The National Landsat Archive Production System (NLAPS) has been the primary processing system for Landsat data since U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science Center (EROS) started archiving Landsat data. NLAPS converts raw satellite data into radiometrically and geometrically calibrated products. NLAPS has historically used the Internal Calibrator (IC) to calibrate the reflective bands of the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), even though the lamps in the IC were less stable than the TM detectors, as evidenced by vicarious calibration results. In 2003, a major effort was made to model the actual TM gain change and to update NLAPS to use this model rather than the unstable IC data for radiometric calibration. The model coefficients were revised in 2007 to reflect greater understanding of the changes in the TM responsivity. While the calibration updates are important to users with recently processed data, the processing system no longer calculates the original IC gain or offset. For specific applications, it is useful to have a record of the gain and offset actually applied to the older data. Thus, the NLAPS calibration database was used to generate estimated daily values for the radiometric gain and offset that might have been applied to TM data. This paper discusses the need for and generation of the NLAPS IC gain and offset tables. A companion paper covers the application of and errors associated with using these tables.
","conferenceTitle":"Earth Observing Systems XIII","conferenceDate":"August 11-13, 2008","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","usgsCitation":"Barsi, J.A., Chander, G., Micijevic, E., Markham, B.L., and Haque, O., 2008, Development of Landsat-5 thematic mapper internal calibrator gain and offset table, Earth Observing Systems XIII, v. 7081, San Diego, CA, August 11-13, 2008, 708115.","productDescription":"708115","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7081","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barsi, Julia A.","contributorId":71822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barsi","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12721,"text":"NASA GSFC SSAI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":913186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, Gyanesh gchander@usgs.gov","contributorId":3013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"Gyanesh","email":"gchander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":913187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Micijevic, Esad 0000-0002-3828-9239 emicijevic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":3075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevic","given":"Esad","email":"emicijevic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markham, Brian L. 0000-0002-9612-8169","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9612-8169","contributorId":121488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haque, Obaidul 0000-0002-0914-1446 ohaque@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-1446","contributorId":4691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haque","given":"Obaidul","email":"ohaque@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40546,"text":"KBR, Contractor to the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":913190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":86111,"text":"fs20083063 - 2008 - Distribution of Elevated Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"fs20083063","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3063","title":"Distribution of Elevated Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Washington State","docAbstract":"More than 60 percent of the population of Washington State uses ground water for their drinking and cooking needs. Nitrate concentrations in ground water are elevated in parts of the State as a result of various land-use practices, including fertilizer application, dairy operations and ranching, and septic-system use. Shallow wells generally are more vulnerable to nitrate contamination than deeper wells (Williamson and others, 1998; Ebbert and others, 2000).\r\n\r\nIn order to protect public health, the Washington State Department of Health requires that public water systems regularly measure nitrate in their wells. Public water systems serving more than 25 people collect water samples at least annually; systems serving from 2 to 14 people collect water samples at least every 3 years. Private well owners serving one residence may be required to sample when the well is first drilled, but are unregulated after that. As a result, limited information is available to citizens and public health officials about potential exposure to elevated nitrate concentrations for people whose primary drinking-water sources are private wells. The U.S. Geological Survey and Washington State Department of Health collaborated to examine water-quality data from public water systems and develop models that calculate the probability of detecting elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water. Maps were then developed to estimate ground water vulnerability to nitrate in areas where limited data are available.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083063","usgsCitation":"Frans, L., 2008, Distribution of Elevated Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in Washington State: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3063, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083063.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3063.jpg"},{"id":11674,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3063/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.75,45.5 ], [ -124.75,49 ], [ -116.91666666666667,49 ], [ -116.91666666666667,45.5 ], [ -124.75,45.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frans, Lonna","contributorId":79577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"Lonna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":86099,"text":"ofr20081249 - 2008 - Results of a Survey of Residential Home Heating Fuel and Stove Type and Use in the Shiprock Area of the Navajo Nation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-03T15:03:52","indexId":"ofr20081249","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1249","title":"Results of a Survey of Residential Home Heating Fuel and Stove Type and Use in the Shiprock Area of the Navajo Nation","docAbstract":"For many Navajo people, coal provides an affordable and convenient means of home heating. However, coal combustion results in the formation and mobilization of materials that are known risk factors for respiratory and other diseases. The level of respiratory morbidity among the Navajo people is higher than can be explained by usual epidemiological risk factors. The Shiprock area of the Navajo Nation is somewhat unique in that atmospheric thermal inversions trap air pollution low to the ground, especially in winter. There are two large mine mouth coal-fired power plants located in the vicinity, with a third plant in the planning stages. Both of the existing power plants are exempt from regulation under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act due to their age. The purpose of this survey was to assess the fuel and stove type and use, and document other household characteristics that might be related to the exposure of potentially toxic coal combustion products. A total of 137 surveys was conducted in English and Navajo to ascertain and document fuel usage and the type, size and conditions of heating stoves used in both traditional and modern homes. Results have been presented to the community at the Shiprock Chapter in the Navajo language. To increase public awareness, ways to properly use and store coal and to improve stove function and ventilation were also shared.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081249","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, J.E., and Garcia, L.V., 2008, Results of a Survey of Residential Home Heating Fuel and Stove Type and Use in the Shiprock Area of the Navajo Nation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1249, iii, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081249.","productDescription":"iii, 3 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1249/images/ofr1249.jpg"},{"id":298253,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1249/ofr2008-1249.pdf","size":"64 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":11661,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":298255,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1249/Navajo%20stove--fuel%20type--use%20survey%20key%20codes.xls","text":"Navajo stove type use survey key codes","description":"Navajo stove type use survey key codes","linkHelpText":"Table 2. Explanations of coded responses presented in Table 1."},{"id":298254,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1249/Navajo%20stove--fuel%20type--survey.xls","text":"Navajo stove fuel type survey","description":"Navajo stove fuel type survey","linkHelpText":"Table 1. Tabulated responses to the survey instrument for all 137 participants."}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ef63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, Joseph E. jbunnell@usgs.gov","contributorId":556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"Joseph","email":"jbunnell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, Linda V.","contributorId":107787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":86106,"text":"sir20075281 - 2008 - The Yukon Flats Cretaceous(?)-Tertiary extensional basin, east-central Alaska: Burial and thermal history modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T19:55:59.547464","indexId":"sir20075281","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5281","title":"The Yukon Flats Cretaceous(?)-Tertiary extensional basin, east-central Alaska: Burial and thermal history modeling","docAbstract":"One-dimensional burial and thermal history modeling of the Yukon Flats basin, east-central Alaska, was conducted as part of an assessment of the region’s undiscovered oil and gas resources. No deep exploratory wells have been drilled in the Yukon Flats region, and the subsurface geology of the basin is inferred from seismic reflection, gravity and magnetic surveys, and studies of shallow core holes in the basin and outcrops in the surrounding region. A thick sequence of Upper Cretaceous(?) and Cenozoic nonmarine sedimentary rocks is believed to fill the basin; coal and organic-rich mudstone and shale within this sequence represent potential hydrocarbon source rocks. The burial and thermal history models presented here represent the sole source of information on the thermal maturity of these potential source rocks at depth. We present four alternative burial history scenarios for a hypothetical well through the deepest portion of Yukon Flats basin. They differ from each other in the thicknesses of Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata, the timing of initial basin subsidence, and the timing of inferred unconformities. The burial modeling results suggest a present-day depth to the oil window of approximately 6,000 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075281","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E.L., and Stanley, R.G., 2008, The Yukon Flats Cretaceous(?)