Arctic climate change from the Paleocene epoch to the present is reconstructed with the objective of assessing its recent and future impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic. A recurring theme in Earth's paleoclimate record is the importance of the Arctic atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere in regulating global climate on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A second recurring theme in this record is the importance of freshwater export from the Arctic in regulating global- to basin-scale ocean circulation patterns and climate. Since the 1970s, historically unprecedented changes have been observed in the Arctic as climate warming has increased precipitation, river discharge, and glacial as well as sea-ice melting. In addition, modal shifts in the atmosphere have altered Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and the export of freshwater into the North Atlantic. The combination of these processes has resulted in variable patterns of freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean and the emergence of salinity anomalies that have periodically freshened waters in the North Atlantic. Since the early 1990s, changes in Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and freshwater export have been associated with two types of ecological responses in the North Atlantic. The first of these responses has been an ongoing series of biogeographic range expansions by boreal plankton, including renewal of the trans-Arctic exchanges of Pacific species with the Atlantic. The second response was a dramatic regime shift in the shelf ecosystems of the Northwest Atlantic that occurred during the early 1990s. This regime shift resulted from freshening and stratification of the shelf waters, which in turn could be linked to changes in the abundances and seasonal cycles of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and higher trophic-level consumer populations. It is predicted that the recently observed ecological responses to Arctic climate change in the North Atlantic will continue into the near future if current trends in sea ice, freshwater export, and surface ocean salinity continue. It is more difficult to predict ecological responses to abrupt climate change in the more distant future as tipping points in the Earth's climate system are exceeded.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/07-0550.1","usgsCitation":"Greene, C.H., Pershing, A., Cronin, T.M., and Ceci, N., 2008, Arctic climate change and its impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic: Ecology, v. 89, no. sp11, p. S24-S38, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0550.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"S24","endPage":"S38","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0550.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic, North Atlantic","volume":"89","issue":"sp11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Charles H.","contributorId":279865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greene","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pershing, Andrew J.","contributorId":260600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pershing","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[{"id":52611,"text":"GMRI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ceci, Nicole","contributorId":279866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ceci","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97070,"text":"ds313 - 2008 - Database for the Geologic Map of Upper Eocene to Holocene Volcanic and Related Rocks of the Cascade Range, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T11:04:21","indexId":"ds313","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"313","title":"Database for the Geologic Map of Upper Eocene to Holocene Volcanic and Related Rocks of the Cascade Range, Oregon","docAbstract":"Since 1979, Earth scientists of the Geothermal Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey have carried out multidisciplinary research in the Cascade Range. The goal of this research is to understand the geology, tectonics, and hydrology of the Cascades in order to characterize and quantify geothermal resource potential. A major goal of the program is compilation of a comprehensive geologic map of the entire Cascade Range that incorporates modern field studies and that has a unified and internally consistent explanation.\r\n\r\nThis map is one of three in a series that shows Cascade Range geology by fitting published and unpublished mapping into a province-wide scheme of rock units distinguished by composition and age; map sheets of the Cascade Range in Washington (Smith, 1993) and California will complete the series. The complete series forms a guide to exploration and evaluation of the geothermal resources of the Cascade Range and will be useful for studies of volcano hazards, volcanology, and tectonics.\r\n\r\nThis digital release contains all the information used to produce the geologic map published as U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2569 (Sherrod and Smith, 2000). The main component of this digital release is a geologic map database prepared using ArcInfo GIS. This release also contains files to view or print the geologic map and accompanying descriptive pamphlet from I-2569.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds313","usgsCitation":"Nimz, K., Ramsey, D.W., Sherrod, D.R., and Smith, J., 2008, Database for the Geologic Map of Upper Eocene to Holocene Volcanic and Related Rocks of the Cascade Range, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 313, Available online and on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds313.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12047,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/313/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672bea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimz, Kathryn","contributorId":6503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimz","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, David W. 0000-0003-1698-2523 dramsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-2523","contributorId":3819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"David","email":"dramsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":98712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97068,"text":"sir20085189 - 2008 - Use of Superposition Models to Simulate Possible Depletion of Colorado River Water by Ground-Water Withdrawal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20085189","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5189","title":"Use of Superposition Models to Simulate Possible Depletion of Colorado River Water by Ground-Water Withdrawal","docAbstract":"According to the 'Law of the River', wells that draw water from the Colorado River by underground pumping need an entitlement for the diversion of water from the Colorado River. Consumptive use can occur through direct diversions of surface water, as well as through withdrawal of water from the river by underground pumping. To develop methods for evaluating the need for entitlements for Colorado River water, an assessment of possible depletion of water in the Colorado River by pumping wells is needed. Possible methods include simple analytical models and complex numerical ground-water flow models. For this study, an intermediate approach was taken that uses numerical superposition models with complex horizontal geometry, simple vertical geometry, and constant aquifer properties. The six areas modeled include larger extents of the previously defined river aquifer from the Lake Mead area to the Yuma area. For the modeled areas, a low estimate of transmissivity and an average estimate of transmissivity were derived from statistical analyses of transmissivity data. Aquifer storage coefficient, or specific yield, was selected on the basis of results of a previous study in the Yuma area. The USGS program MODFLOW-2000 (Harbaugh and others, 2000) was used with uniform 0.25-mile grid spacing along rows and columns. Calculations of depletion of river water by wells were made for a time of 100 years since the onset of pumping. A computer program was set up to run the models repeatedly, each time with a well in a different location. Maps were constructed for at least two transmissivity values for each of the modeled areas. The modeling results, based on the selected transmissivities, indicate that low values of depletion in 100 years occur mainly in parts of side valleys that are more than a few tens of miles from the Colorado River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., Greer, W., Watt, D., and Weghorst, P., 2008, Use of Superposition Models to Simulate Possible Depletion of Colorado River Water by Ground-Water Withdrawal (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5189, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085189.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12044,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,31 ], [ -116,37.5 ], [ -113,37.5 ], [ -113,31 ], [ -116,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48ede4b07f02db556c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greer, William","contributorId":39490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greer","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watt, Dennis","contributorId":80784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weghorst, Paul","contributorId":86454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weghorst","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97065,"text":"ofr20081323 - 2008 - Streamflow and Endangered Species Habitat in the Lower Isleta Reach of the Middle Rio Grande","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"ofr20081323","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1323","title":"Streamflow and Endangered Species Habitat in the Lower Isleta Reach of the Middle Rio Grande","docAbstract":"San Acacia Dam is located in a reach of the Rio Grande that has been designated as critical habitat for two endangered species, the Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus). Under present operations, the Rio Grande upstream from the dam is used to convey irrigation water to the Socorro main canal at San Acacia Dam. In order to increase operational flexibility and improve irrigation delivery efficiency, the 'Bernardo Siphon' has been proposed to intercept up to 150 cubic feet per second from the Lower San Juan Riverside Drain on the east side of the Rio Grande and transport it under the river into a drainage canal on the west side. Irrigation deliveries to the Socorro main canal would be conveyed by way of the drainage canal rather than the Rio Grande. The objective of this study was to provide the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) and other stakeholders with a tool to evaluate the effects of different operational modes of the Bernardo siphon on habitat for H. amarus and E. t. extimus in this section of river.