Interested in a photograph of the first space walk by an American astronaut, or the first photograph from space of a solar eclipse? Or maybe your interest is in a specific geologic, oceanic, or meteorological phenomenon? The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center is making photographs of the Earth taken from space available for search, download, and ordering. These photographs were taken by Gemini mission astronauts with handheld cameras or by the Large Format Camera that flew on space shuttle Challenger in October 1984. Space photographs are distributed by EROS only as high-resolution scanned or medium-resolution digital products.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20083045","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Space acquired photography: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3045, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083045.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3045.jpg"},{"id":338450,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3045/pdf/fs2008-3045.pdf"},{"id":11417,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3045/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e712f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210604,"text":"70210604 - 2008 - Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H2S initiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T17:57:30.283714","indexId":"70210604","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T14:09:39","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H2S initiation","title":"Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H2S initiation","docAbstract":"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to catalyze thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) by hydrocarbons (HC), but the reaction mechanism remains unclear. To understand the mechanism of this catalytic reaction, a series of isothermal gold-tube hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 330 °C for 24 h under a constant confining pressure of 24.1 MPa. The reactants used were saturated HC (sulfur-free) and CaSO4 in the presence of variable H2S partial pressures at three different pH conditions. The experimental results showed that the in-situ pH of the aqueous solution (herein, in-situ pH refers to the calculated pH of aqueous solution under the experimental conditions) can significantly affect the rate of the TSR reaction. A substantial increase in the TSR reaction rate was recorded with a decrease in the in-situ pH value of the aqueous solution involved. A positive correlation between the rate of TSR and the initial partial pressure of H2S occurred under acidic conditions (at pH ∼3–3.5). However, sulfate reduction at pH ∼5.0 was undetectable even at high initial H2S concentrations. To investigate whether the reaction of H2S(aq) and
Quantification of labile organosulfur compounds (LSC), such as thiols and sulfides, was performed on the products of the reaction of H2S and HC from a series of gold-tube non-isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments conducted at about pH 3 from 300 to 370 °C and a 0.1-°C/h heating rate. Incorporation of sulfur into HC resulted in an appreciable amount of thiol and sulfide formation. The rate of LSC formation positively correlated with the initial H2S pressure. Thus, we propose that the LSC produced from H2S reaction with HC are most likely the reactive intermediates for H2S initiation of sulfate reduction. We further propose a three-step reaction scheme of sulfate reduction by HC under reservoir conditions, and discuss the geological implications of our experimental findings with regard to the effect of formation water and oil chemistry, in particular LSC content.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.036","usgsCitation":"Zhang, T., Amrani, A., Ellis, G., Ma, Q., Tang, Y., and Applegate, D., 2008, Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H2S initiation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 14, p. 3518-3530, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.036.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3518","endPage":"3530","ipdsId":"IP-002979","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":225223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amrani, Alon","contributorId":225224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amrani","given":"Alon","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ma, Qisheng","contributorId":225225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Qisheng","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":225226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Applegate, David 0000-0001-5570-3449 applegate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5570-3449","contributorId":225222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"David","email":"applegate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":790782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210602,"text":"70210602 - 2008 - Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T18:01:10.33029","indexId":"70210602","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T11:42:46","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"The abiotic, thermochemically controlled reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide coupled with the oxidation of hydrocarbons, is termed thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), and is an important alteration process that affects petroleum accumulations in nature. Although TSR is commonly observed in high-temperature carbonate reservoirs, it has proven difficult to simulate in the laboratory under conditions resembling nature. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative reactivities of various sulfate species in order to provide greater insight into the mechanism of TSR and potentially to fill the gap between laboratory experimental data and geological observations. Accordingly, quantum mechanics density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the activation energy required to reach a potential transition state for various aqueous systems involving simple hydrocarbons and different sulfate species. The entire reaction process that results in the reduction of sulfate to sulfide is far too complex to be modeled entirely; therefore, we examined what is believed to be the rate limiting step, namely, the reduction of sulfate S(VI) to sulfite S(IV). The results of the study show that water-solvated sulfate anions SO42- are very stable due to their symmetrical molecular structure and spherical electronic distributions. Consequently, in the absence of catalysis, the reactivity of SO42- is expected to be extremely low. However, both the protonation of sulfate to form bisulfate anions (HSO4-) and the formation of metal-sulfate contact ion-pairs could effectively destabilize the sulfate molecular structure, thereby making it more reactive.