-Tertiary extensional basin, east-central Alaska: Burial and thermal history modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5281, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075281.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5281.jpg"},{"id":415946,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84176.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11670,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5281/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.55,\n 65.3333\n ],\n [\n -149.55,\n 67.2333\n ],\n [\n -142.45,\n 67.2333\n ],\n [\n -142.45,\n 65.3333\n ],\n [\n -149.55,\n 65.3333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cbda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, Elisabeth L. 0000-0001-5753-6189 erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":86104,"text":"sir20085055 - 2008 - Hydrogeologic Setting, Ground-Water Flow, and Ground-Water Quality at the Langtree Peninsula Research Station, Iredell County, North Carolina, 2000-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T10:01:43","indexId":"sir20085055","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5055","title":"Hydrogeologic Setting, Ground-Water Flow, and Ground-Water Quality at the Langtree Peninsula Research Station, Iredell County, North Carolina, 2000-2005","docAbstract":"A 6-year intensive field study (2000-2005) of a complex, regolith-fractured bedrock ground-water system was conducted at the Langtree Peninsula research station on the Davidson College Lake Campus in Iredell County, North Carolina. This research station was constructed as part of the Piedmont and Mountains Resource Evaluation Program, a cooperative study being conducted by the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey. Results of the study characterize the distinction and interaction of a two-component ground-water system in a quartz diorite rock type. The Langtree Peninsula research station includes 17 monitoring wells and 12 piezometers, including 2 well transects along high to low topographic settings, drilled into separate parts of the ground-water-flow system. The location of the research station is representative of a metaigneous intermediate (composition) regional hydrogeologic unit. The primary rock type is mafic quartz diorite that has steeply dipping foliation. Primary and secondary foliations are present in the quartz diorite at the site, and both have an average strike of about N. 12 degree E. and dip about 60 degree in opposite directions to the southeast (primary) and the northwest (secondary). This rock is cut by granitic dikes (intrusions) ranging in thickness from 2 to 50 feet and having an average strike of N. 20 degree W. and an average dip of 66 degree to the southwest. Depth to consolidated bedrock is considered moderate to deep, ranging from about 24 to 76 feet below land surface. The transition zone was delineated and described in each corehole near the well clusters but had a highly variable thickness ranging from about 1 to 20 feet. Thickness of the regolith (23 to 68 feet) and the transition zone do not appear to be related to topographic setting. Delineated bedrock fractures are dominantly low angle (possibly stress relief), which were observed to be open to partially open at depths of as much as 479 feet below land surface. Well yields ranged from about 3 to 50 gallons per minute. The connection of fracture zones at depth was demonstrated in three bedrock wells during a 48-hour aquifer test, and drawdown curves were similar for all three wells. \r\n\r\nGeneral findings of this study help characterize ground-water flow in the Piedmont and Mountains ground-water systems. Ground-water flow generally is from high to low topographic settings. Ground-water flow discharges toward a surface-water boundary (Lake Norman), and vertical hydraulic gradients generally are downward in recharge areas and upward in discharge areas. Dominant water types are calcium-bicarbonate and are similar in all three zones (regolith, transition zone, and bedrock) of the ground-water system. Results of continuous ground-water-quality monitoring indicate that ground-water recharge may occur seasonally over a period of several months or after heavy rainfall periods over a shorter period of a few to several weeks.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Pippin, C.G., Chapman, M.J., Huffman, B.A., Heller, M., and Schelgel, M.E., 2008, Hydrogeologic Setting, Ground-Water Flow, and Ground-Water Quality at the Langtree Peninsula Research Station, Iredell County, North Carolina, 2000-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5055, viii, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085055.","productDescription":"viii, 89 p.","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11668,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5055/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Iredell County","otherGeospatial":"Langtree Peninsula Research Station","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85,33.5 ], [ -85,37 ], [ -75,37 ], [ -75,33.5 ], [ -85,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628d79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pippin, Charles G.","contributorId":64739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pippin","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Melinda J. 0000-0003-4021-0320 mjchap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-0320","contributorId":1597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Melinda","email":"mjchap@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, Brad A. 0000-0003-4025-1325 bahuffma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1325","contributorId":1596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Brad","email":"bahuffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heller, Matthew J.","contributorId":81588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heller","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schelgel, Melissa E.","contributorId":22455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schelgel","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":86100,"text":"ofr20081236 - 2008 - An atlas of ShakeMaps for selected global earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:58:33","indexId":"ofr20081236","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1236","title":"An atlas of ShakeMaps for selected global earthquakes","docAbstract":"An atlas of maps of peak ground motions and intensity 'ShakeMaps' has been developed for almost 5,000 recent and historical global earthquakes. These maps are produced using established ShakeMap methodology (Wald and others, 1999c; Wald and others, 2005) and constraints from macroseismic intensity data, instrumental ground motions, regional topographically-based site amplifications, and published earthquake-rupture models. Applying the ShakeMap methodology allows a consistent approach to combine point observations with ground-motion predictions to produce descriptions of peak ground motions and intensity for each event. We also calculate an estimated ground-motion uncertainty grid for each earthquake.\r\nThe Atlas of ShakeMaps provides a consistent and quantitative description of the distribution and intensity of shaking for recent global earthquakes (1973-2007) as well as selected historic events. As such, the Atlas was developed specifically for calibrating global earthquake loss estimation methodologies to be used in the U.S. Geological Survey Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) Project. PAGER will employ these loss models to rapidly estimate the impact of global earthquakes as part of the USGS National Earthquake Information Center's earthquake-response protocol.\r\nThe development of the Atlas of ShakeMaps has also led to several key improvements to the Global ShakeMap system. The key upgrades include: addition of uncertainties in the ground motion mapping, introduction of modern ground-motion prediction equations, improved estimates of global seismic-site conditions (VS30), and improved definition of stable continental region polygons. Finally, we have merged all of the ShakeMaps in the Atlas to provide a global perspective of earthquake ground shaking for the past 35 years, allowing comparison with probabilistic hazard maps. The online Atlas and supporting databases can be found at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/shakemap/atlas.php/.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081236","usgsCitation":"Allen, T.I., Wald, D.J., Hotovec, A.J., Lin, K., Earle, P.S., and Marano, K., 2008, An atlas of ShakeMaps for selected global earthquakes (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1236, Report: iv, 35 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081236.