional radiation-stress terms have been included in the momentum equations, along with effects of a surface wave roller model. The sediment-transport algorithms are implemented for an unlimited number of user-defined non-cohesive sediment classes. Each class has attributes of grain diameter, density, settling velocity, critical stress threshold for erosion, and erodibility constant. Suspended-sediment transport in the water column is computed with the same advection-diffusion algorithm used for all passive tracers and an additional algorithm for vertical settling that is not limited by the CFL criterion. Erosion and deposition are based on flux formulations. A multi-level bed framework tracks the distribution of every size class in each layer and stores bulk properties including layer thickness, porosity, and mass, allowing computation of bed morphology and stratigraphy. Also tracked are bed-surface properties including active-layer thickness, ripple geometry, and bed roughness. Bedload transport is calculated for mobile sediment classes in the top layer. Bottom-boundary layer submodels parameterize wave-current interactions that enhance bottom stresses and thereby facilitate sediment transport and increase bottom drag, creating a feedback to the circulation. The model is demonstrated in a series of simple test cases and a realistic application in Massachusetts Bay.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.012","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Warner, J., Sherwood, C.R., Signell, R.P., Harris, C.K., and Arango, H., 2008, Development of a three-dimensional, regional, coupled wave, current, and sediment-transport model: Computers & Geosciences, v. 34, no. 10, p. 1284-1306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.012.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1284","endPage":"1306","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e084","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, J.C.","contributorId":46644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, C. K.","contributorId":80337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arango, H.G.","contributorId":103772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arango","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70000034,"text":"70000034 - 2008 - Calculating wave-generated bottom orbital velocities from surface-wave parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-17T10:48:32","indexId":"70000034","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculating wave-generated bottom orbital velocities from surface-wave parameters","docAbstract":"Near-bed wave orbital velocities and shear stresses are important parameters in many sediment-transport and hydrodynamic models of the coastal ocean, estuaries, and lakes. Simple methods for estimating bottom orbital velocities from surface-wave statistics such as significant wave height and peak period often are inaccurate except in very shallow water. This paper briefly reviews approaches for estimating wave-generated bottom orbital velocities from near-bed velocity data, surface-wave spectra, and surface-wave parameters; MATLAB code for each approach is provided. Aspects of this problem have been discussed elsewhere. We add to this work by providing a method for using a general form of the parametric surface-wave spectrum to estimate bottom orbital velocity from significant wave height and peak period, investigating effects of spectral shape on bottom orbital velocity, comparing methods for calculating bottom orbital velocity against values determined from near-bed velocity measurements at two sites on the US east and west coasts, and considering the optimal representation of bottom orbital velocity for calculations of near-bed processes. Bottom orbital velocities calculated using near-bed velocity data, measured wave spectra, and parametric spectra for a site on the northern California shelf and one in the mid-Atlantic Bight compare quite well and are relatively insensitive to spectral shape except when bimodal waves are present with maximum energy at the higher-frequency peak. These conditions, which are most likely to occur at times when bottom orbital velocities are small, can be identified with our method as cases where the measured wave statistics are inconsistent with Donelan's modified form of the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) spectrum. We define the 'effective' forcing for wave-driven, near-bed processes as the product of the magnitude of forcing times its probability of occurrence, and conclude that different bottom orbital velocity statistics may be appropriate for different problems. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.010","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Wiberg, P., and Sherwood, C.R., 2008, Calculating wave-generated bottom orbital velocities from surface-wave parameters: Computers & Geosciences, v. 34, no. 10, p. 1243-1262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.010.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1243","endPage":"1262","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18638,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.02.010"},{"id":203770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5459a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70000007,"text":"70000007 - 2008 - Application of sedimentary-structure interpretation to geoarchaeological investigations in the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70000007","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of sedimentary-structure interpretation to geoarchaeological investigations in the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"We present a detailed geoarchaeological study of landscape processes that affected prehistoric formation and modern preservation of archaeological sites in three areas of the Colorado River corridor in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. The methods used in this case study can be applied to any locality containing unaltered, non-pedogenic sediments and, thus, are particularly relevant to geoarchaeology in arid regions. Resolving the interaction of fluvial, aeolian, and local runoff processes in an arid-land river corridor is important because the archaeological record in arid lands tends to be concentrated along river corridors. This study uses sedimentary structures and particle-size distributions to interpret landscape processes; these methods are commonplace in sedimentology but prove also to be valuable, though less utilized, in geoarchaeology and geomorphology. In this bedrock canyon, the proportion of fluvial sediment generally decreases with distance away from the river as aeolian, slope-wash, colluvial, and debris-flow sediments become more dominant. We describe a new facies consisting of 'flood couplets' that include a lower, fine-grained fluvial component and an upper, coarser, unit that reflects subaerial reworking at the land surface between flood events. Grain-size distributions of strata that lack original sedimentary structures are useful within this river corridor to distinguish aeolian deposits from finer-grained fluvial deposits that pre-date the influence of the upstream Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. Identification of past geomorphic settings is critical for understanding the history and preservation of archaeologically significant areas, and for determining the sensitivity of archaeological sites to dam operations. Most archaeological sites in the areas studied were formed on fluvial deposits, with aeolian deposition acting as an important preservation agent during the past millennium. Therefore, the absence of sediment-rich floods in this regulated river, which formerly deposited large fluvial sandbars from which aeolian sediment was derived, has substantially altered processes by which the prehistoric, inhabited landscape formed, and has also reduced the preservation potential of many significant cultural