An initial investigation of soil liquefaction sites from the July, 28 1976 Tangshan M7.8 earthquake was conducted between 1976 and 1978 by the National Ministry of Railways, China. These data are the basis of the ‘Chinese Method’ for assessment of liquefaction potential of silty-sand deposits, and are an important component of the worldwide data set for modern probabilistic methods for assessment of soil liquefaction using Bayesian updating and system reliability tools.
We revisited 26 sites identified in the maps and published 198 report of the Ministry of Railways in order to investigate these locations with a suite of active- and passive-array surface wave methods. These sites are clustered along the north coast of the Bo Hai Sea in three areas: Lutai, Tianjin; Tangshan City and outlying village, Hebei; and Luannan county, Hebei. First, we gathered and evaluated the Rayleigh wave dispersion characteristics of the ground by comparing dispersion curves from the active source harmonic wave-spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method and the passive array Spatial Auto-Correlation method (SPAC). The dispersive properties of the liquefied ground as measured by these two methods were found to be almost identical. These tests were hybridized and the data sets merged in order to invert of shear wave velocities for analysis of liquefaction potential using a probabilistic framework. The data from high-values of seismic intensity near Tangshan city to low-intensities distant of the event in Luannan County segregate out into clusters of liquefied and non liquefied points clearly separated by liquefaction boundary curves developed from a large global data set of 310 sites
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Sixth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering ","language":"English","publisher":"Missouri University of Science and Technology ","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R.E., Tao, X., Shi, L., and Shi, H., 2008, Shear wave velocity investigation of soil liquefaction sites from the Tangshan, China M7.8 earthquake of 1976 using active and passive surface wave methods, in International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, p. 1-7.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-009433","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Robert E rkayen@usgs.gov","contributorId":121447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert","email":"rkayen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tao, Xiaxin","contributorId":192872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tao","given":"Xiaxin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shi, Lijing","contributorId":192873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shi","given":"Lijing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shi, Hailiang","contributorId":192874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shi","given":"Hailiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70211318,"text":"70211318 - 2008 - Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T16:20:28.61202","indexId":"70211318","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-23T11:25:29","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7514,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century","title":"Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century","docAbstract":"The remarkable catalog of Hawaiian earthquakes going back to the 1820s is based on missionary diaries, newspaper accounts, and instrumental records and spans the great M 7.9 Kau earthquake of April 1868 and its aftershock sequence. The earthquake record since 1868 defines a smooth curve complete to M 5.2 of the declining rate into the 21st century, after five short volcanic swarms are removed. A single aftershock curve fits the earthquake record, even with numerous M 6 and 7 main shocks and eruptions. The timing of some moderate earthquakes may be controlled by magmatic stresses, but their overall long‐term rate reflects one of aftershocks of the Kau earthquake. The 1868 earthquake is, therefore, the largest and most controlling stress event in the 19th and 20th centuries. We fit both the modified Omori (power law) and stretched exponential (SE) functions to the earthquakes. We found that the modified Omori law is a good fit to the M ≥ 5.2 earthquake rate for the first 10 years or so and the more rapidly declining SE function fits better thereafter, as supported by three statistical tests. The switch to exponential decay suggests that a possible change in aftershock physics may occur from rate and state fault friction, with no change in the stress rate, to viscoelastic stress relaxation. The 61‐year exponential decay constant is at the upper end of the range of geodetic relaxation times seen after other global earthquakes. Modeling deformation in Hawaii is beyond the scope of this paper, but a simple interpretation of the decay suggests an effective viscosity of 1019 to 1020 Pa s pertains in the volcanic spreading of Hawaii's flanks. The rapid decline in earthquake rate poses questions for seismic hazard estimates in an area that is cited as one of the most hazardous in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005411","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., and Wright, T., 2008, Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century: Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, v. 113, B09310, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005411.","productDescription":"B09310, 11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.68701171875,\n 18.750309813140653\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 18.750309813140653\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n -156.68701171875,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n -156.68701171875,\n 18.750309813140653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"113","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85855,"text":"sir20085113 - 2008 - Update of the Accounting Surface Along the Lower Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:42","indexId":"sir20085113","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5113","title":"Update of the Accounting Surface Along the Lower Colorado River","docAbstract":"The accounting-surface method was developed in the 1990s by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, to identify wells outside the flood plain of the lower Colorado River that yield water that will be replaced by water from the river. This method was needed to identify which wells require an entitlement for diversion of water from the Colorado River and need to be included in accounting for consumptive use of Colorado River water as outlined in the Consolidated Decree of the United States Supreme Court in Arizona v. California. The method is based on the concept of a river aquifer and an accounting surface within the river aquifer. The study area includes the valley adjacent to the lower Colorado River and parts of some adjacent valleys in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah and extends from the east end of Lake Mead south to the southerly international boundary with Mexico. Contours for the original accounting surface were hand drawn based on the shape of the aquifer, water-surface elevations in the Colorado River and drainage ditches, and hydrologic judgment. This report documents an update of the original accounting surface based on updated water-surface elevations in the Colorado River and drainage ditches and the use of simple, physically based ground-water flow models to calculate the accounting surface in four areas adjacent to the free-flowing river.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., Leake, S.A., Owen-Joyce, S.J., and McGuire, E.H., 2008, Update of the Accounting Surface Along the Lower Colorado River (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5113, Report: iv, 16 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085113.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 16 p.; Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11597,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,32 ], [ -116,37.5 ], [ -113,37.5 ], [ -113,32 ], [ -116,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bd613","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, Stephen M. smwiele@usgs.gov","contributorId":2199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"smwiele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, Emmet H.","contributorId":75639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Emmet","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":85858,"text":"sir20085111 - 2008 - Temporal and spatial variations in precipitation, streamflow, suspended-sediment loads and yields, and land-condition trend analysis at the U.S. Army Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County, Colorado, 1983 through 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T21:43:36.072525","indexId":"sir20085111","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5111","title":"Temporal and spatial variations in precipitation, streamflow, suspended-sediment loads and yields, and land-condition trend analysis at the U.S. Army Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County, Colorado, 1983 through 2007","docAbstract":"In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army, began an assessment of the spatial and temporal variations in precipitation, streamflow, suspended-sediment loads and yields, changes in land condition, effects of the tributaries on the Purgatoire River and the possible relation of effects from military training to hydrology and land conditions that have occurred at Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS) from 1983 through 2007. Data were collected for precipitation (19 stations) and streamflow and sediment load (5 tributary and 2 main-stem Purgatoire River stations) during 1983 through 2007 for various time periods. The five tributary stations were Van Bremer Arroyo near Model, Taylor Arroyo below Rock Crossing, Lockwood Canyon Creek near Thatcher, Red Rock Canyon Creek at the mouth, and Bent Canyon Creek at the mouth. In addition, data were collected at two Purgatoire River stations: Purgatoire River near Thatcher and Purgatoire River at Rock Crossing.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085111","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., Dupree, J., and Kuzmiak, J., 2008, Temporal and spatial variations in precipitation, streamflow, suspended-sediment loads and yields, and land-condition trend analysis at the U.S. Army Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County, Colorado, 1983 through 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5111, vii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085111.