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 35 p.; Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":299,"text":"Geologic Hazards Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11662,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68579e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Trevor I.","contributorId":60722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hotovec, Alicia J.","contributorId":88039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotovec","given":"Alicia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lin, Kuo-Wan","contributorId":38656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Kuo-Wan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Earle, Paul S. pearle@usgs.gov","contributorId":840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"Paul","email":"pearle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marano, Kristin D.","contributorId":54683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marano","given":"Kristin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":86098,"text":"sim3010 - 2008 - Geologic map of the Clark Peak quadrangle, Jackson and Larimer Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-14T19:52:53.859735","indexId":"sim3010","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3010","title":"Geologic map of the Clark Peak quadrangle, Jackson and Larimer Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Clark Peak quadrangle encompasses the southern end of the Medicine Bow Mountains and the northernmost end of the Mummy Range. The Continental Divide traverses the map area and Highway 14 cross the Divide at Cameron Pass, in the southeastern corner of the map. Approximately the eastern half of the map, and a few areas to the west, are underlain by Early Proterozoic plutonic and metamorphic rocks. Most of these basement rocks are part of the ~1,715 Ma Rawah batholith, composed mostly of pinkish, massive to moderately foliated monzogranite and granodiorite intruded by numerous, large pegmatite- aplite bodies. The metamorphic rocks, many of which form large inclusions in the granitic rocks of the Rawah batholith, include biotite-hornblende gneiss, hornblende gneiss, amphibolite, and biotite schist. The crystalline basement rocks are thrust westward along the Medicine Bow thrust over a sequence of sedimentary rocks as old as the Upper Permian Satanka Shale. The Satanka Shale, Middle and Lower Triassic Chugwater group, and a thin sandstone tentatively correlated with the Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic Jelm Formation are combined as one map unit. This undivided unit is overlain sequentially upward by the Upper Jurassic Sundance Formation, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Lower Cretaceous Dakota Group, Upper and Lower Cretaceous Benton Group, Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, and the Eocene and Paleocene Coalmont Formation. The Late Cretaceous to early Eocene Medicine Bow thrust is folded in places, and several back thrusts produced a complicated thrust pattern in the south part of the map. Early Oligocene magmatism produced rhyolite tuff, dacite and basalt flows, and intermediate dikes and small stocks. A 40Ar/39Ar date on sanidine from one rhyolite tuff is ~28.5 Ma; a similar whole-rock date on a trachybasalt is ~29.6 Ma. A very coarse, unsorted probably pre-Quaternary ridge-top diamicton crops out in the southern part of the quadrangle. Numerous glacial deposits (mostly of Pinedale age), rock glaciers, block-slope deposits, landslide deposits, talus deposits, fan deposits, colluvium, and alluvium comprise the surficial deposits of the map area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3010","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K., Ruleman, C., Shroba, R.R., and Braddock, W.A., 2008, Geologic map of the Clark Peak quadrangle, Jackson and Larimer Counties, Colorado (Version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3010, 1 Plate: 44.00 × 36.00 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3010.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.00 × 36.00 inches; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3010.jpg"},{"id":398770,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92504.htm"},{"id":11660,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3010/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jackson County, Larimer County","otherGeospatial":"Clark Peak quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -105.875,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -105.875,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S.","contributorId":89896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruleman, Chester A.","contributorId":41533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruleman","given":"Chester A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shroba, Ralph R. 0000-0002-2664-1813 rshroba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-1813","contributorId":1266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"Ralph","email":"rshroba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braddock, William A.","contributorId":61010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braddock","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":86094,"text":"ofr20081238 - 2008 - Quantifying and Qualifying USGS ShakeMap Uncertainty","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"ofr20081238","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1238","title":"Quantifying and Qualifying USGS ShakeMap Uncertainty","docAbstract":"We describe algorithms for quantifying and qualifying uncertainties associated with USGS ShakeMap ground motions. The uncertainty values computed consist of latitude/longitude grid-based multiplicative factors that scale the standard deviation associated with the ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) used within the ShakeMap algorithm for estimating ground motions. The resulting grid-based 'uncertainty map' is essential for evaluation of losses derived using ShakeMaps as the hazard input. For ShakeMap, ground motion uncertainty at any point is dominated by two main factors: (i) the influence of any proximal ground motion observations, and (ii) the uncertainty of estimating ground motions from the GMPE, most notably, elevated uncertainty due to initial, unconstrained source rupture geometry. The uncertainty is highest for larger magnitude earthquakes when source finiteness is not yet constrained and, hence, the distance to rupture is also uncertain. In addition to a spatially-dependant, quantitative assessment, many users may prefer a simple, qualitative grading for the entire ShakeMap. We developed a grading scale that allows one to quickly gauge the appropriate level of confidence when using rapidly produced ShakeMaps as part of the post-earthquake decision-making process or for qualitative assessments of archived or historical earthquake ShakeMaps. We describe an uncertainty letter grading ('A' through 'F', for high to poor quality, respectively) based on the uncertainty map. A middle-range ('C') grade corresponds to a ShakeMap for a moderate-magnitude earthquake suitably represented with a point-source location. Lower grades 'D' and 'F' are assigned for larger events (M>6) where finite-source dimensions are not yet constrained. The addition of ground motion observations (or observed macroseismic intensities) reduces uncertainties over data-constrained portions of the map. Higher grades ('A' and 'B') correspond to ShakeMaps with constrained fault dimensions and numerous stations, depending on the density of station/data coverage. Due to these dependencies, the letter grade can change with subsequent ShakeMap revisions if more data are added or when finite-faulting dimensions are added. We emphasize that the greatest uncertainties are associated with unconstrained source dimensions for large earthquakes where the distance term in the GMPE is most uncertain; this uncertainty thus scales with magnitude (and consequently rupture dimension). Since this distance uncertainty produces potentially large uncertainties in ShakeMap ground-motion estimates, this factor dominates over compensating constraints for all but the most dense station distributions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081238","usgsCitation":"Wald, D.J., Lin, K., and Quitoriano, V., 2008, Quantifying and Qualifying USGS ShakeMap Uncertainty (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1238, iii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081238.","productDescription":"iii, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11652,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1238/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4986e4b07f02db5aeb63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, Kuo-Wan","contributorId":38656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Kuo-Wan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quitoriano, Vincent","contributorId":29514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quitoriano","given":"Vincent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":86095,"text":"ofr20071254 - 2008 - Assessment of Effectiveness and Limitations of Habitat Suitability Models for Wetland Restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"ofr20071254","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1254","title":"Assessment of Effectiveness and Limitations of Habitat Suitability Models for Wetland Restoration","docAbstract":"Habitat suitability index (HSI) models developed for wildlife in the Louisiana Coastal Area Comprehensive Ecosystem Restoration Plan (LCA study) have been assessed for parameter and overall model quality. The success of the suitability models from the South Florida Water Management District for The Everglades restoration project and from the Spatially Explicit Species Index Models (SESI) of the Across Trophic Level System Simulation (ATLSS) Program of Florida warranted investigation with possible application of modeling theory to the current LCA study. General HSI models developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were also investigated. This report presents examinations of theoretical formulae and comparisons of the models, performed by using diverse hypothetical settings of hydrological/biological ecosystems to highlight weaknesses as well as strengths among the models, limited to the American alligator and selected wading bird species (great blue heron, great egret, and white ibis). Recommendations were made for the LCA study based on these assessments. An enhanced HSI model for the LCA study is proposed for the American alligator, and a new HSI model for wading birds is introduced for the LCA study. Performance comparisons of the proposed models with the other suitability models are made by using the aforementioned hypothetical settings.