\r\n\r\nWe used a two-dimensional hydraulic simulation model to simulate hydraulic conditions for a range of discharges at three study sites in the Rio Grande between the proposed siphon location and San Acacia Dam. Suitable habitat characteristics were defined for H. amarus by consensus of a panel of experts and for E. t. extimus on the basis of a study conducted in 2003 by BOR. Habitat suitability maps for each targeted life stage and simulated discharge were constructed using a Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) and the results compiled into tables relating discharge to areas of suitable habitat. A separate analysis was conducted to calculate an index of connectivity among habitat patches at low flows. A hydrologic model was constructed to synthesize flows, by reach, without the siphon, which was used as a baseline for comparison with similarly-synthesized discharges with the siphon under different operating rules. Results from the hydrologic time series were combined with the discharge-habitat relations to develop habitat time series models, statistics, and scoring metrics for comparisons of alternative rules of operation for the Bernardo siphon.\r\n\r\nSuitable habitat for H. amarus was defined as areas having suitable hydraulic conditions alone and as areas having suitable hydraulics in association with large woody debris. Suitable hydraulic habitat for adults was maximized at discharges between 40 and 80 cubic feet per second, and declined rapidly at discharges larger than 150 cubic feet per second. When large woody debris was included in the definition of suitable habitat, discharges between 40 and 200 cubic feet per second provided maximum suitable habitat for adults. Juvenile hydraulic habitat was maximized at discharges between 20 and 80 cubic feet per second, and hydraulic habitat associated with large woody debris was largest at flows between 40 and 150 cubic feet per second. Nesting habitat area for E. t. extimus increased monotonically at discharges larger than 5 ft3/s, but decreased rapidly below that flow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081323","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., Waddle, T.J., and Spears, J.M., 2008, Streamflow and Endangered Species Habitat in the Lower Isleta Reach of the Middle Rio Grande (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1323, xii, 177 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081323.","productDescription":"xii, 177 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12041,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1323/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,31.5 ], [ -109,36 ], [ -104.5,36 ], [ -104.5,31.5 ], [ -109,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spears, J. Mark","contributorId":81946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spears","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97069,"text":"ds381 - 2008 - Continuous Temperature and Water-Level Data Collected for a Heat Tracer Study on a Selected Reach of Tri-State Canal, Western Nebraska, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"ds381","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"381","title":"Continuous Temperature and Water-Level Data Collected for a Heat Tracer Study on a Selected Reach of Tri-State Canal, Western Nebraska, 2007","docAbstract":"The water supply in parts of the North Platte River Basin in the Nebraska Panhandle has been designated as fully appropriated or over appropriated by the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources. Recent legislation (LB 962) requires the North Platte Natural Resources District and the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources to develop an Integrated Management Plan to balance ground- and surface-water supply and demand within the North Platte Natural Resources District. For a ground-water-flow model to accurately simulate existing or future ground-water and surface-water conditions, accurate estimates of specific input variables such as streambed conductance or canal-seepage rates are required. As of 2008, the values input into ground-water models were estimated on the basis of interpreted lithology from test holes and geophysical surveys. Often, contrasts of several orders of magnitude exist for streambed conductance among the various sediment textures present locally, and thin, near-surface layers of fine sediment can clog the streambed, substantially reducing conductance. To accurately quantify the rates of leakage from irrigation canals and estimate ground-water recharge, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Platte Natural Resources District, collected continuous temperature and water-level data to use heat as a tracer for a selected reach of Tri-State Canal west of Scottsbluff, Nebraska.\r\n\r\nContinuous records of subsurface temperature, ground-water level, canal stage, and water temperature, and sediment core data are presented in this report. Subsurface temperature was monitored at four vertical sensor arrays of thermocouples installed at various depths beneath the canal bed from March through September 2007. Canal stage and water temperature were measured from June to September 2007. Ground-water level was recorded continuously in an observation well drilled near the subsurface temperature monitoring site. These data sets were collected for use as inputs for a computer model to estimate the vertical hydraulic conductivity.\r\n\r\nBefore the initiation of flow, diurnal variations in subsurface temperature occurred because of daytime heating and nighttime cooling of bed sediment. Flow in Tri-State Canal was first detected on June 16 at the monitoring site as a disruption in the temperature signal in the shallowest thermocouple in all four vertical sensor arrays. This disruption in the temperature pattern occurred in deeper thermocouples at slightly later times during the rapid infiltration of canal water. The ground-water level began to rise approximately 23 hours after flow was first detected at the monitoring site. Canal stage rose for 7 days until the maximum flow capacity of the canal was approached on June 23, 2007. Measured water temperatures ranged from 18 to 25 degrees Celsius (C) while the canal was flowing near maximum capacity. Small diurnal variations of 1.0 to 1.5 degrees C in water temperature were recorded during this time. Measured ground-water levels rose constantly during the entire irrigation season until levels peaked on September 3, 2007, 3 days after diversions to Tri-State Canal ceased.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds381","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Platte Natural Resources District","usgsCitation":"Hobza, C.M., 2008, Continuous Temperature and Water-Level Data Collected for a Heat Tracer Study on a Selected Reach of Tri-State Canal, Western Nebraska, 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 381, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds381.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","temporalStart":"2007-06-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12046,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/381/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.5,41.25 ], [ -104.5,42.25 ], [ -102.5,42.25 ], [ -102.5,41.25 ], [ -104.5,41.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b72e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobza, Christopher M. 0000-0002-6239-934X cmhobza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-934X","contributorId":2393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobza","given":"Christopher","email":"cmhobza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97067,"text":"sir20085133 - 2008 - Morphological Analyses and Simulated Flood Elevations in a Watershed with Dredged and Leveed Stream Channels, Wheeling Creek, Eastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"sir20085133","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5133","title":"Morphological Analyses and Simulated Flood Elevations in a Watershed with Dredged and Leveed Stream Channels, Wheeling Creek, Eastern Ohio","docAbstract":"The USGS, in cooperation with the Ohio Emergency Management Agency, conducted a study in the Wheeling Creek Basin to (1) evaluate and contrast land-cover characteristics from 2001 with characteristics from 1979 and 1992; (2) compare current streambed elevation, slope, and geometry with conditions present in the late 1980s; (3) look for evidence of channel filling and over widening in selected undredged reaches; (4) estimate flood elevations for existing conditions in both undredged and previously dredged reaches; (5) evaluate the height of the levees required to contain floods with selected recurrence intervals in previously dredged reaches; and (6) estimate flood elevations for several hypothetical dredging and streambed aggradation scenarios in undredged reaches.\r\n\r\nThe amount of barren land in the Wheeling Creek watershed has decreased from 20 to 1 percent of the basin area based on land-cover characteristics from 1979 and 2001. Barren lands appear to have been converted primarily to pasture, presumably as a result of surface-mine reclamation. Croplands also decreased from 13 to 8 percent of the basin area. The combined decrease in barren lands and croplands is approximately offset by the increase in pasture.\r\n\r\nStream-channel surveys conducted in 1987 and again in 2006 at 21 sites in four previously dredged reaches of Wheeling Creek indicate little change in the elevation, slope, and geometry of the channel at most sites. The mean change in width-averaged bed and thalweg elevations for the 21 cross sections was 0.1 feet.