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5111.gif"},{"id":392115,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84089.htm"},{"id":11600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Las Animas County","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Army Pinion Canyon Maneuver Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.1667,\n 37.3333\n ],\n [\n -103.5792,\n 37.3333\n ],\n [\n -103.5792,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -104.1667,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -104.1667,\n 37.3333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685689","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, M. R.","contributorId":25178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dupree, J.","contributorId":17329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuzmiak, J. M.","contributorId":46548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzmiak","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85861,"text":"ofr20081163 - 2008 - Data to support statistical modeling of instream nutrient load based on watershed attributes, southeastern United States, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:32:41","indexId":"ofr20081163","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1163","title":"Data to support statistical modeling of instream nutrient load based on watershed attributes, southeastern United States, 2002","docAbstract":"This report presents and describes the digital datasets that characterize nutrient source inputs, environmental characteristics, and instream nutrient loads for the purpose of calibrating and applying a nutrient water-quality model for the southeastern United States for 2002. The model area includes all of the river basins draining to the south Atlantic and the eastern Gulf of Mexico, as well as the Tennessee River basin (referred to collectively as the SAGT area). The water-quality model SPARROW (SPAtially-Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes), developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, uses a regression equation to describe the relation between watershed attributes (predictors) and measured instream loads (response). Watershed attributes that are considered to describe nutrient input conditions and are tested in the SPARROW model for the SAGT area as source variables include atmospheric deposition, fertilizer application to farmland, manure from livestock production, permitted wastewater discharge, and land cover. Watershed and channel attributes that are considered to affect rates of nutrient transport from land to water and are tested in the SAGT SPARROW model as nutrient-transport variables include characteristics of soil, landform, climate, reach time of travel, and reservoir hydraulic loading. Datasets with estimates of each of these attributes for each individual reach or catchment in the reach-catchment network are presented in this report, along with descriptions of methods used to produce them. \n\nMeasurements of nutrient water quality at stream monitoring sites from a combination of monitoring programs were used to develop observations of the response variable - mean annual nitrogen or phosphorus load - in the SPARROW regression equation. Instream load of nitrogen and phosphorus was estimated using bias-corrected log-linear regression models using the program Fluxmaster, which provides temporally detrended estimates of long-term mean load well-suited for spatial comparisons. The detrended, or normalized, estimates of load are useful for regional-scale assessments but should be used with caution for local-scale interpretations, for which use of loads estimated for actual time periods and employing more detailed regression analysis is suggested. The mean value of the nitrogen yield estimates, normalized to 2002, for 637 stations in the SAGT area is 4.7 kilograms per hectare; the mean value of nitrogen flow-weighted mean concentration is 1.2 milligrams per liter. The mean value of the phosphorus yield estimates, normalized to 2002, for the 747 stations in the SAGT area is 0.66 kilogram per hectare; the mean value of phosphorus flow-weighted mean concentration is 0.17 milligram per liter.\n\nNutrient conditions measured in streams affected by substantial influx or outflux of water and nutrient mass across surface-water basin divides do not reflect nutrient source and transport conditions in the topographic watershed; therefore, inclusion of such streams in the SPARROW modeling approach is considered inappropriate. River basins identified with this concern include south Florida (where surface-water flow paths have been extensively altered) and the Oklawaha, Crystal, Lower Sante Fe, Lower Suwanee, St. Marks, and Chipola River basins in central and northern Florida (where flow exchange with the underlying regional aquifer may represent substantial nitrogen influx to and outflux from the surface-water basins).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081163","usgsCitation":"Hoos, A.B., Terziotti, S., McMahon, G., Savvas, K., Tighe, K., and Alkons-Wolinsky, R., 2008, Data to support statistical modeling of instream nutrient load based on watershed attributes, southeastern United States, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1163, Report: viii, 51 p.; Data (ZIP), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081163.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 51 p.; Data (ZIP)","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11603,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92,25 ], [ -92,40 ], [ -75,40 ], [ -75,25 ], [ -92,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terziotti, Silvia 0000-0003-3559-5844 seterzio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-5844","contributorId":1613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"Silvia","email":"seterzio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Gerard 0000-0001-7675-777X gmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-777X","contributorId":191488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Gerard","email":"gmcmahon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savvas, Katerina","contributorId":107390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savvas","given":"Katerina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tighe, Kirsten C.","contributorId":99930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tighe","given":"Kirsten C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Alkons-Wolinsky, Ruth","contributorId":55921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alkons-Wolinsky","given":"Ruth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":85862,"text":"ofr20061260D - 2008 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Worcester North-Oxford- Wrentham-Attleboro Nine-Quadrangle Area in South- Central Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:46","indexId":"ofr20061260D","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1260","chapter":"D","title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Worcester North-Oxford- Wrentham-Attleboro Nine-Quadrangle Area in South- Central Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The surficial geologic map layer shows the distribution of nonlithified earth materials at land surface in an area of nine 7.5-minute quadrangles (417 mi2 total) in south-central Massachusetts (fig. 1). Across Massachusetts, these materials range from a few feet to more than 500 ft in thickness. They overlie bedrock, which crops out in upland hills and in resistant ledges in valley areas. The geologic map differentiates surficial materials of Quaternary age on the basis of their lithologic characteristics (such as grain size and sedimentary structures), constructional geomorphic features, stratigraphic relationships, and age. Surficial materials also are known in engineering classifications as unconsolidated soils, which include coarse-grained soils, fine-grained soils, or organic fine-grained soils. Surficial materials underlie and are the parent materials of modern pedogenic soils, which have developed in them at the land surface. Surficial earth materials significantly affect human use of the land, and an accurate description of their distribution is particularly important for water resources, construction aggregate resources, earth-surface hazards assessments, and land-use decisions.\r\nThe mapped distribution of surficial materials that lie between the land surface and the bedrock surface is based on detailed geologic mapping of 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles, produced as part of an earlier (1938-1982) cooperative statewide mapping program between the\r\nU.S. Geological Survey and the Massachusetts Department of Public Works (now Massachusetts Highway Department) (Page, 1967; Stone, 1982). Each published geologic map presents a detailed description of local geologic map units, the genesis of the deposits, and age correlations among units. Previously unpublished field compilation maps exist on paper or mylar sheets and these have been digitally rendered for the present map compilation. Regional summaries based on the Massachusetts surficial geologic mapping studies discuss the ages of multiple glaciations, the nature of glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and glaciomarine deposits, and the processes of ice advance and retreat across Massachusetts (Koteff and Pessl, 1981; papers in Larson and Stone, 1982; Oldale and Barlow, 1986; Stone and Borns, 1986; Warren and Stone, 1986).\r\nThis compilation of surficial geologic materials is an interim product that defines the areas of exposed bedrock and the boundaries between glacial till, glacial stratified deposits, and overlying postglacial deposits. This work is part of a comprehensive study to produce a statewide digital map of the surficial geology at a 1:24,000-scale level of accuracy. This surficial geologic map layer covering nine quadrangles revises previous digital surficial geologic maps (Stone and others, 1993; MassGIS, 1999) that were compiled on base maps at regional scales of 1:125,000 and 1:250,000. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental geologic data for the evaluation of natural resources, hazards, and land information within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061260D","isbn":"9781411320499","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office of the State Geologist and Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs","usgsCitation":"Stone, B.D., Stone, J.R., and DiGiacomo-Cohen, M.L., 2008, Surficial Geologic Map of the Worcester North-Oxford- Wrentham-Attleboro Nine-Quadrangle Area in South- Central Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1260, Report: iii, 13 p.; Maps; GIS Files; Metadata; TIFs; ReadMe, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061260D.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 13 p.; Maps; GIS Files; Metadata; TIFs; ReadMe","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11604,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1260/D/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.5,41.25 ], [ -73.5,42.916666666666664 ], [ -69.91666666666667,42.916666666666664 ], [ -69.91666666666667,41.25 ], [ -73.5,41.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68956f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DiGiacomo-Cohen, Mary L.","contributorId":45253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiGiacomo-Cohen","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85848,"text":"sir20085053 - 2008 - Water quality, hydrology, and simulated response to changes in phosphorus loading of Butternut Lake, Price and Ashland Counties, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of internal phosphorus loading in a polymictic lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T22:18:44.767115","indexId":"sir20085053","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5053","title":"Water quality, hydrology, and simulated response to changes in phosphorus loading of Butternut Lake, Price and Ashland Counties, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of internal phosphorus loading in a polymictic lake","docAbstract":"Butternut Lake is a 393-hectare, eutrophic to hypereutrophic lake in northcentral Wisconsin. After only minor improvements in water quality were observed following several actions taken to reduce the nutrient inputs to the lake, a detailed study was conducted from 2002 to 2007 by the U.S. Geological Survey to better understand how the lake functions. The goals of this study were to describe the water quality and hydrology of the lake, quantify external and internal sources of phosphorus, and determine the effects of past and future changes in phosphorus inputs on the water quality of the lake.
Since the early 1970s, the water quality of Butternut Lake has changed little in response to nutrient reductions from the watershed. The largest changes were in near-surface total phosphorus concentrations: August concentrations decreased from about 0.09 milligrams per liter (mg/L) to about 0.05 mg/L, but average summer concentrations decreased only from about 0.055—0.060 mg/L to about 0.045 mg/L. Since the early 1970s, only small changes were observed in chlorophyll a concentrations and water clarity (Secchi depths).
All major water and phosphorus sources, including the internal release of phosphorus from the sediments (internal loading), were measured directly, and minor sources were estimated to construct detailed water and phosphorus budgets for the lake during monitoring years (MY) 2003 and 2004. During these years, Butternut Creek, Spiller Creek, direct precipitation, small tributaries and near-lake drainage area, and ground water contributed about 62, 20, 8, 7, and 3 percent of the inflow, respectively. The average annual load of phosphorus to the lake was 2,540 kilograms (kg), of which 1,590 kg came from external sources (63 percent) and 945 kg came from the sediments in the lake (37 percent). Of the total external sources, Butternut Creek, Spiller Creek, small tributaries and near-lake drainage area, septic systems, precipitation, and ground water contributed about 63, 23, 9, 3, 1, and 1 percent, respectively.