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071254","usgsCitation":"Draugelis-Dale, R.O., 2008, Assessment of Effectiveness and Limitations of Habitat Suitability Models for Wetland Restoration (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1254, x, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071254.","productDescription":"x, 136 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11653,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draugelis-Dale, Rassa O. 0000-0001-8532-3287 daler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-3287","contributorId":20422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draugelis-Dale","given":"Rassa","email":"daler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":86093,"text":"sir20085084 - 2008 - Alternative Regression Equations for Estimation of Annual Peak-Streamflow Frequency for Undeveloped Watersheds in Texas using PRESS Minimization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T15:05:16","indexId":"sir20085084","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5084","title":"Alternative Regression Equations for Estimation of Annual Peak-Streamflow Frequency for Undeveloped Watersheds in Texas using PRESS Minimization","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and in partnership with Texas Tech University, investigated a refinement of the regional regression method and developed alternative equations for estimation of peak-streamflow frequency for undeveloped watersheds in Texas. A common model for estimation of peak-streamflow frequency is based on the regional regression method. The current (2008) regional regression equations for 11 regions of Texas are based on log10 transformations of all regression variables (drainage area, main-channel slope, and watershed shape). Exclusive use of log10-transformation does not fully linearize the relations between the variables. As a result, some systematic bias remains in the current equations. The bias results in overestimation of peak streamflow for both the smallest and largest watersheds. The bias increases with increasing recurrence interval. The primary source of the bias is the discernible curvilinear relation in log10 space between peak streamflow and drainage area. Bias is demonstrated by selected residual plots with superimposed LOWESS trend lines. To address the bias, a statistical framework based on minimization of the PRESS statistic through power transformation of drainage area is described and implemented, and the resulting regression equations are reported. Compared to log10-exclusive equations, the equations derived from PRESS minimization have PRESS statistics and residual standard errors less than the log10 exclusive equations. Selected residual plots for the PRESS-minimized equations are presented to demonstrate that systematic bias in regional regression equations for peak-streamflow frequency estimation in Texas can be reduced. Because the overall error is similar to the error associated with previous equations and because the bias is reduced, the PRESS-minimized equations reported here provide alternative equations for peak-streamflow frequency estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085084","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and in partnership with Texas Tech University","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Thompson, D.B., 2008, Alternative Regression Equations for Estimation of Annual Peak-Streamflow Frequency for Undeveloped Watersheds in Texas using PRESS Minimization (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5084, iv, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085084.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5084.jpg"},{"id":327667,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5084/pdf/sir2008-5084.pdf","size":"11.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":11650,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5084/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686aac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, David B.","contributorId":79954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":86084,"text":"sir20085096 - 2008 - A regression model for computing index flows describing the median flow for the summer month of lowest flow in Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T11:03:59","indexId":"sir20085096","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5096","title":"A regression model for computing index flows describing the median flow for the summer month of lowest flow in Michigan","docAbstract":"In 2006, Michigan enacted laws to prevent new large capacity withdrawals from decreasing flows to the extent that they would functionally impair a stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations. The median streamflow for the summer month of lowest flow was specified by state decision makers as the index flow on which likely impacts of withdrawals would be assessed. At sites near long-term streamflow-gaging stations, analysis of streamflow records during July, August, and September was used to determine the index flow. At ungaged sites, an alternate method for computing the index flow was needed. This report documents the development of a method for computing index flows at ungaged stream sites in Michigan. The method is based on a regression model that computes the index water yield, which is the index flow divided by the drainage area. To develop the regression model, index flows were determined on the basis of daily flows measured during July, August, and September at 147 streamflow-gaging stations having 10 or more years of record (considered long-term stations) in Michigan. The corresponding index water yields were statistically related to climatic and basin characteristics upstream from the stations in the regression model. Climatic and basin characteristics selected as explanatory variables in the regression model include two aquifer-transmissivity and hydrologic-soil groups, forest land cover, and normal annual precipitation. Regression model estimates of water yield explain about 70.8 percent of the variability in index water yields indicated by streamflow-gaging station records. Index flows computed on the basis of regression-model estimates of water yield and corresponding drainage areas explain about 94.0 percent of the variability in index flows indicated by streamflow-gaging station records. No regional bias was detected in the regression-based estimates of water yield within seven hydrologic subregions spanning Michigan. Thus, the single regression model developed in this report can be used to produce unbiased estimates of index water yield and flow statewide. In addition, a technique is presented for computing prediction intervals about the index flow estimates.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.A., Sorrell, R.C., and Holtschlag, D.J., 2008, A regression model for computing index flows describing the median flow for the summer month of lowest flow in Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5096, vii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085096.","productDescription":"vii, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20085096.JPG"},{"id":11641,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5096/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4966e4b0b290850ef213","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David A.","contributorId":102172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorrell, Richard C.","contributorId":66965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorrell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":86083,"text":"sir20085126 - 2008 - Estimating Flow-Duration and Low-Flow Frequency Statistics for Unregulated Streams in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"sir20085126","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5126","title":"Estimating Flow-Duration and Low-Flow Frequency Statistics for Unregulated Streams in Oregon","docAbstract":"Flow statistical datasets, basin-characteristic datasets, and regression equations were developed to provide decision makers with surface-water information needed for activities such as water-quality regulation, water-rights adjudication, biological habitat assessment, infrastructure design, and water-supply planning and management. The flow statistics, which included annual and monthly period of record flow durations (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, and 95th percent exceedances) and annual and monthly 7-day, 10-year (7Q10) and 7-day, 2-year (7Q2) low flows, were computed at 466 streamflow-gaging stations at sites with unregulated flow conditions throughout Oregon and adjacent areas of neighboring States. Regression equations, created from the flow statistics and basin characteristics of the stations, can be used to estimate flow statistics at ungaged stream sites in Oregon. The study area was divided into 10 regression modeling regions based on ecological, topographic, geologic, hydrologic, and climatic criteria. In total, 910 annual and monthly regression equations were created to predict the 7 flow statistics in the 10 regions. Equations to predict the five flow-duration exceedance percentages and the two low-flow frequency statistics were created with Ordinary Least Squares and Generalized Least Squares regression, respectively. The standard errors of estimate of the equations created to predict the 5th and 95th percent exceedances had medians of 42.4 and 64.4 percent, respectively. The standard errors of prediction of the equations created to predict the 7Q2 and 7Q10 low-flow statistics had medians of 51.7 and 61.2 percent, respectively.\r\n\r\nStandard errors for regression equations for sites in western Oregon were smaller than those in eastern Oregon partly because of a greater density of available streamflow-gaging stations in western Oregon than eastern Oregon. High-flow regression equations (such as the 5th and 10th percent exceedances) also generally were more accurate than the low-flow regression equations (such as the 95th percent exceedance and 7Q10 low-flow statistic).\r\n\r\nThe regression equations predict unregulated flow conditions in Oregon. Flow estimates need to be adjusted if they are used at ungaged sites that are regulated by reservoirs or affected by water-supply and agricultural withdrawals if actual flow conditions are of interest.\r\n\r\nThe regression equations are installed in the USGS StreamStats Web-based tool (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/index.html, accessed July 16, 2008). StreamStats provides users with a set of annual and monthly flow-duration and low-flow frequency estimates for ungaged sites in Oregon in addition to the basin characteristics for the sites. Prediction intervals at the 90-percent confidence level also are automatically computed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Risley, J., Stonewall, A., and Haluska, T., 2008, Estimating Flow-Duration and Low-Flow Frequency Statistics for Unregulated Streams in Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5126, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085126.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11640,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,41.75 ], [ -125,46.5 ], [ -116,46.5 ], [ -116,41.75 ], [ -125,41.