In a search for more effective disinfectants to combat parasitic diseases of hatchery fish, the authors report results from a series of experiments designed to determine the toxicity of varying exposures to concentrations of formalin, sodium p‐phenolsulphonate, ammonium sulphate, and sodium benzoate. Non‐toxic concentrations of these disinfectants were tested, in addition to the usual hatchery methods of salt treatment and hand dipping in copper sulphate and acetic acid solutions, on No. 1 brook trout fingerlings which had been experimentally infected with the protozoan parasite Trichodina sp. (previously known as Cyclochaeta sp.).
Of the disinfectants tested, only formalin completely removed all parasites. Salt treatment in a 5 per cent solution, by weight, as well as hand dipping in 1:500 acetic acid, failed to eradicate all parasites present, although a marked reduction in their numbers did occur. The hand dipping in a 1:2,000 copper sulphate solution was found to be without practical value for the removal of parasites.
The authors recommend a prolonged treatment for sixty minutes by recirculating a 1:4,000 solution of formalin, or, where circumstances permit, a 120‐ to 150‐minute exposure to a 1:6,000 concentration of formalin, as the most effective, most economical, and least toxic treatments for combating infections of Trichodina sp., and presumably those of other external parasites as well, among hatchery fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[94:EUTCOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., and Burrows, R.E., 1940, Experiments upon the control of Trichodiniasis of salmonid fishes by the prolonged recirculation of formalin solutions: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 69, no. 1, p. 94-100, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[94:EUTCOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312646,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bbe4b0da412f4fb51c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, Frederic F.","contributorId":256930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burrows, Roger E.","contributorId":73659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burrows","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243782,"text":"70243782 - 1940 - The northern copperhead in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-19T14:34:17.651232","indexId":"70243782","displayToPublicDate":"1940-10-01T09:28:39","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":14431,"text":"Iowa State College Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The northern copperhead in Iowa","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Iowa State College","usgsCitation":"Bailey, R.M., 1940, The northern copperhead in Iowa: Iowa State College Journal of Science, v. 15, no. 1, p. 1-2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":417241,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/49737"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Reeve M.","contributorId":85536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Reeve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006909,"text":"70006909 - 1939 - Simplified methods for the prolonged treatment of fish diseases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T09:09:27","indexId":"70006909","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T16:15:24","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simplified methods for the prolonged treatment of fish diseases","docAbstract":"The prevention or control of epidemics of fish diseases by applying a disinfecting solution in a uniform concentration directly to the water supply of a fish pond or trough for a definite period of time has been exceedingly slow in development. In so far as can be determined, the original idea should be credited to. Marsh and Robinson (1910). In their work on the control of algae in fish ponds by the continuous application of dilute copper sulphate solution, administered to the inflowing water supply by means of a floating syphon, they suggested this method as a possibility in the treatment of fish diseases. Following their work, this commendable idea seems to have remained quite dormant and apparently forgotten until Hess (1930) revived it twenty or more years later. This worker found that a prolonged immersion in a dilute disinfecting bath was more efficacious in remowng fluke parasites from goldfish than was the customary short \"hand dip\" method. Kingsbury and Embody (1932) later adapted the idea of a prolonged treatment to running water by the use of a float valve for maintaining a constant level in a reservoir, resulting in a constant flow to the pond or trough to be treated. Shortly thereafter, Fish (1933) modified the floating syphon of Marsh and Robinson, as it was a simpler apparatus than that of Kingsbury and Embody.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[178:SMFTPT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1939, Simplified methods for the prolonged treatment of fish diseases: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 68, no. 1, p. 178-187, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[178:SMFTPT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258327,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[178:SMFTPT]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f77e4b08c986b318f4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207439,"text":"70207439 - 1938 - Sulphate minerals of the Comstock Lode, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T11:35:37","indexId":"70207439","displayToPublicDate":"1938-11-01T11:30:27","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulphate minerals of the Comstock Lode, Nevada","docAbstract":"Seventeen representative samples of supergene sulphates from old workings on the Comstock Lode are described. They range from simple minerals such as gypsum and epsomite to complex aggregates of four or more distinct species. All are well known species except a mineral of the copper (chalcanthite) or magnesium sulphate pentahydrate group, with about half the magnesium replaced by copper, zinc, ferrous iron, and manganese. Four new analyses of Comstock Lode mine waters are given. © 1938 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.33.7.749","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Milton, C., and Johnston, W.D., 1938, Sulphate minerals of the Comstock Lode, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 33, no. 7, p. 749-771, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.33.7.749.","productDescription":"23 p. 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Recent mineral developments in the Copper River region","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b880B","usgsCitation":"Moffit, F.H., 1937, Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1935. Recent mineral developments in the Copper River region: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 880, 97-109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b880B.","productDescription":"97-109 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0880b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":135153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0880b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b5c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffit, F. 