Previous reports of experimental simulations of TSR generally have involved the use of acidic solutions that contain elevated concentrations of \"HSO4- relative to SO42-. However, in formation waters typically encountered in petroleum reservoirs, the concentration of HSO4- is likely to be significantly lower than the levels used in the laboratory, with most of the dissolved sulfate occurring as SO42-, aqueous calcium sulfate ([CaSO4](aq)), and aqueous magnesium sulfate ([MgSO4](aq)). Our calculations indicate that TSR reactions that occur in natural environments are most likely to involve bisulfate ions (HSO4-) and/or magnesium sulfate contact ion-pairs ([MgSO4]CIP) rather than ‘free’ sulfate ions (SO42-) or solvated sulfate ion-pairs, and that water chemistry likely plays a significant role in controlling the rate of TSR.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.061","usgsCitation":"Ma, Q., Ellis, G.S., Amrani, A., Zhang, T., and Tang, Y., 2008, Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 18, p. 4565-4576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.061.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4565","endPage":"4576","ipdsId":"IP-002841","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ma, Qisheng","contributorId":225212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Qisheng","affiliations":[{"id":41076,"text":"Power, Environmental, and Energy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amrani, Alon","contributorId":225213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amrani","given":"Alon","affiliations":[{"id":41077,"text":"Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":225214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[{"id":41078,"text":"Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":225215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":82135,"text":"sir20075194 - 2008 - Estimation of the change in freshwater volume in the North Coast Limestone upper aquifer of Puerto Rico in the Rio Grande de Manati-Rio de la Plata area between 1960 and 1990 and Implications on public-supply water availability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T21:29:20.751557","indexId":"sir20075194","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5194","title":"Estimation of the change in freshwater volume in the North Coast Limestone upper aquifer of Puerto Rico in the Rio Grande de Manati-Rio de la Plata area between 1960 and 1990 and Implications on public-supply water availability","docAbstract":"Ground water in the upper aquifer of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system historically has been the principal source of public-supply and self-supplied industrial water use in north-central Puerto Rico. Development of the aquifer for these two major water-use categories began in about 1930; however, withdrawals did not become an important water-supply source for sustaining local development until the 1960s. Ground-water withdrawals averaged about 6 million gallons per day from 1948 to the mid-1960s and peaked at about 33 million gallons per day in the 1980s. Withdrawals have since declined, averaging about 11.5 million gallons per day in 2002. Aquifer contamination by industrial chemical spills and by nitrates from agricultural and domestic sources initially reduced pumpage for public-supply use within localized areas, leading eventually to increased withdrawals at unaffected well fields.
The long-term effect of unconstrained ground-water withdrawals has been a regional thinning of the freshwater lens in an area encompassing 50,600 acres between the Río Grande de Manatí and Río de la Plata, generally north of latitude 18º25’. The effects of aquifer overdraft have been documented in the regional thinning of the freshwater lens, with an increase in dissolved-solids concentration in ground-water wells. Dissolved-solids concentration in public-supply wells were generally between 250 and 350 milligrams per liter during the 1960s, but increased to greater than 500 milligrams per liter in virtually all of the wells by 2000.
Depletion of fresh ground water was estimated at 282,000 acre-feet: 103,000 acre-feet in the Río Grande de Manatí to Río Cibuco area between 1960 and 1995, and 179,000 acre-feet in the Río Cibuco to Río de la Plata area between 1960 and 1992. Thus, aquifer freshwater volume depletion below mean sea level datum may have contributed as much as 38 percent (7.5 million gallons per day) of the 20-million gallons per day average withdrawal rate during the stated time periods. The calculated depletion of aquifer freshwater volume is equivalent to an average long-term rate of 8,400 acre-feet per year. Aquifer withdrawals can be anticipated to decline to about 10 million gallons per day by 2010 at the projected trend of well closures. The lost supply would have to be compensated from surface-water sources because the part of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system south of latitude 18º25’, although less vulnerable to saline-water encroachment, is not as productive.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075194","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Gómez-Gómez, F., 2008, Estimation of the change in freshwater volume in the North Coast Limestone upper aquifer of Puerto Rico in the Rio Grande de Manati-Rio de la Plata area between 1960 and 1990 and Implications on public-supply water availability: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5194, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075194.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":428024,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83723.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.77507067114715,\n 18.52202854335087\n ],\n [\n -66.77507067114715,\n 18.315609298791372\n ],\n [\n -66.07976072624878,\n 18.315609298791372\n ],\n [\n -66.07976072624878,\n 18.52202854335087\n ],\n [\n -66.77507067114715,\n 18.52202854335087\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c1de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82134,"text":"sim3014 - 2008 - Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sim3014","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3014","title":"Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007","docAbstract":"The most widely used aquifer for industry and public supply in the Mississippi embayment in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee is the Sparta-Memphis aquifer. Decades of pumping from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer have affected ground-water levels throughout the Mississippi embayment. Regional assessments of water-level data from the aquifer are important to document regional water-level conditions and to develop a broad view of the effects of ground-water development and management on the sustainability and availability of the region's water supply. This information is useful to identify areas of water-level declines, identify cumulative areal declines that may cross State boundaries, evaluate the effectiveness of ground-water management strategies practiced in different States, and identify areas with substantial data gaps that may preclude effective management of ground-water resources.