Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a perennial plant native to Eurasia where it grows along streams, rivers, and wet seepage areas (fig. 1). Seeds were inadvertently brought to North American territories in the ballast water of ships. Purple loosestrife was also intentionally planted throughout North America for its ornamental flowers but has since escaped cultivation to spread to wetlands.
Some purple loosestrife plants release millions of seeds during the summer season, and these seeds readily disperse to new wetlands via water, animals, and even on people’s shoes. In addition, both its roots and stem fragments can sprout and begin new plants.
When purple loosestrife invades a wetland, the species sometimes becomes more dominant than the original native wetland species, such as cattails and sedges. While many people think that purple loosestrife reduces the value of wetlands for wildlife, these claims are disputed. Most people agree, however, that purple loosestrife grows more prolifically in North America than elsewhere, probably because the species has left its native enemies behind in Eurasia and Australia. Although we do not understand how well the species grows in various climates, there is some thought that purple loosetrife may never fully invade the southern United States. Studies looking at the species’ response to temperature and analyses of its growth patterns across latitudes can help us determine its future threat to uninvaded portions of the United States. This is where volunteers come in.
Volunteers in North America, Eurasia, and Australia are helping assess purple loosestrife growth in their regions (fig. 2). The program is part of Dr. Beth Middleton’s project to compare the role of purple loosestrife in its native and invasive habitats. Anyone can participate, and volunteers currently include high school and college students, retirees, professionals from all disciplines, agency personnel, and university faculty. Volunteers collect data by marking off a sampling area, recording the number and height of purple loosestrife, and observing the sunlight and water conditions at each location. Data collection only occurs once in each wetland and takes less than 30 minutes (see form below). The results of the study will help efforts to control and predict the future spread of this species.
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2004 - Farm Ponds as Wildlife Habitat in the Driftless Area Ecoregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"fs20043041","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3041","title":"Farm Ponds as Wildlife Habitat in the Driftless Area Ecoregion","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043041","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M., 2004, Farm Ponds as Wildlife Habitat in the Driftless Area Ecoregion: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3041, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043041.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3041.jpg"},{"id":4808,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/reports_publications/fact_sheets/farm_pond.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f754f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, Melinda","contributorId":27929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"Melinda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55650,"text":"fs12003 - 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2004 - Water quality in Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park, 1960 - 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-15T12:26:26.666721","indexId":"fs09703","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"097-03","title":"Water quality in Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park, 1960 - 2000","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Most people think that wetlands are temporary, that they fill in by natural processes, and eventually become dry land. Some of these outdated ideas have come from the way that this subject has been covered in introductory textbooks in schools (Gibson, 1996). From these texts, we learned incorrectly that over time a lake fills with sediment or organic matter to become a wetland, which dries out to support shrubs and trees, and eventually it is no longer a wetland (Middleton, 1999; Middleton and others, 2004).
These old ideas of how vegetation changes (succession) are no longer accepted. Wetland succession should be thought of as a cycle, with natural disturbance driving the changes, depending on the needs of the species. Succession is not something that changes a wetland into something that is not a wetland (Egler, 1978; van der Valk, 1981; Middleton and others, 1991; Klinger, 1996; Middleton, 1999).
As an example of how disturbance changes wetlands, I have studied sedge meadows that have become invaded by shrubs after cattle (Bos sp.) have grazed them, in the Lodi Marsh State Natural Area, Wisconsin. Cattle disturbances allowed shrubs to invade sedge meadows, but the cattle also grazed on the shrubs, which kept them small. After the cows were removed, the plant species changed in the sedge meadow from the original sedges (fig. 1), to sedges mixed with growing small shrubs, and eventually to tall shrubs with very small amounts of sedge, called “shrub carr” (Middleton, 2002a). Even though there has been a succession of plant types, the meadows, which began as wetlands, have remained wetlands. The settlers originally found the sedge meadows to be open “sedge” lands and not shrubby. The settlers cut the sedges by hand to feed the cattle. Whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), though probably not bison (Bison bison), grazed these sedge meadows (Middleton 2002a).
Subsequent studies have explored methods to control invasive shrubs to restore the biodiversity of formerly grazed sedge meadows (Middleton, 2002b).