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686584","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John","contributorId":38128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonewall, Adam J. 0000-0002-3277-8736 stonewal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8736","contributorId":2699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonewall","given":"Adam J.","email":"stonewal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haluska, Tana","contributorId":78035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haluska","given":"Tana","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70204444,"text":"70204444 - 2008 - Savanna tree density, herbivores, and the herbaceous community: Bottom-up vs. top-down effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-23T15:30:11","indexId":"70204444","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-01T15:15:47","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Savanna tree density, herbivores, and the herbaceous community: Bottom-up vs. top-down effects","docAbstract":"Herbivores choose their habitats both to maximize forage intake and to minimize their risk of predation. For African savanna herbivores, the available habitats range in woody cover from open areas with few trees to dense, almost‐closed woodlands. This variation in woody cover or density can have a number of consequences for herbaceous species composition, cover, and productivity, as well as for ease of predator detection and avoidance. Here, we consider two alternative possibilities: first, that tree density affects the herbaceous vegetation, with concomitant “bottom‐up” effects on herbivore habitat preferences; or, second, that tree density affects predator visibility, mediating “top‐down” effects of predators on herbivore habitat preferences. We sampled sites spanning a 10‐fold range of tree densities in an Acacia drepanolobium‐dominated savanna in Laikipia, Kenya, for variation in (1) herbaceous cover, composition, and species richness; (2) wild and domestic herbivore use; and (3) degree of visibility obstruction by the tree layer. We then used structural equation modeling to consider the potential influences that tree density may have on herbivores and herbaceous community properties. Tree density was associated with substantial variation in herbaceous species composition and richness. Cattle exhibited a fairly uniform use of the landscape, whereas wild herbivores, with the exception of elephants, exhibited a strong preference for areas of low tree density. Model results suggest that this was not a response to variation in herbaceous‐community characteristics, but rather a response to the greater visibility associated with more open places. Elephants, in contrast, preferred areas with higher densities of trees, apparently because of greater forage availability. These results suggest that, for all but the largest species, top‐down behavioral effects of predator avoidance on herbivores are mediated by tree density. This, in turn, appears to have cascading effects on the herbaceous vegetation. These results shed light on one of the major features of the “landscape of fear” in which African savanna herbivores exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/07-1250.1","usgsCitation":"Riginos, C., and Grace, J.B., 2008, Savanna tree density, herbivores, and the herbaceous community: Bottom-up vs. top-down effects: Ecology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 2228-2238, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1250.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2228","endPage":"2238","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","county":"Laikipia County","otherGeospatial":"Mpala Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 36.7218017578125,\n 0.012359619044768358\n ],\n [\n 37.2271728515625,\n 0.012359619044768358\n ],\n [\n 37.2271728515625,\n 0.4257162976927995\n ],\n [\n 36.7218017578125,\n 0.4257162976927995\n ],\n [\n 36.7218017578125,\n 0.012359619044768358\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riginos, Corinna","contributorId":98606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riginos","given":"Corinna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159338,"text":"70159338 - 2008 - Using satellite-based rainfall estimates for streamflow modelling: Bagmati Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:22:18","indexId":"70159338","displayToPublicDate":"2008-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2289,"text":"Journal of Flood Risk Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using satellite-based rainfall estimates for streamflow modelling: Bagmati Basin","docAbstract":"In this study, we have described a hydrologic modelling system that uses satellite-based rainfall estimates and weather forecast data for the Bagmati River Basin of Nepal. The hydrologic model described is the US Geological Survey (USGS) Geospatial Stream Flow Model (GeoSFM). The GeoSFM is a spatially semidistributed, physically based hydrologic model. We have used the GeoSFM to estimate the streamflow of the Bagmati Basin at Pandhera Dovan hydrometric station. To determine the hydrologic connectivity, we have used the USGS Hydro1k DEM dataset. The model was forced by daily estimates of rainfall and evapotranspiration derived from weather model data. The rainfall estimates used for the modelling are those produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Centre and observed at ground rain gauge stations. The model parameters were estimated from globally available soil and land cover datasets – the Digital Soil Map of the World by FAO and the USGS Global Land Cover dataset. The model predicted the daily streamflow at Pandhera Dovan gauging station. The comparison of the simulated and observed flows at Pandhera Dovan showed that the GeoSFM model performed well in simulating the flows of the Bagmati Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1753-318X.2008.00011.x","usgsCitation":"Shrestha, M., Artan, G.A., Bajracharya, S., and Sharma, R.R., 2008, Using satellite-based rainfall estimates for streamflow modelling: Bagmati Basin: Journal of Flood Risk Management, v. 1, no. 2, p. 89-99, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2008.00011.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"99","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08fae4b011227bf1fe06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shrestha, M.S.","contributorId":45547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrestha","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bajracharya, S.R.","contributorId":25387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bajracharya","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sharma, R. R.","contributorId":44363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70258390,"text":"70258390 - 2008 - Monitoring on-orbit stability of Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ reflective solar bands using Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada (RVPN) test site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T15:48:41.708477","indexId":"70258390","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-31T10:42:06","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Monitoring on-orbit stability of Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ reflective solar bands using Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada (RVPN) test site","docAbstract":"The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Proto-Flight Model (PFM), launched on December 18, 1999, aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite has 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) with wavelengths ranging from 0.41 to 2.1 mum over a wide field of view (plusmn55deg). The Landsat 7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor was launched on April 15, 1999, and has six spectral bands located in the visible and shortwave infrared (SWIR) part of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.4 - 2.5 mum). The ETM+ belongs to the family of Thematic Mapper sensors flown on previous Landsat missions. In this study, over 75 cloud-free nadir near-simultaneous images over Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada (RVPN) were chosen covering entire missions of both sensors. RVPN (38.5degN and 115.7degW), located between the cities of Ely and Tonopah, Nevada, USA, is a high reflectance site with very high spatial, spectral, and temporal uniformity. It is referenced to the Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) with path 40 and row 33. Homogeneous regions of interest (ROI) were chosen and cross-calibration was performed using an image statistics approach to monitor the long-term stability of the two sensors.
","conferenceTitle":"IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","conferenceDate":"July 7-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Boston, MA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779985","usgsCitation":"Angal, A., Choi, T., Chander, G., and Xiong, X., 2008, Monitoring on-orbit stability of Terra MODIS and Landsat 7 ETM+ reflective solar bands using Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada (RVPN) test site, IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, July 7-11, 2008, p. IV-1364-IV-1367, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779985.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"IV-1364","endPage":"IV-1367","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Railroad Valley Playa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.54143723412126,\n 38.63778929313497\n ],\n [\n -115.784282542926,\n 38.63778929313497\n ],\n [\n -115.784282542926,\n 38.36775406893835\n ],\n [\n -115.54143723412126,\n 38.36775406893835\n ],\n [\n -115.54143723412126,\n 38.63778929313497\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angal, Amit","contributorId":67394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angal","given":"Amit","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choi, Taeyoung","contributorId":146955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Choi","given":"Taeyoung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chander, Gyanesh gchander@usgs.gov","contributorId":3013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"Gyanesh","email":"gchander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":913172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xiong, Xiaoxiong","contributorId":15088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiong","given":"Xiaoxiong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":86070,"text":"sir20085077 - 2008 - Determination of Baseline Periods of Record for Selected Streamflow-Gaging Stations in New Jersey for Determining Ecologically Relevant Hydrologic Indices (ERHI)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20085077","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5077","title":"Determination of Baseline Periods of Record for Selected Streamflow-Gaging Stations in New Jersey for Determining Ecologically Relevant Hydrologic Indices (ERHI)","docAbstract":"Hydrologic changes in New Jersey stream basins resulting from human activity can affect the flow and ecology of the streams. To assess future changes in streamflow resulting from human activity an understanding of the natural variability of streamflow is needed. The natural variability can be classified using Ecologically Relevant Hydrologic Indices (ERHIs). ERHIs are defined as selected streamflow statistics that characterize elements of the flow regime that substantially affect biological health and ecological sustainability. ERHIs are used to quantitatively characterize aspects of the streamflow regime, including magnitude, duration, frequency, timing, and rate of change. Changes in ERHI values can occur as a result of human activity, and changes in ERHIs over time at various stream locations can provide information about the degree of alteration in aquatic ecosystems at or near those locations. New Jersey streams can be divided into four classes (A, B, C, or D), where streams with similar ERHI values (determined from cluster analysis) are assigned the same stream class.