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Upper Copper and Tanana Rivers, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":35876,"text":"b868 - 1937 - Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1934","indexId":"b868","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1934"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":35876,"text":"b868 - 1937 - Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1934","indexId":"b868","publicationYear":"1937","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: report on progress of investigations in 1934"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T15:00:12","indexId":"b868C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"868","chapter":"C","title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1934. Upper Copper and Tanana Rivers, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b868C","usgsCitation":"Moffit, F.H., 1936, Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1934. Upper Copper and Tanana Rivers, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 868, 135-143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b868C.","productDescription":"135-143 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0868c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":93946,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0868c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b613","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffit, F. H.","contributorId":19523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffit","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70212789,"text":"70212789 - 1936 - Hydrothermal leaching in the Virginia mining district, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-27T20:01:05.226531","indexId":"70212789","displayToPublicDate":"1936-08-27T14:55:53","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal leaching in the Virginia mining district, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The tourmaline-copper deposits of the Virginia mining district, New Mexico, lie along veins that were plugged and reopened repeatedly during the process of mineral deposition. At some time between the second and third stages of deposition the solutions removed calcite, sericite, and chlorite from interstitial and included fragments of altered wall-rock in the veins and thereby produced honeycombed box-works of first- and second-stage minerals, chiefly specularite, quartz, and chalcopyrite, on the walls of which minerals of later stages were deposited. It is suggested that the leaching solutions may have been acid and that the leaching was done by the fresh solutions of the third stage before their acidity was neutralized through reactions along their channelways. A mechanism is suggested to account for their presence at places previously traversed by alkaline or neutral solutions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.31.2.156","usgsCitation":"Lasky, S.G., 1936, Hydrothermal leaching in the Virginia mining district, New Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 156-169, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.31.2.156.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"169","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Virginia Mining District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.984375,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -108.577880859375,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -108.577880859375,\n 32.30106302536928\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 32.30106302536928\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 31.840232667909365\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1936-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lasky, Samuel Grossman","contributorId":35380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasky","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Grossman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70212848,"text":"70212848 - 1936 - Copper deposits of the southern Appalachian region; discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-31T15:59:29.297363","indexId":"70212848","displayToPublicDate":"1936-06-01T10:51:56","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper deposits of the southern Appalachian region; discussion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.31.4.428","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.S., 1936, Copper deposits of the southern Appalachian region; discussion: Economic Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 428-432, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.31.4.428.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"428","endPage":"432","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.211669921875,\n 38.453588708941375\n ],\n [\n -80.936279296875,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 36.09349937380574\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -83.924560546875,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -82.342529296875,\n 34.93097858831627\n ],\n [\n -80.277099609375,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -78.211669921875,\n 38.453588708941375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1936-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Clarence Samuel","contributorId":28647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"Samuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39328,"text":"pp179 - 1935 - Origin of the copper deposits of the Ducktown type in the southern Appalachian region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-31T15:59:11.987116","indexId":"pp179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1935","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"179","title":"Origin of the copper deposits of the Ducktown type in the southern Appalachian region","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp179","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.S., 1935, Origin of the copper deposits of the Ducktown type in the southern Appalachian region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 179, 165 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp179.","productDescription":"165 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0179/report.pdf","size":"52448","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.211669921875,\n 38.453588708941375\n ],\n [\n -80.936279296875,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 36.09349937380574\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -83.924560546875,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -82.342529296875,\n 34.93097858831627\n ],\n [\n -80.277099609375,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -78.211669921875,\n 38.453588708941375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a67b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. S.","contributorId":18337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35653,"text":"b854 - 1934 - Geology and ore deposits of the Casto quadrangle, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T15:24:32","indexId":"b854","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"854","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Casto quadrangle, Idaho","docAbstract":"The study of the Casto quadrangle was undertaken as the first item in a project