\r\n\r\nBankfull widths, mean depths, and cross-sectional areas measured at 12 sites in undredged reaches were compared to estimates determined from regional equations. The mean percentage difference between measured and estimated bankfull widths was -0.2 percent, suggesting that bankfull widths in the Wheeling Creek Basin are generally about the same as regional averages for undisturbed basins of identical drainage area. For bankfull mean depth and cross-sectional area, the mean percentage differences between the measured and estimated values were -16.0 and -11.2, respectively. The predominantly negative bias in differences between the measured and estimated values indicates that bankfull mean depths and cross-sectional areas in studied reaches generally are smaller than the regional trend. This may be an indication of channel filling and over widening or it may reflect insufficient representation in the regional dataset of basins with characteristics like that of Wheeling Creek.\r\n\r\nStep-backwater models were constructed for four previously dredged reaches to determine the height of levees required to contain floods with recurrence intervals of 2, 10, 50, and 100 years. Existing levees (all of which are uncertified) were found to contain the 100-year flood at only 20 percent of the surveyed cross sections. At the other 80 percent of the surveyed cross sections, levee heights would have to be raised an average of 2.5 feet and as much as 6.3 feet to contain the 100-year flood.\r\n\r\nStep-backwater models also were constructed for three undredged reaches to assess the impacts of selected dredging and streambed aggradation scenarios on water-surface elevations corresponding to the 2-, 10-, 50-, and 100-year floods. Those models demonstrated that changes in water-surface elevations associated with a given depth of dredging were proportionately smaller for larger floods due to the fact that more of the flood waters are outside of the main channel. For example, 2.0 feet of dredging in the three study reaches would lower the water-surface elevation an average of 1.30 feet for the 2-year flood and 0.64 feet for the 100-year flood.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085133","isbn":"9781411322387","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, J.M., Huitger, C.A., Ebner, A.D., and Koltun, G., 2008, Morphological Analyses and Simulated Flood Elevations in a Watershed with Dredged and Leveed Stream Channels, Wheeling Creek, Eastern Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5133, vi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085133.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.08333333333333,40 ], [ -81.08333333333333,40.21666666666667 ], [ -80.71666666666667,40.21666666666667 ], [ -80.71666666666667,40 ], [ -81.08333333333333,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, James M.","contributorId":106878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huitger, Carrie A. chuitger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huitger","given":"Carrie","email":"chuitger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebner, Andrew D. aebner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebner","given":"Andrew","email":"aebner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":300947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97061,"text":"ofr20081328 - 2008 - Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in the Albany Area of Dougherty County, Georgia, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T12:04:00","indexId":"ofr20081328","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1328","title":"Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in the Albany Area of Dougherty County, Georgia, 2007","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been working with the Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission to monitor ground-water quality and availability since 1977. This report presents an overview of ground-water conditions and studies in the Albany area of Dougherty County, Georgia, during 2007. Historical data are also presented for comparison with 2007 data. Ongoing monitoring activities include continuous water-level recording in 24 wells and monthly water-level measurements in 5 wells. During 2007, water levels in 21 of the continuous-recording wells were below normal, corresponding to lower than average rainfall. Ground-water samples collected from the Upper Floridan aquifer indicate that nitrate levels have decreased or remained about the same since 2006.\r\n\r\nWater samples were collected from the Flint River and wells at the Albany wellfield, and data were plotted on a trilinear diagram to show the percent composition of selected major cations and anions. Ground-water constituents (major cations and anions) of the Upper Floridan aquifer at the Albany wellfield are distinctly different from those in the water of the Flint River.\r\n\r\nTo improve the understanding of the ground-water flow system and nitrate movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer, the USGS is developing a ground-water flow model in the southwestern Albany area of Georgia. The model is being calibrated to simulate periods of dry (October 1999) and relatively wet (March 2001) hydrologic conditions. Preliminary water-level simulations indicate a generally good fit to measured water levels.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission","usgsCitation":"Gordon, D.W., 2008, Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in the Albany Area of Dougherty County, Georgia, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1328, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081328.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12033,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1328/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Dougherty 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Debbie W. 0000-0002-5195-6657 dwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-6657","contributorId":2251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Debbie","email":"dwarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044007,"text":"70044007 - 2008 - What can we learn from the Wells, NV earthquake sequence about seismic hazard in the intermountain west?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-28T09:27:45","indexId":"70044007","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"What can we learn from the Wells, NV earthquake sequence about seismic hazard in the intermountain west?","docAbstract":"The February 21, 2008 Wells, NV earthquake (M 6) was felt throughout eastern Nevada, southern Idaho, and western Utah. The town of Wells sustained significant damage to unreinforced masonry buildings. The earthquake occurred in a region of low seismic hazard with little seismicity, low geodetic strain rates, and few mapped faults. The peak horizontal ground acceleration predicted by the USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps is about 0.2 g at 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, with the contributions coming mostly from the Ruby Mountain fault and background seismicity (M5-7.0). The hazard model predicts that the probability of occurrence of an M>6 event within 50 km of Wells is about 15% in 100 years. Although the earthquake was inside the USArray Transportable Array network, the nearest on-scale recordings of ground motions from the mainshock were too distant to estimate accelerations in town. The University of Nevada Reno, the University of Utah, and the U.S. Geological Survey deployed portable instruments to capture the ground motions from aftershocks of this rare normal-faulting event. Shaking from a M 4.7 aftershock recorded on portable instruments at distances less than 10 km exceeded 0.3 g, and sustained accelerations above 0.1 g lasted for about 5 seconds. For a magnitude 5 earthquake at 10 km distance the NGA equations predict median peak ground accelerations about 0.1 g. Ground motions from normal faulting earthquakes are poorly represented in the ground motion prediction equations. We compare portable and Transportable Array ground-motion recordings with prediction equations. Advanced National Seismic System stations in Utah recorded ground motions 250 km from the mainshock of about 2% g. The maximum ground motion recorded in Salt Lake City was in the center of the basin. We analyze the spatial variability of ground motions (rock vs. soil) and the influence of the Salt Lake Basin in modifying the ground motions. We then compare this data with the September 28, 2004 Parkfield aftershocks to contrast the differences between strike-slip and normal ground motions.","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":20,"text":"Poster"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M., Pankow, K., Biasi, G., and Meremonte, M., 2008, What can we learn from the Wells, NV earthquake sequence about seismic hazard in the intermountain west?.","ipdsId":"IP-008791","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272846,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a5d1f2e4b0605bc571f043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, M.D.","contributorId":51319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pankow, K.L.","contributorId":31191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biasi, G. P. 0000-0003-0940-5488","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-5488","contributorId":41180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biasi","given":"G. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meremonte, M.","contributorId":22915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meremonte","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97047,"text":"sir20085061 - 2008 - Hydrogeologic Framework in Three Drainage Basins in the New Jersey Pinelands, 2004-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"sir20085061","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5061","title":"Hydrogeologic Framework in Three Drainage Basins in the New Jersey Pinelands, 2004-06","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission, began a multi-phase hydrologic investigation in 2004 to characterize the hydrologic system supporting the aquatic and wetland communities of the New Jersey Pinelands area (Pinelands). The Pinelands is an ecologically diverse area in the southern New Jersey Coastal Plain underlain by the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. The demand for ground water from this aquifer system is increasing as local development increases. To assess the effects of ground-water withdrawals on Pinelands stream and wetland water levels, three drainage basins were selected for detailed hydrologic assessments, including the Albertson Brook, McDonalds Branch and the Morses Mill Stream basins. Study areas were defined surrounding the three drainage basins to provide sub-regional hydrogeologic data for the ground-water flow modeling phase of this study.