Because of the high internal phosphorus loading, the eutrophication models used in this study were unable to simulate the observed water-quality characteristics in the lake without incorporating this source of phosphorus. However, when internal loading of phosphorus was added to the BATHTUB model, it accurately simulated the average water-quality characteristics measured in MY 2003 and 2004. Model simulations demonstrated a relatively linear response between in-lake total phosphorus concentrations and external phosphorus loading; however, the changes in concentrations were smaller than the changes in external phosphorus loadings (about 25—40 percent of the change in phosphorus loading). Changes in chlorophyll a concentrations, the percentage of days with algal blooms, and Secchi depths were nonlinear and had a greater response to reductions in phosphorus loading than to increases in phosphorus loading. A 50-percent reduction in external phosphorus loading caused an 18-percent decrease in chlorophyll a concentrations, a 41-percent decrease in the percentage of days with algal blooms, and a 12-percent increase in Secchi depth. When the additional internal phosphorus loading was removed from model simulations, all of these constituents showed a much greater response to changes in external phosphorus loading.
Because of Butternut Lake's morphometry, it is polymictic, which means it mixes frequently and does not develop stable thermal stratification throughout the summer. This characteristic makes it more vulnerable than dimictic lakes, which mix in spring and fall and develop stable thermal stratification during summer, to the high internal phosphorus loading that has resulted from historically high, nonnatural, external phosphorus loading. In polymictic lakes, the phosphorus released from the sediments is mixed into the upper part of the lake throughout summer. Once Butternut Lake became hypereutrophic (very productive), it became very difficult to alter its trophic state through reductions in external phosphorus loading because the high internal loading does not respond quickly to reductions in external nutrient loading. For Butternut Lake to become significantly less productive (change to a borderline mesotrophic/eutrophic state) a combined approach to reduce or eliminate internal phosphorus loading and reduce the external phosphorus loading by about 50 percent is needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Price County Land Conservation Committee","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Rose, W., 2008, Water quality, hydrology, and simulated response to changes in phosphorus loading of Butternut Lake, Price and Ashland Counties, Wisconsin, with special emphasis on the effects of internal phosphorus loading in a polymictic lake (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5053, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085053.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5053.jpg"},{"id":410326,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84079.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Ashland County, Price County","otherGeospatial":"Butternut Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.3506,\n 45.9236\n ],\n [\n -90.3506,\n 46.1233\n ],\n [\n -90.55,\n 46.1233\n ],\n [\n -90.55,\n 45.9236\n ],\n [\n -90.3506,\n 45.9236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687c9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85850,"text":"ofr20081133 - 2008 - Simulation of contributing areas and surface-water leakage to potential replacement wells near the community of New Post, Sawyer County, Wisconsin, by means of a two-dimensional ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T19:36:18.317449","indexId":"ofr20081133","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1133","title":"Simulation of contributing areas and surface-water leakage to potential replacement wells near the community of New Post, Sawyer County, Wisconsin, by means of a two-dimensional ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water-flow model of the shallow ground-water-flow system near the community of New Post, Sawyer County, Wis., was refined from an existing model of the area. Hydraulic-conductivity and recharge values were not changed from the existing model for the scenario simulations described in this report. Rather, the model was refined by adding detail along the Chippewa Flowage and then was used to simulate contributing areas for three potential replacement wells pumping 30,000 gallons per day. The model also was used to simulate potential surface-water leakage out of the Chippewa Flowage captured by replacement-well pumping. A range in resistance to vertical ground-water flow was simulated along the Chippewa Flowage for each potential replacement-well location to bound the potential effects of representing three-dimensional flow with a two-dimensional model. Results indicate that pumping from a replacement well sited about 130 feet from the Chippewa Flowage could capture as much as 39 percent of the total pumping from the flowage. Pumping from either of two potential replacement wells sited at least 400 feet from the Chippewa Flowage did not induce surface-water leakage out of the flowage regardless of the resistance applied along the flowage for simulations described in this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa","usgsCitation":"Juckem, P.F., and Hunt, R.J., 2008, Simulation of contributing areas and surface-water leakage to potential replacement wells near the community of New Post, Sawyer County, Wisconsin, by means of a two-dimensional ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1133, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081133.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401805,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84078.htm"},{"id":195792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11591,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Sawyer County","city":"New Post","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.20918273925781,\n 45.8905458288619\n ],\n [\n -91.17339134216309,\n 45.8905458288619\n ],\n [\n -91.17339134216309,\n 45.90709157751516\n ],\n [\n -91.20918273925781,\n 45.90709157751516\n ],\n [\n -91.20918273925781,\n 45.8905458288619\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49afe4b07f02db5c8473","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juckem, Paul F. 0000-0002-3613-1761 pfjuckem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3613-1761","contributorId":1905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"Paul","email":"pfjuckem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85844,"text":"ofr20081169 - 2008 - Digital elevation models of the Pre-Eruption 2000 Crater and 2004-07 Dome-Building Eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-25T10:01:12","indexId":"ofr20081169","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1169","title":"Digital elevation models of the Pre-Eruption 2000 Crater and 2004-07 Dome-Building Eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Presented in this report are 27 digital elevation model (DEM) datasets for the crater area of Mount St. Helens. These datasets include pre-eruption baseline data collected in 2000, incremental model subsets collected during the 2004–07 dome building eruption, and associated shaded-relief image datasets. Each dataset was collected photogrammetrically with digital softcopy methods employing a combination of manual collection and iterative compilation of x,y,z coordinate triplets utilizing autocorrelation techniques. DEM data points collected using autocorrelation methods were rigorously edited in stereo and manually corrected to ensure conformity with the ground surface. Data were first collected as a triangulated irregular network (TIN) then interpolated to a grid format. DEM data are based on aerotriangulated photogrammetric solutions for aerial photograph strips flown at a nominal scale of 1:12,000 using a combination of surveyed ground control and photograph-identified control points. The 2000 DEM is based on aerotriangulation of four strips totaling 31 photographs. Subsequent DEMs collected during the course of the eruption are based on aerotriangulation of single aerial photograph strips consisting of between three and seven 1:12,000-scale photographs (two to six stereo pairs). Most datasets were based on three or four stereo pairs. Photogrammetric errors associated with each dataset are presented along with ground control used in the photogrammetric aerotriangulation. The temporal increase in area of deformation in the crater as a result of dome growth, deformation, and translation of glacial ice resulted in continual adoption of new ground control points and abandonment of others during the course of the eruption. Additionally, seasonal snow cover precluded the consistent use of some ground control points.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081169","usgsCitation":"Messerich, J.A., Schilling, S.P., and Thompson, R.A., 2008, Digital elevation models of the Pre-Eruption 2000 Crater and 2004-07 Dome-Building Eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1169, Report: 4 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081169.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11583,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1169/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":362267,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1169/downloads/OF08-1169_508.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":362268,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1169/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory"}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.35,\n 46.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 46.0833\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 46.3\n ],\n [\n -122.35,\n 46.3\n ],\n [\n -122.35,\n 46.0833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d615","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Messerich, James A. jmesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messerich","given":"James","email":"jmesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Ren A. 0000-0002-3044-3043 rathomps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-3043","contributorId":1265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Ren","email":"rathomps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85837,"text":"ofr20081004 - 2008 - Sea-floor character and sedimentary processes in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-10T16:15:02.360401","indexId":"ofr20081004","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1004","title":"Sea-floor character and sedimentary processes in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Continuous-coverage multibeam bathymetric models and sidescan-sonar imagery have been verified with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, sediment sampling, and bottom photography. Together these data layers provide detailed base maps that yield topographic, compositional, and environmental perspectives of the sea floor in the vicinity of Woods Hole, an important harbor and major passage between the Elizabeth Islands and Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Tidally dominated high-energy environments within Woods Hole have prevented deposition of Holocene marine sediments, exposed underlying glacial drift of the Buzzards Bay moraine, and winnowed finer grained sediments, leaving lag deposits of boulders and gravel. These conditions have also enlarged and preserved depressions in the moraine surface that were originally kettle holes and formed ebb-tidal deltas at the entrances to passages. Fields of transverse and barchanoid sand waves dominate across the southern part of the study area in Vineyard Sound, where benthic environments are characterized by processes associated with coarse-bedload transport. Transverse sand waves dominate near shoals where sediment supply is greater and have asymmetries that indicate that the shoals are shaped and maintained by clockwise gyres of net sediment transport. Barchanoid sand waves, which are most common where Holocene sediments are thinner, commonly align into elongate fields that have smaller isolated waves concentrated at the eastern ends and that progressively widen and have waveforms that increase in amplitude, wavelength, and complexity westward. The northern, protected parts of the Little and Inner Harbors are characterized by muddy sediment and processes associated with deposition. A pockmark field in Little Harbor and the muddy, organic-rich sediments that form a scarp along the edge of Parker Flat are evidence for the presence of submerged marsh deposits formed during the Holocene rise in sea level.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081004","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., McMullen, K.Y., Foster, D.S., Blackwood, D.S., Williams, S.J., Ackerman, S.D., Barnum, S.R., and Brennan, R.T., 2008, Sea-floor character and sedimentary processes in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1004, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081004.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-005786","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Woods Hole","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-70.68015599831024, 41.52693928765149], [-70.67226739014919, 41.52509446250046], [-70.67023548478207, 41.52247479927562], [-70.67196180561497, 41.521495355764166], [-70.66751981458485, 41.515995840790076], [-70.66632939749157, 41.51628448705189], [-70.66780811953878, 41.52260451444391], [-70.66500126900227, 41.52289878103239], [-70.66445800760812, 41.51693422364235], [-70.65693157370985, 41.51438768585723], [-70.6551823316289, 41.50899815878374], [-70.65710465997076, 41.50722839618328], [-70.67514810165571, 41.507197883035026], [-70.67654153542732, 41.50963893489769], [-70.67308228224043, 41.513674655277384], [-70.67639844033393, 41.516968177479484], [-70.67600246980766, 41.52279010180788], [-70.679850413776, 41.522434745258224], [-70.68015599831024, 41.52693928765149]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-70.68033708544161, 41.50707629292747, -70.6551823316289, 41.52693928765149], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091895\"}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence J.","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMullen, Katherine Y. kmcmullen@usgs.gov","contributorId":24036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMullen","given":"Katherine","email":"kmcmullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, David S. 0000-0003-1205-0884 dfoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-0884","contributorId":1320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"David","email":"dfoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackwood, Dann S. dblackwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":2457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"Dann","email":"dblackwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, S. 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GTOPO30, a widely used global elevation model produced by the U.S. Geological Survey, was produced in the mid-1990s from several regional sources of elevation information. Since the time GTOPO30 was developed, new and improved sources of elevation data have become available, and the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency are collaborating on the development of a notably enhanced global elevation model that will replace GTOPO30 as the elevation dataset of choice for global and continental scale applications. The new model is being generated at three separate resolutions (horizontal post spacings) of 30 arc-seconds (about 1 kilometer), 15 arc-seconds (about 500 meters), and 7.5 arc-seconds (about 250 meters). An additional advantage of the new multiresolution global model over GTOPO30 is that seven new raster elevation products will be available at each resolution. The new elevation products are being produced using the following aggregation methods: minimum elevation, maximum elevation, mean elevation, median elevation, standard deviation of elevation, systematic subsample, and breakline emphasis. The primary source dataset for the new global model is the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1-arc-second data. When complete, the new global model will undergo a thorough accuracy assessment against reference geodetic control and a relative comparison against the existing GTOPO30 at the 30-arc-second resolution. Full documentation describing the input datasets, the processing, the characteristics of the new global model product layers, and the accuracy assessment results will be available to users. The development of the new global elevation model is in progress, with completion scheduled for mid-2009.