sites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.032","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Draut, A., Rubin, D.M., Dierker, J., Fairley, H., Griffiths, R., Hazel, J., Hunter, R.E., Kohl, K., Leap, L., Nials, F., Topping, D., and Yeatts, M., 2008, Application of sedimentary-structure interpretation to geoarchaeological investigations in the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Geomorphology, v. 101, no. 3, p. 497-509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.032.","startPage":"497","endPage":"509","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.032"},{"id":203653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draut, A.E.","contributorId":50273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, D. M.","contributorId":103689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dierker, J.L.","contributorId":86084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dierker","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fairley, H.C.","contributorId":72400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Griffiths, R.E.","contributorId":9756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hazel, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":65211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazel","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hunter, R. E.","contributorId":48148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kohl, K.","contributorId":34636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohl","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Leap, L.M.","contributorId":45438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leap","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nials, F.L.","contributorId":63514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nials","given":"F.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Topping, D.J. 0000-0002-2104-4577","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":53927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Yeatts, M.","contributorId":44656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeatts","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70000420,"text":"70000420 - 2008 - A coupled model approach to reduce nonpoint-source pollution resulting from predicted urban growth: A case study in the Ambos Nogales watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:38","indexId":"70000420","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3670,"text":"Urban Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A coupled model approach to reduce nonpoint-source pollution resulting from predicted urban growth: A case study in the Ambos Nogales watershed","docAbstract":"The development of new approaches for understanding processes of urban development and their environmental effects, as well as strategies for sustainable management, is essential in expanding metropolitan areas. This study illustrates the potential of linking urban growth and watershed models to identify problem areas and support long-term watershed planning. Sediment is a primary source of nonpoint-source pollution in surface waters. In urban areas, sediment is intermingled with other surface debris in transport. In an effort to forecast the effects of development on surface-water quality, changes predicted in urban areas by the SLEUTH urban growth model were applied in the context of erosion-sedimentation models (Universal Soil Loss Equation and Spatially Explicit Delivery Models). The models are used to simulate the effect of excluding hot-spot areas of erosion and sedimentation from future urban growth and to predict the impacts of alternative erosion-control scenarios. Ambos Nogales, meaning 'both Nogaleses,' is a name commonly used for the twin border cities of Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico. The Ambos Nogales watershed has experienced a decrease in water quality as a result of urban development in the twin-city area. Population growth rates in Ambos Nogales are high and the resources set in place to accommodate the rapid population influx will soon become overburdened. Because of its remote location and binational governance, monitoring and planning across the border is compromised. One scenario described in this research portrays an improvement in water quality through the identification of high-risk areas using models that simulate their protection from development and replanting with native grasses, while permitting the predicted and inevitable growth elsewhere. This is meant to add to the body of knowledge about forecasting the impact potential of urbanization on sediment delivery to streams for sustainable development, which can be accomplished in a virtual environment. Copyright ?? 2008 by Bellwether Publishing, Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Urban Geography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2747/0272-3638.29.5.496","issn":"02723638","usgsCitation":"Norman, L., Guertin, D., and Feller, M., 2008, A coupled model approach to reduce nonpoint-source pollution resulting from predicted urban growth: A case study in the Ambos Nogales watershed: Urban Geography, v. 29, no. 5, p. 496-516, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.29.5.496.","startPage":"496","endPage":"516","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.29.5.496"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af603","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, L.M.","contributorId":20455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guertin, D.P.","contributorId":36264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guertin","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feller, M.","contributorId":94420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000309,"text":"70000309 - 2008 - On the in situ aqueous alteration of soils on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70000309","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the in situ aqueous alteration of soils on Mars","docAbstract":"Early (>3 Gy) wetter climate conditions on Mars have been proposed, and it is thus likely that pedogenic processes have occurred there at some point in the past. Soil and rock chemistry of the Martian landing sites were evaluated to test the hypothesis that in situ aqueous alteration and downward movement of solutes have been among the processes that have transformed these portions of the Mars regolith. A geochemical mass balance shows that Martian soils at three landing sites have lost significant quantities of major rock-forming elements and have gained elements that are likely present as soluble ions. The loss of elements is interpreted to have occurred during an earlier stage(s) of weathering that may have been accompanied by the downward transport of weathering products, and the salts are interpreted to be emplaced later in a drier Mars history. Chemical differences exist among the sites, indicating regional differences in soil composition. Shallow soil profile excavations at Gusev crater are consistent with late stage downward migration of salts, implying the presence of small amounts of liquid water even in relatively recent Martian history. While the mechanisms for chemical weathering and salt additions on Mars remain unclear, the soil chemistry appears to record a decline in leaching efficiency. A deep sedimentary exposure at Endurance crater contains complex depth profiles of SO4, Cl, and Br, trends generally consistent with downward aqueous transport accompanied by drying. While no model for the origin of Martian soils can be fully constrained with the currently available data, a pedogenic origin is consistent with observed Martian geology and geochemistry, and provides a testable hypothesis that can be evaluated with present and future data from the Mars surface. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.038","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Amundson, R., Ewing, S., Dietrich, W., Sutter, B., Owen, J., Chadwick, O., Nishiizumi, K., Walvoord, M.A., and McKay, C., 2008, On the in situ aqueous alteration of soils on Mars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 15, p. 3845-3864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.038.","startPage":"3845","endPage":"3864","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.038"}],"volume":"72","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ewing, S.","contributorId":51000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dietrich, W.","contributorId":39104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietrich","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutter, B.","contributorId":46663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutter","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owen, J.","contributorId":10134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chadwick, O.","contributorId":8595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nishiizumi, K.","contributorId":55945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishiizumi","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":345395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McKay, C.","contributorId":82827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70000311,"text":"70000311 - 2008 - Distinguishing solid bitumens formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction and thermal chemical alteration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000311","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing solid bitumens formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction and thermal chemical alteration","docAbstract":"Insoluble solid bitumens are organic residues that can form by the thermal chemical alteration (TCA) or thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) of migrated petroleum. TCA may actually encompass several low temperature processes, such as biodegradation and asphaltene precipitation, followed by thermal alteration. TSR is an abiotic redox reaction where petroleum is oxidized by sulfate. It is difficult to distinguish solid bitumens associated with TCA of petroleum from those associated with TSR when both processes occur at relatively high temperature. The focus of the present work was to characterize solid bitumen samples associated with TCA or TSR using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS is a surface analysis conducted on either isolated or in situ (>25 ??m diameter) solid bitumen that can provide the relative abundance and chemical speciation of carbon, organic and inorganic heteroatoms (NSO). In this study, naturally occurring solid bitumens from three locations, Nisku Fm. Brazeau River area (TSR-related), LaBarge Field Madison Fm. (TSR-related), and the Alaskan Brooks range (TCA-related), are compared to organic solids generated during laboratory simulation of the TSR and TCA processes. The abundance and chemical nature of organic nitrogen and sulfur in solid bitumens can be understood in terms of the nature of (1) petroleum precursor molecules, (2) the concentration of nitrogen by way of thermal stress and (3) the mode of sulfur incorporation. TCA solid bitumens originate from polar materials that are initially rich in sulfur and nitrogen. Aromaticity and nitrogen increase as thermal stress cleaves aliphatic moieties and condensation reactions take place. Organic sulfur in TCA organic solids remains fairly constant with increasing maturation (<3.4 sulfurs per 100 carbons) due to offsetting preservation and H2S elimination reactions. In contrast, TSR solid bitumens are sulfur rich and nitrogen poor solids. These heteroatom distributions are attributed to the ability of TSR to incorporate copious amounts of inorganic sulfur (>3.5 to ???17 sulfur per 100 carbons) into aromatic structures and to the low levels of nitrogen in their hydrocarbon precursors. Hence, XPS results provide organic chemical composition information that helps to distinguish whether solid bitumen, either in situ or removed and concentrated from the rock matrix, was formed via the TCA or TRS process. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.04.007","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Kelemen, S., Walters, C., Kwiatek, P., Afeworki, M., Sansone, M., Freund, H., Pottorf, R., Machel, H., Zhang, T., Ellis, G., Tang, Y., and Peters, K.E., 2008, Distinguishing solid bitumens formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction and thermal chemical alteration: Organic Geochemistry, v. 39, no. 8, p. 1137-1143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.04.007.","startPage":"1137","endPage":"1143","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18782,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.04.007"}],"volume":"39","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a1cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelemen, S.R.","contributorId":47066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelemen","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, C.C.","contributorId":102613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwiatek, P.J.","contributorId":76866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwiatek","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Afeworki, M.","contributorId":10528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afeworki","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sansone, M.","contributorId":90442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sansone","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Freund, H.","contributorId":26412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freund","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pottorf, R.J.","contributorId":51430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pottorf","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Machel, H.G.","contributorId":6174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machel","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zhang, T.","contributorId":61536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ellis, G.S. 0000-0003-4519-3320","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":91064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"G.S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":345407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tang, Y.","contributorId":104199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Peters, K. E.","contributorId":17295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70000318,"text":"70000318 - 2008 - Modeling distribution of dispersal distances in male white-tailed deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000318","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling distribution of dispersal distances in male white-tailed deer","docAbstract":"Dispersal distances and their distribution pattern are important to understanding such phenomena as disease spread and gene flow, but oftentimes dispersal characteristics are modeled as a fixed trait for a given species. We found that dispersal distributions differ for spring and autumn dispersals of yearling male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) but that combined data can be adequately modeled based on a log-normal distribution. We modeled distribution of dispersal distances from 3 distinct populations in Pennsylvania and Maryland, USA, based on the relationship between percent forest cover and mean dispersal distance and the relationship between mean and variance of dispersal distances. Our results suggest distributions of distances for dispersing yearling male white-tailed deer can be modeled by simply measuring a readily obtained landscape metric, percent forest cover, which could be used to create generalized spatially explicit disease or gene.