\r\n\r\nIn order to detect and quantify changes in ERHIs at selected streamflow-gaging stations, a 'baseline' period is needed. Ideally, a baseline period is a period of continuous daily streamflow record at a gaging station where human activity along the contributing stream reach or in the stream's basin is minimal. Because substantial urbanization and other development had already occurred before continuous streamflow-gaging stations were installed, it is not possible to identify baseline periods that meet this criterion for many reaches in New Jersey. Therefore, the baseline period for a considerably altered basin can be defined as a period prior to a substantial human-induced change in the drainage basin or stream reach (such as regulations or diversions), or a period during which development did not change substantially.\r\n\r\nIndex stations (stations with minimal urbanization) were defined as streamflow-gaging stations in basins that contain less than 15 percent urban land use throughout the period of continuous streamflow record. A minimum baseline period of record for each stream class was determined by comparing the variability of selected ERHIs among consecutive 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year time increments for index stations. On the basis of this analysis, stream classes A and D were assigned a minimum of 20 years of continuous record as a baseline period and stream classes B and C, a minimum of 10 years.\r\n\r\nBaseline periods were calculated for 85 streamflow-gaging stations in New Jersey with 10 or more years of continuous daily streamflow data, and the values of 171 ERHIs also were calculated for these baseline periods for each station. Baseline periods were determined by using historical streamflow-gaging station data, estimated changes in impervious surface in the drainage basin, and statistically significant changes in annual base flow and runoff.\r\n\r\nHistorical records were reviewed to identify years during which regulation, diversions, or withdrawals occurred in the drainage basins. Such years were not included in baseline periods of record. For some sites, the baseline period of record was shorter than the minimum period of record specified for the given stream class. In such cases, the baseline period was rated as 'poor'.\r\n\r\nImpervious surface was used as an indicator of urbanization and change in streamflow characteristics owing to increases in storm runoff and decreases in base flow. Percentages of impervious surface were estimated for 85 streamflow-gaging stations from available municipal population-density data by using a regression model. Where the period of record was sufficiently long, all years after the impervious surface exceeded 10 to 20 percent were excluded from the baseline period. The percentage of impervious surface also was used as a criterion in assigning qualitative ratings to baseline periods.\r\n\r\nChanges in trends of annual base fl","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the N.J. Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Esralew, R.A., and Baker, R.J., 2008, Determination of Baseline Periods of Record for Selected Streamflow-Gaging Stations in New Jersey for Determining Ecologically Relevant Hydrologic Indices (ERHI): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5077, viii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085077.","productDescription":"viii, 72 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11625,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5077/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,38.75 ], [ -76,41.5 ], [ -73.5,41.5 ], [ -73.5,38.75 ], [ -76,38.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esralew, Rachel A.","contributorId":104862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":86074,"text":"sim3009 - 2008 - Estimated Probability of Post-Wildfire Debris-Flow Occurrence and Estimated Volume of Debris Flows from a Pre-Fire Analysis in the Three Lakes Watershed, Grand County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"sim3009","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3009","title":"Estimated Probability of Post-Wildfire Debris-Flow Occurrence and Estimated Volume of Debris Flows from a Pre-Fire Analysis in the Three Lakes Watershed, Grand County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Debris flows pose substantial threats to life, property, infrastructure, and water resources. Post-wildfire debris flows may be of catastrophic proportions compared to debris flows occurring in unburned areas. During 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District, initiated a pre-wildfire study to determine the potential for post-wildfire debris flows in the Three Lakes watershed, Grand County, Colorado. The objective was to estimate the probability of post-wildfire debris flows and to estimate the approximate volumes of debris flows from 109 subbasins in the Three Lakes watershed in order to provide the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District with a relative measure of which subbasins might constitute the most serious debris flow hazards.\r\n This report describes the results of the study and provides estimated probabilities of debris-flow occurrence and the estimated volumes of debris flow that could be produced in 109 subbasins of the watershed under an assumed moderate- to high-burn severity of all forested areas. The estimates are needed because the Three Lakes watershed includes communities and substantial water-resources and water-supply infrastructure that are important to residents both east and west of the Continental Divide.\r\n Using information provided in this report, land and water-supply managers can consider where to concentrate pre-wildfire planning, pre-wildfire preparedness, and pre-wildfire mitigation in advance of wildfires. Also, in the event of a large wildfire, this information will help managers identify the watersheds with the greatest post-wildfire debris-flow hazards. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim3009","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., Bossong, C.R., Litke, D.W., Viger, R., Rupert, M.G., and Char, S.J., 2008, Estimated Probability of Post-Wildfire Debris-Flow Occurrence and Estimated Volume of Debris Flows from a Pre-Fire Analysis in the Three Lakes Watershed, Grand County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3009, Map Sheet: 40 x 40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3009.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 40 x 40 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110783,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84138.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"84138"},{"id":195052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11629,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3009/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.08333333333333,40 ], [ -106.08333333333333,40.5 ], [ -105.58333333333333,40.5 ], [ -105.58333333333333,40 ], [ -106.08333333333333,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6865cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bossong, Clifford R.","contributorId":83183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossong","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Litke, David W.","contributorId":19145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Viger, Roland J.","contributorId":97528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viger","given":"Roland J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Char, Stephen J. sjchar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Char","given":"Stephen","email":"sjchar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":86072,"text":"ofr20081200 - 2008 - Application of Wind Fetch and Wave Models for Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"ofr20081200","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1200","title":"Application of Wind Fetch and Wave Models for Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects","docAbstract":"Models based upon coastal engineering equations have been developed to quantify wind fetch length and several physical wave characteristics including significant height, length, peak period, maximum orbital velocity, and shear stress. These models, developed using Environmental Systems Research Institute's ArcGIS 9.2 Geographic Information System platform, were used to quantify differences in proposed island construction designs for three Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects (HREPs) in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District (Capoli Slough and Harpers Slough) and St. Louis District (Swan Lake). Weighted wind fetch was calculated using land cover data supplied by the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) for each island design scenario for all three HREPs. Figures and graphs were created to depict the results of this analysis. The difference in weighted wind fetch from existing conditions to each potential future island design was calculated for Capoli and Harpers Slough HREPs. A simplistic method for calculating sediment suspension probability was also applied to the HREPs in the St. Paul District. This analysis involved determining the percentage of days that maximum orbital wave velocity calculated over the growing seasons of 2002-2007 exceeded a threshold value taken from the literature where fine unconsolidated sediments may become suspended. This analysis also evaluated the difference in sediment suspension probability from existing conditions to the potential island designs. Bathymetric data used in the analysis were collected from the LTRMP and wind direction and magnitude data were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Rohweder, J.J., Rogala, J.T., Johnson, B.L., Anderson, D., Clark, S., Chamberlin, F., and Runyon, K., 2008, Application of Wind Fetch and Wave Models for Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1200, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081200.