","conferenceTitle":"XXIst ISPRS Congress","conferenceDate":"July 3-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Beijing, China","language":"English","publisher":"ISPRS","usgsCitation":"Danielson, J.J., and Gesch, D.B., 2008, An enhanced global elevation model generalized from multiple higher resolution source datasets, XXIst ISPRS Congress, Beijing, China, July 3-11, 2008, p. 1857-1864.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1857","endPage":"1864","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":434836,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/tc4.aspx","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danielson, Jeffrey J. 0000-0003-0907-034X daniels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0907-034X","contributorId":3996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"daniels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70258485,"text":"70258485 - 2008 - Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) recalibration procedure for data processed using the National Landsat Archive Production System (NLAPS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-17T14:42:20.691349","indexId":"70258485","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-11T09:38:31","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) recalibration procedure for data processed using the National Landsat Archive Production System (NLAPS)","docAbstract":"The multispectral data from the Landsat 5 (L5) Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor provides the backbone of an extensive archive of moderate resolution Earth imagery. Even after more than 24 years of service, the L5 TM is still operational. Given the longevity of the instrument, the detectors have aged, and the system's radiometric characteristics have changed since launch. The calibration procedures and parameters in National Land Archive Production System (NLAPS) have also changed with time. Revised radiometric calibrations in 2003 and 2007 have improved the radiometric accuracy of recently processed data; however, users with data processed prior to the calibration update have not benefited from these revisions. A general procedure has been developed to give users the ability to recalibrate their existing systematically corrected (Level-1) products. The best recalibration can be obtained if the work order report originally used in product generation is still available. This paper discusses the procedure to recalibrate the L5 TM data for the users who have the work order files that were delivered with their products.
","conferenceTitle":"IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","conferenceDate":"July 7-11, 2024","conferenceLocation":"Boston, MA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779984","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Haque, O., Micijevic, E., and Barsi, J.A., 2008, Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) recalibration procedure for data processed using the National Landsat Archive Production System (NLAPS), IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, July 7-11, 2024, p. IV-1360-IV-1363, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779984.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"IV-1360","endPage":"IV-1363","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, Gyanesh gchander@usgs.gov","contributorId":3013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"Gyanesh","email":"gchander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":913310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haque, Obaidul 0000-0002-0914-1446 ohaque@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-1446","contributorId":4691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haque","given":"Obaidul","email":"ohaque@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40546,"text":"KBR, Contractor to the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":913311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Micijevic, Esad 0000-0002-3828-9239 emicijevic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":3075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevic","given":"Esad","email":"emicijevic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barsi, Julia A.","contributorId":71822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barsi","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12721,"text":"NASA GSFC SSAI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":913313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70258646,"text":"70258646 - 2008 - Standards and specifications for the calibration and stability of amateur digital cameras for close-range mapping applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T14:18:57.77542","indexId":"70258646","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-11T09:08:20","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Standards and specifications for the calibration and stability of amateur digital cameras for close-range mapping applications","docAbstract":"Photogrammetry is concerned with the accurate derivation of spatial and descriptive information from imagery that can be used in several applications such as mapping, DEM generation, orthophoto production, construction planning, environmental monitoring, structural analysis, 3D visualization, and change detection. The type of cameras traditionally used for high accuracy projects were large format analogue cameras. In recent years, however, the use of digital cameras for photogrammetric purposes has become more prevalent. The switch by some users from analogue to digital cameras has been fuelled by the ease of use, decreasing cost, and increasing resolution of digital cameras. Digital photogrammetric cameras can be classified into several categories: line cameras (e.g., ADS40 from Leica Geosystems), large format frame cameras (e.g., DMCTM from Zeiss/Intergraph), and medium to small-format digital cameras. More recently, amateur medium-format digital cameras (MFDC) and small-format digital cameras (SFDC) are being used in photogrammetric activities (e.g., in conjunction with LiDAR systems, smaller flight blocks, and for close-range photogrammetric applications). The continuing development in the capabilities of digital photogrammetry coupled with users’ needs has spawned new markets in photogrammetric mapping with amateur digital cameras. With the wide spectrum of designs for amateur digital cameras, several issues have surfaced, including the method and quality of camera calibration, as well as long-term stability. This paper addresses these concerns and outlines possible solutions. First, we will start by introducing an automated methodology for an in-door camera calibration. The main objective of such a procedure is to provide mapping companies using these cameras with a simple calibration procedure that requires an easy-to-establish test field. The paper will then discuss the concept of how to evaluate camera stability, which will be followed by the introduction of a set of tools for its evaluation. Following the discussion on calibration and stability analysis, the paper will deal with several related questions: How to develop meaningful standards for evaluating the outcome from the calibration procedure; How to develop meaningful standards for evaluating the stability of the involved camera; Is there a flexibility in choosing the stability analysis tool based on the geo-referencing procedure; Can the stability analysis be used for evaluating the equivalency of different distortion models. Finally, experimental results are then provided for two small format digital cameras.