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2007-436","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Diefenbach, D., Long, E., Rosenberry, C., Wallingford, B., and Smith, D., 2008, Modeling distribution of dispersal distances in male white-tailed deer: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 6, p. 1296-1303, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-436.","startPage":"1296","endPage":"1303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18787,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-436"}],"volume":"72","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diefenbach, Duane R. 0000-0001-5111-1147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-1147","contributorId":106592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Duane R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, E.S.","contributorId":85305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, C.S.","contributorId":22884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallingford, B.D.","contributorId":62726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallingford","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":345430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70000334,"text":"70000334 - 2008 - Trends in snowpack chemistry and comparison to National Atmospheric Deposition Program results for the Rocky Mountains, US, 1993-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:28:31","indexId":"70000334","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in snowpack chemistry and comparison to National Atmospheric Deposition Program results for the Rocky Mountains, US, 1993-2004","docAbstract":"Seasonal snowpack chemistry data from the Rocky Mountain region of the US was examined to identify long-term trends in concentration and chemical deposition in snow and in snow-water equivalent. For the period 1993-2004, comparisons of trends were made between 54 Rocky Mountain Snowpack sites and 16 National Atmospheric Deposition Program wetfall sites located nearby in the region. The region was divided into three subregions: Northern, Central, and Southern. A non-parametric correlation method known as the Regional Kendall Test was used. This technique collectively computed the slope, direction, and probability of trend for several sites at once in each of the Northern, Central, and Southern Rockies subregions. Seasonal Kendall tests were used to evaluate trends at individual sites. Significant trends occurred during the period in wetfall and snowpack concentrations and deposition, and in precipitation. For the comparison, trends in concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate for the two networks were in fair agreement. In several cases, increases in ammonium and nitrate concentrations, and decreases in sulfate concentrations for both wetfall and snowpack were consistent in the three subregions. However, deposition patterns between wetfall and snowpack more often were opposite, particularly for ammonium and nitrate. Decreases in ammonium and nitrate deposition in wetfall in the central and southern rockies subregions mostly were moderately significant (p<0.11) in constrast to highly significant increases in snowpack (p<0.02). These opposite trends likely are explained by different rates of declining precipitation during the recent drought (1999-2004) and increasing concentration. Furthermore, dry deposition was an important factor in total deposition of nitrogen in the region. Sulfate deposition decreased with moderate to high significance in all three subregions in both wetfall and snowpack. Precipitation trends consistently were downward and significant for wetfall, snowpack, and snow-telemetry data for the central and southern rockies subregions (p<0.03), while no trends were noted for the Northern Rockies subregion.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.030","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, G., Mast, M., Campbell, K., Clow, D.W., Nanus, L., and Turk, J., 2008, Trends in snowpack chemistry and comparison to National Atmospheric Deposition Program results for the Rocky Mountains, US, 1993-2004: Atmospheric Environment, v. 42, no. 24, p. 6098-6113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.030.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"6098","endPage":"6113","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18799,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.030"}],"volume":"42","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, G.P.","contributorId":36923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M.A.","contributorId":67871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":345471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nanus, L.","contributorId":83239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanus","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70000380,"text":"70000380 - 2008 - Ordovician sponges from west-central and east-central Alaska and western Yukon Territory, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000380","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1104,"text":"Bulletin of Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ordovician sponges from west-central and east-central Alaska and western Yukon Territory, Canada","docAbstract":"Moderate collections of fossil sponges have been recovered over a several-year period from a few scattered localities in west-central and east-central Alaska, and from westernmost Yukon Territory of Canada. Two fragments of the demosponge agelasiid cliefdenellid, Cliefdenella alaskaensis Stock, 1981, and mostly small unidentifiable additional fragments were recovered from a limestone debris flow bed in the White Mountain area, McGrath A-4 Quadrangle in west-central Alaska. Fragments of the agelasiid actinomorph girtyocoeliids Girtyocoeliana epiporata (Rigby & Potter, 1986) and Girtyocoelia minima n. sp., plus a specimen of the vaceletid colospongiid Corymbospongia amplia Rigby, Karl, Blodgett & Baichtal, 2005, were collected from probable Ashgillian age beds in the Livengood B-5 Quadrangle in east-central Alaska. A more extensive suite of corymbospongiids, including Corymbospongia betella Rigby, Potter & Blodgett, 1988, C. mica Rigby & Potter, 1986, and C.(?) perforata Rigby & Potter, 1986, along with the vaceletiid colospongiids Pseudo-imperatoria minima? (Rigby & Potter, 1986), and Pseudoimperatoria media (Rigby & Potter, 1986), and with the heteractinid Nucha naucum? Pickett & Jell, 1983, were recovered from uppermost part of the Jones Ridge Limestone (Ashgillian), on the south flank of Jones Ridge, in the Sheep Mountain Quadrangle, in westernmost Yukon Territory, Canada. The fossil sponges from the McGrath A-4 and Livengood B-5 quadrangles were recovered from attached Siberian terranes, and those from the Sheep Mountain Quadrangle were recovered from an allochthonous Laurentian terrane in the Yukon Territory.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.2008.02.153","issn":"12141119","usgsCitation":"Rigby, J., Blodgett, R.B., and Britt, B., 2008, Ordovician sponges from west-central and east-central Alaska and western Yukon Territory, Canada: Bulletin of Geosciences, v. 83, no. 2, p. 153-168, https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2008.02.153.","startPage":"153","endPage":"168","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476505,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2008.02.153","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":18822,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2008.02.153"},{"id":203714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6912ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rigby, J.K.","contributorId":40332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rigby","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blodgett, R. B.","contributorId":25176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britt, B.B.","contributorId":45440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000394,"text":"70000394 - 2008 - A bioenergetic model for zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000394","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A bioenergetic model for zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton)","docAbstract":"A bioenergetics model was developed from observed consumption, respiration and growth rates for zebrafish Danio rerio across a range (18-32?? C) of water temperatures, and evaluated with a 50 day laboratory trial at 28?? C. No significant bias in variable estimates was found during the validation trial; namely, predicted zebrafish mass generally agreed with observed mass. ?? 