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2004 - Methods for Estimating Streamflow Statistics for Ungaged Streams in Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"fs20043001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3001","title":"Methods for Estimating Streamflow Statistics for Ungaged Streams in Maine","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043001","usgsCitation":"Lombard, P., 2004, Methods for Estimating Streamflow Statistics for Ungaged Streams in Maine (Version 1.01, Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3001, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043001.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4816,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3001.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.01, Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a0ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lombard, P.J.","contributorId":98278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lombard","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58252,"text":"fs20043104 - 2004 - Trends in Streamflow Characteristics in Hawaii, 1913-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"fs20043104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3104","title":"Trends in Streamflow Characteristics in Hawaii, 1913-2002","docAbstract":"The surface-water resources of Hawaii have significant cultural, aesthetic, ecologic, and economic importance. In Hawaii, surface-water resources are developed for both offstream uses (for example, drinking water, agriculture, and industrial uses) and instream uses (for example, maintenance of habitat and ecosystems, recreational activities, aesthetic values, maintenance of water quality, conveyance of irrigation and domestic water supplies, and protection of traditional and customary Hawaiian rights). Possible long-term trends in streamflow characteristics have important implications for water users, water suppliers, resource managers, and citizens in the State.\r\n\r\nProper management of Hawaii's streams requires an understanding of long-term trends in streamflow characteristics and their potential implications. Effects of long-term downward trends in low flows in streams include potential loss of habitat for native stream fauna and reduced water availability for offstream and instream water uses. 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2004 - Progress on the Across Trophic Level System Simulation (ATLSS) program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:19","indexId":"fs20043109","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3109","title":"Progress on the Across Trophic Level System Simulation (ATLSS) program","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043109","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., 2004, Progress on the Across Trophic Level System Simulation (ATLSS) program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3109, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043109.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5852,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3109/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3109.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":88015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58268,"text":"fs20043110 - 2004 - Modeling the effects of hydrology on fire, vegetation dynamics, and their interaction in the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:19","indexId":"fs20043110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3110","title":"Modeling the effects of hydrology on fire, vegetation dynamics, and their interaction in the Florida Everglades","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043110","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Duke-Sylvester, S., and Gross, L.J., 2004, Modeling the effects of hydrology on fire, vegetation dynamics, and their interaction in the Florida Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3110, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043110.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5851,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3110.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6997a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":88015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duke-Sylvester, Scott M.","contributorId":40661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke-Sylvester","given":"Scott M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, Louis J.","contributorId":56705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58263,"text":"fs20043130 - 2004 - Development of coastal flow and transport models in support of everglades restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:19","indexId":"fs20043130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3130","title":"Development of coastal flow and transport models in support of everglades restoration","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043130","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C.D., Swain, E.D., Wang, J.D., Wolfert, M.A., Schaffranek, R.W., and Riscassi, A.L., 2004, Development of coastal flow and transport models in support of everglades restoration: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3130, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043130.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3130.bmp"},{"id":5846,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - 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2004 - Restoring an urban river — Polychlorinated biphenyls and other contaminants in bottom sediment of the lower Neponset River, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-15T18:38:53.784269","indexId":"fs20043083","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3083","title":"Restoring an urban river — Polychlorinated biphenyls and other contaminants in bottom sediment of the lower Neponset River, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Contaminants from the 3,600-acre facility, primarily volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals, have entered the ground-water-flow system through leakage from waste-disposal sites and from manufacturing processes.
Environmental data collected at AFP4 and NAS–JRB during 1993–2002 created the need for consolidation of the data into a comprehensive temporal and spatial geodatabase. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center Environmental Management Directorate, developed a comprehensive geodatabase of temporal and spatial environmental data associated with the hydrogeologic units beneath the facility. A three-dimensional conceptual model of the hydrogeologic units integrally linked to the geodatabase was designed concurrently.
Three hydrogeologic units—from land surface downward, the alluvial aquifer, the GoodlandWalnut confining unit, and the Paluxy aquifer—compose the subsurface of interest at AFP4 and NAS–JRB. The alluvial aquifer consists primarily of clay and silt with sand and gravel channel deposits that might be interconnected or interfingered. The Goodland-Walnut confining unit directly underlies the alluvial aquifer and consists of limestone, marl, shale, and clay. The Paluxy aquifer is composed of dense mudstone and fine- to coarse-grained sandstone
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