to obtain more thorough knowledge of the general geology of southcentral Idaho on which to base study of the ore deposits of t he region. The quadrangle conta ins fragmentary exposures of Algonkian and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, extensive deposits of old volcanic strata, presumably Permian, not heretofore recognized in this part of Idaho, and a thick succession of Oligocene(?) lava and pyroclastic rocks. The Idaho batholith and its satellites extend into the quadrangle, and in addition there a re large masses of Tertiary granitic rock, not previously distinguished in Idaho, and many Tertiary dikes, some of which are genetically associated with contact-metamorphic deposits. The area contains injection gneiss of complex origin, largely related to the Idaho batholith but in part resulting from injection by ~he Tertiary granitic rocks under relatively light load. Orogenic movement took place in Algonkian, Paleozoic, and Tertiary time. There is a summit peneplain or par tial peneplain of Tertiary, perhaps Pliocene age, and the erosional history since its elevation has been complex. The ore deposits include lodes and placers. The lodes are related to both the Idaho batholith and the Tert iary intrusive rocks and have yielded gold and copper ore of a total value of about 1,000,000. Placers, largely formed in an interglacial inter val, have yielded about an equal amount. There has been some prospecting but almost no production since 1916.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b854","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1934, Geology and ore deposits of the Casto quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 854, Report: 135 p.; 1 Plate: 18.48 x 27.70 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b854.","productDescription":"Report: 135 p.; 1 Plate: 18.48 x 27.70 inches","numberOfPages":"149","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/b854.jpg"},{"id":109521,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21026.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21026"},{"id":312483,"rank":701,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0854/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":312484,"rank":702,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0854/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Challis National Forest, Salmon National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.16918945312499,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -117.16918945312499,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -112.91748046874999,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -112.91748046874999,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -117.16918945312499,\n 43.16512263158296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68464d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Clyde P.","contributorId":10473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Clyde","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45319,"text":"b844C - 1933 - The Suslota Pass district, upper Copper River region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-18T21:39:23.790793","indexId":"b844C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"844","chapter":"C","title":"The Suslota Pass district, upper Copper River region, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b844C","usgsCitation":"Moffit, F.H., 1933, The Suslota Pass district, upper Copper River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 844, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b844C.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109122,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20510.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20510"},{"id":170330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0844c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":93980,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0844c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.0,\n 62.3330\n ],\n [\n -142.5830,\n 62.3330\n ],\n [\n -142.5830,\n 63.0\n ],\n [\n -144.0,\n 63.0\n ],\n [\n -144.0,\n 62.3330\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffit, F. H.","contributorId":19523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffit","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3445,"text":"cir2 - 1933 - Copper deposits in the Squaw Creek and Silver Peak districts and at the Almeda mine, southwestern Oregon, with notes on the Pennell & Farmer and Banfield prospects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T20:22:35.980937","indexId":"cir2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Copper deposits in the Squaw Creek and Silver Peak districts and at the Almeda mine, southwestern Oregon, with notes on the Pennell & Farmer and Banfield prospects","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir2","usgsCitation":"Shenon, P.J., 1933, Copper deposits in the Squaw Creek and Silver Peak districts and at the Almeda mine, southwestern Oregon, with notes on the Pennell & Farmer and Banfield prospects: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 2, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir2.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391946,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23553.htm"},{"id":275682,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0002/report.pdf"},{"id":139293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0002/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Almeda mine, Squaw Creek and Silver Peak districts","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.306,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -122.792,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -122.792,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -124.306,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -124.306,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shenon, Philip John","contributorId":11206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shenon","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35439,"text":"b842 - 1933 - Metalliferous deposits of the greater Helena mining region, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:00:43","indexId":"b842","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"842","title":"Metalliferous deposits of the greater Helena mining region, Montana","docAbstract":"The ore deposits described in this bulletin are distributed through a region of about 3,000 square miles surrounding the city of Helena, Mont. In general the surface of this region is mountainous, but it includes several large intermontane valleys. Large areas in the northern and eastern parts of the region sire underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Algonkian Belt series, and on the northeast and southwest the Belt rocks are overlain without any noticeable angular unconformity by Paleozoic and Mesozoic beds. Oligocene, Miocene, and possibly Pliocene sediments, composed chiefly of volcanic ash and land waste of local origin, occupy large areas in the intermontane valleys and lie unconformably upon Cretaceous and older rocks. A thin veneer of Pleistocene and Recent alluvium generally overspreads the Tertiary. In the extreme northern part of the region are large deposits of glacial drift that represent two stages of the Pleistocene.