2008 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01900.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Chizinski, C., Sharma, B., Pope, K., and Patino, R., 2008, A bioenergetic model for zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton): Journal of Fish Biology, v. 73, no. 1, p. 35-43, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01900.x.","startPage":"35","endPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18826,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01900.x"},{"id":203318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1211","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chizinski, C.J.","contributorId":50635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chizinski","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharma, Bibek","contributorId":100106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharma","given":"Bibek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pope, K.L.","contributorId":20454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patino, R.","contributorId":39915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000395,"text":"70000395 - 2008 - Nearshore habitat and fish community associations of coaster brook trout in Isle Royale, Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000395","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearshore habitat and fish community associations of coaster brook trout in Isle Royale, Lake Superior","docAbstract":"We characterized the nearshore habitat and fish community composition of approximately 300 km of shoreline within and adjacent to the major embayments of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Sampling yielded 17 species, of which 12 were widespread and represented a common element of the Lake Superior fish community, including cisco Coregonus artedi, lake whitefish C. clupeaformis, round whitefish Prosopium cylindraceum, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, lake chub Couesius plumbeus, longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus, white sucker C. commersonii, trout-perch Percopsis omiscomaycus, ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius, burbot Lota lota, and slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus. The presence of brook trout S. fontinalis in an embayment was associated with the common species of the Isle Royale nearshore fish community, particularly cisco, longnose sucker, and round whitefish. However, brook trout were present in only five embayments and were common only in Tobin Harbor. Most Isle Royale embayments had broadly overlapping ranges of nearshore habitats. Within embayments, fish were distributed along a habitat gradient from less-protected rocky habitat near the mouth to highly protected habitat with mixed and finer substrates at the head. Embayments with brook trout had greater mean protection from the open lake, greater variation in depth, greater mean cover, and higher mean frequencies of large substrates (cobble, boulder, and bedrock). Within those embayments, brook trout were associated with habitat patches with higher mean frequencies of small substrates (particularly sand and coarse gravel). Within Tobin Harbor, brook trout were associated with midembayment habitat and species assemblages, especially those locations with a mixture of sand, gravel, and cobble substrates, an absence of bedrock, and the presence of round whitefish, white sucker, and trout-perch. Comparison of embayments with the model, Tobin Harbor, showed that six embayments without brook trout had very similar arrays of habitat. However, four embayments with brook trout had relatively different arrays of habitat from Tobin Harbor. These results suggest that there is potential for further recovery of brook trout populations across Isle Royale nearshore habitats. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T05-287.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Gorman, O.T., Moore, S., Carlson, A., and Quinlan, H., 2008, Nearshore habitat and fish community associations of coaster brook trout in Isle Royale, Lake Superior: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 137, no. 4, p. 1252-1267, https://doi.org/10.1577/T05-287.1.","startPage":"1252","endPage":"1267","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18827,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T05-287.1"},{"id":203442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorman, O. T.","contributorId":104605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, S.A.","contributorId":103397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, A.J.","contributorId":87664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quinlan, H.R.","contributorId":88465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinlan","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000398,"text":"70000398 - 2008 - Classification tree models for predicting distributions of michigan stream fish from landscape variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000398","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification tree models for predicting distributions of michigan stream fish from landscape variables","docAbstract":"Traditionally, fish habitat requirements have been described from local-scale environmental variables. However, recent studies have shown that studying landscape-scale processes improves our understanding of what drives species assemblages and distribution patterns across the landscape. Our goal was to learn more about constraints on the distribution of Michigan stream fish by examining landscape-scale habitat variables. We used classification trees and landscape-scale habitat variables to create and validate presence-absence models and relative abundance models for Michigan stream fishes. We developed 93 presence-absence models that on average were 72% correct in making predictions for an independent data set, and we developed 46 relative abundance models that were 76% correct in making predictions for independent data. The models were used to create statewide predictive distribution and abundance maps that have the potential to be used for a variety of conservation and scientific purposes. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T07-119.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Steen, P., Zorn, T., Seelbach, P., and Schaeffer, J., 2008, Classification tree models for predicting distributions of michigan stream fish from landscape variables: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 137, no. 4, p. 976-996, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-119.1.","startPage":"976","endPage":"996","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476503,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/141481","text":"External Repository"},{"id":203363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18830,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T07-119.1"}],"volume":"137","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steen, P.J.","contributorId":65590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zorn, T.G.","contributorId":11316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zorn","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seelbach, P.W.","contributorId":69277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelbach","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaeffer, J.S.","contributorId":42688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000405,"text":"70000405 - 2008 - Modeling axisymmetric flow and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000405","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling axisymmetric flow and transport","docAbstract":"Unmodified versions of common computer programs such as MODFLOW, MT3DMS, and SEAWAT that use Cartesian geometry can accurately simulate axially symmetric ground water flow and solute transport. Axisymmetric flow and transport are simulated by adjusting several input parameters to account for the increase in flow area with radial distance from the injection or extraction well. Logarithmic