\r\n\r\nA ground-water flow model of the northern Mississippi embayment is being developed by the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study (MERAS) to aid in answering questions about ground-water availability and sustainability. The MERAS study area covers parts of eight states including Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee and covers approximately 70,000 square miles. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources measured water levels in wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in the spring of 2007 to assist in the MERAS model calibration and to document regional water-level conditions. Measurements by the USGS and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources were done in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission; the Arkansas Geological Survey; Memphis Light, Gas and Water; Shelby County, Tennessee; and the city of Germantown, Tennessee. \r\n\r\nIn 2005, total water use from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in the Mississippi embayment was about 540 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Water use from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer was about 170 Mgal/d in Arkansas, about 68 Mgal/d in Louisiana, about 97 Mgal/d in Mississippi, and about 205 Mgal/d in Tennessee. \r\n\r\nThe author acknowledges, with great appreciation, the efforts of the personnel in the U.S. Geological Survey Water Science Centers of Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee, and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources that participated in the planning, water-level measurement, data evaluation, and review of the potentiometric-surface map. Without the contribution of data and the technical assistance of their staffs, this report would not have been completed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim3014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Resources Program, Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, Arkansas Geological Survey, Memphis Light, Gas and Water, Shelby County, Tennessee, and the City of Germantown, Tennessee","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T., 2008, Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3014, Map Sheet: 35 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3014.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 35 x 36 inches","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110773,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83719.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83719"},{"id":195223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11413,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.25,30.5 ], [ -94.25,37 ], [ -87.5,37 ], [ -87.5,30.5 ], [ -94.25,30.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, T.P.","contributorId":56300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":82127,"text":"ofr20081185 - 2008 - Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ofr20081185","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1185","title":"Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007","docAbstract":"In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, Watercourse Engineering, and the Bureau of Reclamation began a project to construct and calibrate a water quality and hydrodynamic model of the 21-mile reach of the Klamath River from Link River Dam to Keno Dam. To provide a basis for this work, data collection and experimental work were planned for 2007 and 2008. This report documents sampling and analytical methods and presents data from the first year of work. To determine water velocities and discharge, a series of cross-sectional acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements were made on the mainstem and four canals on May 30 and September 19, 2007. Water quality was sampled weekly at five mainstem sites and five tributaries from early April through early November, 2007. Constituents reported here include field parameters (water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, specific conductance); total nitrogen and phosphorus; particulate carbon and nitrogen; filtered orthophosphate, nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, organic carbon, iron, silica, and alkalinity; specific UV absorbance at 254 nm; phytoplankton and zooplankton enumeration and species identification; and bacterial abundance and morphological subgroups.\r\n\r\nThe ADCP measurements conducted in good weather conditions in May showed that four major canals accounted for most changes in discharge along the mainstem on that day. Direction of velocity at measured locations was fairly homogeneous across the channel, while velocities were generally lowest near the bottom, and highest near surface, ranging from 0.0 to 0.8 ft/s. Measurements in September, made in windy conditions, raised questions about the effect of wind on flow.\r\n\r\nMost nutrient and carbon concentrations were lowest in spring, increased and remained elevated in summer, and decreased in fall. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate and nitrite had a different seasonal cycle and were below detection or at low concentration in summer. Many nutrient and carbon concentrations were similar at the top and bottom of the water column, though ammonia and particulate carbon showed more variability in summer. Averaged over the season, particulate carbon and particulate nitrogen decreased in the downstream direction, while ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations increased in the downstream direction.