The principal igneous body of the region is the northern part of the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous Boulder batholitb of quartz monzonite. The main exposure of this body occupies an area of nearly 1,200 square miles and extends southward beyond the limits of the particular region considered. Smaller areas of similar rocks are clustered around this exposure. Most of the exposures probably represent bodies that are connected in depth to form a single mass.
The late Cretaceous and older sedimentary rocks are involved in a series of northwestward-trending folds. Along the east side of the region overthrust faults related to the great Lewis overthrust of Glacier National Park cause Belt rocks to overlie rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages. Large normal faults occur near Marysville and faults of moderate displacement near Helena. The Tertiary beds are slightly deformed by folds and faults that are unrelated to the structure of the older rock. The geologic history of the region includes two contrasting periods, the earlier of which was characterized by the accumulation of marine sediments and the later by mountain building and erosion. The later period began with folding and elevation in late Cretaceous or early Eocene time, followed by overthrust faulting and the intrusion of the Boulder batholith. Next, there ensued a period of crustal stability, during which erosion reduced the region to a surface of low relief and cut away at least 10,000 feet of strata in the area north of Helena. In Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene (?) time sediments composed of land waste and volcanic ash were deposited, and this event was followed by warping and faulting that elevated the present mountains. During Pliocene and Pleistocene time the mountains were maturely dissected, and in middle and late Pleistocene time local glaciers formed in the higher mountains and large valley glaciers invaded the extreme northern part of the region.
The ore deposits include lodes and placers that have yielded gold, silver, lead, copper, and zinc to a value of at least $176,860,000. The placers were formed mostly during interglacial stages of the Pleistocene. They have been almost entirely exhausted. Most of the lodes are classified as regards age in two groups, an older and a younger. The older lodes are related in origin to the Boulder batholith or some of the neighboring intrusive granitic bodies and were probably formed during early Eocene time. The younger lodes were formed after dacite of probable Miocene age was erupted. They are possibly related in origin to some unexposed intrusive granitic rock.
For convenience in description the region is divided into three parts districts north of Helena, districts in the Belt Mountains, and districts south of Helena.
The districts north of Helena include a 50-mile stretch of the Continental Divide that forms a broad ridge surmounted with considerable areas of flat or gently sloping surface at a general altitude of 7,000 feet. Narrow valleys 1,000 to 2,000 feet deep are cut into this surface and lead out to the neighboring wide intermontane valleys. The area is underlain mostly by shale, sandstone, and limestone of the upper part of the Belt series. Beds of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age occur south of the Belt area and extend from Helena west and northwest. The igneous rocks of the area include diorite and gabbro sills and dikes of probable Cretaceous age, extrusive andesite that is probably Oligocene or Miocene, and stocks of quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and quartz diorite, probably of Oligocene or Miocene age.