","conferenceTitle":"XXIst ISPRS Congress Technical Commission I","conferenceDate":"July 3-11, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Beijing, China","language":"English","publisher":"ISPRS","usgsCitation":"Habib, A., Jarvis, A., Akob, D., Stensaas, G.L., Moe, D., and Christopherson, J., 2008, Standards and specifications for the calibration and stability of amateur digital cameras for close-range mapping applications, XXIst ISPRS Congress Technical Commission I, Beijing, China, July 3-11, 2008, p. 1059-1064.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1064","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":439143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/tc1.aspx","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Habib, A.","contributorId":30511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Habib","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarvis, A.","contributorId":45533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akob, Denise","contributorId":214792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akob","given":"Denise","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stensaas, Gregory L. 0000-0001-6679-2416 stensaas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-2416","contributorId":2551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stensaas","given":"Gregory","email":"stensaas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moe, Donald dmoe@usgs.gov","contributorId":3761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moe","given":"Donald","email":"dmoe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":913533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Christopherson, Jon 0000-0002-2472-0059 jonchris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-0059","contributorId":2552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopherson","given":"Jon","email":"jonchris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":85832,"text":"sir20085032 - 2008 - Quality of water and sediment in streams affected by historical mining, and quality of Mine Tailings, in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, Big Bend Area of the United States and Mexico, August 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T13:10:50","indexId":"sir20085032","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5032","title":"Quality of water and sediment in streams affected by historical mining, and quality of Mine Tailings, in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, Big Bend Area of the United States and Mexico, August 2002","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the International Boundary and Water Commission - U.S. and Mexican Sections, the National Park Service, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, the Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales in Mexico, the Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Canon de Santa Elena in Mexico, and the Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Maderas del Carmen in Mexico, collected samples of stream water, streambed sediment, and mine tailings during August 2002 for a study to determine whether trace elements from abandoned mines in the area in and around Big Bend National Park have affected the water and sediment quality in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin of the United States and Mexico. Samples were collected from eight sites on the main stem of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo, four Rio Grande/Rio Bravo tributary sites downstream from abandoned mines or mine-tailing sites, and 11 mine-tailing sites. Mines in the area were operated to produce fluorite, germanium, iron, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc during the late 1800s through at least the late 1970s. Moderate (relatively neutral) pHs in stream-water samples collected at the 12 Rio Grande/Rio Bravo main-stem and tributary sites indicate that water is well mixed, diluted, and buffered with respect to the solubility of trace elements. The highest sulfate concentrations were in water samples from tributaries draining the Terlingua mining district. Only the sample from the Rough Run Draw site exceeded the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards general-use protection criterion for sulfate. All chloride and dissolved solids concentrations in water samples were less than the general-use protection criteria. Aluminum, copper, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc were detected in all water samples for which each element was analyzed. Cadmium, chromium, and lead were detected in samples less frequently, and silver was not detected in any of the samples. None of the sample concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, nickel, selenium, and zinc exceeded the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards criteria for aquatic life-use protection or human health. The only trace elements detected in the water samples at concentrations exceeding the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards criterion for human health (fish consumption use) was lead at one site and mercury at 10 of 12 sites. Relatively high mercury concentrations distributed throughout the area might indicate sources of mercury in addition to abandoned mining areas. Streambed-sediment samples were collected from 12 sites and analyzed for 44 major and trace elements. In general, the trace elements detected in streambed-sediment samples were low in concentration, interpreted as consistent with background concentrations. Concentrations at two sites, however, were elevated compared to Texas Commission on Environmental Quality criteria. Concentrations of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, lead, silver, and zinc in the sample from San Carlos Creek downstream from La Esperanza (San Carlos) Mine exceeded the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality screening levels for sediment. The sample from Rough Run Draw, downstream from the Study Butte Mine, also showed elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead, but these concentrations were much lower than those in the San Carlos Creek sample and did not exceed screening levels. Elevated concentrations of multiple trace elements in streambed-sediment samples from San Carlos Creek and Rough Run Draw indicate that San Carlos Creek, and probably Rough Run Draw, have been adversely affected by mining activities. Fourteen mine-tailing samples from 11 mines were analyzed for 25 major and trace elements. All trace elements except selenium and thallium were detected in one or more samples. The highest lead concentrations were detected in tailings samples from the Boquillas, Puerto Rico, La Esperanza (San Carlos), and Tres Marias Mines, as might be expected because the tailings ar
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Boundary and Water Commission; National Park Service; Texas Commission on Environmental Quality; Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Mexico; Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Canon de Santa Elena, Mexico; and Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Maderas del Carmen, Mexico","usgsCitation":"Lambert, R.B., Kolbe, C.M., and Belzer, W., 2008, Quality of water and sediment in streams affected by historical mining, and quality of Mine Tailings, in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, Big Bend Area of the United States and Mexico, August 2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5032, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085032.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-08-01","temporalEnd":"2002-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20085032.gif"},{"id":11527,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,28.25 ], [ -104,30.5 ], [ -101.08333333333333,30.5 ], [ -101.08333333333333,28.25 ], [ -104,28.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655107","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, Rebecca B. 0000-0002-0611-1591 blambert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-1591","contributorId":1135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Rebecca","email":"blambert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolbe, Christine M.","contributorId":79919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolbe","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belzer, Wayne","contributorId":93141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belzer","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85833,"text":"ofr20081107 - 2008 - Simulation of Flow Regimes to Reduce Habitat for T. tubifex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:32","indexId":"ofr20081107","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1107","title":"Simulation of Flow Regimes to Reduce Habitat for T. tubifex","docAbstract":"Whirling disease has had a significant impact on trout fisheries of the American west by reducing the numbers and quality of rainbow trout in infected streams. A critical factor in the life cycle of the whirling disease parasite is the fine sediment that provides the optimum habitat for Tubifex tubifex, an oligochaete worm that acts as an intermediate host for the disease. \r\n\r\nThis report presents a model for the simulation of flushing flows required to remove undesirable fines and sand from a pool. Undesirable fines may also need to be flushed from runs, the surface layer, and backwater areas. Well-defined links of specific particle sizes to oligochaete worm abundance is needed to justify the use of flushing flows to move sediment. \r\n\r\nAn analytical method for estimating the streamflows needed to remove the fine sediment is demonstrated herein. The overall steps to follow in removing fines from a stream are: \r\nStep 1. Determine size of the sediment that is the habitat for oligochaete worms. \r\nStep 2. Determine location of the sediment that is the habitat for oligochaete worms. \r\nStep 3. Determine streamflows needed to flush (remove) the sediment that is the habitat for oligochaete worms. \r\n\r\nThe case study approach is used to present the method and to demonstrate its application. The case is derived from the sediment and oligochaete worm habitat of Willow Creek, a tributary of the Upper Colorado River located in Grand County, Colo. Willow Creek Reservoir (an element of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project) controls the streamflows of the creek and is just above the study site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081107","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 2008, Simulation of Flow Regimes to Reduce Habitat for T. tubifex (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1107, v, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081107.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11528,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2bad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85831,"text":"ofr20081216 - 2008 - A Vegetation Database for the Colorado River Ecosystem from Glen Canyon Dam to the Western Boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr20081216","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1216","title":"A Vegetation Database for the Colorado River Ecosystem from Glen Canyon Dam to the Western Boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","docAbstract":"A vegetation database of the riparian vegetation located within the Colorado River ecosystem (CRE), a subsection of the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and the western boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, was constructed using four-band image mosaics acquired in May 2002. A digital line scanner was flown over the Colorado River corridor in Arizona by ISTAR Americas, using a Leica ADS-40 digital camera to acquire a digital surface model and four-band image mosaics (blue, green, red, and near-infrared) for vegetation mapping. The primary objective of this mapping project was to develop a digital inventory map of vegetation to enable patch- and landscape-scale change detection, and to establish randomized sampling points for ground surveys of terrestrial fauna (principally, but not exclusively, birds). The vegetation base map was constructed through a combination of ground surveys to identify vegetation classes, image processing, and automated supervised classification procedures. Analysis of the imagery and subsequent supervised classification involved multiple steps to evaluate band quality, band ratios, and vegetation texture and density. Identification of vegetation classes involved collection of cover data throughout the river corridor and subsequent analysis using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). \r\n\r\nVegetation was classified into six vegetation classes, following the National Vegetation Classification Standard, based on cover dominance. This analysis indicated that total area covered by all vegetation within the CRE was 3,346 ha. Considering the six vegetation classes, the sparse shrub (SS) class accounted for the greatest amount of vegetation (627 ha) followed by Pluchea (PLSE) and Tamarix (TARA) at 494 and 366 ha, respectively. The wetland (WTLD) and Prosopis-Acacia (PRGL) classes both had similar areal cover values (227 and 213 ha, respectively). Baccharis-Salix (BAXX) was the least represented at 94 ha. Accuracy assessment of the supervised classification determined that accuracies varied among vegetation classes from 90% to 49%. Causes for low accuracies were similar spectral signatures among vegetation classes. Fuzzy accuracy assessment improved classification accuracies such that Federal mapping standards of 80% accuracies for all classes were met. \r\n\r\nThe scale used to quantify vegetation adequately meets the needs of the stakeholder group. Increasing the scale to meet the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-National Park Service (NPS)National Mapping Program's minimum mapping unit of 0.5 ha is unwarranted because this scale would reduce the resolution of some classes (e.g., seep willow/coyote willow would likely be combined with tamarisk). While this would undoubtedly improve classification accuracies, it would not provide the community-level information about vegetation change that would benefit stakeholders. The identification of vegetation classes should follow NPS mapping approaches to complement the national effort and should incorporate the alternative analysis for community identification that is being incorporated into newer NPS mapping efforts. National Vegetation Classification is followed in this report for association- to formation-level categories. \r\n\r\nAccuracies could be improved by including more environmental variables such as stage elevation in the classification process and incorporating object-based classification methods. Another approach that may address the heterogeneous species issue and classification is to use spectral mixing analysis to estimate the fractional cover of species within each pixel and better quantify the cover of individual species that compose a cover class. Varying flights to capture vegetation at different times of the year might also help separate some vegetation classes, though the cost may be prohibitive. Lastly, photointerpretation instead of automated mapping could be tried. Photointerpretation would likely not improve accuracies in this case, howev","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081216","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pinnacle Mapping Technologies, Inc. and Northern Arizona University","usgsCitation":"Ralston, B., Davis, P.A., Weber, R.M., and Rundall, J.M., 2008, A Vegetation Database for the Colorado River Ecosystem from Glen Canyon Dam to the Western Boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1216, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081216.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1216/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1500000","projection":"Stateplane, Arizona Central Zone, NAD 1983","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,35 ], [ -114.5,37.5 ], [ -111,37.5 ], [ -111,35 ], [ -114.5,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd496ee4b0b290850ef2a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralston, Barbara E.","contributorId":89848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralston","given":"Barbara E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weber, Robert M. rweber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Robert","email":"rweber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rundall, Jill M.","contributorId":44251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundall","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":85826,"text":"tm5B5 - 2008 - Determination of human-health pharmaceuticals in filtered water by chemically modified styrene-divinylbenzene resin-based solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/Mass Spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-09T15:35:37.121798","indexId":"tm5B5","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5-B5","title":"Determination of human-health pharmaceuticals in filtered water by chemically modified styrene-divinylbenzene resin-based solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/Mass Spectrometry","docAbstract":"In 1999, the Methods Research and Development Program of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory began the process of developing a method designed to identify and quantify human-health pharmaceuticals in four filtered water-sample types: reagent water, ground water, surface water minimally affected by human contributions, and surface water that contains a substantial fraction of treated wastewater. Compounds derived from human pharmaceutical and personal-care product use, which enter the environment through wastewater discharge, are a newly emerging area of concern; this method was intended to fulfill the need for a highly sensitive and highly selective means to identify and quantify 14 commonly used human pharmaceuticals in filtered-water samples. The concentrations of 12 pharmaceuticals are reported without qualification; the concentrations of two pharmaceuticals are reported as estimates because long-term reagent-spike sample recoveries fall below acceptance criteria for reporting concentrations without qualification.