\r\n\r\nIn the first phase of the hydrologic assessments, a database of hydrogeologic information and a hydrogeologic framework model for each of the three study areas were produced. These framework models, which illustrate typical hydrogeologic variations among different geographic subregions of the Pinelands, are the structural foundation for predictive ground-water flow models to be used in assessing the hydrologic effects of increased ground-water withdrawals.\r\n\r\nDuring 2004-05, a hydrogeologic database was compiled using existing and new geophysical and lithologic data including suites of geophysical logs collected at 7 locations during the drilling of 21 wells and one deep boring within the three study areas. In addition, 27 miles of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surface geophysical data were collected and analyzed to determine the depth and extent of shallow clays in the general vicinity of the streams. On the basis of these data, the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system was divided into 7 layers to construct a hydrogeologic framework model for each study area. These layers are defined by their predominant sediment textures as aquifers and leaky confining layers. The confining layer at the base of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, depending on location, is defined as one of two distinct clays of the Kirkwood Formation. The framework models are described using hydrogeologic sections, maps of structure tops of layers, and thickness maps showing variations of sediment textures of the various model layers. The three framework models are similar in structure but unique to their respective study areas.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic conductivity of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the vicinity of the three study areas was determined from analysis of 16 slug tests and 136 well-performance tests. The mean values for hydraulic conductivity in the three study areas ranged from about 84 feet per day to 130 feet per day. With the exception of the basal confining layers, the variable and discontinuous nature of clay layers within the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system was confirmed by the geophysical and lithologic records. Leaky confining layers and discontinuous clays are generally more common in the upper part of the aquifer system. Although the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system generally has been considered a water-table aquifer in most areas, localized clays in the aquifer layers and the effectiveness of the leaky confining layers may act to impede the flow of ground water in varying amounts depending on the degree of confinement and the location, duration, and magnitude of the hydraulic stresses applied.\r\n\r\nConsiderable variability exists in the different sediment textures. The extent to which this hydrogeologic variability can be characterized is constrained by the extent of the available data. Thus, the hydraulic properties of the modeled layers were estimated on the basis of available horizontal hydraulic conductivity data and the range of sediment textures estimated from geophysical and lithologic data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085061","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission","usgsCitation":"Walker, R.L., Reilly, P.A., and Watson, K.M., 2008, Hydrogeologic Framework in Three Drainage Basins in the New Jersey Pinelands, 2004-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5061, viii, 149 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085061.","productDescription":"viii, 149 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12018,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.08333333333333,39.416666666666664 ], [ -75.08333333333333,40 ], [ -74.25,40 ], [ -74.25,39.416666666666664 ], [ -75.08333333333333,39.416666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628daf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Richard L.","contributorId":38961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Kara M. 0000-0002-2685-0260 kmwatson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-0260","contributorId":2134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Kara","email":"kmwatson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97050,"text":"ofr20081332 - 2008 - Survival and migration behavior of juvenile coho salmon in the Klamath River relative to discharge at Iron Gate Dam, Northern California, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T15:14:39","indexId":"ofr20081332","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1332","title":"Survival and migration behavior of juvenile coho salmon in the Klamath River relative to discharge at Iron Gate Dam, Northern California, 2007","docAbstract":"This report describes a study of survival and migration behavior of juvenile coho salmon in the Klamath River relative to discharge at Iron Gate Dam in 2006. This was the second year of a multi-year study with the goal of determining the effects of discharge at Iron Gate Dam on survival of juvenile coho salmon downstream. The study was a collaborative effort among U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the Yurok and Karuk Tribal Fisheries Departments. The goals of the study included: 1) estimating the survival of wild and hatchery juvenile coho salmon in the Klamath River downstream from Iron Gate Dam, 2) determining the effects of discharge and other covariates on their survival and migration, and 3) determining if fish from Iron Gate Hatchery could be used as surrogates for the limited source of wild fish. The major findings of the study in 2006 include:
River discharges during the 2006 study period (4 April through 21 July 2006) were among the greatest on record. Average daily discharge at Iron Gate Dam was 3,956 cubic feet per second (cfs) and ranged from 997 to 10,300 cfs. Discharge at Iron Gate Dam was positively correlated with discharges of tributaries downstream due to the above average water year and frequent occurrence of spill at Iron Gate Dam. Average daily discharge near the estuary was 25,789 cfs and ranged from 4,740 to 50,600 cfs. This study was based on hatchery fish taken directly from a tank at Iron Gate Hatchery and wild fish captured in a rotary trap on the Shasta River. Releases of both groups began on 4 April when the catch of wild fish in California Department of Fish and Game‟s Shasta River rotary trap increased, but trap catches varied throughout the study period, resulting in differences in release dates of hatchery and wild fish. A total of 211 hatchery fish were released from 4 April through 26 May. Wild and hatchery fish released on a regular schedule between 25 April and 16 May 2006 were used in comparisons of the survival and migration of hatchery (N = 120) and wild (N = 162) fish. Additional analyses were performed using hatchery fish from all dates.
The data and models did not support clear differences between survivals of hatchery and wild fish released on common dates, so estimates of reach survivals were made after pooling these data. Estimates of survival were lowest in the Iron Gate Dam to Scott River reach (0.813) and greatest in the Salmon River to Trinity River reach (1.000). The overall survival from river kilometer 309 (Iron Gate Hatchery) to river kilometer 33 was 0.653 (95% CI 0.578 to 0.729). Estimates of survival based on all hatchery fish releases were similar to those from release dates common to hatchery and wild fish and are similar to those in other river systems over similar distances. The migrations of hatchery and wild fish were different in the uppermost sections of the study area and were similar thereafter. A lag between release and migration, primarily upstream from the Scott River (river kilometer 234), was present in hatchery fish to a greater extent than in wild fish, resulting in differences in migration rates. Fish from both origins spent more time between release and the Scott River than in individual reaches downstream, and this was the only reach in which travel times of fish increased as discharge decreased. The travel times of hatchery and wild fish between sites were statistically similar downstream from Indian Creek (river kilometer 178).
There were differences and similarities in the analyses of the effects of covariates on survivals of hatchery and wild fish. The models of covariate effects based on hatchery and wild fish released on common dates indicated effects on wild fish survival that were not supported in data from hatchery fish. However, when the entire suite of hatchery fish releases were used the results of the analyses were similar to those based on wild fish. In both instances the effects of temperature and release date were primarily in the first reach, the reach fish of both origins spent most of their time within. The signs of the effects of these covariates differed among the fish origins (negative for wild and positive for hatchery fish), presumably due to differences in their migrations in the first reach. The effects of dam discharge on survivals of hatchery and wild fish were generally similar (positive relation), and the effects on hatchery, and to a lesser extent wild, fish were largely downstream from the Scott River. This is likely due to the prolonged residence of the naïve hatchery fish, and to a lesser extent, migrant wild fish between release and the Scott River. Inasmuch as the differences between hatchery and wild fish we observed were likely those of migrants vs. non-migrants, the use of hatchery fish captured as they are migrating downstream, rather than those directly from hatchery tanks (i.e., naïve), may improve similarities between hatchery and wild fish in future studies. The data and models used in 2006 do not support the use of naïve hatchery fish as surrogates for migrant wild fish in determining the effects of discharge on survival upstream from the Scott River. This conclusion is based on the different effects of covariates in this reach that were likely attributable to the differences in hatchery and wild migration behaviors in this reach.