The ore deposits of the northern districts are chiefly lodes that are valuable for gold and silver but contain some lead and copper. In the Ophir district bodies of gold and silver ore occur mainly in limestone near a body of quartz monzonite. In the Scratchgravel Hills and Grass Valley districts veins of gold quartz and veins containing lead-silver ore occur in quartz monzonite and in the adjoining metamorphic rocks. In the Austin district lodes containing gold; silver, lead, and copper are found in limestone near intrusive quartz monzonite. An unusual mineral in one of these lodes is corkite, a hydrous sulphate of lead containing arsenic. A small stock of quartz diorite in the Marysville district has invaded and domed Belt rocks. Marginal and radial fractures formed during the cooling and contraction of the igneous body became the receptacles of gold and silver veins, one of which, the Drumlummon, has produced $16,000,000. The veins filled open fractures and are characterized by a gangue of platy calcite and quartz. Lodes in Towsley Gulch in the western part of the district contain lead in addition to gold. In the Gould district a small stock of the granodiorite has invaded the Belt rocks and caused the deposition of veins similar to those near Marysville. In the Heddleston district lodes valuable for gold, silver, lead, and copper occur in Belt sedimentary rocks and diorite, some of them associated with porphyry dikes. In the Wolf Creek district veins in Belt rocks have produced copper ore composed mainly of chalcopyrite or chalcopyrite and tennantite accompanied by pyrite and a gangue of quartz and barite.
Placer deposits along the western slope of the Belt Mountains have produced $17,500,000 in gold. Sapphires were formerly obtained from some of these deposits. The central part of the Belt Mountains is a plateaulike area considered to be the remnant of a surface produced by erosion during Tertiary time. This surface was elevated and has been deeply trenched by narrow, transverse valleys that are bordered with remnants of low terraces in which most of the placer deposits occur. Most of the western slope of the mountains is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Belt series. At the foot of the mountains these give place to Paleozoic rocks, and these in turn are overlain unconformably in Townsend Valley by Tertiary and later deposits. The main structural feature is a great arch called the York anticline, which occupies most of the west side of the mountains. At the west foot of the mountains this fold is bordered by a series of small synclines that are tightly squeezed, faulted, and overturned as a result of pressure exerted from the west or southwest along a fracture described as the El Dorado overthrust On another fracture called1 the Scout Camp overthrust the Belt rocks composing the western slope of the mountains are thrust eastward over Paleozoic beds. Both faults are regarded as branches of the Lewis overthrust of Glacier Park. Igneous rocks that probably range in age from early Eocene to Pleistocene are widely but sparingly distributed.' They include sills and dikes of quartz dibrite, porphyry dikes, small stocks of quartz monzonite and quartz diorite, and surface flows of andesite and basalt.
The deposits in the Belt Mountains that are of most interest at the present time are lodes that are chiefly valuable for gold. Most of them are found in the vicinity of York and Confederate Gulch. Nearly all are small quartz veins formed along fractures in diorite dikes and stocks or on bedding planes in the adjoining Belt sedimentary rocks. An exception is the Golden Messenger, a replacement deposit of large size but low grade, formed along fractures in a quartz diorite dike. Other veins in the same dike belong to the rather uncommon class called ladder veins. Many of the small veins contain shoots and bunches of rich ore in their upper parts. Downward- enrichment in gold is indicated to have occurred in some of the veins near York that lie below an old erosion surface. Elsewhere the origin of the placer deposits from erosion o'f the lodes during interglacial stages of the Pleistocene is indicated. Lodes containing chalcopyrite occupy tension fractures in the Belt shales that were produced by lateral movements of the mass composing the mountain front.
In the districts south of Helena mining began with the discovery, on July 14, 1864, of rich placer deposits at the present site of the city of Helena, on Last Chance Creek. Since then the placer and lode deposits of these districts have produced metals worth $130,000,000 or more, of which about one-third was gold, the remainder chiefly lead and zinc. Sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Algonkian to Cretaceous underlie parts of the region, and other parts are underlain by a bedded series of andesite and latite tuffs, breccias, and flows. These rocks have been intruded and severely metamorphosed by the quartz monzonite of the Boulder batholith, the exposures of which occupy a large area. Rocks later than the intrusion of the batholith are chiefly a series of late Tertiary dacites and rhyolites.