The method uses a chemically modified styrene-divinylbenzene resin-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge for analyte isolation and concentration. For analyte detection and quantitation, an instrumental method was developed that used a high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) system to separate the pharmaceuticals of interest from each other and coextracted material. Immediately following separation, the pharmaceuticals are ionized by electrospray ionization operated in the positive mode, and the positive ions produced are detected, identified, and quantified using a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
In this method, 1-liter water samples are first filtered, either in the field or in the laboratory, using a 0.7-micrometer (μm) nominal pore size glass-fiber filter to remove suspended solids. The filtered samples then are passed through cleaned and conditioned SPE cartridges at a rate of about 15 milliliters per minute. Excess water is eliminated from the cartridge sorbent bed by passing air through the cartridges, and the analytes retained on the SPE bed are eluted from the cartridge sequentially, first with methanol, followed by acidified methanol, and combined in collection tubes. This sample extract then is reduced from about 10 milliliters (mL) to about 0.1 mL (or 100 microliters) under a stream of purified nitrogen gas with the collection tubes in a heated (40°C) water bath. The reduced extracts then are fortified with an internal standard solution (when using internal standard quantitation), brought to a final volume of 1 mL with an aqueous ammonium formate buffer solution, and filtered through a 0.2-μm Teflon syringe filter as they are transferred into vials for instrumental analysis.
Instrumental analysis by the HPLC/MS procedure permits determination of individual pharmaceutical concentrations from 0.005 to 1.0 microgram per liter, based on the lowest and the highest calibration standards routinely used. The reporting levels for this method are compound dependent, and have been experimentally determined based on the precision of quantitation of compounds from eight fortified organic-free water samples in single-operator experiments. The method detection limits and interim reporting levels for the compounds determined by this method were calculated from recoveries of the pharmaceuticals from reagent-water samples amended at 0.05 microgram per liter, and ranged between 0.0069 and 0.0142 microgram per liter, and 0.015 and 0.10 microgram per liter, respectively. Concentrations for 12 compounds are reported without qualification, and for two compounds are reported as qualified estimates. After initial development, the method was applied to more than 1,800 surface-, ground-, and wastewater samples from 2002 to 2005 and documented in a number of published studies. This research application of the method provided the opportunity to collect a large data set of ambient environmental concentrations and also permitted the collection of an extensive set of reagent blanks and spike quality-control (QC) samples. This multiple-year set of QC samples enabled further evaluation of method performance under multiple operator and multiple instrument conditions typical of routine laboratory operation. These results are an important part of the entire data set contained in this report because they document method performance over an extended time. Because sample matrix can substantially affect method performance, inclusion of environmental matrix-spike samples is required as a routine component of study plan quality control.
Method performance has been measured by long-term tracking of observed recoveries from fortified organic-free water samples processed with environmental samples (laboratory reagent spikes), as well as by observed recoveries from multiple fortified environmental water samples. The fortified environmental samples included surface water, wastewater effluent-dominated surface water, and ground water, fortified at two environmentally relevant concentrations and corrected for ambient environmental concentrations.
Because the responses of individual pharmaceuticals vary as a function of proton affinity, the ionization efficiency, and thus relative response, of each pharmaceutical, the quality-control surrogate compounds, and the quantitation internal standard can be suppressed or enhanced by the presence of the sample matrix. As a result, several quality-control sample types are required to properly interpret the ambient environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals in aqueous samples. The quality-control sample types and results include laboratory reagent spikes and laboratory reagent blanks to provide insight into the performance of the method in the absence of a sample matrix, and matrix-spike recovery samples and replicate environmental samples, collected from representative sample matrix types within the aquatic system under study.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 5 - Section B, Methods of the National Water Quality Laboratory - Book 5, Laboratory Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm5B5","isbn":"9781411321823","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey Office of Water Quality, National Water Quality Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Furlong, E.T., Werner, S.L., Anderson, B.D., and Cahill, J.D., 2008, Determination of human-health pharmaceuticals in filtered water by chemically modified styrene-divinylbenzene resin-based solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 5-B5, viii, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm5B5.","productDescription":"viii, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_5_b5.gif"},{"id":11521,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm5b5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Werner, Stephen L. slwerner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Stephen","email":"slwerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Bruce D.","contributorId":89188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cahill, Jeffery D.","contributorId":71630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70258645,"text":"70258645 - 2008 - Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating actual ET: An evaluation with lysimeter data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T14:03:50.105201","indexId":"70258645","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-09T08:57:15","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating actual ET: An evaluation with lysimeter data","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the water balance and a major consumptive use of irrigation water and precipitation on cropland. Numerous energy balance (EB) algorithms have been developed to make use of remote sensing data to estimate ET regionally. However, a review of different ET mapping algorithms shows that most EB models are complex to use and may not be suitable for operational ET remote sensing. Efforts are being made to simplify procedures to estimate regional ET mainly through the scaling of reference ET. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) is one such method. In this study, the SSEB approach was applied to six Landsat TM images covering a major portion of the Southern High Plains (parts of the Texas Panhandle and northeastern New Mexico) that were acquired during the 2007 cropping season. Performance of the SSEB was evaluated by comparing estimated ET with measured daily ET from four large monolithic lysimeters, with each lysimeter located in the center of a 210 by 225 m field at the USDA_ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Tex. [350 11' N, 1020 06' W; 1,170 m elevation MSL]. Results indicated that the SSEB can provide ET estimates with reasonable accuracy for the Bushland location. However, more evaluation is needed for different agroclimatological conditions in the region.