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"0","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rohweder, Jason J. jrohweder@usgs.gov","contributorId":460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohweder","given":"Jason","email":"jrohweder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogala, James T. 0000-0002-1954-4097 jrogala@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-4097","contributorId":2651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"James","email":"jrogala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Barry L. bljohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Barry","email":"bljohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Dennis","contributorId":96793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Steve","contributorId":92769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chamberlin, Ferris","contributorId":32635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chamberlin","given":"Ferris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Runyon, Kip","contributorId":106595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runyon","given":"Kip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":86062,"text":"sir20075196 - 2008 - Multiple Landslide-Hazard Scenarios Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:42","indexId":"sir20075196","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5196","title":"Multiple Landslide-Hazard Scenarios Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California","docAbstract":"With the exception of Los Angeles, perhaps no urban area in the United States is more at risk from landsliding, triggered by either precipitation or earthquake, than the San Francisco Bay region of northern California. By January each year, seasonal winter storms usually bring moisture levels of San Francisco Bay region hillsides to the point of saturation, after which additional heavy rainfall may induce landslides of various types and levels of severity. In addition, movement at any time along one of several active faults in the area may generate an earthquake large enough to trigger landslides. The danger to life and property rises each year as local populations continue to expand and more hillsides are graded for development of residential housing and its supporting infrastructure. \r\n\r\nThe chapters in the text consist of: \r\n\r\n*Introduction by Russell W. Graymer \r\n\r\n*Chapter 1 Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Activity, San Francisco Bay Region, Northern California by Raymond C. Wilson \r\n\r\n*Chapter 2 Susceptibility to Deep-Seated Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Richard J. Pike and Steven Sobieszczyk \r\n\r\n*Chapter 3 Susceptibility to Shallow Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Kevin M. Schmidt and Steven Sobieszczyk \r\n\r\n*Chapter 4 Landslide Hazard Modeled for the Cities of Oakland, Piedmont, and Berkeley, Northern California, from a M=7.1 Scenario Earthquake on the Hayward Fault Zone by Scott B. Miles and David K. Keefer \r\n\r\n*Chapter 5 Synthesis of Landslide-Hazard Scenarios Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Richard J. Pike \r\n\r\nThe plates consist of: \r\n*Plate 1 Susceptibility to Deep-Seated Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Richard J. Pike, Russell W. Graymer, Sebastian Roberts, Naomi B. Kalman, and Steven Sobieszczyk \r\n\r\n*Plate 2 Susceptibility to Shallow Landsliding Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California by Kevin M. Schmidt and Steven Sobieszczyk \r\n\r\n*Plate 3 Susceptibility to Shallow Landsliding Modeled for the Cities of Oakland and Piedmont Northern California by Kevin M. Schmidt and Steven Sobieszczyk \r\n\r\n*Plate 4 Seismic Landslide Hazard Modeled for the Cities of Oakland, Piedmont, and Berkeley, Northern California by Scott B. Miles and David K. Keefer III \r\n\r\nThe relative hazard for each of several landslide scenarios is presented as a geospatial database. This publication includes ARC/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute, http://www.esri.com) version 8.1.2 grids and associated tables and four text files of FGDC-compliant metadata for each grid.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075196","usgsCitation":"Pike, R.J., and Graymer, R.W., 2008, Multiple Landslide-Hazard Scenarios Modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5196, Report: iii, 51 p.; 4 Plates: Plates 1 & 2 - 30 x 38 inches, Plates 3 & 4 - 37 x 44 inches; ReadMe; Metadata; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075196.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 51 p.; 4 Plates: Plates 1 & 2 - 30 x 38 inches, Plates 3 & 4 - 37 x 44 inches; ReadMe; Metadata; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11615,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5196/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.36749999999999,37.6175 ], [ -122.36749999999999,38 ], [ -122,38 ], [ -122,37.6175 ], [ -122.36749999999999,37.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graymer, Russell W. 0000-0003-4910-5682 rgraymer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-5682","contributorId":1052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"Russell","email":"rgraymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85866,"text":"sir20085052 - 2008 - Distribution and migration of ordnance-related compounds and oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in ground water near Snake Pond, Sandwich, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T21:31:31.856774","indexId":"sir20085052","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5052","title":"Distribution and migration of ordnance-related compounds and oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in ground water near Snake Pond, Sandwich, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Explosive compounds, such as RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) and HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), and the propellant compound perchlorate are present in ground water near Snake Pond, a ground-water flow-through glacial kettle pond in the glacial sand and gravel aquifer on western Cape Cod near Camp Edwards on the Massachusetts Military Reservation. The contaminants originate from the J-3 Range ordnance training and testing area. Ground-water samples were collected at 10 sites near the pond to determine the paths of the contaminants as they underflow or completely or partially discharge into the pond. Water-quality profiles were developed for sites on opposite ends of a 200-foot-long intermittent island near the northern, upgradient end of the pond by collecting water samples from two temporary drive-point borings. RDX was detected at both locations between 60 and 90 feet below the pond level. The highest RDX concentration was 0.99 micrograms per liter. Perchlorate was detected at only one location on the island, between 95 and 100 feet below the pond level at a concentration of 0.61 micrograms per liter. Profiles of oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes were developed for seven sites spaced 300 to 600 feet apart along the southern, downgradient shore of the pond. A transition from heavier to lighter oxygen and hydrogen isotopes was observed at an altitude of about -50 feet. This transition most likely is the boundary between evaporation-affected pond water that is seeping into the aquifer and ground water that has passed beneath the pond. RDX was not detected in the ground-water samples collected south of the pond. Perchlorate was detected only in one sample from a shallow depth in one boring. The results of these analyses indicate that the J-3 Range plume contains low concentrations of RDX and perchlorate (less than 1 microgram per liter) as it passes beneath the northern end of Snake Pond. Results of ground-water-flow modeling indicate that ground water containing these low levels of RDX and perchlorate discharges into the pond south of the island. If the contaminated ground water should travel as far as the southern shore of the pond, it would be overlain near the shore by a zone of pond water seeping into the aquifer that is about 100 feet thick.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Environmental Command","usgsCitation":"LeBlanc, D.R., Massey, A.J., Cochrane, J.J., King, J., and Smith, K.P., 2008, Distribution and migration of ordnance-related compounds and oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in ground water near Snake Pond, Sandwich, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5052, v, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085052.","productDescription":"v, 19 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423588,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84098.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11608,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Sandwich","otherGeospatial":"Snake Pond","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.5336,\n 41.6675\n ],\n [\n -70.5336,\n 41.7003\n ],\n [\n -70.5008,\n 41.7003\n ],\n [\n -70.5008,\n 41.6675\n ],\n [\n -70.5336,\n 41.6675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a1b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Massey, Andrew J. 0000-0003-3995-8657 ajmassey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3995-8657","contributorId":1862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"Andrew","email":"ajmassey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cochrane, Jessica J.","contributorId":47882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, Jonathan H.","contributorId":73698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Jonathan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70123994,"text":"70123994 - 2008 - Shear wave velocity investigation of soil liquefaction sites from the Tangshan, China M7.8 earthquake of 1976 using active and passive surface wave methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-08T12:27:27","indexId":"70123994","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Shear wave velocity investigation of soil liquefaction sites from the Tangshan, China M7.8 earthquake of 1976 using active and passive surface wave methods","docAbstract":"An initial investigation of soil liquefaction sites from the July, 28 1976 Tangshan M7.8 earthquake was conducted between 1976 and 1978 by the National Ministry of Railways, China. These data are the basis of the ‘Chinese Method’ for assessment of liquefaction potential of silty-sand deposits, and are an important component of the worldwide data set for modern probabilistic methods for assessment of soil liquefaction using Bayesian updating and system reliability tools.