The placers of the southern districts have been almost entirely worked out. The lodes have yielded metals worth $111,600,000, but many of them are still productive. They include veins and contact-metamorphic deposits. Some of the contact deposits contain copper ore, and others contain iron ore valuable for fluxing. The veins are of two ages. The older veins have yielded most of the metallic production of the region. Their ores in general are heavy sulphide aggregates composed mainly of galena, sphalerite, and pyrite. Arsenopyrite is generally present; tetrahedrite and chalcopyrite are less common. Many of the veins are distinguished from the usual type of ore body by the occurrence of abundant tourmaline. The, metals produced are chiefly silver, lead, gold, and zinc, with some copper. The younger veins are essentially precious-metal deposits. They are mainly fissure veins but include some disseminated deposits of low grade. They are widely distributed and include several productive bodies. A distinguishing feature is the occurrence in the gangue of cryptocrystalline quartz and lamellar calcite. A dominant eastward trend of the vein fractures of the older group indicates them to be tension cracks in the crust block lying west of the Lewis overthrust that were produced by stretching in a direction at right angles to the thrust.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1931-32, Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels (Bulletin 830)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b830A","usgsCitation":"Gilluly, J., 1933, Copper deposits near Keating, Oreg.: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 830, Report: 32 p.; 2 Plates: 14.09 x 19.13 inches and 17.00 x 15.91 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b830A.","productDescription":"Report: 32 p.; 2 Plates: 14.09 x 19.13 inches and 17.00 x 15.91 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416457,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20495.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0830a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":114016,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0830a/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114015,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0830a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114014,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0830a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Keating","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.571,\n 44.955\n ],\n [\n -117.571,\n 44.856\n ],\n [\n -117.406,\n 44.856\n ],\n [\n -117.406,\n 44.955\n ],\n [\n -117.571,\n 44.955\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilluly, James","contributorId":51743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilluly","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45353,"text":"b824B - 1932 - The Slana district, upper Copper River region","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45353,"text":"b824B - 1932 - The Slana district, upper Copper River region","indexId":"b824B","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"The Slana district, upper Copper River region"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":35888,"text":"b824 - 1932 - Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigation in 1929","indexId":"b824","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigation in 1929"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":35888,"text":"b824 - 1932 - Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigation in 1929","indexId":"b824","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral resources of Alaska: Report on progress of investigation in 1929"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-06T20:48:31.477707","indexId":"b824B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"824","chapter":"B","title":"The Slana district, upper Copper River region","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1929 (Bulletin 824)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b824B","usgsCitation":"Moffit, F.H., 1932, The Slana district, upper Copper River region: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 824, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b824B.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"124","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490237,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20491.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":114013,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0824b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0824b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Slana district, upper Copper River region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145,\n 63.3\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 62.667\n ],\n [\n -143.333,\n 62.667\n ],\n [\n -143.333,\n 63.3\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 63.3\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b7e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffit, F. H.","contributorId":19523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffit","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39321,"text":"pp171 - 1932 - Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche district, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:21:43","indexId":"pp171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1932","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"171","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche district, Nevada","docAbstract":"LOCATION AND SURFACE FEATURES
The Bristol Range, Highland, and Ely Range quadrangles make up the larger part of a. rectangular area 35 miles north and south by 24 miles east and west, which lies 19 miles west of the Nevada-Utah line and about 250 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. The district lies within the Great Basin, a semiarid region of alternating mountain ranges and intermontane plains floored largely by outwash from the mountains.
The plain, which slopes away from the ranges, stands between 4,700 and 6,000 feet above the sea. The Bristol and Highland Ranges, which are separated only by a low gap, form an almost continuous north-south range that rises about 2,500 feet above the highest part of the surrounding plain, to general altitudes of 8,000 to 9,000 feet, though the highest point, Highland Peak, reaches 9,395 feet. A lower range, the Ely Range, with a northwesterly trend, lies farther east and nearly in touch with the Bristol-Highland Range. The town of Pioche lies midway on the. eastern foot of the Ely Range.