The results of this second year of research provide insight to the migration and survival of hatchery and wild juvenile coho salmon in the Klamath River, but the results are from a single unusual water year. The results may be different during other water year types. The current information supports a positive relation between discharge at Iron Gate Dam and survival of juvenile coho salmon downstream, but additional data should be used to refine this relation. Discharge at the dam was correlated with discharges of Klamath River tributaries during this above average water year. The data and models from the 2006 study provide the first estimates of survival of these fish in the Klamath River and can be used with data from years with other water year types to examine the effects of discharge on survival. This will only be possible over a period of years in which the correlations between discharge and other factors, such as water temperature and date, are diminished. An experimental approach in which discharges are varied at Iron Gate Dam is the most direct method to determine if survivals are affected by discharge, but this may not be feasible given the limited storage capacity of the project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081332","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J.W., Stutzer, G., Juhnke, S., and Hetrick, N., 2008, Survival and migration behavior of juvenile coho salmon in the Klamath River relative to discharge at Iron Gate Dam, Northern California, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1332, viii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081332.","productDescription":"viii, 72 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"100","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12021,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1332/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Iron Gate Dam ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4367904663086,\n 41.93535959800968\n ],\n [\n -122.44786262512208,\n 41.92801649601346\n ],\n [\n -122.45009422302246,\n 41.92303547614754\n ],\n [\n -122.44606018066406,\n 41.9220775431288\n ],\n [\n -122.42880821228029,\n 41.93848814115791\n ],\n [\n -122.43464469909667,\n 41.939573518226936\n ],\n [\n -122.4367904663086,\n 41.93535959800968\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68839a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, John W. jbeeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","email":"jbeeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stutzer, Greg","contributorId":64753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stutzer","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13396,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata FWO, Arcata, CA 95521","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":300891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Juhnke, Steve","contributorId":67614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juhnke","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hetrick, Nicholas","contributorId":105008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hetrick","given":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97048,"text":"sir20085144 - 2008 - Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Optimization of Withdrawals from Aquifers at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River, St. Mary's County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T12:53:20.545391","indexId":"sir20085144","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5144","title":"Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Optimization of Withdrawals from Aquifers at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River, St. Mary's County, Maryland","docAbstract":"Potentiometric surfaces in the Piney Point-Nanjemoy, Aquia, and Upper Patapsco aquifers have declined from 1950 through 2000 throughout southern Maryland. In the vicinity of Lexington Park, Maryland, the potentiometric surface in the Aquia aquifer in 2000 was as much as 170 feet below sea level, approximately 150 feet lower than estimated pre-pumping levels before 1940. At the present rate, the water levels will have declined to the regulatory allowable maximum of 80 percent of available drawdown in the Aquia aquifer by about 2050. The effect of the withdrawals from these aquifers by the Naval Air Station Patuxent River and surrounding users on the declining potentiometric surface has raised concern for future availability of ground water. Growth at Naval Air Station Patuxent River may increase withdrawals, resulting in further drawdown. A ground-water-flow model, combined with optimization modeling, was used to develop withdrawal scenarios that minimize the effects (drawdown) of hypothetical future withdrawals.\r\n\r\nA three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate the ground-water-flow system in the Piney Point-Nanjemoy, Aquia, and Upper Patapsco aquifers beneath the Naval Air Station Patuxent River. Transient and steady-state conditions were simulated to give water-resource managers additional tools to manage the ground-water resources. The transient simulation, representing 1900 through 2002, showed that the magnitude of withdrawal has increased over that time, causing ground-water flow to change direction in some areas.\r\n\r\nThe steady-state simulation was linked to an optimization model to determine optimal solutions to hypothetical water-management scenarios. Two optimization scenarios were evaluated. The first scenario was designed to determine the optimal pumping rates for wells screened in the Aquia aquifer within three supply groups to meet a 25-percent increase in withdrawal demands, while minimizing the drawdown at a control location. The resulting optimal solution showed that pumping six wells above the rate required for maintenance produced the least amount of drawdown in the local potentiometric surface.\r\n\r\nThe second hypothetical scenario was designed to determine the optimal location for an additional well in the Aquia aquifer in the northeastern part of the main air station. The additional well was needed to meet an increase in withdrawal of 43,000 cubic feet per day. The optimization model determined the optimal location for the new well, out of a possible 10 locations, while minimizing drawdown at control nodes located outside the western boundary of the main air station. The optimal location is about 1,500 feet to the east-northeast of the existing well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085144","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Naval Air Station Patuxent River","usgsCitation":"Dieter, C.A., and Fleck, W.B., 2008, Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Optimization of Withdrawals from Aquifers at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River, St. Mary's County, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5144, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085144.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124706,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5144.jpg"},{"id":12019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,38 ], [ -77.5,39.5 ], [ -76,39.5 ], [ -76,38 ], [ -77.5,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb4fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieter, Cheryl A. 0000-0002-5786-4091 cadieter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-4091","contributorId":2058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieter","given":"Cheryl","email":"cadieter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleck, William B.","contributorId":17587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157555,"text":"70157555 - 2008 - Seismic hazard mapping of California incorporating spatial variability of site conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T18:22:25.083395","indexId":"70157555","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seismic hazard mapping of California incorporating spatial variability of site conditions","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has recently released a 2008 version of the probabilistic National Seismic Hazard Maps. These maps plot the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) ordinates at 0.2 and 1.0 sec with 2% and 10% probabilities of being exceeded in 50 years, corresponding to earthquake return periods of about 2,475 and 475 years, respectively. These acceleration levels were computed for uniform “firm rock” site conditions, i.e., 760 m/sec average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m, and therefore these maps do not show the potential spatial variability of ground motion associated with different site conditions, so we have combined the USGS National Seismic Hazard model with the California showing 17 generalized geologic units geologic units that can be defined by their shear-wave velocity (Wills and Clahan 2006), we regrouped these units into to 7 shear-wave velocities. At each shear-wave velocity value, a probabilistic seismic hazard map was generated for the entire state. By combining seismic hazard maps based on the 7 different shear-wave velocity values, a suite of seismic hazard maps was computed for California for 0.2 and 1.0 sec spectral ordinates at 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. The improved maps thus explicitly incorporate the site effects and their spatial variability on ground motion estimates. The SA at 1.0 sec map of seismic shaking potential for California has been now published as California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48, which is intended to be accessible and understandable to the general public.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the Eastern San Francisco Bay Area: Science, hazard, engineering and risk","conferenceTitle":"Third Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the Eastern San Francisco Bay Area","conferenceDate":"October 22-24, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Hayward, California","language":"English","publisher":"California Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Kalkan, E., Wills, C.J., and Branum, D.M., 2008, Seismic hazard mapping of California incorporating spatial variability of site conditions, in Proceedings of the Third Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the Eastern San Francisco Bay Area: Science, hazard, engineering and risk, Hayward, California, October 22-24, 2008, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5606703ce4b058f706e5195c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkan, Erol 0000-0002-9138-9407 ekalkan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9138-9407","contributorId":1218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkan","given":"Erol","email":"ekalkan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Branum, David M.","contributorId":70692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branum","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97039,"text":"sir20085157 - 2008 - Geochemical trends and natural attenuation of RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate in the hazardous test area Fractured-Granite aquifer, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, 1996-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T22:34:54.680745","indexId":"sir20085157","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5157","title":"Geochemical trends and natural attenuation of RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate in the hazardous test area Fractured-Granite aquifer, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, 1996-2006","docAbstract":"A fractured-granite aquifer at White Sands Missile Range is contaminated with the explosive compound RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate (oxidizer associated with rocket propellant) from the previous use of the Open Burn/Open Detonation site at the Hazardous Test Area. RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate\r\nground-water concentrations were analyzed to examine source characteristics, spatial and temporal variability, and the influence of the natural attenuation processes of dilution and degradation in the Hazardous Test Area fractured-granite aquifer. Two transects of ground-water wells from the existing monitoring-site network - one perpendicular to ground-water flow (transect A-A') and another parallel to ground-water flow (transect B-B') - were selected to examine source characteristics and the spatial and temporal variability of the contaminant concentrations. Ground-water samples collected in 2005 from a larger sampling of monitoring sites than the two transects were analyzed for various tracers including major ions, trace elements, RDX degradates, dissolved gases, water isotopes, nitrate isotopes, and sulfate isotopes to examine the natural attenuation processes of dilution and degradation.\r\n\r\nRecharge entrains contaminants at the site and transports them downgradient towards the Tularosa Basin floor through a poorly connected fracture system(s). From 1996 to 2006, RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate concentrations in ground water downgradient from the Open Burn/Open Detonation site have been relatively stable. RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate in ground water from wells near the site indicate dispersed contaminant sources in and near the Open Burn/Open Detonation pits. The sources of RDX and nitrate in the pit area have shifted with time, and the shift correlates with the regrading of the south and east berms of each pit in 2002 and 2003 following closure of the site. The largest RDX concentrations were in ground water about 0.1 mile downgradient from the pits, the largest perchlorate concentrations were in ground water about 0.15 mile downgradient from the pits, and the largest nitrate concentrations were in ground water about 0.25 mile down-gradient from the pits. Strong and moderate correlation of water level and the contaminant concentrations near the source areas and low correlation outside and downgradient from the source areas indicates a diminishing of the water level/contaminant relation with downgradient flow.