weighting of interblock transmissivity, a standard option in MODFLOW, can be used for axisymmetric models to represent the linear change in hydraulic conductance within a single finite-difference cell. Results from three test problems (ground water extraction, an aquifer push-pull test, and upconing of saline water into an extraction well) show good agreement with analytical solutions or with results from other numerical models designed specifically to simulate the axisymmetric geometry. Axisymmetric models are not commonly used but can offer an efficient alternative to full three-dimensional models, provided the assumption of axial symmetry can be justified. For the upconing problem, the axisymmetric model was more than 1000 times faster than an equivalent three-dimensional model. Computational gains with the axisymmetric models may be useful for quickly determining appropriate levels of grid resolution for three-dimensional models and for estimating aquifer parameters from field tests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00445.x","issn":"17456584","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C., 2008, Modeling axisymmetric flow and transport: Ground Water, v. 46, no. 4, p. 579-590, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00445.x.","startPage":"579","endPage":"590","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18836,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00445.x"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000407,"text":"70000407 - 2008 - Genetic characterization of Kenai brown bears (Ursus arctos): Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA control region variation in brown bears of the Kenai Peninsula, south central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T19:24:33","indexId":"70000407","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic characterization of Kenai brown bears (Ursus arctos): Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA control region variation in brown bears of the Kenai Peninsula, south central Alaska","docAbstract":"We collected data from 20 biparentally inherited microsatellite loci, and nucleotide sequence from the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, to determine levels of genetic variation of the brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) of the Kenai Peninsula, south central Alaska. Nuclear genetic variation was similar to that observed in other Alaskan peninsular populations. We detected no significant inbreeding and found no evidence of population substructuring on the Kenai Peninsula. We observed a genetic signature of a bottleneck under the infinite alleles model (IAM), but not under the stepwise mutation model (SMM) or the two-phase model (TPM) of microsatellite mutation. Kenai brown bears have lower levels of mtDNA haplotypic diversity relative to most other brown bear populations in Alaska. ?? 2008 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/Z08-043","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Jackson, J., Talbot, S.L., and Farley, S., 2008, Genetic characterization of Kenai brown bears (Ursus arctos): Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA control region variation in brown bears of the Kenai Peninsula, south central Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 86, no. 7, p. 756-764, https://doi.org/10.1139/Z08-043.","startPage":"756","endPage":"764","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18838,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/Z08-043"}],"volume":"86","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, J.V.","contributorId":74115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":345665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farley, S.","contributorId":73321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000416,"text":"70000416 - 2008 - Inferences about ungulate population dynamics derived from age ratios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000416","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inferences about ungulate population dynamics derived from age ratios","docAbstract":"Age ratios (e.g., calf:cow for elk and fawn:doe for deer) are used regularly to monitor ungulate populations. However, it remains unclear what inferences are appropriate from this index because multiple vital rate changes can influence the observed ratio. We used modeling based on elk (Cervus elaphus) life-history to evaluate both how age ratios are influenced by stage-specific fecundity and survival and how well age ratios track population dynamics. Although all vital rates have the potential to influence calf:adult female ratios (i.e., calf:xow ratios), calf survival explained the vast majority of variation in calf:adult female ratios due to its temporal variation compared to other vital rates. Calf:adult female ratios were positively correlated with population growth rate (??) and often successfully indicated population trajectories. However, calf:adult female ratios performed poorly at detecting imposed declines in calf survival, suggesting that only the most severe declines would be rapidly detected. Our analyses clarify that managers can use accurate, unbiased age ratios to monitor arguably the most important components contributing to sustainable ungulate populations, survival rate of young and ??. However, age ratios are not useful for detecting gradual declines in survival of young or making inferences about fecundity or adult survival in ungulate populations. Therefore, age ratios coupled with independent estimates of population growth or population size are necessary to monitor ungulate population demography and dynamics closely through time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2007-277","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Harris, N., Kauffman, M.J., and Mills, L.S., 2008, Inferences about ungulate population dynamics derived from age ratios: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 5, p. 1143-1151, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-277.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1151","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18845,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-277"}],"volume":"72","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, N.C.","contributorId":76865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauffman, M. J.","contributorId":44262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, L. S.","contributorId":100318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000419,"text":"70000419 - 2008 - Annual variation in habitat-specific recruitment success: Implications from an individual-based model of Lake Michigan alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000419","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual variation in habitat-specific recruitment success: Implications from an individual-based model of Lake Michigan alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)","docAbstract":"The identification of important spawning and nursery habitats for fish stocks can aid fisheries management, but is complicated by various factors, including annual variation in recruitment success. The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an ecologically important species in Lake Michigan that utilizes a variety of habitats for spawning and early life growth. While productive, warm tributary mouths (connected to Lake Michigan) may contribute disproportionately more recruits (relative to their habitat volume) to the adult alewife population than cooler, less productive nearshore habitats, the extent of interannual variation in the relative contributions of recruits from these two habitat types remains unknown. We used an individual-based bioenergetics simulation model and input data on daily temperatures to estimate alewife recruitment to the adult population by these different habitat types. Simulations suggest that nearshore lake habitats typically produce the vast majority of young alewife recruits. However, tributary habitats may contribute the majority of alewife recruits during years of low recruitment. We suggest that high interannual variation in the relative importance of habitats for recruitment is a common phenomenon, which should be considered when developing habitat management plans for fish populations. ?? 