ROOKS OF THE PIOOHB REGION
The rocks of the ranges are Paleozoic sediments, Tertiary (?) lavas and intrusive rocks, and Pliocene (?) tuffs.
The Paleozoic sediments have a total thickness of nearly 18,000 feet. Over 8,000 feet of the Cambrian has been measured without reaching its base. The lowest Cambrian formation is a quartzite, of which only the upper 1,500 feet is exposed, and this is followed by 1,200 feet of shale, 400 feet of limestone, aoid 150 feet of shale. Above this second shale the upper three-fourths of the Cambrian consists of limestone and dolomitic limestone. It is in the quartzite and in the limestone interbedded in and bounding the shales that the main ore bodies of the district have been found. Above the Cambrian comes 1,795 feet of Ordovician limestone, with some interbedded dolomite and with a 50-foot quartzite a, third of the way down from the top; 75 feet of Silurian dolomite; 3,000 feet of Middle Devonian dolomite with thin interbedded quartzite near the top, followed by 550 feet of Upper Devonian limestone; 3,775 feet of Mississippian limestone with a heavy quartzitic sandstone just below the middle; then, at the top of the series, 700 feet of Pennsylvania n limestone.
The Paleozoic formations are tilted, bent, and faulted, but sharp folding is extremely rare. Dips between 10° and 30° are common, but there are few greater than 40°. The rocks are cut by many large and innumerable small normal faults, which in many parts of the area are difficult to recognize because they cut thick formations of similar rocks. A large thrust fault occurs along the west side of the Bristol-Highland Range.
A thick series of lavas with interbedded tuffs lies along the flanks of the ranges and makes up a large part of the hilly northwest corner of the Bristol quadrangle. The lavas lie unconformably on the Paleozoic sediments and consist mainly of dacite, latite, and andesite, with some basalt and a little rhyolite. About 6,000 feet of lavas and tuffs were measured in Condor Canyon, near the south end of the Ely Range. The age of the lavas is not sharply fixed; they may be early Tertiary or even late Mesozoic. It is not unlikely that they are the result of volcanic action extending over a long period. The lavas are tilted and faulted, though their average dip is less than that of the Paleozoic sediments.
At Blind Mountain, on the west side of the Bristol Range, stocks of quartz monzonite and dikes of similar composition cut an infaulted block consisting of sediments, chiefly Devonian, and lavas. Both the sediments and the lavas are metamorphosed, and a belt of marked metamorphism extends south along the west base of the Bristol-Highland Range for several miles. The quartz porphyry dikes of the region, including those near Pioche, are believed to have come in at the same time.
The plain west of the Bristol-Highland Range is a. valley of interior drainage floored with outwash from the mountains, coarser near the range but finer and making a clay flat along the west side of the Bristol Range and Highland quadrangles. The valley east of the Bristol-Highland Range, however, has outside drainage by way of Meadow Valley to the Virgin and Colorado Rivers. The stream in upper Meadow Valley and its tributaries have cut through the surface wash from the mountains and laid bare several hundred feet of white, yellow, and red water-laid Pliocene tuffs that lie in nearly the position in which they were laid down. This erosion has developed a striking badland topography in the Pliocene beds.
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
The general succession of events may be summarized as follows:
1. Sedimentation during most of Paleozoic time from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian.
2. Uplift, slight warping, and erosion.
3. Volcanism of perhaps late Mesozoic or early Tertiary time, producing lavas and tuffs. This period of volcanism may have lasted a long time and spanned one or more of the epochs of faulting.
4. Tilting and normal faulting.
5. Thrust faulting.
6. Quartz monzonite intrusions at Blind Mountain.
7. Normal block faulting of the Basin Range type.
8. Erosion of the faulted blocks to maturity and to essen-. tially the topography of to-day.
9. Outbursts of volcanic ash, probably in late Pliocene time, and the deposition of several hundred feet of water-laid tuffs in the valleys.