\r\n\r\nGround water was not progressively older at all locations downgradient from the Open Burn/Open Detonation site indicating multiple recharge areas. Major ion and strontium concentrations and d2H and d18O values identified similar sources of recharge waters comprising the aquifer except along the basin periphery where recharge water may be influenced by dissolution of mineral assemblages associated with ore deposits that are present along the basin margins. Ground-water ages, dissolved-solids concentrations, and calcium-strontium concentrations indicate limited or partial connectivity between fractures and contributions of uncontaminated recharge water downgradient from the site that dilutes contaminant concentrations. Changes in RDX and nitrate concentration patterns, the presence of methane, changes in carbon dioxide concentrations and d15N and d34S values, and variable reduction-oxidation conditions suggest degradation of contaminants in the downgradient direction. Estimated values of electron potential were assigned to ground water collected in October 2005 from all monitoring sites at the Hazardous Test Area. Moderate to strong reducing conditions were present upgradient from the Open Burn/Open Detonation site, at the site, and at various locations downgradient from the site, but the aquifer contained well-oxygenated water between many of the reducing areas. The spatial variability of reduction-oxidation conditions in the aquifer exemplifies the partial connectivity of the fracture system(s). Dilution of the contaminants i","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army, White Sands Missile Range","usgsCitation":"Langman, J.B., Robertson, A.J., Bynum, J., and Gebhardt, F., 2008, Geochemical trends and natural attenuation of RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate in the hazardous test area Fractured-Granite aquifer, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, 1996-2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5157, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085157.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423658,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84963.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12009,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5157/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands Missile Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5375,\n 32.5028\n ],\n [\n -106.5375,\n 32.4167\n ],\n [\n -106.4333,\n 32.4167\n ],\n [\n -106.4333,\n 32.5028\n ],\n [\n -106.5375,\n 32.5028\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae560","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langman, Jeff B.","contributorId":22036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langman","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Andrew J. 0000-0003-2130-0347 ajrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-0347","contributorId":4129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Andrew","email":"ajrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bynum, Jamar","contributorId":7796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bynum","given":"Jamar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gebhardt, Fredrick E.","contributorId":65538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebhardt","given":"Fredrick E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97040,"text":"sir20085163 - 2008 - The Significance of Accounting Order for Evapotranspiration and Recharge in Monthly and Daily Threshold-Type Water Budgets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"sir20085163","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5163","title":"The Significance of Accounting Order for Evapotranspiration and Recharge in Monthly and Daily Threshold-Type Water Budgets","docAbstract":"Most threshold-type water-budget models account for the loss of water by evapotranspiration before accounting for recharge. Recharge estimates can differ substantially, depending on whether recharge is counted before or after evapotranspiration in the water budget. This disparity is the source of uncertainty and is most pronounced for areas where soil-moisture storage capacity is small or for water budgets computed using a large time interval (such as monthly). Water budgets that account for recharge before evapotranspiration provide higher estimates of recharge and lower estimates of evapotranspiration relative to water budgets that account for evapotranspiration before recharge. The choice of accounting method is less significant for a daily computation interval than for a monthly computation interval. In general, uncertainty in recharge estimates is least for water budgets computed using the shortest computation interval that the data allow and that is consistent with the physical processes being represented. If the data only allow for long (weekly or monthly) computation intervals, then selecting the appropriate accounting order for the study area may be critical. For monthly water budgets, accounting for recharge before evapotranspiration is most appropriate in areas where rainfall occurs infrequently, whereas accounting for evapotranspiration before recharge is most appropriate where rainfall occurs relatively uniformly throughout the month.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085163","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 2008, The Significance of Accounting Order for Evapotranspiration and Recharge in Monthly and Daily Threshold-Type Water Budgets (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5163, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085163.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12010,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -161,18.5 ], [ -161,23 ], [ -154,23 ], [ -154,18.5 ], [ -161,18.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97038,"text":"cir1328 - 2008 - Understanding contaminants associated with mineral deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-04T17:24:42.241059","indexId":"cir1328","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1328","title":"Understanding contaminants associated with mineral deposits","docAbstract":"Interdisciplinary studies by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have resulted in substantial progress in understanding the processes that control
The potential environmental effects associated with abandoned and inactive mines, resulting from the complex interaction of a variety of chemical and physical processes, is an area of study that is important to the USGS Mineral Resources Program. Understanding the processes contributing to the environmental effects of abandoned and inactive mines is also of interest to a wide range of stakeholders, including both those responsible for managing lands with historically mined areas and those responsible for anticipating environmental consequences of future mining operations. The recently completed (2007) USGS project entitled 'Process Studies of Contaminants Associated with Mineral Deposits' focused on abandoned and inactive mines and mineralized areas in the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona, where there are thousands of abandoned mines.
Results from these studies provide new information that advances our understanding of the physical and biogeochemical processes causing the mobilization, transport, reaction, and fate of potentially toxic elements (including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc) in mineralized near-surface systems and their effects on aquatic and riparian habitat. These interdisciplinary studies provide the basis for scientific decisionmaking and remedial action by local, State, and Federal agencies charged with minimizing the effects of potentially toxic elements on the environment.
Current (2007) USGS research highlights the need to understand (1) the geologic sources of metals and acidity and the geochemical reactions that release them from their sources, (2) the pathways that facilitate transport from those sources, and (3) the processes that control the fate of the elements once released from the sources. Experts in the fields of economic geology, structural geology, mineralogy, geophysics, geochemistry, hydrology, ground-water modeling, microbiology, and toxicology came together for a series of studies that address these relationships on scales ranging from the microscopic to the watershed. This Circular presents results and highlights from the detailed, interdisciplinary studies that include investigations in both mining-affected areas and mineralized but unmined areas. The first section of the Circular describes laboratory and site-scale field investigations that primarily focus on mineralogic and biologic controls on the source and release of metals and acidity from mine-waste rock and hydrothermally altered areas. The second section describes a set of basin- to watershed-scale studies that not only investigate the source and release of metals and acidity but also the transport of these constituents away from the source areas. The third section is a summary of results from postremediation ecosystem monitoring. For more information on these and other project-related studies, please visit the project Web site at http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/projects/contaminants/index.html. The Web site includes a complete bibliography and detailed descriptions of each interdisciplinary study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1328","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P.L., 2008, Understanding contaminants associated with mineral deposits (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1328, iv, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1328.","productDescription":"iv, 95 p.","costCenters":[{"id":169,"text":"Central Mineral Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12008,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1328/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402875,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_85043.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48eee4b07f02db557852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97034,"text":"ofr20081297 - 2008 - Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in the Brunswick-Glynn County Area, Georgia, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T11:37:01","indexId":"ofr20081297","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1297","title":"Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in the Brunswick-Glynn County Area, Georgia, 2007","docAbstract":"The Upper Floridan aquifer is contaminated with saltwater in a 2-square-mile area of downtown Brunswick, Georgia. This contamination has limited the development of the ground-water supply in the Glynn County area. Hydrologic, geologic, and water-quality data are needed to effectively manage water resources. Since 1959, the U.S. Geological Survey has conducted a cooperative water-resources program with the City of Brunswick to monitor and assess the effect of ground-water development on saltwater contamination of the Floridan aquifer system. The potential development of alternative sources of water in the Brunswick and surficial aquifer systems also is an important consideration in coastal areas.\r\n\r\nDuring calendar year 2007, the cooperative water-resources monitoring program included continuous water-level recording of 13 wells completed in the Floridan, Brunswick, and surficial aquifer systems; collecting water levels from 22 wells to map the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer during July and August 2007; and collecting and analyzing water samples from 76 wells to map chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer during July and August 2007. In addition, work was initiated to refine an existing ground-water flow model for evaluation of water-management scenarios.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081297","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Brunswick and Glynn County","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., and Clarke, J.S., 2008, Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in the Brunswick-Glynn County Area, Georgia, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1297, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081297.