2008 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F08-066","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Hook, T., Rutherford, E., Croley, T., Mason, D., and Madenjian, C., 2008, Annual variation in habitat-specific recruitment success: Implications from an individual-based model of Lake Michigan alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 65, no. 7, p. 1402-1412, https://doi.org/10.1139/F08-066.","startPage":"1402","endPage":"1412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18847,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F08-066"}],"volume":"65","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b7c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hook, T.O.","contributorId":84485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"T.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rutherford, E.S.","contributorId":74860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Croley, T.E. II","contributorId":58381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croley","given":"T.E.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mason, D.M.","contributorId":48292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Madenjian, C.P.","contributorId":64175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"C.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70000423,"text":"70000423 - 2008 - Modeling the effects of wave skewness and beach cusps on littoral sand transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70000423","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of wave skewness and beach cusps on littoral sand transport","docAbstract":"A process-based numerical modeling system is utilized for predicting littoral sand transport. The intent is to examine conditions slightly more complex than linear waves impinging upon a plane beach. Two factors that we examine are wave skewness and longshore varying bathymetry. An empirical model is used for calculating the skewed bottom wave orbital velocity. The advection of sediment due to the skewed wave velocity is larger and in the direction of the waves, opposite to the results with sinusoidal wave velocities, due to the increase in the bottom shear stress under the wave crests. The model system is also applied to bathymetry containing beach cusps. When the wave field has relatively weak longshore wave power, the currents and the littoral transport exhibit significant longshore variability, thereby altering the overall mean littoral transport.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/06-0759.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Haas, K., Check, L., and Hanes, D., 2008, Modeling the effects of wave skewness and beach cusps on littoral sand transport: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 24, no. 4 SUPPL., p. 141-149, https://doi.org/10.2112/06-0759.1.","startPage":"141","endPage":"149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18851,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/06-0759.1"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699774","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haas, K.A.","contributorId":84055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Check, L.A.","contributorId":95991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Check","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanes, D.M.","contributorId":22479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000433,"text":"70000433 - 2008 - Importance of unsaturated zone flow for simulating recharge in a humid climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:18:25","indexId":"70000433","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of unsaturated zone flow for simulating recharge in a humid climate","docAbstract":"Transient recharge to the water table is often not well understood or quantified. Two approaches for simulating transient recharge in a ground water flow model were investigated using the Trout Lake watershed in north-central Wisconsin: (1) a traditional approach of adding recharge directly to the water table and (2) routing the same volume of water through an unsaturated zone column to the water table. Areas with thin (less than 1 m) unsaturated zones showed little difference in timing of recharge between the two approaches; when water was routed through the unsaturated zone, however, less recharge was delivered to the water table and more discharge occurred to the surface because recharge direction and magnitude changed when the water table rose to the land surface. Areas with a thick (15 to 26 m) unsaturated zone were characterized by multimonth lags between infiltration and recharge, and, in some cases, wetting fronts from precipitation events during the fall overtook and mixed with infiltration from the previous spring snowmelt. Thus, in thicker unsaturated zones, the volume of water infiltrated was properly simulated using the traditional approach, but the timing was different from simulations that included unsaturated zone flow. Routing of rejected recharge and ground water discharge at land surface to surface water features also provided a better simulation of the observed flow regime in a stream at the basin outlet. These results demonstrate that consideration of flow through the unsaturated zone may be important when simulating transient ground water flow in humid climates with shallow water tables.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00427.x","issn":"17456584","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Prudic, D.E., Walker, J., and Anderson, M.P., 2008, Importance of unsaturated zone flow for simulating recharge in a humid climate: Ground Water, v. 46, no. 4, p. 551-560, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00427.x.","startPage":"551","endPage":"560","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476502,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00427.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":18853,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00427.x"},{"id":203430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64870e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":345715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, J.F.","contributorId":86743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000438,"text":"70000438 - 2008 - Changes in the soil C cycle at the arid-hyperarid transition in the Atacama Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000438","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in the soil C cycle at the arid-hyperarid transition in the Atacama Desert","docAbstract":"We examined soil organic C (OC) turnover and transport across the rainfall transition from a biotic, arid site to a largely abiotic, hyperarid site. With this transition, OC concentrations decrease, and C cycling slows precipitously, both in surface horizons and below ground. The concentration and isotopic character of soil OC across this transition reflect decreasing rates of inputs, decomposition, and downward transport. OC concentrations in the arid soil increase slightly with depth in the upper meter, but are generally low and variable (???0.05%; total inventory of 1.82 kg m-2); OC-??14C values decrease from modern (+7???) to very 14C-depleted (-966???) with depth; and OC-??13C values are variable (-23.7??? to -14.1???). Using a transport model, we show that these trends reflect relatively rapid cycling in the upper few centimeters, and spatially variable preservation of belowground OC from root inputs, possibly during a previous, wetter climate supporting higher soil OC concentrations. In the driest soil, the OC inventory is the lowest among the sites (0.19 kg m-2), and radiocarbon values are 14C-depleted (-365??? to -696???) but show no trend with depth, indicating belowground OC inputs and long OC residence times throughout the upper meter (104 y). A distinct depth trend in ??13C values and OC/ON values within the upper 40 cm at the driest site may reflect photochemical alteration of organic matter at the soil surface, combined with limited subsurface decomposition and downward transport. We argue that while root inputs are preserved at the wetter sites, C cycling in the most hyperarid soil occurs through infrequent, rapid dissolved transport of highly photodegraded organic matter during rare rain events, each followed by a pulse of decomposition and subsequent prolonged drought. These belowground inputs are likely a primary control on the character, activity, and depth distribution of small microbial populations. While the lack of water is the dominant control on C cycling, very low C/N ratios of organic matter suggest that when rainfall occurs, hyperarid soils are effectively C limited. The preservation of fossil root fragments in the sediment beneath the driest soil indicates that wetter climate conditions preceded formation of this soil, and that vadose zone microbial activity has been extremely limited for the past 2 My. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JG000495","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ewing, S., Macalady, J.L., Warren-Rhodes, K., McKay, C., and Amundson, R., 2008, Changes in the soil C cycle at the arid-hyperarid transition in the Atacama Desert: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 113, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000495.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476601,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000495","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18858,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000495"}],"volume":"113","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6992","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewing, S.A.","contributorId":103400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macalady, J. L.","contributorId":95600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macalady","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren-Rhodes, K.","contributorId":70097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren-Rhodes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKay, C.P.","contributorId":41122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70000468,"text":"70000468 - 2008 - Reactive flow models of the Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Red Dog district, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000468","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:22","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive flow models of the Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Red Dog district, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Red Dog ore deposit district in the Brooks Range of northern Alaska is host to several high-grade, shale-hosted Zn + Pb deposits. Due to the complex history and deformation of these ore deposits, the geological and hydrological conditions at the time of formation are poorly understood. Using geological observations and fluid inclusion data as constraints, numerical heat and fluid flow simulations of the Anarraaq ore deposit environment and coupled reactive flow simulations of a section of the ore body were conducted to gain more insight into the conditions of ore body formation. Results suggest that the ore body and associated base metal zonation may have formed by the mixing of oxidized, saline, metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids (<200??C) with reducing, HS-rich pore fluids within radiolarite-rich host rocks. Sphalerite and galena concentrations and base metal sulfide distribution are primarily controlled by the nature of the pore fluids, i.e., the extent and duration of the HS- source. Forward modeling results also predict the distribution of pyrite and quartz in agreement with field observations and indicate a reaction front moving from the initial mixing interface into the radiolarite rocks. Heuristic mass calculations suggest that ore grades and base metal accumulation comparable to those found in the field (18% Zn, 5% Pb) are predicted to be reached after about 0.3 My for initial conditions (30 ppm Zn, 3 ppm Pb; 20% deposition efficiency). ?? Springer-Verlag 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-008-0193-3","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Schardt, C., Garven, G., Kelley, K., and Leach, D.L., 2008, Reactive flow models of the Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Red Dog district, Alaska: Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, no. 7, p. 735-757, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0193-3.","startPage":"735","endPage":"757","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18885,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0193-3"},{"id":203464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68438c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schardt, C.","contributorId":61935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schardt","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garven, G.","contributorId":34632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garven","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000320,"text":"70000320 - 2008 - Data-resolution matrix and model-resolution matrix for Rayleigh-wave inversion using a damped least-squares method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000320","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:22","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data-resolution matrix and model-resolution matrix for Rayleigh-wave inversion using a damped least-squares method","docAbstract":"Inversion of multimode surface-wave data is of increasing interest in the near-surface geophysics community. For a given near-surface geophysical problem, it is essential to understand how well the data, calculated according to a layered-earth model, might match the observed data. A data-resolution matrix is a function of the data kernel (determined by a geophysical model and a priori information applied to the problem), not the data. A data-resolution matrix of high-frequency (>2 Hz) Rayleigh-wave phase velocities, therefore, offers a quantitative tool for designing field surveys and predicting the match between calculated and observed data. We employed a data-resolution matrix to select data that would be well predicted and we find that there are advantages of incorporating higher modes in inversion. The resulting discussion using the data-resolution matrix provides insight into the process of inverting Rayleigh-wave phase velocities with higher-mode data to estimate S-wave velocity structure. Discussion also suggested that each near-surface geophysical target can only be resolved using Rayleigh-wave phase velocities within specific frequency ranges, and higher-mode data are normally more accurately predicted than fundamental-mode data because of restrictions on the data kernel for the inversion system. We used synthetic and real-world examples to demonstrate that selected data with the data-resolution matrix can provide better inversion results and to explain with the data-resolution matrix why incorporating higher-mode data in inversion can provide better results. We also calculated model-resolution matrices in these examples to show the potential of increasing model resolution with selected surface-wave data. ?? Birkhaueser 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00024-008-0364-2","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Xia, J., Miller, R., and Xu, Y., 2008, Data-resolution matrix and model-resolution matrix for Rayleigh-wave inversion using a damped least-squares method: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 165, no. 7, p. 1227-1248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-008-0364-2.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18788,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-008-0364-2"},{"id":203632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679cde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}