10. In Meadow Valley, valley cutting, which has produced a badland topography in the soft Pliocene tuffs and canyons where the streams cross the harder Paleozoic limestones.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
The Pioche district during four years in the early seventies was second only to the Comstock district in output of silver. The bonanza ore of those stirring times came from fissure veins in the Prospect Mountain quartzite, of Lower Cambrian age. In recent years the main interest has shifted to the bedded replacement deposits of silver-bearing lead-zinc sulphide ore occurring in the limestone members of the Pioche shale a type of ore body which was discovered accidentally during the prospecting of the fissure veins.
The ore deposits of the district comprise three groups (1) silver-bearing fissure veins in quartzite; (2) silver-bearing mineralized granite porphyry; (3) replacement deposits in limestone and dolomite. All of them appear to have been formed at about the same time, in the epoch of mineralization that occurred shortly after the intrusion of the granitic rocks and their allied dikes of granite porphyry and lamprophyre.
The entire present output of the district is coming from the replacement deposits in limestone and dolomite, but exploratory work is still in progress on the fissure veins and mineralized porphyry.
The replacement deposits include both replacement fissure veins and stratiform (\"bedded\") replacement deposits.
The replacement fissure veins dip steeply and cut across the bedding of the carbonate rocks in which they are inclosed. They are thoroughly oxidized, as deep at least as 1,100 feet, for on none of them have the mine workings penetrated to water level, and they are highly manganiferous and limonitic and low in silica. At-certain horizons stratiform replacement deposits extend out as lateral branches from the fissure veins. Deposits of this kind occur mainly in the Mendha limestone, Highland Peak limestone, and Lyndon limestone. The stratigraphic range is therefore at least 5,500 feet, and as some of the fissure veins extend down through the underlying Pioche shale the indicated range may exceed 6,500 feet. The most notable representatives of the replacement fissure veins are at the Bristol mine, where they yield silver-bearing copper-leadzinc ores. So far unique among the ore bodies of the district is the pipe of wad and pyrolusite ore at the Jackrabbit mine, the periphery of the pipe consisting of a girdle of extraordinarily coarse white calcite spar produced by the recrystallization of the surrounding limestones.
The stratiform replacement deposits that are attracting most attention occur at the intersections of steep fissures with the limestone members of the Pioche shale. In recent years the \" bedded \" ore of the Combined Metals mine has been of main interest. The ore is essentially a.n intimate intergrowth of pyrite, sphalerite, and galena. Although above water level, the ore is unoxidized. It extends on both sides of the mineralizing fissure as far as 100 feet. At the Prince mine ore beds were formed at seven successively higher horizons in the Pioche shale and the overlying Lyndon and Highland Peak limestones. The ore \" beds \" above water level in the Prince mine are thoroughly oxidized and consist of manganese-iron oxides low in silver, lead, and zinc. About 800,000 tons of ore carrying 2.5 to 3 ounces of silver to the ton, 3 per cent of lead, 35 per cent of iron, and 15 per cent of manganese has been shipped. The Prince mine was in 1915-1918 the premier producer of lead in Nevada. The ore \" bed \" that occurs here below water level consists of sphalerite, galena, and pyrite in a gangue of manganosiderite and minor quartz. This is the only locality in the district in which the primary source of the abundant oxidized manganese minerals (wad, pyrolusite, and braunite) has so far been found.
Some of the stratiform ore bodies the ore beds, as they are locally called were formed adjacent to exceedingly insignificant-looking fissures; and this dependence on inconspicuous mineralizing fissures is beyond doubt one of the most impressive features in the geology of the district. It opens the possibility that there may be many other bedded deposits which, like the Combined Metals ore bed, do not crop out. To find these ore bodies will be difficult, but their discovery will be aided primarily by applying skillfully a knowledge of the geologic column and by determining the faulting that has disturbed or changed the normal sequence of the strata.
The copper district of Keweenaw Point, in the northern peninsula of Michigan, is the second largest producer of copper in the world. The output of the district since 1845 has been more than 7,500,000,000 pounds and showed a rather steady and consistent increase from the beginning of production to the end of the World War in 1918, since which there has been a marked decrease.
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