\r\n\r\nAt most sites, bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton populations reached their maximums in summer. Large bacterial cells made up most of the bacteria biovolume, though cocci were the most numerous bacteria type. The cocci were smaller than the filter pore sizes used to separate dissolved from particulate matter in this study. Phytoplankton biovolumes were dominated by the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae most of the sampling season, though a spring diatom bloom occurred. Phytoplankton biovolumes were generally highest at the upstream Link River and Railroad Bridge sites and decreased in the downstream direction. Zooplankton populations were dominated by copepods in early spring, and by cladocerans and rotifers in summer, with rotifers more common farther downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A.B., Deas, M., Asbill, J., Kirshtein, J.D., Butler, K.D., Stewart, M.A., Wellman, R.W., and Vaughn, J., 2008, Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1185, viii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081185.","productDescription":"viii, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-05-30","temporalEnd":"2007-09-19","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11403,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,42 ], [ -122,42.333333333333336 ], [ -121.75,42.333333333333336 ], [ -121.75,42 ], [ -122,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deas, Michael L.","contributorId":98830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deas","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asbill, Jessica","contributorId":79575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asbill","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirshtein, Julie D.","contributorId":26033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirshtein","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butler, Kenna D. kebutler@usgs.gov","contributorId":3283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Kenna","email":"kebutler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stewart, Marc A. 0000-0003-1140-6316 mastewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-6316","contributorId":2277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Marc","email":"mastewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wellman, Roy W.","contributorId":78834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vaughn, Jennifer","contributorId":33009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":82126,"text":"sir20085062 - 2008 - Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79681,"text":"ofr20071019 - 2007 - Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006","indexId":"ofr20071019","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":82126,"text":"sir20085062 - 2008 - Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","indexId":"sir20085062","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T21:46:38.563071","indexId":"sir20085062","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5062","title":"Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","docAbstract":"Forests of the Apalachicola River floodplain had shorter flood durations, were drier in composition, and had 17 percent fewer trees in 2004 than in 1976. The change to drier forest composition is expected to continue for at least 80 more years. Floodplain drying was caused by large declines in river levels resulting from erosion of the river channel after 1954 and from decreased flows in spring and summer months since the 1970s. Water-level declines have been greatest at low and medium flows, which are the most common flows (occurring about 80 percent of the time). Water levels have remained relatively unchanged during large floods which continue to occur about three times per decade.
A study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey compared temporal changes in hydrologic conditions, forest composition, forest characteristics, and individual species of trees, as well as estimated the potential for change in composition of floodplain forests in the nontidal reach of the Apalachicola River. The study was conducted with the cooperation of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Northwest Florida Water Management District. Forest composition and field observations from studies conducted in 1976-1984 (termed “1976 data”) were used as baseline data for comparison with data from plots sampled in 2004-2006 (“2004 data”).
Flood durations were shorter in all periods subsequent to 1923-1976. The periods of record used to calculate flood durations for forest data were subsets of the complete record available (1923-2004). At sampled plots in all forest types and reaches combined, flood durations changed an average of more than 70 percent toward the baseline flood duration of the next drier forest type. For all forest types, changes in flood durations toward the next drier type were greatest in the upper reach (95.9 percent) and least in the lower reach (42.0 percent).
All forests are expected to be 38.2 percent drier in species composition by 2085, the year when the median age of surviving 2004 subcanopy trees will reach the median age (99 years) of the 2004 large canopy trees. The change will be greatest for forests in the upper reach (45.0 percent). Forest composition changes from pre-1954 to 2085 were calculated using Floodplain Indices from 1976 and 2004 tree-size classes and replicate plots.
Species composition in high bottomland hardwood forests is expected to continue to change, and some low bottomland hardwood forests are expected to become high bottomland hardwood forests. Organisms associated with floodplain forests will be affected by the changes in tree species, which will alter the timing of leaf-out, fruiting, and leaf-drop, the types of fruit and debris produced, and soil chemistry. Swamps will contain more bottomland hardwood species, but will also have an overall loss of tree density.
The density of trees in swamps significantly decreased by 37 percent from 1976 to 2004. Of the estimated 4.3 million (17 percent) fewer trees that existed in the nontidal floodplain in 2004 than in 1976, 3.3 million trees belonged to four swamp species: popash, Ogeechee tupelo, water tupelo, and bald cypress. Water tupelo, the most important tree in the nontidal floodplain in terms of basal area and density, has declined in number of trees by nearly 20 percent since 1976. Ogeechee tupelo, the species valuable to the tupelo honey industry, has declined in number of trees by at least 44 percent.
Greater hydrologic variability in recent years may be the reason swamps have had a large decrease in tree density. Drier conditions are detrimental for the growth of swamp species, and periodic large floods kill invading bottomland hardwood trees. The loss of canopy density in swamps may result in the swamp floor being exposed to more light with an increase in the amount of ground cover present, which in turn, would reduce tree replacement. The microclimate of the swamp floor would become warmer due to the decrease in shade and inundation. Soils would become dehydrated more quickly in dry periods and debris would decompose more quickly. A loss of tree density in swamps would lead to a decrease in tree and leaf litter biomass, which would have additional effects on swamp organisms. The loss of litter would result in a loss of substrate for benthic organisms in the floodplain and, ultimately, in the downstream waters of the river and estuary.