","conferenceTitle":"Annual International Meeting","conferenceDate":"June 29-July 2, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Providence, RI","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.24610","usgsCitation":"Gowda, P.H., Senay, G.B., Colaizzi, P.D., and Howell, T.A., 2008, Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating actual ET: An evaluation with lysimeter data, Annual International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29-July 2, 2008, 083651, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.24610.","productDescription":"083651","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gowda, Prasanna H.","contributorId":127439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gowda","given":"Prasanna","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6758,"text":"USDA-ARS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":913525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colaizzi, Paul D.","contributorId":344335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colaizzi","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howell, Terry A.","contributorId":344336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howell","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":85817,"text":"ds340 - 2008 - Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47584,"text":"wri20034245 - 2003 - Estimated Ground-Water Withdrawals from the Death Valley Regional Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-98","indexId":"wri20034245","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated Ground-Water Withdrawals from the Death Valley Regional Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-98"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":85817,"text":"ds340 - 2008 - Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003","indexId":"ds340","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ds340","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"340","title":"Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003","docAbstract":"Ground-water withdrawal estimates from 1913 through 2003 for the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system are compiled in an electronic database to support a regional, three-dimensional, transient ground-water flow model. This database updates a previously published database that compiled estimates of ground-water withdrawals for 1913-1998. The same methodology is used to construct each database. Primary differences between the 2 databases are an additional 5 years of ground-water withdrawal data, well locations in the updated database are restricted to Death Valley regional ground-water flow system model boundary, and application rates are from 0 to 1.5 feet per year lower than original estimates. The lower application rates result from revised estimates of crop consumptive use, which are based on updated estimates of potential evapotranspiration. In 2003, about 55,700 acre-feet of ground water was pumped in the DVRFS, of which 69 percent was used for irrigation, 13 percent for domestic, and 18 percent for public supply, commercial, and mining activities.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds340","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office, under Interagency Agreement, DE-AI52-07NA28100, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and Nye County","usgsCitation":"Moreo, M.T., and Justet, L., 2008, Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003 (Supersedes WRI 2003-4245): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 340, Report: iv, 10 p.; ZIP, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds340.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 10 p.; ZIP","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1913-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11511,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/340/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,35 ], [ -118,38.5 ], [ -114.5,38.5 ], [ -114.5,35 ], [ -118,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Supersedes WRI 2003-4245","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eb91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreo, Michael T. 0000-0002-9122-6958 mtmoreo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9122-6958","contributorId":2363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreo","given":"Michael","email":"mtmoreo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Justet, Leigh ljustet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justet","given":"Leigh","email":"ljustet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85813,"text":"ofr20081125 - 2008 - Derivation of ground surface and vegetation in a coastal Florida wetland with airborne laser technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T15:51:45.26653","indexId":"ofr20081125","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1125","title":"Derivation of ground surface and vegetation in a coastal Florida wetland with airborne laser technology","docAbstract":"The geomorphology and vegetation of marsh-dominated coastal lowlands were mapped from airborne laser data points collected on the Gulf Coast of Florida near Cedar Key. Surface models were developed using low- and high-point filters to separate ground-surface and vegetation-canopy intercepts. In a non-automated process, the landscape was partitioned into functional landscape units to manage the modeling of key landscape features in discrete processing steps. The final digital ground surface-elevation model offers a faithful representation of topographic relief beneath canopies of tidal marsh and coastal forest. Bare-earth models approximate field-surveyed heights by + 0.17 m in the open marsh and + 0.22 m under thick marsh or forest canopy. The laser-derived digital surface models effectively delineate surface features of relatively inaccessible coastal habitats with a geographic coverage and vertical detail previously unavailable.
Coastal topographic details include tidal-creek tributaries, levees, modest topographic undulations in the intertidal zone, karst features, silviculture, and relict sand dunes under coastal-forest canopy. A combination of laser-derived ground-surface and canopy-height models and intensity values provided additional mapping capabilities to differentiate between tidal-marsh zones and forest types such as mesic flatwood, hydric hammock, and oak scrub. Additional derived products include fine-scale shoreline and topographic profiles. The derived products demonstrate the capability to identify areas of concern to resource managers and unique components of the coastal system from laser altimetry.
Because the very nature of a wetland system presents difficulties for access and data collection, airborne coverage from remote sensors has become an accepted alternative for monitoring wetland regions. Data acquisition with airborne laser represents a viable option for mapping coastal topography and for evaluating habitats and coastal change on marsh-dominated coasts. Such datasets can be instrumental in effective coastal-resource management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081125","usgsCitation":"Raabe, E.A., Harris, M.S., Shrestha, R.L., and Carter, W.E., 2008, Derivation of ground surface and vegetation in a coastal Florida wetland with airborne laser technology: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1125, Report: iv, 37 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081125.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 37 p.; Data Files","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":277,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center - St. Petersburg","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423275,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83770.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11507,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.09166493511204,\n 29.25388074630841\n ],\n [\n -83.09166493511204,\n 29.125143239327585\n ],\n [\n -82.73007568031433,\n 29.125143239327585\n ],\n [\n -82.73007568031433,\n 29.25388074630841\n ],\n [\n -83.09166493511204,\n 29.25388074630841\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raabe, Ellen A. eraabe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"Ellen","email":"eraabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Melanie S.","contributorId":26032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shrestha, Ramesh L.","contributorId":35835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrestha","given":"Ramesh","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, William E.","contributorId":18470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70000421,"text":"70000421 - 2008 - Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau: The influence of clay mineralogy and chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T15:16:46.748703","indexId":"70000421","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-01T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau: The influence of clay mineralogy and chemistry","docAbstract":"Holocene debris flows do not occur uniformly on the Colorado Plateau province of North America. Debris flows occur in specific areas of the plateau, resulting in general from the combination of steep topography, intense convective precipitation, abundant poorly sorted material not stabilized by vegetation, and the exposure of certain fine-grained bedrock units in cliffs or in colluvium beneath those cliffs. In Grand and Cataract Canyons, fine-grained bedrock that produces debris flows contains primarily single-layer clays—notably illite and kaolinite—and has low multilayer clay content. This clay-mineral suite also occurs in the colluvium that produces debris flows as well as in debris-flow deposits, although unconsolidated deposits have less illite than the source bedrock. We investigate the relation between the clay mineralogy and major-cation chemistry of fine-grained bedrock units and the occurrence of debris flows on the entire Colorado Plateau. We determined that 85 mapped fine-grained bedrock units potentially could produce debris flows, and we analyzed clay mineralogy and major-cation concentration of 52 of the most widely distributed units, particularly those exposed in steep topography. Fine-grained bedrock units that produce debris flows contained an average of 71% kaolinite and illite and 5% montmorillonite and have a higher concentration of potassium and magnesium than nonproducing units, which have an average of 51% montmorillonite and a higher concentration of sodium. We used multivariate statistics to discriminate fine-grained bedrock units with the potential to produce debris flows, and we used digital-elevation models and mapped distribution of debris-flow producing units to derive a map that predicts potential occurrence of Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B26055.1","usgsCitation":"Webb, R.H., Griffiths, P.G., and Rudd, L.P., 2008, Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau: The influence of clay mineralogy and chemistry: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, no. 7-8, p. 1010-1020, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26055.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1010","endPage":"1020","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.985107421875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -105.391845703125,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -106.94091796875,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -107.81982421874999,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -109.22607421875,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -110.819091796875,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -111.412353515625,\n 38.77978137804918\n ],\n [\n -113.0712890625,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -113.70849609375,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -114.114990234375,\n 35.03899204678081\n ],\n [\n -112.97241210937499,\n 33.568861182555565\n ],\n [\n -109.62158203125,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -106.80908203125,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -105.985107421875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":345703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rudd, L. 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The collection is titled TSPP, which stands for Time Series Processing Programs. I have excluded 'strong-motion accelerograms' from the title, however, as the boundary between 'strong' and 'weak' motion has become blurred with the advent of broadband sensors and high-dynamic range dataloggers, and many of the programs can be used with any evenly spaced time series, not just acceleration time series. This version of the report is relatively brief, consisting primarily of an annotated list of the programs, with two examples of processing, and a few comments on usage. I do not include a parameter-by-parameter guide to the programs. Future versions might include more examples of processing, illustrating the various parameter choices in the programs. Although these programs have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy or functioning of the programs and related program material, nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith. The programs are distributed on an 'as is' basis, with no warranty of support from me. These programs were written for my use and are being publicly distributed in the hope that others might find them as useful as I have. I would, however, appreciate being informed about bugs, and I always welcome suggestions for improvements to the codes. Please note that I have made little effort to optimize the coding of the programs or to include a user-friendly interface (many of the programs in this collection have been included in the software usdp (Utility Software for Data Processing), being developed by Akkar et al. (personal communication, 2008); usdp includes a graphical user interface). Speed of execution has been sacrificed in favor of a code that is intended to be easy to understand, although on modern computers speed of execution is rarely a problem. I will be pleased if users incorporate portions of my programs into their own applications; I only ask that reference be made to this report as the source of the programs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081111","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., 2008, TSPP - A collection of FORTRAN programs for processing and manipulating time series (Version 1.6, revised Jun 30, 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1111, iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081111.