We revisited 26 sites identified in the maps and published 198 report of the Ministry of Railways in order to investigate these locations with a suite of active- and passive-array surface wave methods. These sites are clustered along the north coast of the Bo Hai Sea in three areas: Lutai, Tianjin; Tangshan City and outlying village, Hebei; and Luannan county, Hebei. First, we gathered and evaluated the Rayleigh wave dispersion characteristics of the ground by comparing dispersion curves from the active source harmonic wave-spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method and the passive array Spatial Auto-Correlation method (SPAC). The dispersive properties of the liquefied ground as measured by these two methods were found to be almost identical. These tests were hybridized and the data sets merged in order to invert of shear wave velocities for analysis of liquefaction potential using a probabilistic framework. The data from high-values of seismic intensity near Tangshan city to low-intensities distant of the event in Luannan County segregate out into clusters of liquefied and non liquefied points clearly separated by liquefaction boundary curves developed from a large global data set of 310 sites
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Sixth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering ","language":"English","publisher":"Missouri University of Science and Technology ","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R.E., Tao, X., Shi, L., and Shi, H., 2008, Shear wave velocity investigation of soil liquefaction sites from the Tangshan, China M7.8 earthquake of 1976 using active and passive surface wave methods, in International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, p. 1-7.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-009433","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Robert E rkayen@usgs.gov","contributorId":121447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert","email":"rkayen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tao, Xiaxin","contributorId":192872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tao","given":"Xiaxin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shi, Lijing","contributorId":192873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shi","given":"Lijing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shi, Hailiang","contributorId":192874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shi","given":"Hailiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70123995,"text":"70123995 - 2008 - Recent damaging earthquakes in Japan, 2003-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T09:41:22","indexId":"70123995","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recent damaging earthquakes in Japan, 2003-2008","docAbstract":"During the last six years, from 2003-2008, Japan has been struck by three significant and damaging earthquakes: The most recent M6.6 Niigata Chuetsu Oki earthquake of July 16, 2007 off the coast of Kashiwazaki City, Japan; The M6.6 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake of October 23, 2004, located in Niigata Prefecture in the central Uonuma Hills; and the M8.0 Tokachi Oki Earthquake of September 26, 2003 effecting southeastern Hokkaido Prefecture. These earthquakes stand out among many in a very active period of seismicity in Japan. Within the upper 100 km of the crust during this period, Japan experienced 472 earthquakes of magnitude 6, or greater. Both Niigata events affected the south-central region of Tohoku Japan, and the Tokachi-Oki earthquake affected a broad region of the continental shelf and slope southeast of the Island of Hokkaido. This report is synthesized from the work of scores of Japanese and US researchers who led and participated in post-earthquake reconnaissance of these earthquakes: their noteworthy and valuable contributions are listed in an extended acknowledgements section at the end of the paper.
During the Niigata Chuetsu Oki event of 2007, damage to the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant, structures, infrastructure, and ground were primarily the product of two factors: (1) high intensity motions from this moderate-sized shallow event, and (2) soft, poor performing, or liquefiable soils in the coastal region of southwestern Niigata Prefecture. Structural and geotechnical damage along the slopes of dunes was ubiquitous in the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa region. The 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake was the most significant to affect Japan since the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Forty people were killed, almost 3,000 were injured, and many hundreds of landslides destroyed entire upland villages. Landslides were of all types; some dammed streams, temporarily creating lakes threatening to overtop their new embankments and cause flash floods and mudslides. The numerous landslides resulted, in part, from heavy rain associated with Typhoon Tokage. The earthquake forced more than 100,000 people into temporary shelters, and as many as 10,000 displaced from their upland homes for several years. Total damages was estimated by Japanese authorities at US$40 billion, making this the second most costly disaster in history, after the 1995 Kobe earth-quake. The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake was the third event of magnitude 8.0+ to strike the southeastern portion of Hokkaido in the last 50 years. The event produced tsunami run-ups along the shoreline of southern Hokkaido that reached maximum heights of 4 meters. Accelerations recorded by seismic networks of Hokkaido indicated a high intensity motion region from Hiroo area to Kushiro City, with a PGA values in the range of 0.35 to 0.6g. Despite high acceleration levels, the observed ground failure, liquefaction, structural, port, and lifeline damages were remarkably light.
","conferenceTitle":"6th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering ","conferenceDate":"August 11-16","conferenceLocation":"Arlington, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R.E., 2008, Recent damaging earthquakes in Japan, 2003-2008, 6th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering , Arlington, VA, August 11-16, p. 1-30.","productDescription":"30 p. 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The earthquake record since 1868 defines a smooth curve complete to M 5.2 of the declining rate into the 21st century, after five short volcanic swarms are removed. A single aftershock curve fits the earthquake record, even with numerous M 6 and 7 main shocks and eruptions. The timing of some moderate earthquakes may be controlled by magmatic stresses, but their overall long‐term rate reflects one of aftershocks of the Kau earthquake. The 1868 earthquake is, therefore, the largest and most controlling stress event in the 19th and 20th centuries. We fit both the modified Omori (power law) and stretched exponential (SE) functions to the earthquakes. We found that the modified Omori law is a good fit to the M ≥ 5.2 earthquake rate for the first 10 years or so and the more rapidly declining SE function fits better thereafter, as supported by three statistical tests. The switch to exponential decay suggests that a possible change in aftershock physics may occur from rate and state fault friction, with no change in the stress rate, to viscoelastic stress relaxation. The 61‐year exponential decay constant is at the upper end of the range of geodetic relaxation times seen after other global earthquakes. Modeling deformation in Hawaii is beyond the scope of this paper, but a simple interpretation of the decay suggests an effective viscosity of 1019 to 1020 Pa s pertains in the volcanic spreading of Hawaii's flanks. The rapid decline in earthquake rate poses questions for seismic hazard estimates in an area that is cited as one of the most hazardous in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005411","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., and Wright, T., 2008, Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century: Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, v. 113, B09310, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005411.","productDescription":"B09310, 11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.68701171875,\n 18.750309813140653\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 18.750309813140653\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n -156.68701171875,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n -156.68701171875,\n 18.750309813140653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"113","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85855,"text":"sir20085113 - 2008 - Update of the Accounting Surface Along the Lower Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:42","indexId":"sir20085113","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5113","title":"Update of the Accounting Surface Along the Lower Colorado River","docAbstract":"The accounting-surface method was developed in the 1990s by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, to identify wells outside the flood plain of the lower Colorado River that yield water that will be replaced by water from the river. This method was needed to identify which wells require an entitlement for diversion of water from the Colorado River and need to be included in accounting for consumptive use of Colorado River water as outlined in the Consolidated Decree of the United States Supreme Court in Arizona v. California. The method is based on the concept of a river aquifer and an accounting surface within the river aquifer. The study area includes the valley adjacent to the lower Colorado River and parts of some adjacent valleys in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah and extends from the east end of Lake Mead south to the southerly international boundary with Mexico. Contours for the original accounting surface were hand drawn based on the shape of the aquifer, water-surface elevations in the Colorado River and drainage ditches, and hydrologic judgment. This report documents an update of the original accounting surface based on updated water-surface elevations in the Colorado River and drainage ditches and the use of simple, physically based ground-water flow models to calculate the accounting surface in four areas adjacent to the free-flowing river.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., Leake, S.A., Owen-Joyce, S.J., and McGuire, E.H., 2008, Update of the Accounting Surface Along the Lower Colorado River (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5113, Report: iv, 16 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085113.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 16 p.; Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11597,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,32 ], [ -116,37.5 ], [ -113,37.5 ], [ -113,32 ], [ -116,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bd613","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, Stephen M. smwiele@usgs.gov","contributorId":2199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"smwiele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, Emmet H.","contributorId":75639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Emmet","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}