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12004,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1297/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn County","city":"Brunswick","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 30.635548826533245\n ],\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 31.49894567796294\n ],\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 31.49894567796294\n ],\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 30.635548826533245\n ],\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 30.635548826533245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d67f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97036,"text":"sir20085072 - 2008 - Nutrient Loading and Algal Response in West Thompson Lake, Thompson, Connecticut, 2003-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"sir20085072","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5072","title":"Nutrient Loading and Algal Response in West Thompson Lake, Thompson, Connecticut, 2003-2005","docAbstract":"Water quality and nutrient loads were characterized for parts of the Quinebaug River and West Thompson Lake in northeastern Connecticut during 2003 to 2005. The West Thompson Lake watershed is a mainly forested watershed that receives treated municipal wastewater from several point sources in Massachusetts. The lake is a flood-control reservoir formed in 1966 by impoundment of the Quinebaug River. Median concentrations of total phosphorus in two inflow (upstream) and one outflow (downstream) sampling stations on the Quinebaug River were higher than the nutrient criteria recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for rivers and streams in aggregate Ecoregion XIV. In general, concentrations of total phosphorus in West Thompson Lake also were above the nutrient criteria recommended by USEPA for lakes and impoundments in aggregate Ecoregion XIV.\r\n\r\nThe trophic status of West Thompson Lake has changed since 1995 from a hypereutrophic lake to a eutrophic lake; however, the lake still has large algal blooms. These blooms are predominated by blue-green algae, with chlorophyll-a concentrations of more than 30 micrograms per liter and algal cell counts as high as 73,000 cells/mL. Water samples collected during the summer of 2005 identified phosphorus as the primary limiting nutrient early in the season, but algal growth is probably co-limited by phosphorus and nitrogen later in the season.\r\n\r\nLake-bottom sediments were collected from several areas throughout the lake and ranged in thickness from less than 1 foot (ft) to more than 3 ft. Concentrations of phosphorus in sediments differed throughout the lake; the highest values were found in the middle of the lake. Concentrations of total phosphorus also increased from an average 1,800 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) in the upper layers of sediment to more than 6,000 mg/kg at depth in the sediment.\r\n\r\nAnnual, seasonal, and monthly loads and yields of nutrients were calculated for the three sampling locations on the Quinebaug River to develop a nutrient mass-balance model (budget) for West Thompson Lake. The average annual yields of total phosphorus during 2000 to 2005 were 115 pounds per square mile per year (lb/mi2/yr) at Quinebaug (inflow station), 116 lb/mi2/yr at Red Bridge Road (inflow station), and 97.9 lb/mi2/yr at West Thompson (outflow station). The 18-percent decrease in the average annual yield of total phosphorus between the inflow station at Red Bridge Road and the outlet of West Thompson Lake at West Thompson indicates that a significant part of the phosphorus load is retained in the lake. Annual yields of total phosphorus at Quinebaug have decreased significantly since the 1980s, from 362 lb/mi2/yr (for 1981-1990) to 115 lb/mi2/yr (1996-2005).\r\n\r\nThe annual net export of phosphorus in West Thompson Lake during water years 2000 to 2005 ranged from -36 percent (2005) to 1 percent (2002) of the incoming load. Seasonal mass-balance data for total phosphorus during the summers of 2000 to 2003, when streamflow was at or lower than normal, indicated a net export of phosphorus that ranged from 3.4 percent (2003) to 30.7 percent (2002) of the incoming load. During the summer of 2004, however, streamflows were much higher than normal, and there was a negative export of phosphorus in West Thompson Lake of -3.9 percent. The annual net export of nitrogen in West Thompson Lake during water years 2000 to 2005 ranged from -5 percent (2002) to 4 percent (2001) of the incoming load. No clear pattern was evident to relate total nitrogen export to seasonal variables or runoff.\r\n\r\nRemoval of phosphorus during the summer by wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) in Massachusetts reduces the concentration and load of total phosphorus entering West Thompson Lake in the summer; however, the large amount of phosphorus retained in the lake during the other seasons, in addition to the phosphorus stored in the lake-bottom sediments, may become available to fuel algal blooms in the lake","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085072","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J., and Colombo, M.J., 2008, Nutrient Loading and Algal Response in West Thompson Lake, Thompson, Connecticut, 2003-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5072, vi, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085072.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12006,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5072/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.33333333333333,41.833333333333336 ], [ -72.33333333333333,42.333333333333336 ], [ -71.66666666666667,42.333333333333336 ], [ -71.66666666666667,41.833333333333336 ], [ -72.33333333333333,41.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6967d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, Jonathan 0000-0002-1756-4609 jmorriso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-4609","contributorId":2274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmorriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colombo, Michael J. mjcolomb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colombo","given":"Michael","email":"mjcolomb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":300859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97029,"text":"fs20083083 - 2008 - Isotope and Chemical Methods in Support of the U.S. Geological Survey Science Strategy, 2003-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"fs20083083","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3083","title":"Isotope and Chemical Methods in Support of the U.S. Geological Survey Science Strategy, 2003-2008","docAbstract":"Principal functions of the Mineral Resources Program are providing information to decision-makers related to mineral deposits on federal lands and predicting the environmental consequences of the mining or natural weathering of those deposits. Performing these functions requires that predictions be made of the likelihood of undiscovered deposits. The predictions are based on geologic and geoenvironmental models that are constructed for the various types of mineral deposits from detailed descriptions of actual deposits and detailed understanding of the processes that formed them. Over the past three decades the understanding of ore-forming processes has benefitted greatly from the integration of laboratory-based geochemical tools with field observations and other data sources. Under the aegis of the Evolution of Ore Deposits and Technology Transfer Project (EODTTP), a five-year effort that terminated in 2008, the Mineral Resources Program provided state-of-the-art analytical capabilities to support applications of several related geochemical tools.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution of Ore Deposits and Technology Transfer Project","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083083","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Johnson, C.A., Landis, G.P., Hofstra, A., Emsbo, P., Stricker, C.A., Hunt, A., and Rusk, B., 2008, Isotope and Chemical Methods in Support of the U.S. Geological Survey Science Strategy, 2003-2008 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3083, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083083.","productDescription":"6 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3083.jpg"},{"id":11998,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3083/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667035","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stricker, C. A.","contributorId":56758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hunt, A.G.","contributorId":68691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rusk, B.G.","contributorId":48667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rusk","given":"B.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":97032,"text":"ofr20081322 - 2008 - Flood of June 7-9, 2008, in Central and Southern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:50:44","indexId":"ofr20081322","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1322","title":"Flood of June 7-9, 2008, in Central and Southern Indiana","docAbstract":"On June 6-7, 2008, heavy rainfall of 2 to more than 10 inches fell upon saturated soils and added to already high streamflows from a wetter than normal spring in central and southern Indiana. The heavy rainfall resulted in severe flooding on many streams within the White River Basin during June 7-9, causing three deaths, evacuation of thousands of residents, and hundreds of millions of dollars of damage to residences, businesses, infrastructure, and agricultural lands. In all, 39 Indiana counties were declared Federal disaster areas. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgages at nine locations recorded new record peak streamflows for the respective periods of record as a result of the heavy rainfall. Recurrence intervals of flood-peak streamflows were estimated to be greater than 100 years at five streamgages and 50-100 years at two streamgages. Peak-gage-height data, peak-streamflow data, and recurrence intervals are tabulated for 19 USGS streamgages in central and southern Indiana. Peak-streamflow estimates are tabulated for four ungaged locations, and estimated recurrence intervals are tabulated for three ungaged locations. The estimated recurrence interval for an ungaged location on Haw Creek in Columbus was greater than 100 years and for an ungaged location on Hurricane Creek in Franklin was 50-100 years. Because flooding was particularly severe in the communities of Columbus, Edinburgh, Franklin, Paragon, Seymour, Spencer, Martinsville, Newberry, and Worthington, high-water-mark data collected after the flood were tabulated for those communities. Flood peak inundation maps and water-surface profiles for selected streams were made in a geographic information system by combining the high-water-mark data with the highest-resolution digital elevation model data available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081322","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Morlock, S.E., Menke, C.D., Arvin, D.V., and Kim, M.H., 2008, Flood of June 7-9, 2008, in Central and Southern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1322, Report: iv, 15 p.; 3 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081322.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 15 p.; 3 Appendixes","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-06-06","temporalEnd":"2008-06-09","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12002,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1322/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88,38 ], [ -88,40.5 ], [ -85,40.5 ], [ -85,38 ], [ -88,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morlock, Scott E. smorlock@usgs.gov","contributorId":3212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morlock","given":"Scott","email":"smorlock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":300852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menke, Chad D. cdmenke@usgs.gov","contributorId":3209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menke","given":"Chad","email":"cdmenke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":300849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arvin, Donald V. dvarvin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvin","given":"Donald","email":"dvarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kim, Moon H. 0000-0002-4328-8409 mkim@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-8409","contributorId":3211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Moon","email":"mkim@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97023,"text":"sir20085164 - 2008 - An evaluation of selected extraordinary floods in the United States reported by the U.S. Geological Survey and implications for future advancement of flood science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-04T13:19:32.50796","indexId":"sir20085164","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5164","displayTitle":"An Evaluation of Selected Extraordinary Floods in the United States Reported by the U.S. Geological Survey and Implications for Future Advancement of Flood Science","title":"An evaluation of selected extraordinary floods in the United States reported by the U.S. Geological Survey and implications for future advancement of flood science","docAbstract":"Thirty flood peak discharges determine the envelope curve of maximum floods documented in the United States by the U.S. Geological Survey. These floods occurred from 1927 to 1978 and are extraordinary not just in their magnitude, but in their hydraulic and geomorphic characteristics. The reliability of the computed discharge of these extraordinary floods was reviewed and evaluated using current (2007) best practices. Of the 30 flood peak discharges investigated, only 7 were measured at daily streamflow-gaging stations that existed when the flood occurred, and 23 were measured at miscellaneous (ungaged) sites. Methods used to measure these 30 extraordinary flood peak discharges consisted of 21 slope-area measurements, 2 direct current-meter measurements, 1 culvert measurement, 1 rating-curve extension, and 1 interpolation and rating-curve extension. The remaining four peak discharges were measured using combinations of culvert, slope-area, flow-over-road, and contracted-opening measurements. The method of peak discharge determination for one flood is unknown.