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11493,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.6, revised Jun 30, 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85804,"text":"ofr20081160 - 2008 - Creating a Global Building Inventory for Earthquake Loss Assessment and Risk Management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:31","indexId":"ofr20081160","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1160","title":"Creating a Global Building Inventory for Earthquake Loss Assessment and Risk Management","docAbstract":"Earthquakes have claimed approximately 8 million lives over the last 2,000 years (Dunbar, Lockridge and others, 1992) and fatality rates are likely to continue to rise with increased population and urbanizations of global settlements especially in developing countries. More than 75% of earthquake-related human casualties are caused by the collapse of buildings or structures (Coburn and Spence, 2002). It is disheartening to note that large fractions of the world's population still reside in informal, poorly-constructed & non-engineered dwellings which have high susceptibility to collapse during earthquakes. Moreover, with increasing urbanization half of world's population now lives in urban areas (United Nations, 2001), and half of these urban centers are located in earthquake-prone regions (Bilham, 2004). The poor performance of most building stocks during earthquakes remains a primary societal concern. However, despite this dark history and bleaker future trends, there are no comprehensive global building inventories of sufficient quality and coverage to adequately address and characterize future earthquake losses. Such an inventory is vital both for earthquake loss mitigation and for earthquake disaster response purposes. While the latter purpose is the motivation of this work, we hope that the global building inventory database described herein will find widespread use for other mitigation efforts as well. \r\nFor a real-time earthquake impact alert system, such as U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER), (Wald, Earle and others, 2006), we seek to rapidly evaluate potential casualties associated with earthquake ground shaking for any region of the world. The casualty estimation is based primarily on (1) rapid estimation of the ground shaking hazard, (2) aggregating the population exposure within different building types, and (3) estimating the casualties from the collapse of vulnerable buildings. Thus, the contribution of building stock, its relative vulnerability, and distribution are vital components for determining the extent of casualties during an earthquake. \r\nIt is evident from large deadly historical earthquakes that the distribution of vulnerable structures and their occupancy level during an earthquake control the severity of human losses. For example, though the number of strong earthquakes in California is comparable to that of Iran, the total earthquake-related casualties in California during the last 100 years are dramatically lower than the casualties from several individual Iranian earthquakes. The relatively low casualties count in California is attributed mainly to the fact that more than 90 percent of the building stock in California is made of wood and is designed to withstand moderate to large earthquakes (Kircher, Seligson and others, 2006). In contrast, the 80 percent adobe and or non-engineered masonry building stock with poor lateral load resisting systems in Iran succumbs even for moderate levels of ground shaking. Consequently, the heavy death toll for the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake, which claimed 31,828 lives (Ghafory-Ashtiany and Mousavi, 2005), is directly attributable to such poorly resistant construction, and future events will produce comparable losses unless practices change. Similarly, multistory, precast-concrete framed buildings caused heavy casualties in the 1988 Spitak, Armenia earthquake (Bertero, 1989); weaker masonry and reinforced-concrete framed construction designed for gravity loads with soft first stories dominated losses in the Bhuj, India earthquake of 2001 (Madabhushi and Haigh, 2005); and adobe and weak masonry dwellings in Peru controlled the death toll in the Peru earthquake of 2007 (Taucer, J. and others, 2007). Spence (2007) after conducting a brief survey of most lethal earthquakes since 1960 found that building collapses remains a major cause of earthquake mortality and unreinforced masonry buildings are one of the mos","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081160","usgsCitation":"Jaiswal, K., and Wald, D.J., 2008, Creating a Global Building Inventory for Earthquake Loss Assessment and Risk Management (Version 1.3, Revised Oct 2008): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1160, Report: vi, 108 p.; Appendix VII, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081160.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 108 p.; Appendix VII","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11494,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.3, Revised Oct 2008","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68341e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaiswal, Kishor kjaiswal@usgs.gov","contributorId":861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaiswal","given":"Kishor","email":"kjaiswal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85805,"text":"ofr20081171 - 2008 - Initial sediment transport model of the mining-affected Aries River Basin, Romania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:18:45","indexId":"ofr20081171","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1171","title":"Initial sediment transport model of the mining-affected Aries River Basin, Romania","docAbstract":"The Romanian government is interested in understanding the effects of existing and future mining activities on long-term dispersal, storage, and remobilization of sediment-associated metals. An initial Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was prepared using available data to evaluate hypothetical failure of the Valea Sesei tailings dam at the Rosia Poieni mine in the Aries River basin. Using the available data, the initial Aries River Basin SWAT model could not be manually calibrated to accurately reproduce monthly streamflow values observed at the Turda gage station. The poor simulation of the monthly streamflow is attributed to spatially limited soil and precipitation data, limited constraint information due to spatially and temporally limited streamflow measurements, and in ability to obtain optimal parameter values when using a manual calibration process. Suggestions to improve the Aries River basin sediment transport model include accounting for heterogeneity in model input, a two-tier nonlinear calibration strategy, and analysis of uncertainty in predictions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the World Bank, the Romanian National Agency for Mineral Resources, and Futures Group","usgsCitation":"Friedel, M.J., and Linard, J.I., 2008, Initial sediment transport model of the mining-affected Aries River Basin, Romania (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1171, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081171.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11495,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Romania","otherGeospatial":"Aries River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 23.8348388671875,\n 46.74362499884437\n ],\n [\n 23.79364013671875,\n 46.78313532151751\n ],\n [\n 23.697509765625,\n 46.78313532151751\n ],\n [\n 23.5491943359375,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n 23.4393310546875,\n 46.74550709985597\n ],\n [\n 23.258056640625,\n 46.69089949154197\n ],\n [\n 23.104248046875,\n 46.68336307047754\n ],\n [\n 22.920227050781246,\n 46.717268685073954\n ],\n [\n 22.76092529296875,\n 46.717268685073954\n ],\n [\n 22.5933837890625,\n 46.717268685073954\n ],\n [\n 22.53021240234375,\n 46.69089949154197\n ],\n [\n 22.48626708984375,\n 46.638122462379656\n ],\n [\n 22.48626708984375,\n 46.59661864884465\n ],\n [\n 22.510986328124996,\n 46.534303278597505\n ],\n [\n 22.54669189453125,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n 22.598876953125,\n 46.413245172571244\n ],\n [\n 22.6483154296875,\n 46.36588370484979\n ],\n [\n 22.71148681640625,\n 46.32796494040746\n ],\n [\n 22.81585693359375,\n 46.28432584258847\n ],\n [\n 22.92572021484375,\n 46.23495279600417\n ],\n [\n 23.0108642578125,\n 46.172222978455395\n ],\n [\n 23.12347412109375,\n 46.10180436619509\n ],\n [\n 23.17840576171875,\n 46.07894655768008\n ],\n [\n 23.32672119140625,\n 46.10180436619509\n ],\n [\n 23.436584472656246,\n 46.16651671595163\n ],\n [\n 23.51348876953125,\n 46.23685258143992\n ],\n [\n 23.70849609375,\n 46.36588370484979\n ],\n [\n 23.82110595703125,\n 46.53997127029103\n ],\n [\n 23.812866210937496,\n 46.617374532060744\n ],\n [\n 23.8348388671875,\n 46.74362499884437\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6861dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedel, Michael J. 0000-0002-5060-3999 mfriedel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"Michael","email":"mfriedel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85802,"text":"ofr20081184 - 2008 - Location of the Green Canyon (Offshore Southern Louisiana) Seismic Event of February 10, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:46","indexId":"ofr20081184","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1184","title":"Location of the Green Canyon (Offshore Southern Louisiana) Seismic Event of February 10, 2006","docAbstract":"We calculated an epicenter for the Offshore Southern Louisiana seismic event of February 10, 2006 (the 'Green Canyon event') that was adopted as the preferred epicenter for the event by the USGS/NEIC. The event is held at a focal depth of 5 km; the focal depth could not be reliably calculated but was most likely between 1 km and 15 km beneath sea level. The epicenter was calculated with a radially symmetric global Earth model similar to that routinely used at the USGS/NEIC for all earthquakes worldwide. The location was calculated using P-waves recorded by seismographic stations from which the USGS/NEIC routinely obtains seismological data, plus data from two seismic exploration arrays, the Atlantis ocean-bottom node array, operated by BP in partnership with BHP Billiton Limited, and the CGG Green Canyon phase VIII multi-client towed-streamer survey. The preferred epicenter is approximately 26 km north of an epicenter earlier published by the USGS/NEIC, which was obtained without benefit of the seismic exploration arrays. We estimate that the preferred epicenter is accurate to within 15 km.\r\n\r\nWe selected the preferred epicenter from a suite of trial calculations that attempted to fit arrival times of seismic energy associated with the Green Canyon event and that explored the effect of errors in the velocity model used to calculate the preferred epicenter. The various trials were helpful in confirming the approximate correctness of the preferred epicenter and in assessing the accuracy of the preferred epicenter, but none of the trial calculations, including that of the preferred epicenter, was able to reconcile arrival-time observations and assumed velocity model as well as is typical for the vast majority of earthquakes in and near the continental United States. We believe that remaining misfits between the preferred solution and the observations reflect errors in interpreted arrival times of emergent seismic phases that are due partly to a temporally extended source-time function and partly to failure of our travel-time model to account for the extremely complicated velocity structure of the sedimentary section in which the event occurred.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081184","usgsCitation":"Dewey, J.W., and Dellinger, J.A., 2008, Location of the Green Canyon (Offshore Southern Louisiana) Seismic Event of February 10, 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1184, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081184.","productDescription":"30 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-02-10","temporalEnd":"2006-02-10","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11492,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1184/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92,27 ], [ -92,30.5 ], [ -88.5,30.5 ], [ -88.5,27 ], [ -92,27 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63bf3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, James W. 0000-0001-8838-2450 jdewey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-2450","contributorId":5819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"James","email":"jdewey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dellinger, Joseph A.","contributorId":74836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dellinger","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}