Changes to peak discharge or rating are recommended for 20 of the 30 flood peak discharges that were evaluated. Nine floods retained published peak discharges, but their ratings were downgraded. For two floods, both peak discharge and rating were corrected and revised. Peak discharges for five floods that are subject to significant uncertainty due to complex field and hydraulic conditions, were re-rated as estimates. This study resulted in 5 of the 30 peak discharges having revised values greater than about 10 percent different from the original published values. Peak discharges were smaller for three floods (North Fork Hubbard Creek, Texas; El Rancho Arroyo, New Mexico; South Fork Wailua River, Hawaii), and two peak discharges were revised upward (Lahontan Reservoir tributary, Nevada; Bronco Creek, Arizona). Two peak discharges were indeterminate because they were concluded to have been debris flows with peak discharges that were estimated by an inappropriate method (slope-area) (Big Creek near Waynesville, North Carolina; Day Creek near Etiwanda, California). Original field notes and records could not be found for three of the floods, however, some data (copies of original materials, records of reviews) were available for two of these floods. A rating was assigned to each of seven peak discharges that had no rating.
Errors identified in the reviews include misidentified flow processes, incorrect drainage areas for very small basins, incorrect latitude and longitude, improper field methods, arithmetic mistakes in hand calculations, omission of measured high flows when developing rating curves, and typographical errors. Common problems include use of two-section slope-area measurements, poor site selection, uncertainties in Manning’s n-values, inadequate review, lost data files, and insufficient and inadequately described high-water marks. These floods also highlight the extreme difficulty in making indirect discharge measurements following extraordinary floods. Significantly, none of the indirect measurements are rated better than fair, which indicates the need to improve methodology to estimate peak discharge. Highly unsteady flow and resulting transient hydraulic phenomena, two-dimensional flow patterns, debris flows at streamflow-gaging stations, and the possibility of disconnected flow surfaces are examples of unresolved problems not well handled by current indirect discharge methodology. On the basis of a comprehensive review of 50,000 annual peak discharges and miscellaneous floods in California, problems with individual flood peak discharges would be expected to require a revision of discharge or rating curves at a rate no greater than about 0.10 percent of all floods.
Many extraordinary floods create complex flow patterns and processes that cannot be adequately documented with quasi-steady, uniform one-dimensional analyses. These floods are most accurately described by multidimensional flow analysis.
Within the U.S. Geological Survey, new approaches are needed to collect more accurate data for floods, particularly extraordinary floods. In recent years, significant progress has been made in instrumentation for making direct discharge measurements. During this same period, very little has been accomplished in advancing methods to improve indirect discharge measurements. Greater use of paleoflood hydrology could fill many shortcomings of U.S. Geological Survey flood science today, such as enhanced knowledge of flood frequency. Additional links among flood runoff, storm structure, and storm motion would provide more insight to flood hazards. Significant improvement in understanding flood processes and characteristics could be gained from linking radar rainfall estimation and hydrologic modeling. Additionally, more could be done to provide real-time flood-hazard warnings with linked rainfall/runoff and flow models.
Several important recommendations are made to improve the flood-documentation capability of the U.S. Geological Survey. When very large discharges are measured by current meter or hydroacoustics, water-surface slope should be measured as well. This measurement would allow validation of roughness values that can significantly extend the discharge range of verified Manning’s n for 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional flow analyses. At least two of the floods investigated may have had flow so unstable that large waves affected the interpretation of high-water marks. Instability criteria should be considered for hydraulic analysis of large flows in high-gradient, smooth channels.
The U.S. Geological Survey needs to modernize its toolbox of field and office practices for making future indirect discharge measurements. These practices could include, first and foremost, a new peak-flow file database that allows greater description and interpretation of flow events, such as stability criteria in high-gradient, smooth channels, debris flow documentation, and details of flood genesis (hurricane, snowmelt, rain-on-snow, dam failure, and the like). Other modernized practices could include (a) establishment of calibrated stream reaches in chronic flash flood basins to expedite indirect computation of flow; (b) development of process-based theoretical rating curves for streamflow-gaging stations; (c) adoption of step-backwater models as the standard surface-water modeling tool for U.S. Geological Survey field offices; (d) development and support for multidimensional flow models capable of describing flood characteristics in complex terrain and high-gradient channels; (e) greater use of the critical-depth method in appropriate locations; (f) deployment of non-contact instruments to directly measure large floods, rather than attempting to reconstruct them; (g) increased use of paleoflood hydrology; and (h) assurance that future collection of hydro-climatic data meets the needs of more robust watershed models.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Resources Program develops mineral-deposit models for application in USGS mineral-resource assessments and other mineral resource-related activities within the USGS as well as for nongovernmental applications. Periodic updates of models are published in order to incorporate new concepts and findings on the occurrence, nature, and origin of specific mineral deposit types. This update is a preliminary model of porphyry copper deposits that begins an update process of porphyry copper models published in USGS Bulletin 1693 in 1986. This update includes a greater variety of deposit attributes than were included in the 1986 model as well as more information about each attribute. It also includes an expanded discussion of geophysical and remote sensing attributes and tools useful in resource evaluations, a summary of current theoretical concepts of porphyry copper deposit genesis, and a summary of the environmental attributes of unmined and mined deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081321","usgsCitation":"Berger, B.R., Ayuso, R.A., Wynn, J.C., and Seal, R., 2008, Preliminary model of porphyry copper deposits (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1321, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081321.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11877,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1321/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":358555,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1321/pdf/OF081321_508.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e574","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wynn, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":81081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}